William Lee (Signature)

Lee And Shepard.

By George L. Austin, M.D.

For a quarter of a century the firm-name
of Lee and Shepard has been
familiar to the public. During this
interval of time it has been printed
upon millions of volumes, which have
gone forth on their two-fold mission
of instruction and entertainment.
Few publishing houses in America have
achieved a more honorable record, or
have more indelibly left their impress of
good intentions and of deeds nobly
done upon the minds of increasing
generations. It is of the individual
members of this firm, both of whom
have grown gray in the business, that I
purpose to speak in this article. First
of the senior partner of the house.

Born at the “North End,” in Boston,
on the seventeenth of April, 1826; early
put to school, and taken out of it at the
age of eleven, at which time he was left
fatherless, the eldest of six children;
with a good mother to whisper words
of encouragement in his ear, when
everything in the world and the future
before him looked dark,—such was the
start of William Lee in life. Thousands
before him, and since, have had the
same infelicitous experience; but how
few have had the courage to overcome
the obstacles which he succeeded in
overcoming? While other young men of
his age, many of them his playmates,
were planning to fit themselves, by a
long course of study, for the duties of
life, he was at once confronted with the
duties and burdens of life, without such
advantages as an education affords, and
he met them with a manliness and a
self-reliance which now seem truly marvelous.
I have often heard him tell of
these early days; but I will pass by the
recollections for fear that the recital of
them might discourage many who read
these lines.

After leaving school young William
was offered a situation in the bookstore
of Samuel G. Drake, then located at
No. 56 Cornhill. Mr. Drake was himself
a famous “book-worm,” was familiar
with the authorities and the history
of Boston, and, in after life, achieved a
reputation as an author. He was what
one would term now an “old-fashioned
bookseller,” but what he did not know
of the book trade in his day was not
worth knowing. William Lee entered
his employ for two purposes—to learn

the trade and, in a very small way, to
help support the family which was, in a
large sense, dependent upon him. During
the three years of his apprenticeship
he showed himself an apt scholar, a
patient worker, and gifted with indomitable
will and ambition.

The next two years were passed in the
country. On returning to Boston he
again entered a book store, and, when
eighteen years of age, he became a clerk
in the then prosperous publishing house
of Phillips and Sampson, located on Winter
street. His connection with this
house afforded him increased advantages;
he was no longer an apprentice filling
a menial position, but was conscious of
occupying a responsible station in the
business, where his integrity and intelligence
were appreciated at their real
value. He enjoyed the fullest confidence
of his employers, and was soon
looked upon by them as their “best”
clerk. Selling by auction, especially in the
evenings, was at that time a leading feature
of the trade, and William Lee soon
became an expert in that way, as well
as in the general character of salesman
to the country trade. There was scarcely
a detail in the book trade with which he
did not make himself personally familiar;
he sought to post himself upon the
character and contents of every book
that was kept in stock, in order that he
might be able to speak intelligently of
them to his customers. This habit of
general familiarization is one which,
in the lapse of subsequent years, has
proved of incalculable service to him;
it is one which cannot be too earnestly
commended to the attention of all
young men who are to-day “working”
up in the trade.

At the age of twenty-one William
Lee was allowed a share in the business,
and three years later he accepted an
equal partnership in the house. When
it is remembered that at this time the
house of Phillips and Sampson stood
foremost as publishers in New England,
the fact that, at the age of twenty-four,
William Lee became an equal partner in
this house is certainly striking. It bears
but one explanation: William Lee owed
his remarkable success to the talent
which was born and bred in him,
and to the consciousness of self-reliance,
with which his employers,
first and last, had inspired him.
There is nothing in this life which will
so readily develop the best qualities of
manhood as a sense of responsibility,
first to the individual himself and next
to those whom he serves. Take away
this sense of responsibility, every man
becomes a machine; everything that he
does is mechanical.

In the firm of Phillips, Sampson and
Company Mr. Lee continued as a partner
for seven years. To his energy and
industry the prosperity of the house
was henceforth largely indebted. For
twelve, and sometimes fifteen hours a
day, he remained faithfully at his round
of duties.

In 1857 Mr. Lee’s health gave way,
and his physician ordered him to relinquish
all cares of business. Acting in
accordance with this advice, he sold his
interest to his partners for sixty-five
thousand dollars, taking the notes of the
firm for that amount. After a few
months of travel in his own country, he
sailed for Europe in June, 1858, in company
with Willard Small, with the intention
of spending five years on the continent.
He proved to be a good traveler;
his keen observation encompassed
everything; his generous heart and the
geniality of his nature won to him
many friends. Ere many months had
elapsed he had traversed England,
France, Germany, Belgium, and Spain.

While he was in Paris, an incident

occured, the recollection of which has
served to enliven many a social occasion.
It was the exciting time succeeding
the attempted assassination of Napoleon
by Orsini. Mr. Lee always wore
a long, sandy beard, and in his travels
sported a soft, broad-brimmed hat. One
day, while walking about the streets, he
was arrested and taken to the Palais
de Justice. Explanations and expostulations
proved unavailing. The prisoner
was declared to be a “red Republican,”
and, in those days, that was
no joke. It was only after the production
of a passport and the interference
of the United States consul, that the
authorities were induced to release their
captive.

Mr. Lee was in Paris, and was on the
point of making a second journey into
Spain, when the United States mail
brought him a letter, conveying the tidings
of the death of both Mr. Phillips
and Mr. Sampson, and the failure of
the house.

The panic of 1857 had made sad
havoc with the book trade generally,
and those firms which weathered the
storm were sorely pressed. Phillips and
Sampson met with heavy losses, but
struggled on in the hope of recovering
lost ground. But, in 1859, the death
of the senior members of the firm
seemed to paralyze its prosperity, and
the worst quickly followed.

Mr. Lee had received no warning of
the impending calamity, and for the time
was much overcome by the announcement.
He foresaw what it implied, however,
and at once returned to Boston,
to find himself a heavy loser by the
financial disaster.

Still undaunted, he gathered up what
remained of his fortune and, in February,
1860, he became a member of the
firm of Crosby, Nichols and Company,
which had purchased many of the
stereotype plates belonging to the late
firm of Phillips, Sampson and Company,
and which now took the name of Crosby,
Nichols, Lee and Company. But the long
stagnation of trade, succeeded by losses
in the southern states, consequent upon
the political troubles of those days,
bore heavily upon the new firm; and,
in the spring of 1861, Mr. Lee left the
business and again trod the streets of
Boston without a dollar that he could
call his own! Thus, after twenty years
of business activity, his fortune was
gone, and nothing remained for him to
do except to begin life over again.

During the next few months Mr. Lee
surveyed the field about him, endeavoring
to discern what could be accomplished
with no other capital save brains.
A decision was soon reached, and it resulted
from one of those little incidents
of life, which, although rare indeed,
make life all the more worth living. I
hope I betray no breach of trust in recalling
it.

While walking down Washington
street one day Mr. Lee encountered his
friend of many years.

“What are you doing now, Charlie?”
he asked.

“Nothing; and I’m as poor as a
church mouse,” was the reply.

“But, look here, Charlie, keep up
your courage. I haven’t got much myself;
but I’ll go halves with you. Come
up to my room to-night, and we’ll talk
matters over.”

The friends parted, to meet again
within a few hours in the glow of the
gas-light. Affairs were candidly and
earnestly discussed, plans were laid, and
then and there began the firm, whose
reputation has extended wherever the
English language is spoken,—the house
of LEE AND SHEPARD.

It was February 1, 1862. The times
were not propitious for a beginning at

any trade, but the partners were veterans
in experience, and no sooner had they
shaped their plans than the public in
many ways evinced its confidence in
their undertaking. Better than a large
capital was the encouragement they received
from all with whom they had
formerly had dealings; and they began
under the most pleasing auspices.

The firm first occupied a very old,
two-storied wooden building, known as
“the old dye-house” on Washington
Street, opposite the Old South
“Church.”1

Of course the store soon began to show
its incapacity for the growing business,
just as the “old corner” had done in the
case of Ticknor and Fields, and as almost
every ancient book-shop has done
in the last quarter of a century. The
proprietors of the establishment were not
only their own employers, but their own
employees as well. They attended to
their own book-keeping, did their own
selling and buying, tied up their bundles
and packed all the cases. Early and
late they shouldered their task, and
started ahead. After three years thus
spent the firm moved into the new store
at 149 Washington Street, which still remains,
and which the firm continued to
occupy until 1873.

At this point it is convenient to go back
a number of years and recount the principal
events in the life of the junior
partner of the house: Charles A.B.
Shepard.

If the boy could have had his own
way, when he started in life, the chances
are that to-day he would be an American
admiral. As it happened, his early
passion and proclivities were not fostered;
he became a bookseller whom all
the world now knows as “Charley
Shepard.”

He was born in Salem, Massachusetts,
October 18th, 1829, and received his
education at the public school. He
was one of the brightest scholars in his
class, learned easily, was fond of books,
never wearied of study, and never forgot
what he acquired. At the start he
was blest with a most marvelous and retentive
memory, and a keen sense of
the practical side of life. “It was thus,”
as one of his friends has remarked,
“that his school days were profitable to
him to a degree not common, and it
was thus that his rapidly-growing literary
attainments became the astonishment
of strangers and the never failing delight
and surprise of his friends.”

Mr. Shepard’s father was a sea-faring
man, who, however, took good care
to check every inclination towards that
sort of life that existed in the mind of
his son, at a very tender age. At his
business start, therefore, the boy was
forced into a channel that was not of
his own choosing. At the age of fifteen,
after having previously tried his
skill as a boy of all work in the grocery
business, he entered the store of John
P. Jewett, a bookseller at Salem. He
remained with Mr. Jewett eleven years,
during which time he forgot all about
the details of the West India trade and
instead acquired a perfect knowledge of
those of the making and selling of
books. When, in 1846, Mr. Jewett removed
to Boston and opened a store on
Cornhill, Mr. Shepard accompanied
him, and by his untiring energy, his
close application to business and his intelligent
way of conducting the affairs
of the house in general, very largely
contributed to the success which, in
those days, was accounted so remarkable.
He was even then looked upon
as the “hardest worker” in the trade.
He was the first to enter the store in the
morning, and the last to leave at night.

To many, it seemed as if his hours were
only hours of toil; and yet, few young
men of his age took life so easily as did
he, or got more enjoyment out of it.
It was during Mr. Shepard’s connection
with the house of John P. Jewett that
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” first saw the
light. The story of its publication has
so often been told that it need not be
repeated here. Mr. Shepard recalls all
the incidents associated with it as vividly
to-day as though they were but
events of yesterday, and he is now the
only living man that can tell them.
As everybody knows, the book bounded
into success, due as much to the shrewd
advertising of the publisher as to the
merits of the work itself. It redounds
to the credit of Mr. Jewett that he
never hesitated to acknowledge that
whatever success he had as a Boston
publisher was largely due to his sprightly
clerk, who labored literally night and
day, to master every detail of the
business.

Charles A.B. Shepard (Signature)

In 1855 Mr. Shepard conceived the
idea of starting in business for himself,
and formed a co-partnership which was
known to the trade as Shepard, Clark
and Brown. It flourished until the
panic of 1857 swept over the country.
Reverses came, and the house was
forced to give up.

In 1862, as I have said, the firm of
Lee and Shepard was started in business,
with no other capital save that of
brain and muscle. The two partners
had long and favorably known one
another. While strangely dissimilar in
tastes, they yet exhibited many points
in common. At the start, both were
financially poor men; they possessed no
funds, but, by virtue of their well known
integrity and ability to succeed, could
readily command the little which they
required to begin life anew. Mr. Shepard,
as well as Mr. Lee, had made himself
indispensable to every firm with
which he had been connected. Each
had a wide circle of friends, and each
was trusted by his friends. Both men
had been generous in prosperity, and
their good deeds, though known only to
their intimate friends and the objects of
their benevolence, were not trumpeted
for worldly admiration. Both enjoyed
a wide acquaintanceship with authors, and
with books, with dealers, and with the
public, and both had strong likes and
dislikes, which made them as radical in
politics as they were in personal affairs.
In the firm, each has always had his
own duties to perform, on the wise plan
of a fitting division of labor. Yet
while each partner seems exclusively
to occupy his own field, independent
of and unrestricted by the
other, it rarely happens that there are
any cross-purposes between them. The
wheels of progress move on with unswerving
and unerring progress; the law
of compensation which is dominant in
the establishment is always working
aright.

Strangers who are for the first time
brought in contract with these men,
whether socially or on matters of business,
invariably detect the strong points
of conservatism which each exhibits.
Mr. Lee gives one the impression of
being a well-read man, as, in fact, he is.
The faculty which he possesses of curiously
gleaning the salient bits of knowledge
out of current thought and expression,
is something remarkable. The
by-paths of literature are peculiarly his
stamping-ground; and yet, upon almost
every subject of important character, he
will chat for hours intelligently and
interestingly.

Mr. Shepard shows many of the
same qualities. His brain is exceedingly
fertile of ideas, his memory perfectly
marvelous, his language pointed,

easy-flowing and abounding in wit and
humor. He exhibits singular quickness
at repartee; he is fond of a joke, and
will give and take with the keenest sense
of enjoyment. His familiarity with
standard literature serves him many a
good turn; he makes it a duty to read
thoroughly or to “dip into” every new
book that is talked about. He fortifies
himself, whether for daily life or for social
intercourse, with all the intellectual
weapons, so to speak, that can ever be
called into play. Still, he moves along
the pathway of life thoroughly without
affectation; a “liberal education” seems
to have been his by inheritance, and he
can make better use of it than most college
men with whom he is brought in
contact.

It is as impossible for Mr. Shepard
not to quote poetry as it is for him to
fly through the air and his facility in
so doing would alone make him a marked
man. His whole soul is full of poesy,
ever restless and exuberant. I am not
aware that he ever molded a rhyme, or
sung a measure of song in all his life.
And yet so tenacious is his memory, so
wonderful his talent in applying the
epigrammatic utterances of the leading
writers, both old and new, that a person,
on being made cognizant of the fact,
finds himself puzzled. Poetry enters
into even the driest details of Mr. Shepard’s
business life. The signature to a
check is often audibly accompanied by
some melodic couplet. Anywhere and
everywhere, and for everything that happens
or may happen, the poetic spice is
rarely wanting. Mr. Shepard does not
deliberately intend this to be so; the
gift rallies into utterance before he is
aware of it, and he can no more suppress
it than he can turn back the roaring
waters of Niagara.

Possessed of such qualities as these,
Mr. Shepard very easily finds friends
and is the centre of their attraction. Outspoken,
sometimes even to bluntness, a
bitter hater of duplicity and meanness,
a keen detector of counterfeit character,
on the one hand; on the other,
warm in his affections, generous to a fault,
faithful to those whom he admires,—such
is the man of whom I write. No
one is ever at a loss to discover whether
Mr. Shepard is his friend or his enemy.

Mr. Shepard has been intimately connected
with the politics of his time. He
began as a thorough, out-and-out abolitionist;
during the war he was a stanch
Republican, and a firm admirer of
Charles Sumner. When the great Senator
forsook his party, Mr. Shepard chose
the same course, and to-day finds him
enrolled upon the Democratic side, although,
for some years back, he has
taken no active interest in any political
movement of the day.

Such, in brief, is Charles A.B. Shepard,
a man better known, perhaps, than
any other among the book trade of this
country, everywhere popular, and nowhere
more truly so than among those
who are brought daily in contact with
him and who know him best.

The firm of Lee and Shepard removed
from 149 Washington street, in
1873, to a new building, which, replacing
the one which had been destroyed
in the great Boston fire, now stands on
the south-east corner of Franklin and
Hawley street. In these commodious
and sumptuously-fitted quarters the firm
tarried until their removal, in January
of the present year, to their new quarters
at No. 10 Milk street, adjoining
the “old South.” Here they have evidently
settled down to stay, perhaps for
the remaining years of their joint business
life.

When they started in the “old dye-house”
it was simply as booksellers.
They owned no stereotyped plates, and

for some weeks had no thought of entering
into any business relations with
authors. One day Mr. Shepard chanced
to make a social call upon Mr. Samuel
C. Perkins, formerly associated with
Phillips, Sampson and Company, who,
after their failure, had become possessed
of some stereotype plates. During the
conversation Mr. Perkins recalled the
fact, and asked Mr. Shepard to take
them off his hands. The wherewithall
to purchase was wanting; but Mr. Shepard,
conscious of what he was doing,
decided to buy them, giving the firm’s
notes in payment. These plates included
those of Oliver Optic’s “Boat Club Series,”
in six volumes, and those of the
“Riverdale Stories” in twelve volumes.
Mr. Lee approved the transaction, and
the firm at once brought out a new
edition of both series. They met with
a quick sale; indeed, so wonderful was
their success that the author, who was
then a Boston school teacher, was summoned
and commissioned to prepare a
series of books for girls. From that
time down to the present day, the pen
of “Oliver Optic” has been busily employed
in behalf of the American youth.
He has produced, besides the series already
named, the “Army and Navy
stories,” in six volumes; the “Great
Western series,” in six volumes; the
“Lake Shore series,” in six volumes; the
“Onward and Upward series,” in six volumes;
the “Starry Flag series,” in six
volumes; the “Woodville Stories,” and
the “Yacht Club series,” each in six
volumes; and two series of six volumes
each, entitled “Young America abroad.”
Hundreds of thousands of copies have
been sold of these books, and the demand
for them to-day is almost as large
as it was ten or fifteen years ago. It is
no exaggeration to say that there is
scarcely a young man or woman now
living who has not read and profitted
by one or more of Oliver Optic’s
stories.

Among the other successful writers
whom Lee and Shepard brought into
notice was Miss Rebecca S. Clark,
known the world over by her pseudonym
of “Sophie May.” Her first book was
“Little Prudy,” which achieved a reputation
not surpassed by that of Miss Alcott’s
“Little Women.” This first volume
was rapidly succeeded by others by the
same author, which in turn won favor,
and are now grouped in the catalogue
in series, namely: “Little Prudy Series,”
“Little Prudy’s Flyaway Series,” “Dotty
Dimple Series,” and “Flaxie Frizzle
Stories,” each comprising six volumes.
All of these books grew into the people’s
hearts, and ere long the newspapers noticed
them, the magazines devoted large
space to reviewing them, and the stately
and sober-minded “North American Review,”
in a characteristic article, from
Colonel Higginson’s pen was led to
say of their merits:

“Genius comes in with ‘Little Prudy.’
Compared with her, all other book-children
are cold creations of literature
only; she alone is the real thing, all the
quaintness of childhood, its originality,
its tenderness and its teasing, its infinite
unconscious drollery, the serious earnestness
of its fun, the fun of its seriousness,
the natural religion of its plays
and the delicious oddity of its prayers—all
these waited for dear Little Prudy to
embody them.”

Such a verdict, from so exalted authority,
has had its effect. The demand for
Sophie May’s books has been almost unprecedented.
Inspired by her success
in this line the author has also written
several volumes for older readers, and
they, too, have proved successful.

Another author, who has held a prominent
place in the firm’s catalogue, is Mr.
George M. Baker. Although he has done

much for the entertainment of the
young people in the line of story-telling,
his greatest success has been found in
his series of amateur dramatic books,
which have long ago become standard.
I would not undertake to mention how
many “plays” he has written; but to
simply read the “mail orders” for such
literature or watch customers as they
come and go from “headquarters,”
would incline everybody to believe that
he had produced about all that are ever
needed.

Lee and Shepard’s catalogue embraces
the names of a great many authors,
to even enumerate which would
require much space in this magazine.
Among the more prominent I will call
to mind the Rev. Asa Bullard, Professor
James De Mille, Miss Amanda M.
Douglass, who has written some of the
best stories in American literature for
older readers; the Rev. Elijah Kellogg,
the author of many bright and wholesome
stories for youth; Mr. J.T. Trowbridge,
who is known everywhere; the
“Rev. Petroleum V. Nasby,” whom
President Lincoln termed the third

power in crushing the rebellion; Charles
Sumner, the edition of whose works, published
by this house, was thought worthy
of award at the Philadelphia exhibition;
Francis H. Underwood, who first
suggested the “Atlantic Monthly” magazine,
and is one of the most genial and
scholarly of American writers; Colonel
T.W. Higginson, who has produced a
number of pleasant books, and is the
author of the most popular school History
of the United States ever written;
B.P. Shillaber (Mrs. Partington), and a
host of other names, which the lack of
space forbids me to mention.

In the making of books Lee and
Shepard have shown an originality,
which has always been noticeable. In
more ways than one, they have been
pioneers, and have set examples, which
other firms have closely imitated and
followed. It was this house which first
conceived the idea of publishing serially
favorite songs and poems in elegantly
illustrated form,—an idea which was
at once taken up by nearly every other
publishing house in the country. These
were issued in cloth binding, and, two
years ago, in the now famous “Golden
Floral” style. In their new dress these
books have proved to be the most popular
of their kind ever sold on this
continent.

The house has also produced other
illustrated books, of artistic excellence.
Among these Miss Jerome’s “One Year’s
Sketch Book” has been declared to be
without a rival, in its own field, while
Miss Miner’s “Orchids” must needs be
seen to be appreciated.

But I have reached the limits placed
upon this article. I have omitted to
speak of many things of which I should
like to say something. But the warp
and woof of the story are here given,
and the reader will easily discover
therefrom that no secrets underly the
firm of Lee and Shepard save,—industry
at home, and integrity in all their
dealings with the public.

Rodney Wallace (Signature)

Hon. Rodney Wallace

By Rev. S. Leroy Blake, D.D.

[Pastor of the Calvinistic Congregational Church, Fitchburg.]

This is not a biography, it is a sketch;
possibly I might say it is an outline.
At any rate the life of our subject can
not be written till other chapters are
added, and the end comes. May it be
long delayed.

The intense culmination of forces in
the busy period of a man’s life renders
it fruitful in material for a sketch. What
a successful man, of marked force of
character, has done, may be an incentive
and an encouragement to others.
Perhaps this was Longfellow’s chief
thought when he penned the “Psalm of
Life:”

The lives of great men, and conspicuously
that of the subject of this sketch,
prove that, in this country, a boy need
not be born with a silver spoon in
his mouth, nor with a brilliant speech
on his lips, to reach eminent success,
and be held in high honor; but that
the noblest results of a life of industry
and frugality, and the highest honors
any worthy ambition can crave, are
within reach of the boy who has energy,
courage, integrity of purpose, and purity
of character. By their native energy
some of the most conspicuous men of
our time have made their way against
obstacles which would have been too
much for less sturdy wills. Whatever
deficiencies there may have been in their
early training were largely atoned for
by native energy and force of character.
Because this is all true of the subject of
this paper, we tell the story in the hope
that some other struggling boy may take
courage from his example.

Fitchburg.

By Mrs. Caroline A. Mason.2

Major General Lew Wallace At Shiloh

General U.S. Grant’S Vindication Of General Wallace.—The Wallace And
Grant Letters And Documents With Introductory Note

By General Henry B. Carrington.

[Author of “Battles of the American Revolution.”]

It seems common to all great wars
that the true version of leading actions
is rarely assured by the immediate reports
of commanders. Many causes secure
to such reports substantial accuracy,
but the development of details seldom
fails to show that justice to subordinates
cannot be done by the simple statement
of general plans and general results.
There are historians who still
claim that Arnold had no part in the
battle of Freeman’s Farm, September
19, 1777; and many other battles of
the Revolutionary war lacked clear definition
until nearly a century had passed
and the records were supplemented by
careful examination of the battle-fields
and a more thorough scrutiny of British,
French, and Hessian archives,
thereby to correct topographical data
and harmonize conflicting statements.

The case of General Fitz John Porter
forcibly illustrates the difficulty of
changing public opinion, once formed,
even when supplemental data enforce
military recognition of their value. The
Battle of Franklin, which secured to
General Thomas the opportunity to fortify
Nashville and ultimately defeat
Hood, and the battles of Stone River,
Gettysburg, Chicamauga and Monocacy,
are among the actions of the late
war in which differences of statement
as to positions and movements have
greatly qualified first estimates of the
relations which various officers sustained
to those actions.

The battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg
Landing, has been the latest under scrutiny.
It is not the purpose to consider
whether the action of the day was influenced
by the arrival of Buel’s army,
or by the non-arrival of General Lew
Wallace’s division; nor whether General
Wallace did, or did not, march by scientific
methods, when he moved for the
nearest firing. Among voluminous papers
touching the civil war are the copies
of original papers received from General
Wallace himself, and of present interest.
These papers received notice
from the Western press at one time,
but seem to demand a more formal
record, as essential factors in the better
understanding of the Battle of Shiloh.

The following outline is suggested by
these documents:

1st. That the Federal line of battle,
early in the morning, stretched out from
Pittsburg Landing nearly to the Purdy
Road, with General Sherman’s division
on the right, within about a mile of that
road.

2nd. That General Wallace’s division
was at Crump’s Landing, not more
than five miles from Pittsburg Landing;
it being then uncertain which of the
two would be the objective of attack.

3d. That General Grant visited General
Wallace at Crump’s Landing and
ordered him to hold his command subject
to orders, and then steamed onward
to Pittsburg Landing.

4th. That before 6 o’clock, A.M., the

sound of firing had led General Wallace
to put his command under arms; and
he was prepared to move wherever active
work should demand, even before
he was ordered to be thus ready.

5th. That he concentrated his brigades,
then in three camps, into one
mass, at the forks of the Purdy Road
and the road to Pittsburg Landing, so
that he might take either road, as orders
should decide.

6th. That he understood the original
line of battle and the disposition of its
divisions, and knew that General Sherman
held the right.

7th. That the order received by him,
before 12 o’clock, M., from Captain
Baxter, staff officer of General Grant,
was in writing; and while pronounced
verbally, at first, the form it assumed,
when reduced to writing and subsequently
delivered to General Wallace,
was a direct order to “unite with the
right,” and that involved the march on
the Purdy Road.

If the verbal order of General Grant
to Captain Baxter, to hasten General
Wallace’s Division to Pittsburg Landing,
was reduced to writing by that officer,
after he noticed the early success of
the Union Line, he would have shaped
the approach of the fresh division to
the best possible advantage, to join the
army, not the precise Landing, if the
army was not there; since General
Grant, still being on crutches from a
sprained ankle when his horse fell under
and upon him, on the fourth, was compelled
to depend largely upon staff-officers
for judicious action, in exigencies
which fell under their eyes, and
where his riding was greatly limited.
There is full harmony of events, by
giving full credit to all the data which
seem, at first, to work conflict.

8th. That the Staff Officer who delivered
the order assured General Wallace
and his staff that the Federal line was
successful and driving the enemy at
every point.

9th. That a movement at that time,
toward Pittsburg Landing, would have
taken General Wallaces’ Division out of
possible contact with the enemy, instead
of supporting, and perfecting victory.

10th. That when the Division of General
Wallace moved, as it did, within
ten minutes after receipt of the orders,
“impatiently waited for,” it could
see the distant smoke and hear the roar
of battle, and moved directly toward
the point of danger by the shortest
route, with the greatest celerity and in
harmony with the order received.

11th. That the defeat of the main
army, the enforced retirement of Sherman’s
Division, and, in fact, the withdrawal
of the entire original line, were
new conditions, to be considered, when
other Staff Officers notified General
Wallace of the same; and then, the addition
of his division to the rallying
army, at Pittsburg Landing, seemed to
be an important element to the very
safety of that army, except as it could
lean upon the divisions of Buel, already
within supporting distance.

12th. That the original advance of
General Wallace’s Division on the Purdy
Road, while thoroughly suited to the
original conditions as they existed when
the order was delivered to him, was, of
necessity, useless and dangerous, when
he found himself alone and unsupported,
and that the enemy had already swept
over the position which he expected to
occupy.

13th. That there was no alternative,
then, but to pass around the left of the
enemy, and rejoin the army, at such expense
of time or labor as the new conditions
imposed; and that this was
done, at great pains and with great
celerity, without straggling or loss.

14th. That the prominent idea of
withdrawing General Wallace’s Division
from Crump’s Landing, to support the
main army in its advance, is to be kept
in mind;—whereby, confusion ceases as
to the hour of the day when the order
to report at Pittsburg Landing was delivered
or became operative;—thereby,
also, reconciling memories with the incidents
of the day, with no discredit to
any.

15th. That every theory of supporting
an advanced line, from reserves
sent forward from the base, must so
bend to facts, that it may be the best
thing possible, to strengthen the right
of a successful line, even to overlapping
and turning the enemy; and that such
a movement has the emphatic endorsement
of standard critics, and marked
experience; while a formal movement
to the rear, in order to move to the
front and the right, as if on parade,
would, under conditions such as presented
to General Wallace, have
been, simply, to wear out his men in
marching, with small chance for taking
any part in the assumed pursuit of a
defeated enemy.

16th. That it is an unsound way of
dealing with the facts of history, to
gauge the responsibilities of officers
and men, of small experience, by the
rules which apply to the same officers
and men after their experience has
matured; and that, when the battle of
Shiloh took place, and citizen regiments
took part, with very slight knowledge of
arms, it was equally true, that the officers
themselves, both regular and volunteer,
were proportionately unfamiliar
with battle action on a large
scale, and that, as a matter of fact,
the Generals and Colonels, for the most
part, had never seen a batallion drill, unless
at West Point, much less drilled
more than a company; and their conduct
and opinions, in 1861-2, are not
to be measured by the ripened experience
of the years succeeding and succeeding
years of reflection.

And finally, that the orders, movements,
and results of the sixth day of
April, 1862, must be judged by their
relations to the passing hours and issues
of that day, as practical men
would act under changing conditions,
and not by any formal order, which,
however appropriate at one time, would,
at any other time, defeat the work in
hand. The Rules of Evidence, recognized
by Civil and Military Courts
alike, are but expressions of sound
judgment of past experience; and
Military Science, so called, has no other
basis than that which belongs to the
wise use of means to ends in all applied
science and in all human endeavor.
Whenever, therefore, the conduct of a
battle is consistent with the conditions,
as at the time understood, it is not exactly
just to measure it by the terms of
any instructions inconsistent with those
conditions;—so that while an order to
march to Pittsburg Landing became
necessary upon the retirement of the
original line, it ought not to be technically
applied back to a time when that
line was supposed to be sweeping on to
victory and only sought fresh strength
to mature that victory.

That a general action was precipitated
by the Confederate forces under General
Albert Sidney Johnson and was in
the nature of a successful surprise of
the Union Army, is the fact which harmonizes
the reports of officers of both
armies with the incidents of the day,
and fairly distributes responsibility, without
reflecting the narrow escape of the
Union Army from destruction upon any
single officer or command; especially,
where all did so well, and so much is to
be credited to the fall of General Johnson

and the interruption of his deliberate
plan, first to surprise, and then sweep
on to victory, at whatever cost.

The Documents are as follows:

1st. Letter of Major General Lew
Wallace to General U.S. Grant, February
26, 1869.

2nd. Letter of Lieutenant Colonel
Ross, A.D.C. to General Wallace, January
25, 1868.

3rd. Letter of General J.A. Strickland
to General Wallace, January 24,
1868.

4th. Letter of General G.F. McGinnis
to General Wallace, February 20,
1868.

5th. Letter of General Fred. Knefler
to General Wallace, February 19, 1868.

6th. Letter of Captain Ad Ware, A.D.C.,
to General Wallace (without date).

7th. Letter of General John M.
Thayer to General Wallace, March 4,
1868.

8th. Letter of General U.S. Grant to
General Wallace, March 10, 1868, commenting
upon the letters cited and suggesting
their publication, in justice to
General Wallace.

The map of the Compte de Paris has been utilized.
1, 2 and 3 give location of Wallace’s Brigades in line, perpendicular
to the river, with right at Adamsville (3), 2. Concentration of
Division. 4. Crossing at Snake creek to
take the right of General Sherman. 4-5. Countermarch to lower
crossing after retirement of the right. 6. Lower
crossing which had for several days previously been under water.
Wallace’s division, on the 7th, held the right of
Sherman, as indicated for the 6th, when he moved to take part in the
general action.

General Wallace to General Grant:

Colonel Ross to General Wallace:

General Strickland to General Wallace:

General McGinnis to General Wallace:

[General Fred Knefler’s letter to General
Lew Wallace corroborating the statements made
by the other members of the staff will be found
on page 367—ED.]

Captain Ware to General Wallace:

General John M. Thayer to General
Wallace:

General Grant to General Wallace:

Fitchburg In 1885

By Atherton P. Mason, M.D.

In the January number of this magazine
appeared an excellent and comprehensive
historical sketch of Fitchburg.
It is proposed in this article to portray
as briefly as possible, and by the aid of
engravings, the present condition and
resources of our city.

Old Rollstone and its opposite neighbor,
Pearl Hill, have witnessed the
transformation of a rude, inhospitable
wilderness into a beautiful and busy
city. We of the present day, proud of
our heritage, are striving to improve it
by all means within our power.

Fitchburg owes her growth and prosperity
pre-eminently to those energetic
and plucky men who founded and fostered
the great industries which now
constitute her life and soul. Alvah
Crocker, Salmon W. Putnam, Eugene
T. Miles, and Walter Heywood, have left
behind them great and lasting proofs of
their toil and perseverance. Of Rodney
Wallace, who is now in the midst of a
useful and benevolent life among us,
another will speak more fully and fittingly
in other pages of this magazine;
nor would we neglect to give due credit to
the energetic men who are now either
carrying on business established by their
predecessors, or founding new industries
which enhance the resources and good
name of Fitchburg.

Union Passenger Depot

The little river (the north branch of
the Nashua) which runs through the
township, and which is formed by the
confluence of several large brooks in
the westerly part of the town, first invited
the manufacturer to locate on its
banks. Its water-power is still used,
but steam is now the chief motor that
propels the machinery, looms and spindles

that daily pour forth products
which go to the markets, not of this
country alone, but of the world.

Perhaps no place of its size can
boast of a greater diversity of industries
than Fitchburg. In such an article as
this attention must necessarily be confined
to the chief among them, and but
few words devoted to the description of
separate establishments.

Putnam Machine Company’s Works.

Machinery takes the first rank among
the manufactures of Fitchburg. The
pioneers in this business here were two
brothers, Salmon W. and John Putnam,
who, in 1838, established the firm of J.
& S.W. Putnam. In 1858 S.W. Putnam
organized the Putnam Machine
Company, which now has a wide and
enviable reputation. Mr. Putnam was
President and General Business Manager
of the company until his death in 1872.
Two of his surviving sons are now actively
engaged in carrying on the business,
Charles F. Putnam being President
and Manager, and Henry O. Putnam
Superintendent of the department
in which special machinists’ and railroad
tools are made. There are six
other departments devoted to special
kinds of manufacture which are superintended
by able men. Mr. Putnam’s
two other sons founded, in 1882, the
Putnam Tool Company, located on
Walnut street, of which Salmon W. Putnam
is President, and George E. Putnam
Treasurer, and is owned entirely
by the Putnams. This company
manufactures machinery, railroad and
machine tools. The present location
of the Putnam Machine Company,
corner of Main and Putnam streets,
comprising over twenty-six acres,
was purchased in 1866, and the
buildings were immediately erected
at a cost of over $200,000. The
works were built from plans designed
by the late President, and are arranged
with special reference to
the variety of machines manufactured,
consisting of railroad and machinists’

tools, steam-engines, water-wheels, and
shafting. They comprise machine shops,

foundries and forges, and rank with the
oldest and largest establishments of the
kind in the United States.

The Putnams are descendants of Gen.
Israel Putnam of Revolutionary fame.

Residence Of Mrs. Salmon W. Putnam, Walnut Street

The Fitchburg Machine Works occupy
a large and convenient brick
building on Main street, near its beginning,
and manufacture machinists’
tools principally. Opposite is
the handsome brick building occupied
by C.H. Brown and Company,
manufacturers of the “Brown” automatic
cut-off steam-engines, which have
gained a wide reputation. A little further
up on Main street is located the Simonds
Manufacturing Company. This
company was organized in 1868 with a
capital of $150,000 and manufactures
machine knives and the well-known
“Simonds” Circular Saw.

On Water street are three machine
shops to be noticed. The Union Machine
Company makes paper machinery.
The Rollstone Machine Company,
manufactures the “Rollstone” Lathe
and other wood-working machinery.
The Fitchburg Steam Engine Company,
whose business was established in
1871, manufactures steam-engines and
boilers, making a specialty of the
“Fitchburg” steam-engine, the great
merits of which are everywhere acknowledged.
The company, notwithstanding
its comparatively recent organization,
has a firm foothold in this
country, and abroad also.

D.M. Dillon manufactures boilers and
paper machinery. A.D. Waymouth and
Company, and C.W. Wilder manufacture
respectively the Waymouth wood-turning
lathe and Wilder’s patent lathe.

In 1866 Charles Burleigh of Fitchburg
invented the Burleigh rock drill,
and the next year the Burleigh Rock
Drill Company was organized with a
capital of $150,000, to make and sell
this machine and the Burleigh Patent
air-compressor. These drills have completely
revolutionized the business of
rock-tunneling. They were first used in
the Hoosac Tunnel and, proved highly
successful. Since then they have been
employed at Hell Gate, in the Sutro

Tunnel, and at various points in Europe.

Stiles Block, Main Street.

The Rollstone Iron Foundry, the
Fitchburg Iron Foundry, and M.J.
Perault, manufacture castings of all
kinds. W.A. Hardy operates a brass
Foundry on Water street. There is no
space to indulge further in details regarding
machinery. In addition to the
above are numerous individuals and
firms here engaged in the manufacture
of mowing machines and agricultural
implements, boiler makers’ tools, electric
machinery and apparatus, files, grist
and flouring-mill machinery, hay, straw,
and machine, knives, wood-working machinery,
machinists’ tools, water motors,
watch tools, paper machinery and the
like.

The paper manufacturing interest in
Fitchburg is valuable and extensive.
The credit of successfully establishing
this industry here belongs to Alvah
Crocker, who, in 1826, built a paper
mill of his own. Paper had, however,
been made here to some extent previous
to that time. In 1850 the firm of
Crocker, Burbank and Company was
formed, of which Mr. Crocker was the
head until his death in 1874. The present
members of the firm are C.T.
Crocker, S.E. Crocker, G.F. Fay, G.
H. Crocker and Alvah Crocker. The
firm now operates five large paper mills
in West Fitchburg. A sixth, the Snow
Mill, was recently destroyed by fire.
About 32,000 pounds of news, book
and card paper are produced by these
mills every twenty-four hours.

In 1865 the Fitchburg Paper Company
was organized. Rodney Wallace,
having purchased the interests of the
other three original members of the
company, is now the sole proprietor.
He operates two large and well-equipped
mills in West Fitchburg, which produce
from 15,000 to 18,000 pounds of card
and hanging paper every twenty-four
hours.

Crocker Block.

In 1864 George W. Wheelwright and
Sons built a paper mill, and in 1880 the
G.W. Wheelwright Paper Company

was incorporated with a capital of
$100,000. The mill is located on Fourth
street and produces about 7,000 pounds
of news paper per twenty-four hours.

In 1884 a number of capitalists purchased
the building long known as
Richardson’s scythe shop, situated on
Scythe-shop road, South Fitchburg, and
converted it into a paper-mill. It is
now operated by the National Paper
Company and produces manilla and
hanging paper.

The chair business is represented in
Fitchburg by an establishment which is
one of the largest and best arranged in
the world. Walter Heywood really
founded this industry here in 1844,
though chairs were made in Fitchburg on
a small scale some years previously. The
Walter Heywood Chair Company was
organized in 1851 and incorporated in
1869 with a capital of $240,000. In
July, 1870, the company’s buildings on
Water street were completely destroyed
by fire, and a lot on River street, comprising
nine acres, was immediately purchased
for the erection of new works.
These buildings, each three hundred
feet long, fifty feet wide and two
stories high, besides store houses,
offices and sheds, were soon ready for
occupation. A private track connects
the works with the Fitchburg Railroad.
The Company has a very large trade,
both foreign and domestic, and employs
three hundred men. The chair
stock is prepared at the company’s
mills in Barton, Vermont.

Factory Of The Fitchburg Woolen Mill Company.

The manufacture of cotton and
woolen goods is extensively carried on
in Fitchburg. The Fitchburg Cotton
Mill is a fine brick building at the upper
end of Main street; carpet warps,
batting and twine are here manufactured.
The Fitchburg Duck Mills in
South Fitchburg produce cotton duck.
The Parkhill Manufacturing Company
(John Parkhill, President, and Arthur
H. Lowe, Treasurer), occupies what
was formerly Davis’ chair shop, situated
on Circle street, and manufactures
gingham. The building has
been greatly enlarged and additional
buildings have been erected since the
company was organized a few years ago.
Excellent goods are manufactured and
find a ready market.

The factory of the Fitchburg Woolen
Mill Company, in Factory square, has
been long established and its products

are well known. The company was
organized in 1843, but the factory itself
has been in existence much longer,
being one of the oldest brick buildings
in town. It was originally used as a
cotton mill, but in 1822 it was made
into a woolen factory. Since that date
it has been enlarged several times.
William H. Vose, recently deceased,
was Treasurer and Manager of this mill
for about forty years. Only a few
months ago Mr. Vose wrote a concise
history of the factory since 1822, which
is interesting and valuable. James
Phillips, Jr., is a prominent woolen manufacturer
and operates the three following
concerns: a large woolen manufactory
in West Fitchburg, producing suitings,
etc.; the Star Worsted Company,
and the Fitchburg Worsted Company,
producing yarn and worsted. Mr. Phillips
has met with marked success, and
his goods take high rank in the best
markets. There is a woolen mill in
Rockville, a village in the westerly part
of Fitchburg, operated by James McTaggart,
Jr.

Residence Of Mrs. Wm.H. Vose, Prospect Street.

The firm of E.M. Dickinson &
Company is the only one in the city engaged
in the manufacture of shoes.
This firm occupies a handsome brick
factory, recently erected on Main street,
next to the Simonds Manufacturing
Company, and has a large trade both
in New England and the West. In connection
with E.M. Dickinson & Company,
and located in the same building,
is the Sole Leather Tip Company. The
Fitchburg Furniture Company has a
large manufactory on Newton Place.
A number of concerns carry on an extensive
lumber business and operate establishments
where doors, sashes, blinds,
and ornamental wood-work are made.
J. Gushing & Company and Washburn
& Woodward operate large grain
elevators and flour mills. The first
named firm occupies the “Stone Mill,”
one of the old land-marks of Fitchburg.
In addition to the above there are numerous

individuals and firms engaged
in the manufacture of confectionery,
crackers, tin-ware, toys, soap, wood
pulp, carriages, harnesses, marble and
granite monuments, bricks, beer, cigars
and matches. In fine there are over
one hundred concerns here engaged in
manufacturing on a large scale, and
considerably over one hundred establishments
where occupations akin to
manufacturing are carried on.

But Fitchburg is beautiful as well as
busy. Handsome churches, business
blocks, public buildings and private residences
greet the eyes of strangers in
our streets.

Residence Of Charles T. Crocker.

There are eleven churches in town.
The First Parish (Unitarian) Church is
the oldest. The present edifice is a
plain and substantial brick structure at
the head of the upper common, and
was built in 1837. In 1883 the interior
was entirely remodeled and stained
windows put in, thus making a handsome
auditorium. Rev. W.H. Pierson is
pastor of this society.

The First Methodist Church is on
Main street, opposite the lower end of
the upper common, and was built in
1840. Rev. W.J. Pomfret is pastor.

The First Universalist Church stands
on the corner of Main and Rollstone
streets, and was built in 1847. Rev. F.O.
Hall is pastor. This society proposes
to erect a new church, further down
town, before long.

On the opposite corner is the Calvinistic
Congregational Church, built in
1844. Rev. S.L. Blake, D.D., is pastor.
In connection with this Church is a
handsome and commodious chapel.

Further down Main street, opposite the
Post-office, is the First Baptist Church,
a large and imposing structure, built in
1854. Rev. I.R. Wheelock is pastor.

A little further down, and on the opposite
side of the street, is Christ Church
(Episcopal). This is built of granite
and has a very attractive appearance
both within and without. The society
has no settled rector at present.

Towards the lower end of Main street is

situated the Rollstone
Congregational
Church, a fine brick
and stone structure,
built in 1869. In
connection with it is
a handsome chapel,
the gift of the late
Deacon David Boutelle
and named after
the donor. The Second
Advent Chapel
is on the corner of
North and Cherry
streets; no pastor is
at present settled.

Mills Of The Fitchburg Paper Company.

The Wallace Library And Art Building.

The St. Bernard’s
Church (Catholic) is
a costly and handsome
brick and stone
edifice on Water
street. Rev. P.J.
Garrigan is pastor, and Rev. D.F. Feehan
is assistant pastor. In 1878 a fine
Catholic Chapel (Church of the Sacred
Heart) was built in West Fitchburg,
and is now under the charge of Rev. J.T.
Donohoe. There is also a very
pretty Methodist Church in West Fitchburg,
of which Rev. W. Wignall is pastor.

Whitney’s Opera House Block.

The Fitchburg Savings
Bank block,
on Main street, up
town, is the largest
and finest in the city.
It was erected in
1871, and is of brick
with a handsome and
costly front of fine,
white-grained granite.
The ground floor
is divided into four
stores, which are as
commodious and well-appointed
as any in
Worcester County.
On the second floor
are the banking-rooms
of the Fitchburg
National and
Fitchburg Savings
Banks, the office of
the Fitchburg Mutual Fire Insurance
Company, and several law offices. The
two stories above are mainly occupied
by the Free Masons, whose rooms are
among the finest in the State.

The “Snow Mill,” Recently Burned.

The Safety Fund National Bank has
rooms in Crocker Block, a handsome
brick and stone structure further down

on Main street. The Windsor Club
(social) has attractive rooms in this
block.

Residence Of Mrs. Eugene T. Miles, Blossom Street.

The Rollstone National Bank has
rooms in the Rollstone Bank block, a
large and fine brick and sandstone
structure, on the south side of Main
street, down town. The rooms of the
Worcester North Savings Institution are
also in this block, and the Odd Fellows
and E.V. Sumner Encampment, Post
19, Grand Army of the Republic, have
commodious apartments in the upper
portion. The Wachusett National Bank
has a brick banking house on the corner
of Main and Day streets.

E.M. Dickinson & Co.’s Shoe Manufactory

Whitney’s Opera House block contains
the only theatre in town. The
stage is of good size and well-appointed
and the auditorium neat and
attractive. Good companies appear
here throughout the season, and are
well patronized by citizens of Fitchburg
and neighboring towns. Other blocks
worthy of mention are Belding &
Dickinson’s, Coggshall & Carpenter’s,
Hatch’s, Wixon’s (not yet completed),
and Stiles’—all on Main street, and
Union and Goodrich on Day
street.

There are eight hotels in the
city, the Fitchburg Hotel and the
American House being the two
largest.

The City Hall, on Main street,
nearly opposite the Savings Bank
block, is a large brick building.
The entire upper story is devoted
to a large hall, called the
City Hall. It is the largest in the
city. There are about a dozen

other halls of various sizes in
different parts of the city. On
the first floor of the City Hall are
the various city offices, rooms
of the Mayor, Aldermen and
Common Council. The entire
rear portion is occupied by the
Public Library, containing over
sixteen thousand volumes, which
will soon be removed to the new
and elegant “Wallace Library
and Art Building,” now in
process of completion. Mr.
Wallace’s generous gift to the
city is fully described in another
article.

The L.J. Brown Block, Main Street.

Fitchburg Savings Bank Building.

The Post-Office occupies the
lower floor of a neat and substantial
brick edifice opposite the
Baptist Church. The letter-carrier
system was begun here November
1, 1884. In the upper portion of
this building are rooms occupied by
the Fitchburg Board of Trade and the
Park Club (social). Just below the
Post-Office is Monument Square, in the
centre of which is a handsome soldiers’
monument, designed by Martin

Milmore, and costing about $25,000.
It was dedicated June 26, 1874. Four
brass cannon, procured through Alvah
Crocker while a Member of Congress,
stand in the enclosure. In the rear of
the square is the Court House, a stone
building of noble proportions, built in
1871.

Fitchburg is located on the Hoosac
Tunnel route, and hence has extensive
railroad facilities. The Fitchburg Railroad
runs eleven passenger trains to
Boston every week, day and five to
Greenfield and North Adams. The
Northern Division of the Old Colony
Railroad terminates here and furnishes
four trains daily to Boston, and also to
the principal cities of southern Massachusetts.
The Fitchburg and Worcester
Division affords ample means of
communication with our sister city.
The Cheshire Railroad furnishes four
trains daily to points in New Hampshire
and Vermont. A route for the proposed
Fitchburg and Manchester Railroad was
surveyed last summer. The Union Passenger
Depot, used by all these roads in
common, is a commodious building and
an ornament to the city. Not far from
the depot is the “L.J. Brown” store, a
large and handsome building with a
brown stone front, which is certainly
worthy of mention, both as a sample of
the business blocks in town, and as a
memorial of the late L.J. Brown.

Fitchburg is well provided with
school houses. The High School on
High street is a large and convenient
building, and was erected in 1869. Mr.
R.G. Huling has been the Principal
since 1875. There are three large
Grammar school buildings in the city
proper, and one in West Fitchburg, besides
a dozen or more buildings occupied
by lower grades in various localities
in town.

The “Stone Mill.”

There are two newspapers published
here. The Fitchburg Sentinel occupies
the entire upper portion of one of the
oldest brick buildings in town. The
structure has been raised and enlarged
since it was first built. The first number
of the Sentinel appeared December
30, 1838, and on May 6, 1873, the
Daily Sentinel began its existence.
Both are still published and enjoy a
large and increasing circulation. The
Fitchburg Tribune is issued weekly.

This paper has been established only a
few years, but under the present proprietor
is acquiring a goodly circulation.

Fitchburg Sentinel Office.

Our city is fortunate in possessing an
abundant supply of excellent water derived
from Scott, Shattuck and Falulah
Brooks. Three reservoirs, Overlook,
Scott and Marshall, were constructed at
the time the water-works were first put
in operation, a dozen years ago. These
are located on the high land north-west
of the city. In 1883 a fourth reservoir
was constructed and named Falulah from
the brook by which it is supplied.
Overlook is the largest and most
elevated, being four hundred feet
above the railroad tracks. More than
eighteen miles of service pipe are
now in use, and there are over two
hundred fire hydrants at various
points. The city is equipped with
a fire alarm telegraph, having thirty-one
signal boxes, and maintains an
efficient and well managed Fire Department.
It is thus easy to understand
why Fitchburg seldom has a
fire that amounts to much.

The Wachusett Electric Light
Company began to light the principal
streets in the city proper in 1883,
and still continues to furnish agreeable
illumination.

The Fitchburg Gas Company, organized
in 1852, has works a little below
the Union Depot and is in prosperous
condition.

The “Hanna Mill.”

The Fitchburg Divison of the New
England Telephone and Telegraph
Company comprises this city, Leominster,
Lunenburg and Westminster. There
are nearly four hundred subscribers.

The Fitchburg Roller Skating Rink

is an institution very attractive to the
public and well patronized. There is
also a skating rink in West Fitchburg.

The Massachusetts Mutual Aid Society,
an organization for life insurance,
was incorporated in 1875, and its members
now number several thousands.

The Fitchburg Co-operative Savings
Fund and Loan Association was incorporated
in 1877. Monthly payments
are made by share holders and money
loaned on real-estate.

The Worcester North Agricultural
Society was incorporated in 1852, and
has extensive fair grounds and a trotting
park in the easterly part of the
township.

The city owns two cemeteries. Laurel
Hill Cemetery is large and has been in
use for at least seventy-five years. It
occupies a hill overhanging the river,
and is truly a city of the dead overlooking
the city of the living. Forest Hill
Cemetery is on the Mount Elam road,
two miles south of the city, and is of
more recent origin. St. Bernard’s
Cemetery, in the easterly part of the
town, is owned by the Roman Catholics.

Fitchburg hospitality is well known,
and Masonic or other organizations are
always sure of royal entertainment and
a grand good time when they visit
their Fitchburg brethren.

Art, literature and music have always
been cultivated here. Though there is
no organized art club in town, there
are not a few artists here of merit whose
skill with crayon and brush is fully
appreciated.

Laurel Hill. Residence Of Charles Mason, Rollstone Street.

The Fitchburg Literary Club was
organized some fifteen years ago. Its
membership has been large and its
meetings interesting. Mr. R.G. Huling
is now the President of the club. Several
writers of prose and verse reside
in town.

In proof of musical talent we refer
with just pride to the Fitchburg Military

Band, G.A. Patz, Director. The band,
under the faithful and skillful management
of the late Warren S. Russell, attained
almost the highest rank among
the musical organizations of New England.
Mr. Russell was a most estimable
man, of rare musical ability, and his
death in March, 1884, was a sad blow
to the members of the band, and to
the citizens of Fitchburg as well. At
his funeral, March 18, 1884, the floral
tributes from many musical organizations
in New England, the presence of
Mr. D.W. Reeves, always a warm
friend of Mr. Russell, with the American
Band of Providence, Rhode Island,
whose members voluntarily tendered
their services for the occasion gratuitously;
the great concourse of citizens
and the general suspension of business
throughout the city, showed better than
any words the estimation in which he
was held. In April, 1884, Mr. Patz became
the leader of the band. That he
is eminently qualified for the position is
shown by the fact that the band still
maintains its high rank and bids fair to
surpass in the future the successes of
the past. In the upper common is a
very handsome band-stand, erected by
means of the generosity of certain citizens,
and down town in Railroad Park
is another, not quite as ornamental.
The band gives a concert at each place
nearly every week during warm weather,
and large audiences appreciate the
music. Nor are we lacking in vocal
talent. Several of our residents, some
of whom have perfected themselves
abroad, have acquired, or are acquiring,
reputation as singers.

Residence Of Henry A. Goodrich, Highland Avenue.

There are many handsome residences

and fine estates in and around the city,
a few of which are represented in this
sketch. It is to be regretted that the
residence of Mr. George F. Fay, of
Crocker, Burbank & Co., cannot be
shown. It is in process of completion,
and when finished will be the finest in
the city.

Fitchburg is situated in a pleasant
valley, extending nearly east and west,
through the southern portion of which
runs the little river. Main street is just
north of this stream, and, in a measure,
parallel to it. This is the principal
business street in the city and from
either side of it branch off streets most
of which eventually climb up a hillside.
The city tends to increase along the
course of the valley mainly, though now
the surrounding slopes are fast becoming
covered with dwellings. The streets
(with the exception of Main) are unpaved,
but are carefully looked after by
the city and always kept in good condition.
Good sidewalks, plenty of shade
trees, and the general appearance of
thrift and neatness on the part of citizens,
make a stroll through the streets
of Fitchburg very agreeable. Such, at
least, is the opinion of the writer who, as
a native of the place, may be allowed to
express pardonable pride in the general
appearance of prosperity, neatness and
intelligence in the community.

The “Lyon And Whitney” Mill.

This sketch would be incomplete
without some slight allusion to the surrounding
country. The most marked
topographical feature in this region is
Rollstone Hill, a rounded eminence,
composed entirely of granite. It is just
southwest of the city. Its top is bare
rock, but the sides are covered with a
thin layer of soil, which furnishes support
for quite a forest. Several quarries
are worked during warm weather,
and an immense amount of granite has
been taken out without any apparent
diminution in the size of the hill. It
may be of interest to state that the
Fitchburg Railroad depot, in Boston, is
built of granite taken from this hill; and
there are several other large stone
structures in the Hub built of the same
material. On the very summit of
Rollstone is perched “the Boulder,” a
round mass of rock, forty-five feet in
circumference, and weighing at least one
hundred tons. The rock of which it is

composed is totally unlike any rock
formation within a radius of thirty miles
or more, and it is probable that this
boulder was brought to its present position
by ice. The view from the top of
this hill is well worth the slight trouble
taken in ascending it. At the feet of
the observer lies the city, forming almost
a semi-circle. Wooded hills arise on all
sides. Wachusett, twelve miles distant,
rears its imposing pile in the
south, while Big Watatic overtops its
brethren in the northwest. Almost opposite
Rollstone is Pearl Hill, which is
also well worth a visit.

The “Brick” Mill.

There are many pleasant drives
around Fitchburg, which are thoroughly
appreciated by the citizens. But we
must not dwell longer upon Fitchburg
or its environs. Let those who are
strangers to our city come and see for
themselves. They will be welcome.

The writer is aware that much has
been omitted in this sketch which ought
to have been spoken of; but in a magazine
article, intended simply to give a
general idea of the place, such must of
necessity be the case. Much space
might, for instance, be most justly devoted
to the business men and merchants
of Fitchburg, who, by hard
work and fair dealing, have acquired
honorable names in the community.
It would be quite possible to fill several
more pages with such matters, but it is
probable that the readers of the “BAY
STATE” will coincide with the opinion
that it is about time to stop.

Fitchburg seal

The Past And Future Of Gold

By David M. Balfour.

Gold, from the earliest times to the
present day, has been regarded as one
of the most precious of metals. Next
to osmium, iodium, and platinum, it is
the heaviest of metals, being nineteen
times heavier than water. Next to iron
it is the most extensively diffused metal
upon our planet. It occurs in granite,
the oldest rock known to us, and in all
the rocks derived from it. It is, however,
much more common in alluvial grounds
than among primitive and pyrogenous
rocks. Nine-tenths of the gold which
has been produced has been obtained
from alluvial beds. Gold mines are
generally situated at the extreme limits
of civilization. Herodotus notes the
fact and he is confirmed by Humbolt.
It is first mentioned in Genesis ii: 11.
It was found in the country of Havilah,
where the rivers Euphrates and Tigris
unite and discharge their waters into
the Persian Gulf. Gold is never found
in mass, in veins, or lodes; it is interspersed,
in threads or flakes, throughout
quartz or other rocks. It is the
only metal of a yellow color; it is easily
chrystallizable, and always assumes one
or more of the symmetrical shapes,—such
as the cube or octahedron. It
affords a resplendent polish, and may
be exposed, for any length of time,
to the atmosphere without suffering
change, and is remarkable for its
beauty. Its malleability is such that a
cubic inch will cover a surface of eighteen
hundred square feet; and its ductility
is such that a cube of four inches
could be drawn into a wire which would
extend around the earth.

Gold in its relative value to silver
has varied greatly at different periods.

In the days of the patriarch Abraham, it
was one to eight; B.C. 1000, it was
one to twelve; B.C. 500, it was one to
thirteen; at the commencement of the
Christian era, it was one to nine; A.D.
500, it was one to eighteen; in 1100, it
was one to eight; in 1400, it was one to
eleven; in 1545, it was one to six; in
1551 it was one to two; in 1600, it was
one to ten; in 1627, it was one to thirteen;
in 1700, it was one to fifteen and
one-half; it held the latter ratio, with
but slight variation, until 1872, when it
began to rise, and in 1876 it rose to one
to twenty; it soon afterwards gradually
declined, and now stands one to nineteen
and one-half. The supply of silver
beyond a legitimate demand for financial
purposes, the decrease of the export of
silver to the East, and the demonetization
of silver by the principal countries of
Europe, have induced a tendency in the
ratio of the two metals to again advance.
Gold was extremely abundant in
ancient times. It was plenteously furnished
by the rivers of Asia. The sands
of Pactolus, the golden fleece conquered
by the Argonauts, the gold of
Ophir, the fable of King Midas, all
tend to show the eastern origin of gold.
It was abundant in Cabul and Little
Thibet. It abounded in the empire of
the Pharaohs, as is attested by the
traces of mining operations, now exhausted,
and by the multitude of objects
of gold contained in their tombs. Dennis
(“History of the Cities and Cemeteries
of Etruria,” vol. II, p. 50) states
that “gold ornaments, whose beauty
and richness are amazing, abound in
the tombs of the Etruscans, who were
undoubtedly one of the most remarkable

nations of antiquity, and the great
civilizers of Italy. In a single tomb in
Cerveti, fragments of breastplates, earrings,
and brooches, sufficient to fill
more than one basket, were found
crushed beneath a mass of fallen masonry.
A gold chain, with a number of
pendant scaraboei, was found in a tomb
in Vulci, transcending anything before
seen by him. Bieda, Chiusi, Canosa,
Casuccini, Perugia, and Veii belong in
the same category.” Schlieman (“Ilios”
p. 253, et. seq.) states that they had
an abundance of gold, bordering, as they
did, on Phrygia, and nearly touching the
valley of the Pactolus, so famous for its
auriferous sands. It was very pure and
therefore easily worked. In a tomb a
single vase was found containing eighty-seven
hundred small objects of gold.
Ornaments of gold are very abundant
in the tombs of Mycenae. In remote
antiquity the bulk of gold was brought
by the Phenicians from Arabia, which
had twenty-two gold mines. It was the
ancient El Dorado, and proverbial for
its wealth of gold in all antiquity, down
to the Middle Ages. “Arabia sends us
gold,” said Thomas A. Becket. Sacred
ornaments of gold abound in churches,
temples, pagodas, and tombs, throughout
the Eastern hemisphere. The
Homeric poems call Mycenae a city
rich in gold. Gold abounded in the
Levant, and it was obtained in considerable
quantity in the island of Siphnos,
and also from Pangaeus. It was found
in abundance in Turdeltania in Spain;
it was brought down by the rivers Tagus
and Duoro; and it was plenty in Dacia,
Transylvania, and the Asturias. Caligula
caused his guests to be helped with gold
(which they carried away), instead of
bread and meat. The dresses of Nero
were stiff with embroidery and gold;
he fished with hooks of gold, and his
attendants wore necklaces, and bracelets
of gold. The Egyptians obtained
large quantities of gold from the upper
Nile, and from Ethiopia. Among them
it was estimated by weight, usually in
the form of bulls or oxen. In the centre
of the continent, upon which so
much light has been recently thrown by
Livingston, Stanley, and others, rocks are
to be met with quartz veins containing
gold, and thus auriferous alluvium has
been formed. Western Africa was the
first field which supplied gold to mediaeval
Europe. Its whole seaboard from
Morocco to the equator produces more
or less gold. This small section of the
continent poured a flood of gold into
Europe, and until the mineral discoveries
of California and Australia, it continued
to be the principal supply to the
civilized world. In eastern Akim gold
is said to be as plentiful as potatoes in
Ireland. The Fanti gold mines are far
more valuable than Ashanti, and the
Wassaw and the Nquampossoo have
gold nuggets in profusion. The King
of Gyaman became immensely rich by
the product of his gold mines; his bed
had steps of gold. The French claim
that they imported gold from Elmina in
1382. The Portuguese discovered gold
in 1442, upon the borders of Rio de
Ouro. Mungo Park, in 1797, drew attention
to the existence of gold in the
provinces of Shronda, Kinkodi, Dindiko,
Bambuk, and Barabarra. Caille,
in 1827, reported an abundance of gold
in the valley of the Niger. The gold
mines of Boure were first visited by
Winwood Reade in 1872. The inhabitants
of Western Africa have worked
their gold fields for centuries to very
little purpose. Their want of pumps,
of quartz-crushing machinery, and of
scientific appliances, has limited their
labors to scratching the top soil and
nibbling at the reef-walls. A large proportion
of the country is virtually virgin

ground; and a rich harvest has been left
for Occidental science, energy, and
enterprise. It is fast becoming evident
that Africa will one day equal half a
dozen Californias. The annual product
of gold in Africa has declined from $17,000,000
in 1471 to $3,000,000 in 1816.
Since the latter date it has gradually
declined to $2,000,000. The gold
product since 1471 has amounted to
$3,500,000,000.

Gold, after the discovery of America,
was produced in large quantities, principally
in the Antilles, and chiefly in
Hispaniola, and the western coast of
the Gulf of Mexico. America is pre-eminently
the land of metals. Gold is
found in greater or less abundance
throughout its Pacific coast from Alaska
to Patagonia. The New World furnishes
nearly two-thirds of the precious
metals annually produced. The export
of gold from the United States since
1848 has amounted to $1,548,564,852.
The gold mines of Peru were revealed
to Europe by Pizarro in 1513. The
gold mines of South America extend
throughout its entire territory. Its richest
mines are about Huylas and Turma,
Most of the rivers of the Andes bring
down auriferous sands. Before the arrival
of the Spaniards the Indians had
gathered from the river sands large
quantities of gold in Peru, Chili, and
along the whole western coast of South
America. Brazil has yielded, from 1513
to the present time, $876,000,000 of
gold. The annual product of gold, in
South America, at the present time is
$8,000,000. The total product, from
1513 to the present time, has amounted
to $2,176,000,000. The gold mines of
North America extend from Costa Rica
to Alaska, between the parallels 8° and
71° of North latitude, and the parallels
of 82° and 168° of West longitude,
comprised between the Caribbean sea
and the Arctic ocean, and the Rocky
mountains and the Pacific ocean. The
Mexican gold mines were discovered by
Cortez in 1526. Their annual product
has decreased from $3,000,000 in former
times to $1,000,000 at the present time.
Their total product to the present time
has amounted to $652,000,000. Gold
was discovered in California by William
Marshall, on the ninth day of February,
1848, at Suter’s mill on the American
fork of the Sacramento river, and the
mines extend from 34° to 40° of North
latitude. Their annual product has decreased
from $81,000,000 in 1853 to
$14,000,000 at the present time. The
annual product of the gold mines of
Colorado, Dakota, Nevada, Montana,
Idaho, Arizona, Oregon, and other parts
of the United States, at the present time,
is estimated to be $16,000,000. Their
total product has amounted to $200,000,000.
The annual product of the
gold mines of British Columbia is estimated
to be $2,000,000. Their total
product has amounted to $52,000,000.
In estimating the gold product of California
Messrs. Hussey, Bond and Hale,
of San Francisco, (Hunt’s Mer. Mag.,
vol. XXVII, p. 43) state,—”that there
should be added to the amount exhibited
upon steamers’ manifests fifteen to
sixty per cent, for the amount carried
in the valises and pockets of returning
passengers, overland to Mexico, exported
to Chili, and retained in California
for purposes of currency.” Fenton
(Tasmania, p. 430) states,—”that the
product of gold, $850,000, in Tasmania,
in 1883, does not include the value of
gold which left the colony by private
hands, when it is considered that the
alluvial auriferous deposits are worked
by men who are constantly on the move
and who sometimes take with them, to
the other colonies, the product of their
washings, without leaving behind them

any record of the weight or value of the
gold thus removed.” This rule should
be applied to Australia, Russia, New
Zealand, and all countries which are
producers of the precious metals. The
annual product of the gold mines of
North America is $32,000,000. Their
total product from 1513 to the present
time is estimated to be $2,764,000,000,
of which $2,164,000,000 have been obtained
since 1848. The annual product
of gold in America is $40,000,000,—more
than one-third of the entire annual
product of the world. The total
gold product of America, since the hills
of Hispaniola were revealed to the eyes
of Columbus, has amounted to $4,940,000,000—one-third
of the product of
the world since the earliest times.

Gold was discovered in Russia in
1743, near Nertschinsk, alluvial deposits
having been observed in that year in
the Ural mountains. The mines extend
over that parallelogram of the earth’s
surface, comprised between the parallels
of 50° and 60° of north latitude,
between the Volga and Amoor rivers.
They were not generally explored until
1810. In 1816 their product was but
$80,000; at the close of 1823 there
was a large development. In 1830 the
annual product was $4,000,000. About
that time the deposits of Siberia were
discovered, and at the close of 1840
they yielded a greater production than
those of the Ural. In 1843 the total
annual product of both regions was
$18,000,000. In 1853 it attained to
$36,000,000, but since that date it has
gradually declined to $22,000,000. The
total product of the Russian goldmines
has amounted to $805,000,000.
The annual product of gold in Europe
is $24,000,000. The total product of
gold in Europe, from the earliest times
to the present day, has amounted to $4,145,000,000.

Gold was discovered in Australia by
Edward Hammand Hargreaves, on the
twelfth day of February, 1851, in the
Bathurst and Wellington districts, and
the mines extend from 18° to 38° of
South latitude. Their annual product
has decreased from $75,000,000 in 1853
to $26,000,000 at the present time.
Their total product has amounted to
$1,453,000,000. The finest gold was
obtained at Ballarat, and the largest
nugget was dug up at Donolly, and
weighed 2,448 ounces, valued at $46,000.
The New Zealand gold mines
were discovered by Messrs. Hartly and
Reilly, on the twentieth of August,
1861, in the Otago district, on the
Molineux river, on the 45° of South
latitude. Their annual product has decreased
from $10,000,000 in 1863 to
$4,000,000 at the present time. Their
total product has amounted to $176,000,000.
The annual product of gold
in Asia (including Australia, New Zealand
and Oceanica) is $32.000,000.
The total product of gold in Asia, from
the earliest times to the present day,
has amounted $2,065,000,000.

Gold was considered bullion in Palestine
for a long time after silver was
current as money. The first mention
of gold as money, in the Bible, is in
David’s reign (B.C. 1056) when that
king purchased the threshing-floor of
Oman for six hundred shekels of gold
by weight ($4,500.) The Lydians were
the first people who coined money. The
word “money” is derived from the temple
of Jupiter Moneta, where the Roman
mint was established. Croesus (B.C.
560) coined the golden stater, which
contained one hundred and thirty-three
grains of pure metal. Darius, son of
Hystaspes, (B.C. 538) coined the daric,
which contained one hundred and
twenty-one grains of pure metal; it was
preferred for its fineness, for several

ages, throughout the East. It is supposed
to be mentioned in the Old Testament
under the name of dram. Very
few specimens have come down to us.
Their scarcity may be accounted for by
the fact that they were melted down under
the type of Alexander. Next were
some coins of the tyrants of Sicily; of
Gelo (B.C. 491), of Helo (B.C. 478),
and of Dionysius (B.C. 404). Specimens
of the former two are still preserved
in modern cabinets. Gold coin
was by no means plenty in Greece, until
Philip of Macedon put the mines of
Thrace into full operation, about B.C.
300. There are only about a dozen
Greek coins in existence, three of which
are in the British Museum; and of the
latter, two are staters, of the weight of
one hundred and twenty-nine grains
each. About B.C. 207, a gold coin
was struck off at Rome called “aureus,”
four specimens of which are in the institution
before alluded to. Its weight
was one hundred and twenty-four grains.

Gold coins were issued in France by
Clovis, A.D. 489. About the same
time, they were issued in Spain by Amalric,
the Gothic king; in both countries
they were called “trientes.” The “mouton,”
worth about nine dollars, was issued
in 1156. Gold coins were first issued
in England in 1257, in the shape of a
“penny,” of the value of twenty pence;
only two specimens have come down to
us. “Florins” were next issued in 1334,
of the value of six shillings. The “noble”
followed next of the value of six
shillings and eight pence; being stamped
with a rose, it was called the “rose noble.”
“Angels” appeared in 1465, of
the same value as the latter. The
“royal” followed next in 1466, of the
value of ten shillings. Then come for
the first time the “sovereign,” in 1489,
of the value of twenty shillings. The
“crown” followed in 1527, of the
value of ten shillings. “Units” and
“lions,” were issued in 1603; the
“laurel” 1633, and “exurgats,” in
1642; all of the value of twenty shillings.
The “guinea,” of the value of twenty-one
shillings, was issued in 1663, of
Guinea gold. In 1773 all gold coins,
except the guinea, were called in and
forbidden to be circulated. The present
sovereign was issued in 1817. The
United States “half eagle” was issued
in 1793.

Gold, to the amount of $2,171,000,000,
was obtained from the surface and mines
of the earth from the earliest times to
the commencement of the Christian era;
from the date of the latter event, to the
discovery of America, $3,842,374,000
was obtained; from the date of the
latter event to the close of 1847 an addition
of $3,056,000,000 was obtained;
the triple discovery of the California
mines in 1848, the Australian in 1851,
and the New Zealand in 1861, has added,
to the close of 1884, $5,558,626,000;
making a grand total of $14,628,000,000,
of which $5,818,626,000 has been obtained
since 1843. The average loss
by abrasion of coin is estimated by Professor
Bowen at one-twentieth of one
per cent. per annum, and the loss by
consumption in the arts, and by fire and
shipwreck, at $4,000,000 per annum.
A cubic inch of gold is worth, at 3£ 17s.
10 1-2d., or $18.96 per ounce., $193;
a cubic foot, $333,504; and a cubic
yard, $9,004,608.

Gold to the amount of $1,081,000,000,
is estimated to have been in existence
at the commencement of the
Christian era. At the period of the
discovery of America it had diminished
to $135,000,000; after that event, it gradually
increased, and in 1600 it attained
to $154,000,000, in 1700 it reached
$398,000,000, in 1800 it amounted to
$1,156,000,000, in 1853 it attained to

$3,332,000,000, and at the present time
the amount of gold in existence is estimated
to be $8,166,000,000; which, if
melted into one mass, could be contained
in the basement of Bunker Hill
Monument, which is a cube of thirty
feet. Of the amount of gold in existence
$6,000,000,000 is estimated to
be in coin and bullion, $1,000,000,000
in watches, and the remainder in plate,
jewelry, and ornaments. Of the amount
of gold in existence $2,374,000,000 is
estimated to have been obtained from
North America, $1,739,000,000 from
South America; $1,858,000,000 from
Asia (including Australia, New Zealand,
and Oceanica), $945,000,000 from
Europe, and $1,250,000,000 from Africa.
The amount of the precious metals
now in existence is estimated to be
$13,670,000,000.

Gold, as compared with former
periods, in regard to its annual product,
has attained, within the last forty-two
years, to enormous proportions. At the
date of the discovery of America it was
but $100,000; after the occurrence of
that event it gradually increased, and in
1800 it was $17,000,000, and in 1853 it
reached its acme, when it was $236,000,000;
it soon afterwards gradually decreased,
and now it is but $98,000,000.

Gold has changed places with silver
as regards coinage. Since 1726 the
gold coinage of the French mint has
amounted to 11,400,000,000 francs, of
which 8,200,000,000 francs have been
issued since 1850. Since 1603 the gold
coinage of the British mint has amounted
to £409,000,000, of which £253,000,000
have been issued since 1850.
Since 1792 the gold coinage of the
United States mint has amounted to
$1,357,000,000, of which $1,257,000,000
have been issued since 1850. Since
1664 the gold coinage of the Russian
mint has amounted to 900,000,000 roubles,
of which 630,000,000 have been
issued since 1850. The twenty-five-franc
piece of France contains 112
grains of pure metal; the sovereign of
England, 113 grains; the new doubloon
of Spain, and the half-eagle of the
United States, 116 grains each; and the
gold lion of the Netherlands, and double-ounce
of Sicily, 117 grains each. It
was proposed, a few years since, to
adopt a uniform system of coinage
throughout the world, so that the coins
of one nation may circulate in any
other without the expense of re-coinage,
“a consummation devoutly to be wished.”
The gold coinage of the principal countries
of the world has increased from
$77,000,000 in 1848 to $300,000,000 in
1854; in 1876 it declined to $250,000,000,
since which it has continued to
decrease, and is now but $90,000,000.
The gold coinage of the United States
mint, since 1849, has amounted to $1,281,420,038.
In proportion as the
wealth of a country increases it requires
a currency of higher value. Gold, owing
to its greater supply, and more convenient
portability, is steadily gaining in
the channels of commercial exchange
upon silver.

Gold, in view of the large amount
which has been thrown into the monetary
circulation of the world since 1843,
and the little influence it has exercised
upon the money market and prices generally,
has falsified the predictions of
financial writers, a generation ago, upon
both sides of the Atlantic. The following
statement will exhibit the wholesale
cash prices in the New York market, on
the first day of January, in the respective
years, of six of the principal articals
of commerce:

War is the great enhancer of prices.
During the Civil War in the United
States (1861-1865), the prices of
the above articles were more than
doubled.

Gold, in the midst of its sudden plethora,
was a perplexing problem to the
financial prophets of a third of a century
ago. M. Michel Chevalier (Revue des
Deux Mondes, November, 1857) predicted,—”that
a decline would occur
in the price of gold, equal to one-half
of its former value; that a period of
peril was impending, full of inquietude,
instability and damage to a great variety
of interests; that the value of gold
would be diminished, and that consequently
wages and prices would be
doubled; that the duties on imports,
and the interest on the debts of the
principal nations of the world, must
necessarilly follow the same course; that
it would inevitably involve a re-coinage
of all the existing gold coins of the
world, from time to time, in order to
conform to the price of the metal; that
the value of the twenty-franc piece
would be reduced to 19 1-2, 19, 18
francs, as the depreciation descended;
and he, therefore, recommended a cessation
of the gold coinage until the lowest
point of depreciation is reached;
that the new gold fields were likely to
prove as productive as at first for several
generations; in no direction could new
outlets be seen sufficiently large to absorb
the extra production in such a manner
as to prevent a fall in its value. It
might fall until nineteen francs would
correspond only to the amount of well
being which could then be obtained for
five francs.” Poor man! He lived to
see the utter failure of all his predictions;
to behold France become the
largest coiner of gold in the world; an
exporter of the precious metals to the
amount of $43,000,000 annually during
a decade; the rise of the standard of
gold from 15 1-2 to 18, as compared
with silver, and involving a decline from
62 3-4d. to 52d. per ounce; great fear
of a gold famine come upon the Directors
of the Bank of France, and also of
the Bank of England; the annual product
of gold to attain its acme, four
years before his predictions; its gradual
decline, until it had descended to one-half;
a new gold-field opened in New
Zealand; and silver demonetized by his
own country, Germany, and the other
principal countries of Europe. M.
Emile de Lavelaye (Ninteenth Century
Review, September, 1881), states, “that
the present annual supply of gold is no
more than sufficient to meet the requirements
of the expanding commerce of
the world. The scarcity of gold has induced
so great a fall in prices that they
are now lower than in 1850. It is estimated
that North America has contributed
£14,000,000 of the stock of gold
in the world.” We have already shown
that the annual product of gold has increased,
at one period, thirteen fold, and
is now, notwithstanding its rapid decrease,
five fold greater than at the commencement
of the present century;
that prices have not been in the least
degree affected by the increased supply
of gold; and that North America has
contributed $2,374,000,000 of the stock
of gold in the world.

Gold has faithfully performed for the
last forty-two years, and, in view of its
abundance and prospective increase,
will continue to support its role of
a fixed standard of value, and a firm
basis for the bank-note circulation of the
principal countries of the civilized
world, which is evidently growing gradually
metallic, as a comparative statement
of the amount of bank-note circulation
issued, and the amount of
specie held by the Bank of England,

the joint stock banks, and the private
banks of Great Britain the Bank of
France, the State banks, and the National
banks of the United States, at different
periods, will exhibit:

Gold has robbed silver of the prestige
claimed for it two centuries ago by
Locke,—”that it is the instrument and
measure of commerce in all the civilized
and trading parts of the world, and its
normal currency.” Gold has maintained
its present price for one hundred
and sixty years, while silver has declined
twenty-two per cent. within thirteen.
When, owing to scarcity, gold advances
in price, then we may fear, that, what
the late Mr. Bagehot use to call the
“apprehension point,” is close at our
heels. The amount of gold in existence
has increased from $1,975,000,000
in 1843 to $8,166,000,000 at the
present time; while silver, owing to the
great attrition of coin (estimated by
Bowen at one per cent. per annum), has
increased from $5,040,000,000 to but $5,504,000,000,
during the same period.
Of the two hundred and twelve millions
of dollars of the precious metals annually
produced, ninety-eight millions are
furnished by gold.

My Mountain Home

By William C. Sturoc.

General Knefler to General Wallace:

Reuben Tracy’s Vacation Trips

By Elizabeth Porter Gould.

II.

“O mamma, did’nt we have a good
time at the Isles of Shoals last summer?”
said Reuben Tracy to his mother
one evening last July as they sat together
on their piazza. “Did’nt the
boys stare though when I told them all
about it in our geography class. Ned
Bolton said that I knew more about it
than the geography did; and afterwards
he asked me if I had ever seen a
mountain. How I wish I could see one
and climb to the very top of it. Oh
my, would’nt I look!”

And the boy’s eyes looked as though
they would look to the satisfaction of
the most devoted teacher.

“Well,” my boy, replied Mrs. Tracy
as she drew him nearer to her in loving
admiration of such enthusiasm, “only
yesterday I received a letter from your
uncle in Northampton urging me to
take you and come to make him a visit,
and I thought then what a good opportunity
it would be for you to see your
first mountain. Now do you know
what one I mean?”

“Oh yes,” answered Reuben; “but
you mean two, do’nt you? Mount Tom
and Mount Holyoke. I learned that in
my geography. I can see it now in my
book where it says that Mount Tom is
twelve hundred feet high, and Mount
Holyoke one thousand feet high.” But
Bob Phelps said that there were lots of
Rattlesnakes on Mount Tom, so I
should not dare to go there—but
then—”

“Visitors don’t go on Mount Tom
proper, as there is no accomodation for
them,” interrupted Mrs. Tracy, “but on
Mount Holyoke there is the Prospect
House, which your uncle said last summer
was a very well-kept house. Why,
it is thirty-five years ago that I was on
top of that mountain, when, as a young
girl, just a little older than you, I went
with my father and mother. A Mr.
French had just taken the house. I
wonder if he is there now. He seemed
determined then to do what he could
for the place. I can hear him now telling
my father that a spot which had
been such a favorite one for over two
hundred years must have some superior
claim upon the people of his day. I
really would love to go there again. It
is one of those places which once seen
is never forgotten, and then I could’nt
choose a better spot for your introduction
to a lovely mountain view. But, my
child, it is getting late and time for you
to go to bed. Run along and I will write
to your uncle to-night and accept his
cordial invitation.”

“And tell him” added Reuben, “that
I wish every boy in this world had such
a boss mother as I have. Ned Bolton
says so, too;” with which unique expression
of love and gratitude he kissed his
mother “Good night” and went off to
bed to dream of, well, what do you
think? Of rattle-snakes, of mountains,
or even of geography? Oh, no! only
nothing, for he was a healthy boy who
said he couldn’t spare the time to dream.

After he had gone Mrs. Tracy sat
alone for a while, thinking over this early
visit of hers, with all the precious memories
which it suggested of her own
father and mother, now dead and gone.
Then she thought over the past year’s
intimate life which she had enjoyed
with her boy, and became more and

more thankful that she had been enabled
thus to get up out of her selfish
grief of the summer before—when
death took her other children from
her—and empty her own life into
the larger channel of life around her.
She was pleased to think of the good
fruits that had arisen from her plans for
her boy’s vacation trips, not only upon
him but upon other mothers who had
been led to follow her example. She
thought of the Christmas week she had
spent with him in Boston, where they
had enjoyed so many interesting historical
sights. And in the few weeks of
the vacation which was now passing, it
pleased her to recall the delightful days
which they had spent at Concord and at
Plymouth. And now, in this evening reverie,
she smiled as she thought of her
boy’s telling his geography class all
about the Isles of Shoals. How she
would loved to have heard him—her
fair-haired, blue-eyed boy, talking with
all the intensity of his nature of what he
had seen. Ah! life had left much to
her yet; and she determined anew that
Reuben should never want for any of
her sympathetic help, either in his sports
or in his growing student life. With
this renewed determination she went
into the house to write her letter to her
brother at Northampton.

She was just finishing it when her
husband came in from his weekly meeting
with the city fathers. She told him
all her plan, which he heartily endorsed,
and practically helped by taking out his
purse and giving her a generous sum of
money for the trip, saying, “I wish, my
dear, that I could go too, but I cannot
leave my business this season of the
year. But I am only too glad that I
can make money enough for you and
Reuben to go. I know of no better
way to invest it for the future of our boy,
God bless him!

“Ah!” replied Mrs. Tracy, her face
all aglow with the joy of having her own
thought so fully met, “would that more
fathers thought so! but while some
think only of a bank account, and the
great majority think nothing of any
account at all, only the few know the
need of a child’s mind digesting
money, so to speak, as it goes along.”

In a few days the arrangements were
completed and Mrs. Tracy and her son
left their home in Salem for Northampton.
Reuben quietly enjoyed the scenery
all the way from Boston to Springfield.
In the forty minutes’ ride from
Springfield to Northampton Mrs. Tracy
had a delightful opportunity, which she
well used, to show her boy the winding
course of a river,—the beautiful Connecticut—as
they followed it first on
one side and then on the other. When
Reuben spied the house on Mount
Holyoke he realized then that he saw
his first mountain. On making inquiries
about the mountain with a house
on it, on the other side of the river, the
conductor told him that that was Mount
Nonotuck, a peak of the Mount Tom
range, which was nine hundred and fifty
feet high. He also told him that Nonotuck
was the old Indian name for
Northampton, which was just then coming
in sight.

On arriving at the station uncle Edward
met them with his carriage to convey
them to his home on Round Hill.
On their way there they passed the fine
building of Smith College, which particularly
pleased Mrs. Tracy and caused
her to say, partly to herself, “Happy,
happy girls to have such privileges of
college life.” “What,” said Reuben,
“girls go to college like boys? how
funny!” When, after a moment or two of
seeming abstraction, he said: “That is
what papa meant the other day when he
said that girls were as good as boys and

could learn just as well as they could,
is’nt it?” But before Mrs. Tracy
could answer him they had arrived at
their destination.

The next day they took a drive
around the town, or rather the city,
since a short time before it had become
such. Its wealth of trees was a source
of joy to them.

When they were crossing Mill River,
on the old covered bridge on South
street, uncle Edward stopped and told
them that this was the only bridge on
the river which was saved from the awful
catastrophe of the bursting of the
reservoir at Williamsburg, ten miles from
there. When they drove off the bridge
he told Reuben to notice the river as it
flowed so peacefully along, in apparent
forgetfulness of its dreadful havoc of
ten years ago when about one hundred
and fifty lives were lost, and factories,
houses, and churches were swept along,
as so many leaves, by the rushing torrent.
He told, among other facts, how
a cousin of his was seated at the breakfast-table
with his whole family—a wife,
two sons, and a daughter—when they
were swept up by the waters, house and
all, and all drowned. And while he was
telling these incidents, which were so
much to him, he made them more
effective by driving up some little distance
through the district which had
been devastated. Thus Reuben learned
of a peculiar tragedy, in a manner which
no reading in itself could so well have
taught him.

They spent a day or two more in
looking around the different public
institutions, the Clarke Institute for the
Deaf, on Round Hill, giving them the
most interest. But in spite of these
attractions, Mrs. Tracy’s keen mother-eye
noticed that Reuben was getting a
little impatient to climb a mountain,
that mountain “with the tunnel” as he
expressed it. So she decided to go
there the first pleasant day; and as it
was now the time of full moon she proposed
to remain upon the mountain all
night, much to Reuben’s delight.

The next day proved to be pleasant,
so they in company with Uncle Edward
and his wife started for Mount
Holyoke, a distance of three miles. A
short drive brought them to the Hokanum
ferry where they were to cross
the Connecticut. As they drove upon
what seemed to Reuben a wharf, he,
accustomed only to the Boston ferry-boats,
remarked that the boat was not
in yet. And it was not until a moment
later when he found himself moving
away from the land that he discovered
that he was on the boat itself!
The way in which they were being borne
across the river by man’s use of the
pulley and wire was a great novelty to
the boy and could only suggest to his
mother the most primitive days.

It took them five minutes to cross—about
eighty-five rods—after which a
short drive through a pretty country
took them to the foot of the mountain.
Then following a good carriage-road
they were soon at the half-way house
where Reuben at last found the “tunnel”
which had given him so much wonder.

After examining the stationary engine
at the foot of the inclined plane, in this
wooden enclosure which Reuben had
called the tunnel, they seated themselves
in the car and in two and a quarter minutes
were landed at the top, 600 feet
higher.

Mrs. Tracy on going up felt a little
fear which was overcome when her
brother informed her that Mr. French
was always at the top with his watchful
eye.

“Yes, that is so,” said a voice as they
stepped out of the car, and Mrs. Tracy
was introduced to the same Mr. French

who was so much in earnest years ago
when she visited the place to make it a
success.

They talked over the intervening years,
Mr. French telling her of his improvements,
how the first railroad was built in
1854, and the present track was laid in
1867, and how more than half a million
people had been up over it.

He showed her a picture of the first
house built there in 1821, then of the
one rebuilt in 1851, which was gradually
enlarged, until it became the present
size in 1861, ten years later.

She was particularly interested to hear
him tell of the famous people who had
visited the place, so much so, that he
brought out for inspection some of the
autograph books which filled a long
shelf. He said that there were names
recorded as far back as 1824. As they
looked them over they saw at the date
of August 12, 1847, in bold handwriting,
“Charles Summer,” with the testimony
that the view from Mount Holyoke
was “surpassingly lovely.”

At the sight of the clearly written
name “Jenny Lind, Sweden,” at the
date of July 7, 1851, Reuben exclaimed—”Oh,
she was that big
singer; mamma showed me the house on
Round Hill where she lived and was
married.”

That he should remember this fact
pleased Mrs. Tracy while his boyish enthusiasm
led Mr. French to tell a pleasant
little reminiscence of her visit there
which was heartily enjoyed by them all.
And that others may have the pleasure
of hearing it from him on his own
premises I will not repeat it here.

After a little further talk on the history
of the place, in which Reuben
learned that it was named Holyoke in
1654 in honor of Captain Elizur Holyoke,
they began to enjoy the lovely
pictures all around them.

It was fortunate for them that a heavy
wind of the night before had taken
away the clouds which had for a time
hidden the mountains farthest off.
Hence they were now able to see distinctly
the Green Mountains in Vermont,
Wachusett and Greylock in
Massachusetts, and Monadnock in New
Hampshire.

As they spoke of the many little villages
which gave the human interest to
the scene, Mr. French said that they
could see from there thirty-two
towns in Massachusetts and eight in
Connecticut.

He adjusted the telescope so that
they could easily tell the time on the
clock at Smith College. He adjusted it
again and they saw the Amherst College
buildings. Another adjustment revealed
Mount Holyoke Seminary at
South Hadley; and in this way they saw
the Armory at Springfield, the Insane
asylum at Northampton, and other well-known
buildings.

A sight of the unique Front street in
Old Hadley with its four rows of fine
old shade trees led Uncle Edward to
promise his guests a drive through it
before they should return to Salem.

The fine combination of meadow,
river, hills and towns, as pictured
through a colored reflecting glass, was a
delight indeed.

In one of the views, Reuben spied
an island striped with cultivated fields
which Mr. French said was called Ox
Bow; he pointed out another called
Shepard’s island, which, with Ox Bow,
added much to the scenery.

The winding river suggested to Mrs.
Tracy how much nature loved a curve.
While Uncle Edward, who had visited
the chief mountains in this land and in
Europe, said that he always came back
to this mountain view as the loveliest
and the most restful of them all, although

it was not the grandest or the
most awe inspiring.

So the day passed on Mount Holyoke,
giving them at every moment living pictures
which no painter could equal.
When the sun went down the moon
came up to give her light, and nature reveled
in her beauty.

The only painful shadow for Mrs.
Tracy was when she felt sad that more
of earth’s troubled ones did not or could
not come to drink in such peace and
rest.

But such days must come to an end.
And what can follow more delightful
than a refreshing sleep on such a height.
This they all had and were ready the
next morning to return to Northampton.

As Reuben was anxious to count the
steps which, on ascending the day before,
he had noticed on the side of the
inclined plane; he went down that way,
while the rest of the party availed themselves
of the car. He, boy-like, did
not mind the extra labor and longer time
which that choice involved, so long as
he found out that there were five hundred
and twenty-two steps.

As they descended the mountain from
the half-way house Reuben gathered
for a souvenir some of the beautiful
laurel which, in full-bloom, was then
adorning its sides.

A few days later after the promised
ride to Old Hadley, three miles distant,
which was extended four miles
to Amherst to give Reuben a sight of
the college where his papa graduated,
Mrs. Tracy and her son returned to
Salem. Mr. Tracy was highly entertained
with Reuben’s account of what
he had seen, and felt more than ever
that his money had been well invested.
The rest of the vacation soon passed, the
boy’s active mind being profitably engaged
in the interim of active, healthful
sports.

And it is highly probable that by this
time the geography class, with Ned Bolton
as spokesman, has discovered that
“Reuben Tracy knows more about a
mountain than the geography itself!”

Gems From The Easy Chair

Christmas. There is nothing in the
deepest and best sense human which in
the truest and highest sense is not also
Christian. The characteristic feeling
about Christmas, as it is revealed in literature
and tradition and association, is
the striking and beautiful tribute to the
practicability of Christianity.

Sermons. It is doubtless very unjust
to the clergy to suppose that they turn
the barrel of sermons to save themselves
the trouble of writing new ones. Nothing
but the levity of the pews could be guilty
of such a suspicion. The preacher
knows that one squeezing does not take
all the juice out of an orange; and how
much jucier a fruit is a good sermon!
Moreover, the pews are so pachydermatous,
so rhinoceros-skinned, that nothing
but an incessant pelting upon the same
spot makes an impression.

America. Whoever has seen a self-possessed
and sagacious orator handling a
tumultuous meeting as Phoebus-Appollo
handles his madly plunging steeds, has
seen the symbol of popular government,
and understands why the sole fact
of numerical force and brute power
does not explain it. He who watches
the ocean rising into every bay and
creek in obedience to celestial attraction,
sees in outward nature the law that
governs the associated life of men, and
which gives the American people faith
in their own government, whether they
can give a reason, for their faith or not.

National Bank Failures

By George H. Wood.

Occasionally the attention of the
daily press of the country is called to the
provisions of the National Banking Law
by the announcement of the failure of
some national banking association, and
immediately it teems with comments,
and recommendations as to amendments
which should be made to render the law
effective. These recommendations and
comments usually show the most lamentable
ignorance, both as to the actual
existing provisions of the law and its
practical working, and as regards banking
matters generally. In the case of
the failure of the Middletown National
Bank of New York, the advice which
has been given in the columns of the
press seems of itself to be sufficient, if
it had been given sooner, to have prevented
the disaster. The Directors have
been blamed, very justly too, for they
looked on while their President run them
into all its difficulties, and as usual the
Bank Examiners have been held responsible
for the disaster. Some have even
gone so far as to suggest that a provision
be added to the National Banking Laws
punishing Examiners who do not detect
irregularities in the banks which they
examine.

The provisions of the National Bank
Act as they now stand are as perfect,
theoretically, as they can be drawn, to
protect both the depositors and the
stockholders. The law provides for the
publication of sworn reports, from time
to time, of the condition of each national
bank. These reports must be sworn to
by the President, or Cashier, and their
correctness must be attested by the
signatures of at least three Directors.
These reports are required five times
a year and it is impossible to see
how, if the Directors do their duty fully
and honestly, any delinquency on the
part of the officers of the bank can fail
to be detected by them. Under the
law, the stockholders elect the Directors,
at least five in number. The officers of
the bank are elected or appointed by
the directors and are subject to them.
Thus far the protection the Act provides
is based upon what, so far as financial
matters are concerned, is one of
the great controlling influences of human
nature, viz: self-interest. The
stockholders, in order to protect themselves,
are expected to elect Directors
who will look out for the interests of all.

The sworn reports made to the Comptroller
of the Currency are published in
the newspapers where the banks are
located, and a copy sent to that officer
that he may know that the law in this
respect has been complied with. The
stockholders can inspect them at any
time as they appear, and can note any
changes which occur in them from time
to time. The stockholders are also at
perfect liberty to make any inquiries
that they may deem fit, in any direction
which their intelligence may suggest to
them.

In addition to the protection which
the law gives to the stockholders, and
also to the depositors, by requiring the
publication of reports of the condition
of the national banks, Bank Examiners
are provided in the law; these Bank Examiners
are appointed by the Comptroller
of the Currency, and make their examinations
at any time that he may
deem fit.

A Bank Examiner to afford perfect

security for the real merit of his examination,
has a disagreeable duty to perform.
He enters a bank, which by all
the world is supposed to be well conducted
and solvent, and to be managed
by honorable men, respected and looked
up to by the whole community. His
position, however, is that of a Censor,
and it does not permit him to assume
what the world supposes. On the contrary,
to make a good examination, he
must take nothing for granted, and
quietly act on the ground that something
is wrong. “Suspicions are the sinews
of the mind” in this case, and an examiner
without them cannot expect to
detect mismanagement or defalcation.
The position requires tact as well as
technical skill—tact not to offend unnecessarily
or disturb friendly relations,
and skill to bring to light all that should
be discovered—and undoubtedly requires
a high class of mind in the one
that fills it well. Bank examinations are
not the only security provided in the
law, and it is ridiculous to assert that
the Directors, stockholders and depositors
should throw aside or neglect to use
all the other means which the law provides
to enable them to protect themselves,
and rely entirely upon the
Government examinations, which in
the nature of things must depend
for success on the sagacity of one
individual.

The framers of the National Bank
Act, while they did all that they could
to protect the depositors and stockholders
of national banks, as has been
seen, were still not perfectly sure but that
failures might sometimes occur. This
feeling doubtless arose from a knowledge
on their part of the weakness of
human nature, and of the imperfections
of systems of Government. That they
felt in this way, is indicated by the fact
that they have provided, also, a method
of protecting, as far as possible, the depositors
of national banks that do fail.
They have provided for the appointment
of receivers and for a distribution,
under Government control, of such
assets as can be collected from the
wrecks of the failed banks. The stockholders
of such banks are subject to
the penalty of being compelled to contribute,
if the deficiency in the assets
requires it, an amount not exceeding the
par value of the shares of stock held by
them in addition to the amount already
invested in such shares, to the fund
necessary to pay depositors. This of
itself would seem sufficient to be careful
and place a live Board of Directors
in charge of a large fund, considering
the manner the stockholders of the
Pacific National Bank of Boston kicked
and squirmed when this provision of the
law was applied.

The experience of the past has been
that bank officers have concealed all
their operations from the proprietors,
and when failures have occurred everybody
has been astonished. As an additional
safeguard to meet this secrecy
an organization has just been perfected
in New York which is a step farther in
commercial agencies than has ever been
attempted. From one of their printed
circulars it is ascertained that they propose
to keep in pay a corps of detectives
and other agencies, “as a check
upon defalcations and embezzlements
by bank Presidents, and Cashiers and
other officials.” But it is not exactly
clear who will watch the detectives.

Elizabeth

A Romance Of Colonial Days

By Frances C. Sparhawk, Author of “A Lazy Man’s Work.”

FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL,

MADISON SQUARE, NEW YORK.

The Largest, Best Appointed, and Most Liberally Managed
Hotel in the City, with the Most Central and
Delightful Location.

HITCHCOCK, DARLING & CO., Proprietors.

BARNES’ BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

FOR SCHOOLS.

MORE EXTENSIVELY USED THAN ANY OTHER AMERICAN SCHOOL HISTORY.

Its claims to superiority are thus referred to:—

1. Brevity. The text, other than appended national documents and the
census of 1880, makes but 303 pages; and is within the most limited period
allowable
for instruction in American history.

2. Comprehensiveness. Has the pith of all large histories. See
example,
“English explorations,” pages 34-39.

3. Arrangement. By six epochs; each followed by a chronological
summary, a list of choice reference and reading books, and a sketch of
national
territorial development during the epoch considered.

4. Footnotes. With biographies of persons referred to in text. See
Columbus, page 20; Raleigh, page 36; Putnam, page 108; Lafayette, page 119;
Franklin, page 127; Pulaski, page 129; Jackson, page 175; Adams, page 154;
Buchanan, page 196; Garfield, page 300.

5. Dates. Given in text, and associated with that and the footnotes.

6. Impartiality. All sectional, partisan, or denominational views
are
avoided.

7. Maps. Elegant, distinct, and colored. See “Early discoveries,”
page
18,
and pages 100-149, etc.

8. Illustrations. Numerous, well suited, and artistic.

9. Questions. At back of book, respecting each epoch.

10. Historical Recreations. Questions that bring out the historic
biography, and especially fix characters, events, and places, in the minds
of
youth.

A complete index closes the volume.

Copy mailed, for examination, on receipt of $1.00.

A.S. BARNES & CO., Nos. 111 and 113 William St., New York City.

A POPULAR HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATED

In One Superb Royal Octavo Volume of 800 Pages, Illustrated with
320 Wood Engravings and 14 Steel Plates.

From the discovery of America to the accession of President Arthur.

(A choice Reference Book for Teachers in the use of Barnes’ Brief United
States School History.)

OUTLINE.

PART I. Mound Builders; Colonial Settlement; Explorations; Conflicts;
Manners;
Customs; Education; Religion, etc. etc. Political differences with Great
Britain.

PART II. Resistance to the Acts of Parliament; Resentment of British
Policy,
and
the War for American Independence.

PART III. From the Election of President Washington to that of Lincoln; The
Expansion and Growth of the Republic; Domestic Issues and Foreign Policy.

PART IV. The Civil War and the End of Slavery.

PART V. The New Era of the Restored Union; Measures of Reconstruction; the
Decade of Centennial Jubilation, and the Accession of President Arthur.

APPENDIX. Declaration of Independence; The Constitution of the United
States
and
its Amendments; Chronological Table and Index; Illustrated History of the
Centennial
Exhibition at Philadelphia.

DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.

The political characteristics of great leaders and great parties have been
dealt with so as to meet the approval of all
sections of the American people. The progress of Science, Invention,
Literature, and Art, are noted, as well as that of
the national physical growth, thus condensing material which usually fills
several volumes, and all narrated in a graphic
and entertaining style. OUTLINE MAPS give the successive stages of national
expansion, and special attention has
been given to those battles, by land and sea, which have marked the
military
growth of the Republic.

SPECIAL PRICES.

Cloth, plain edge, $3.50. Cloth, richly embossed, gilt edges, $4.50. Sheep,
marble edge, $5.00. Half Morocco, $6.00.

The work will be sent to any address, prepaid, on receipt of price.

A.S. BARNES & CO., 111 and 113 William St., New York.

ALDEN & LASSIG, DESIGNERS AND BUILDERS OF

Wrought Iron and Steel Work for Bridges and Buildings,

Office and Works, Rochester, N.Y. (Lessees Leighton Bridge Works.)

THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO.

MANUFACTURERS OF

The Sun Dial Gas Cooking and Heating Stoves.

The most economical in use. Over fifty different kinds. Suitable
for Families, Hotels, Restaurants, and Public Institutions. Laundry,
Hatters’, and Tailors’ Heaters. Hot-Plates, Warming-Closets for
Pantries, Hot-Water Generators, etc. etc.

1012-1018 Filbert Street, Philadelphia.

142 Chambers Street, Hew York.

126 Dearborn Street, Chicago.

Waldo Bros., Agents, 88 Water Street, Boston, Mass.

CAMPAIGN POST!

SUBSCRIBE FOR THE

Boston Daily Post

FOR THE CAMPAIGN.

July 1 to December 1, 5 MONTHS, ONLY $3.
Strictly in Advance.

Post Publishing Co.

BOSTON, MASS.

BOSTON

BRIDGE WORKS,

D.H. ANDREWS, Engineer.

Builders of Wrought-Iron Bridges and Roofs,

OFFICE:

13 PEMBERTON SQUARE, BOSTON

Works’ Cambridgeport, Mass.

COOLIDGE HOUSE,

BOWDOIN SQUARE, BOSTON.

The Coolidge is a centrally-located, thoroughly
quiet and comfortable Family Hotel,
with rooms arranged in suites, consisting of
Parlor, Bedroom, and Bath; having an elevator,
and combining all the luxuries and
conveniences of the larger hotels, with the
quietness and retirement of a private house;
affording most excellent accommodations at
moderate charges.

COOLIDGE CAFE,

EXCLUSIVELY FOR GENTLEMEN.

Fitted up with the most complete and
approved system of Broilers now in use,
after the style of Spiers & Pond’s Celebrated
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can select a steak or chop and see the same
cooked on “The Silver Grill.”

A Perfect Restaurant in Every Respect.

The Best Material, Cooking, and Service.

I.N. ANDREWS & CO.

REMOVAL.

ARTHUR P. DODGE,

Attorney and Counsellor at Law,

NOTARY PUBLIC,

COMMISSIONER FOR NEW HAMPSHIRE,

Has removed his office from No. 23 COURT STREET to

31 Milk Street, Room 46, Boston, Mass.

Business Manager Bay State Monthly.

Life and Public Services of James G. Blaine,
published at Augusta, Maine, his home. By the renowned
biographer and historian, Colonel Russell H. Conwell,
whose Life of President Garfield outsold the twenty others
by sixty thousand copies. Mr. Blaine, his friends and his
relatives co-operated with the publishers in order that the
volume might be most complete and correct in all particulars.
The Augusta, Maine, edition is the standard Life of
Blaine. The people of this locality will directly be called
on by the agent of the book; it is having a tremendous sale.

A Standard Volume.—Col. Russell H. Conwell’s
admirable biography of James G. Blaine has just been
issued from a large publishing house in Augusta, Maine,
his home. It is accepted as THE STANDARD work, and is
thorough and complete. Colonel Conwell is better fitted
for writing such a book than any other man in America, and
all his earnestness, knowledge, and ability, will be found in
the volume. Mr. Blaine, his relatives, and friends, co-operated
with the author, and kindly gave him access to the
fullest data and information. It is a large, handsome, illustrated
volume, and is sold at a remarkably low price. An
agent is now taking orders among the people of this locality.

HOBBS, GORDON & CO.’S

Concord Suspended Radial Drill,

AND FULL SWING DRILL.

CONCORD, N.H.

Stanley & Usher,

171 Devonshire St.

Boston, Mass.

STEREOTYPERS AND ELECTROTYPERS,

PRINTERS.

Book, Job, Magazine and Catalogue.

ESTIMATES CHEERFULLY GIVEN.

Wait for the authentic, Augusta, Maine, edition. You want
no other.

Col. Russell H. Conwell’s Life and Public
Services of James G. Blaine, published at Augusta,
Maine, his home, is the standard, authentic edition. It is
a large, handsome volume, of upwards of 500 pages, contains
steel-plate portraits of both Blaine and Logan, and a
large number of general illustrations. Colonel Conwell has
great fame as a biographer. An agent for the book will
soon be around; those who are wise will subscribe for this
edition only. Price $1.50 and $1.75.

The authentic Life and Public Services of
James G. Blaine, by the well-known Col. Russell H.
Conwell, is having a most remarkable and phenomenal sale.
It is from the well-known publishing house of E.C. Allen
& Co., of Augusta, Maine, the home of the distinguished
candidate for President of the United States. The book is
splendidly illustrated, and is thorough and complete. An
agent for the volume will soon visit the people of this locality
for their orders. Wait for the Augusta edition; subscribe
for no other.

CLERMONT.

TO ALL WANTING WINTER HOMES AND
FARMS.

The most delightful and salubrious climate in the United States is to be
found in the HIGHLANDS OF FLORIDA,
called by some the “APOPKA MOUNTAINS,” in the beautiful clear water Lake
Region.

CLERMONT is located on gently rolling land, between Lakes Minnehaha and
Minneola, in Sumter County,
Florida. Soil highly productive. Amongst the best in the State for the
raising of Oranges, Limes, Lemons, Bananas,
Pineapples, STRAWBERRIES, and all kinds of EARLY VEGETABLES.

PRICES OF LAND.—Farm Land, $20 per acre, and upwards; Lake Fronts, $50 per
acre, and upwards; Town
Lots, 50 x 150 feet, $100 and upwards, according to location, AND ON EASY
TERMS.

THE SOIL

Is in great part a rich, sandy loam, and is suitable for raising fruits and
vegetables. These lands are situated south of
the so-called FROST LINE, and you can market your fruit and vegetables
raised
thereon as early as can be done from any
other portion of Florida, and earlier than can be done from any other State
in the Union.

HEALTH.

THE HEALTHIEST location in the State. Good health is an essential thing in
the profitable cultivation of a farm or
garden, and the richest soil in the world may yield very poorly if the
settler is unable to expend upon it his labor on
account of chills and fever or malaria. NO WINTER to delay your work.

PLANT YOUR VEGETABLES IN OCTOBER and November, and commence to send your
produce to market in
February. THREE CROPS CAN BE RAISED IN A YEAR from the same piece of
ground.

THE CLIMATE

IS DELIGHTFUL: flowers bloom the year round in the open air. THE SUMMERS in
this high land are NO WARMER than
in the North. The thermometer rarely indicates higher than ninety degrees.

THE MILDNESS OF THE CLIMATE and its bracing influence marks its excellence
for all PULMONARY AFFECTION,
THROAT AILMENT, ASTHMA, RHEUMATISM, KIDNEY TROUBLES, etc. Chills and fever
and malaria are unknown.

A living can be made by the cultivation of vegetables while the
orange-groves
are being brought into bearing. Our
water protection is unsurpassed, which makes it the choicest locality in
the
State for the fruit-grower.

Building material is plenty and cheap. Fish and game in abundance. Good
schools and churches will be established
at once. Clermont is to be made an educational centre.

It is expected that the Florida Southern Railroad will be built very near,
if
not through, the town within the next
few months. Come and see the place and its natural advantages. It will
speak
for itself. A first-class sawmill has
already been erected, and is in operation.

A GOOD INVESTMENT,

And the safest thing in hard times, is to have an Orange-Grove. This can be
acquired by buying, say ten acres of
land, at a small cost, say $200. Clear it up and set out your orange-grove,
and while your orange-trees are maturing,
raise strawberries and early vegetables, and send to the Northern market;
these always bring high prices in February
and March; or work at your trade or engage in business. In a new country
you
can always find something to do.
Start yourself a home. When you have a five-acre orange-grove in full
bearing
you can be independent, and need not
care whether stocks go up or down. THE RISE IN THE VALUE OF YOUR LANDS will
make your investment a PROFITABLE
ONE. INVESTMENTS IN REAL ESTATE seem to be the important feature which
generally decides a man’s prosperity.
Such investments are secure and permanent, and not liable to the
fluctuations
that personal property is subject to.

VISITORS will be shown over the land in a carriage free of expense. Those
who
come with a view to settle, should
bring money to secure their purchases as locations are not held upon
refusal.

Large numbers of people are purchasing and preparing Winter Homes, and
those
who desire the best locations
should visit the place at once.

The Titles to these lands are indisputable; Warrantee Deeds given clear of
all incumbrances.

Information given. Letters promptly answered. If persons before visiting
the
place will write, full information
will be sent concerning the route and other particulars. Address,

THE CLERMONT IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,

Minneola, Sumter County, Florida, or

WILLIAM A. HOUSE, Vineland, N.J.

Reference, by permission, to ARTHUR P. DODGE, No. 31 Milk Street (Room
4b), Boston, where maps
can be seen.

STEWART MANUFACTURING COMPANY,

MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN

Household, Office, and Store Furniture

INCORPORATED AUGUST 20, 1884.

Capital Stock $250,000

Number of Shares 50,000

Par Value, $5.00 each.

FULL PAID AND UNASSESSABLE.

OFFICERS:

President and General Manager, R. McLEAN, Boston.

Treasurer, J.R. O’HARA, 31 State Street, Boston,

BENJ. RACKLIFF, Architect and Designer, Boston.

Factory and Principal Office, 43 Beverly Street, Boston.

GENERAL PURPOSES.

This Company has been incorporated for the purpose of manufacturing
Household, Office, and Store Furniture
with the view of making a specialty of certain grades of goods over which
it
will have entire control, thus avoiding the
direct competition incident to the general trade. Yet it will to a limited
extent handle a general line of goods common
to this class of business.

Management.—The management of the Company will be in the hands of
those well known and experienced
in the business, as practical furniture makers and able financiers, whose
standing will bear the closest investigation for
high moral and business character.

Mirrors and Mantels.—This business now becomes one of the branches
of
the Company, by purchase on
highly favorable terms, and which at once enables it to possess a business
of
profit and thoroughly established, and ensures
an income which places the Company at once on a dividend-paying basis.

Display Racks.—In addition, the Company has secured in like manner
the entire control of these, the most
valuable articles of store furniture that have ever been put on the market,
and which have already received substantial
recognition of their value and demand among merchants and traders
throughout
New England. This business has
likewise become already established, and only requires the usual attention
of
standard goods to ensure a large and
profitable income.

Factory.—The Company will for the present retain its factory on
Beverly Street, which is well supplied with
every facility for a large business, and in due time will secure proper
warerooms in some desirable locality near the
centre of trade in Boston.

Business Outlook.—Considering the outlook of the manufacturing
interests for the coming year, investors
are all agreed that whichever party may triumph in the approaching
presidential election, the incoming administration
will practically stand committed to a vigorous policy of encouragement and
support to our manufacturing interests.
Hence our far-seeing capitalists are wisely counting on a remarkable
activity in this branch of industrial development;
and consequently are predicting such a boom in manufacturing stocks the
coming year as characterized mining stocks
during the years of ’78, ’79, and ’80.

Our Stock as an Investment.—That the Stewart Manufacturing
Company’s
Stock will commend itself to the
careful consideration of the most conservative investors there can be no
questions, for the reason that it starts off on a
dividend-paying business, founded upon a line of specialties over which it
has supreme control. Thus, being entirely
free from those leading contingencies which invariably surround the career
of
by far the majority of those establishments
which venture into the arena of mercantile contest, depending chiefly on
their wits to successfully compete with
their associates in trade, therefore our stock must surely meet the wishes
of
investors, as not only a profitable, but a
SAFE investment.

Southern Trade.—The Company will, as soon as practicable, establish
agencies in the South, where it feels
confident an extensive demand for our goods awaits the advent of our
agents.

Foreign Trade.—It is expected that, within a few days, contracts
will
he concluded with one of our largest exporting
houses for the sale of the entire surplus product of the Company for
shipment
to various foreign ports, thus
enabling the Company to shield itself from the embarrassments incident to
overproduction and dull home trade.

We only ask, and earnestly invite, a careful and impartial investigation
into
the merits of our stock and business
to ensure a confirmation of our claims.

For further information the public is referred to any of the officers of
the
Company.

It is a matter of congratulation that our Company has already received
substantial tokens of confidence from the
capitalists of New England, a goodly number of whom are now included in our
list of stockholders, rendering our
ability to compete for business equal to the best.

J.R. O’HARA, Treasurer,

31 Milk Street (Room 13), Boston.

The

Vineland Sanitarium,

VINELAND, N.J.

Most Desirable Location and Institution in the United
States for Invalids of all kinds.
Conducted by

HORACE BOWEN, M.D.

And a Corps of Able Assistants.

Our treatment has been successful to a marked degree in the cure of all
forms
of
disease, and we offer the best opportunities for the recovery of all who
may
seek our aid.

In addition to the use of the best-known remedial agencies, diet and
regimen,
there
is also brought to bear a wholly new and wonderfully efficacious System of
Cure.

Accommodations first-class in every respect. Terms reasonable.

Circulars with full information sent on application.

THE VINELAND SANITARIUM,

VINELAND, NEW JERSEY.

WINTER RESORT.

34 Miles South from Philadelphia and 115 Miles Southwest from
New York.

BAKER HOUSE,

VINELAND, N.J.

S.R. FOWLER, Proprietor.

TERMS:—$2.00 per Day, Transient; and $7.00 to $10.00 per
Week, Permanent.

NOTICE!

The subscribers will note the fact that the October number commences the
Second Volume of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. On account of unavoidable delays,
the months of July, August, and September, were allowed to pass without
issuing
the Magazine. Hereafter, it is confidently predicted, the Magazine will be
issued
regularly and promptly.

JOHN N. McCLINTOCK & COMPANY,

31 Milk Street (Room 46), Boston, Mass.

THE BAY STATE MONTHLY.

Volume I.—1884. Bound in cloth, royal 8vo.,

420 pages. Price, $2.00.

WITH

6 PORTRAITS ON STEEL, 10 MAPS, AND 107 ILLUSTRATIONS.

PRESS NOTICES.

“A creditable addition to Massachusetts literature,”—Boston Globe.

“The first six numbers form a volume of genuine historic value and
interest.”—Transcript.

“An admirable issue.”—Maiden City Press.

“Replete with sketches which should be read in every
household.”—Winchendon Courier.

“Furnishing much valuable historical and biographical matter.”—Boston
Commonwealth.

“Working its way to popular favor.”—The Weekly News.

“The Bay State Monthly is just what is needed in New England.”—The
Gorham
Mountaineer.

“New England societies will not be able to dispense with this
magazine,”—St. Paul Pioneer-Press.

“Crammed full of historic facts; should be in every family.”—Brockton
Eagle.

“A conspicuous article is ‘Bunker Hill’ (with map), by General Carrington,
U.S.A.”—Southbridge Journal.

“Has made a firm footing and held its ground well.”—Newport News and
Journal.

“Filled with instructive literary matter, and a very reliable
map.”—Essex Banner.

“One of the most popular in the list of monthlies.”—The Moniter
(Chatham).

“Handsomely gotten up, and reading-matter is interesting.”—Holyoke
Herald.

“The steady improvement in this magazine is gratifying.”—Medford
Mercury.

“Deserves the support of every true American, and every Massachusetts
citizen.”—The Watchman.

“Edited ably, growing healthily, and presents features of peculiar
interest.”—Congregationalist.

“Improves with each number.”—New England Home Journal (Worcester).

“Should be in every household in Massachusetts.”—Barre Gazette.

“One of the noted historical magazines of the day.”—Norfolk County
Register.

“Of that interest to the whole country that the cultured productions of
cultured Boston have usually
been.”—Courier and Journal (Louisville, Ky.).

“An important blank in our periodical literature has been
filled.”—Chicago News.

“Destined to take place in the first rank.”—Watertown Enterprise.

“Invites the support of Massachusetts people from Berkshire to
Barnstable.”—Lowell Morning Times.

“Already a success.”—Cape Cod Bee (Barnstable).

“‘The Rent Veil,’ by Henry B. Carrington, is a strikingly fine production,
possessing a Miltonian
Stateliness, and breathing a spirit of veneration.”—New York Times.

“Replete with choice literary productions.”—Gardner Record.

“Keeps up the character established by the first number.”—Vox Populi
(Lowell).

“Should be in the hands of all who desire to know the Bay
State.”—Westborough Chronotype.

“Of special interest to the citizens of Massachusetts.”—Worcester
Spy.

“A distinctive Massachusetts magazine.”—Waltham Record.

“Both in appearance and contents creditable to the publishers.”—New
York
Literary Times.

“Does credit to publishers and contributors.”—East Boston Argus.

“The list of contributors is enough to sell the magazine.”—Scituate
Herald.

“Is destined to be popular and a valuable addition to the literary
world.”—Home Journal.

“Rich in contents.”—Indianapolis Times.

“A worthy representative of the literary and typographical excellence of
cultured Boston.”—Weekly Advocate.

“Of fine appearance and high promise.”—Lawrence American.

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“We predict a bright future for The Bay State Monthly.”—Norwood
Review.

Permanent and Profitable Positions.

By an old and prominent Life Company,

A FEW ENERGETIC AND RESPONSIBLE MEN,

WHO WILL DEVOTE THEIR ENTIRE TIME TO THE BUSINESS,

TO ACT AS GENERAL AGENTS.

TO SUCH MEN RARE INDUCEMENTS WILL BE OFFERED, COMBINING GUARANTEE.

All policies non-forfeiting and non-contestable by their own conditions
after
three payments.
Endowment policies at Life rates, new and popular plans.

Experience Not Necessary,

But experienced and successful men who desire to change will find it
greatly
to their
interest to correspond with us before making
any arrangements.

Address Drawer 653, Albany, N.Y.

STONINGTON LINE.

INSIDE ROUTE TO

NEW YORK,

CONNECTING WITH

Philadelphia, Baltimore, & Washington,

AND ALL POINTS

SOUTH AND WEST,

Avoiding Point Judith.

Via Providence and Stonington, connecting with the
elegant Steamers

Stonington and Narraganset.

Express trains leave Boston & Providence Railway Station,
Columbus Avenue and Park Square,

DAILY AT 6.30 P.M. (Sundays Excepted.)

Connect at Stonington with the above-named Steamers in
time for an early supper, and arrive in New York the following
morning in time for the early trains South and West.

AHEAD OF ALL OTHER LINES,

Tickets, Staterooms, etc., secured at

214 Washington Street, corner of State,

AND AT

BOSTON & PROVIDENCE RAILROAD STATION.

Regular landing in New York, Pier 33, North River.
Steamer leaves the pier at 4.30 P.M., arriving in Boston
the following morning an ample time to connect with all the
early Northern and Eastern trains.

A.A. Folsom, Superintendent B. & P.R.R.

F.W. POPPLE, General Passenger Agent.

J.W. RICHARDSON, Agent, Boston.

LIBRARY BUREAU,

MANUFACTURERS OF

LIBRARY AND OFFICE

Labor-Saving Fittings and Supplies.

We make over two hundred devices solely
to help readers and writers, librarians,
authors, and all who work at the
desk, accomplish the most
possible with time and
strength.

THE ONLY HOUSE IN THE WORLD DEVOTED SOLELY
TO THIS WORK.

To any one of systematic habits of thought and
record, our illustrated catalog of the best appliances,
etc., containing also many labor-saving methods and
directions for use, is most interesting and valuable.
Sample pages Free. Full catalog (nearly ready) of
120 pages, classified and indext, post free, for 15 cents.

LIBRARY BUREAU,

32 HAWLEY STREET, BOSTON.

FALL RIVER LINE

Between BOSTON and NEW YORK,

Via NEWPORT and FALL RIVER.

World-renowned Steamers “PILGRIM” and “PROVIDENCE.”

The Great Route between WASHINGTON, BALTIMORE, PHILADELPHIA, BOSTON,
and Newport, Fall River, NEW YORK,
Lowell, Fitchburg, Taunton, New Bedford, Plymouth, Cape Cod, Nantucket,
Martha’s Vineyard; Portland, Bangor, Me.; White
Mountains; Mount Desert, and Principal Points and Pleasure Resorts of New
England and the Provinces.

Leave BOSTON, from OLD COLONY DEPOT. Cor. South and Kneeland Sts., at 6.00
P.M., (Steamboat Express). Leave NEW
YORK, from PIER 28, NORTH RIVER, foot of Murray St. at 5.30 P.M., in
Summer:
4.30 P.M., in Winter. SUNDAY
NIGHT LINE (Summer only), Leave BOSTON at 7.00 P.M. Leave NEW YORK at 5.30
P.M.
ANNEX CONNECTION TO AND FROM BROOKLYN AND JERSEY CITY.

ONLY 49 MILES OF RAIL

BETWEEN BOSTON AND NEW YORK. TRAINS EQUIPPED WITH
THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC BRAKE AND MILLER PLATFORM.

NO NIGHT CHANGES

GEO. L. CONNOR, Gen Pass. Agent O.C.S.B. CO., NEW YORK.

BORDEN & LOVELL, Agents O.C.S.B. CO., NEW YORK.

J. SPRAGUE, Jr., Gen. Pass. Agent O.C.R.R. CO. BOSTON.

J.R. KENDRICK, Gen. Manager, BOSTON.

CONCORD STEAM-HEATING COMPANY

MANUFACTURERS OF

Patent Low-Pressure, Self-Regulating,

STEAM-HEATING APPARATUS,

INCLUDING

SHEET IRON RADIATORS AND

RAPID CIRCULATING TUBE BOILERS.

Patented May 11, 1880.—R. Oct. 24, 1882.—V. Jan. 30, 1883.—R. Jan. 30,
1883.—B.

HOBBS, GORDON & CO., PROPRIETORS,

SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF

THE CONCORD SUSPENDED RADIAL DRILL,

FULL SWING.

Patent Portable Steam Boilers and Radiators for Heating Stores and
Dwelling-Houses.

THE H.G. SAW-BENCH.

Send for Circulars. CONCORD, N.H.

Publisher’s Department

THE ENTAILED HAT; or, Patty
Cannon’s Times. A romance by
GEORGE ALFRED TOWNSEND, “Gath;”
16mo., cloth, $1.50. Harper &
Brothers, New York.

This book has had a large sale and
has attracted much attention. It is well
worth the reading, not only for the plot,
but for the study of customs and manners
of the olden time.

HIMSELLUF, 12mo., paper, 15 cents.
Charles H. Whiting, Boston.

An American poem of unusual merit
and great interest.

THE STORY OF A COUNTRY TOWN. By E.W. HOWE; 12mo.,
cloth, $1.50. James R. Osgood &
Co., Boston.

An American novel, whose scenes are
located on the rolling prairies of the
West. It is a strong and thrilling story,
which bids fair to become a classic.

MISS LUDINGTON’S SISTER, a Romance
of Immortality. By EDWARD
BELLAMY, author of “Six to One;
A Nantucket Idyl,” etc.; 12mo.,
cloth, $1.50. James R. Osgood &
Co., Boston.

THE ADVENTURES OF A WIDOW.
A novel by EDGAR FAWCETT, author
of “A Gentleman of Leisure,” etc.;
12mo., cloth. James R. Osgood &
Co., Boston.

LIFE AT PUGET SOUND, with
sketches of travel in Washington Territory
and British Columbia, 1865—1881. By CAROLINA C. LEIGHTON,
[formerly of Newburyport]; 12mo.,
cloth, $1.50. Lee & Shepard, Boston.

A BOY’S WORKSHOP, with plans and
designs for indoor and outdoor work,
by a boy and his friends, with an introduction
by HENRY R. WAITE.
Illustrated; 12mo., cloth, 1.50. D.
Lothrop & Co., Boston.

WIDE AWAKE, volume 18; [December
1883, May 1884.] D. Lothrop
&Co.

This publication has won for itself a
great fame among children all over the
world; $5.00 will pay for the Bay State
Monthly and Wide Awake for one year.

MANNERS AND SOCIAL USAGES,
by MRS. JOHN SHERWOOD, author of
“A Transplanted Rose;” 16mo.,
cloth, $1.00. Harper & Brothers,
New York.

THE HEARTHSTONE, FARM AND
NATION; $2.00 per year. W.H.
Thompson & Co., 404 Arch Street,
Philadelphia, Pa., publishers.

A monthly journal in the interests of
domestic and rural economy, agriculture,
horticulture, live stock, current
events, education, etc. Its sixteen
pages nicely edited, printed and illustrated,
deserve a cordial welcome to the
domestic fireside.

MEXICAN RESOURCES AND
GUIDE TO MEXICO, by FREDERICK
A. OBER. Boston: 1884, Estes
& Lauriat; price 50 cents.

An elegantly printed and illustrated
book in pamphlet form as a supplemental
volume to “Travels in Mexico.”
The first part contains a map of Mexico
and fifty-seven pages replete with
valuable historical and statistical information,
while the latter part (35 pages)
is devoted to such information and description
as makes a guide book invaluable.
We are glad to see this book,
and, for one reason, because so little
comparatively is known of Mexico. To
capitalists, miners and merchants, in
fact to the general public we heartily
commend this book.

A TOUCHING INCIDENT.

A YOUNG GIRL’S DEMENTIA—HOW IT WAS OCCASIONED—SOME
NEW AND STARTLING
TRUTHS.

The St. Louis express, on the New York Central road,
was crowded one evening recently, when at one of the
way stations, an elderly gentleman, accompanied by a
young lady, entered the cars and finally secured a seat.
As the conductor approached the pair, the young lady
arose, and in a pleading voice said:

“Please, sir, don’t let him carry me to the asylum. I
am not crazy; I am a little tired, but not mad. Oh! no,
indeed. Won’t you please have papa take me back
home?”

The conductor, accustomed though he was to all phases
of humanity, looked with astonishment at the pair, as
did the other passengers in their vicinity. A few words
from the father, however, sufficed, and the conductor
passed on while the young lady turned her face to the
window. The writer chanced to be seated just behind
the old gentleman, and could not forgo the desire to
speak to him. With a sad face and a trembling voice
the father said:

“My daughter has been attending the seminary in a
distant town and was succeeding remarkably. Her
natural qualities, together with a great ambition, placed
her in the front ranks of the school, but she studied too
closely, was not careful of her health, and her poor brain
has been turned. I am taking her to a private asylum
where we hope she will soon be better.”

At the next station the old man and his daughter left
the cars, but the incident, so suggestive of Shakspeare’s
Ophelia, awakened strange thoughts in the mind of the
writer. It is an absolute fact that while the population
of America increased thirty per cent. during the decade
between 1870 and 1880 the insanity increase was over one
hundred and thirty-five per cent. for the same period.
Travellers by rail, by boat, or in carriages in any part of
the land see large and elaborate buildings, and inquire
what they are?

Insane asylums!

Who builds them?

Each state; every county; hundreds of private individuals,
and in all cases their capacity is taxed to the
utmost.

Why?

Because men, in business and the professions, women,
at home or in society, and children at school overtax
their mental and nervous forces by work, worry and
care. This brings about nervous disorders, indigestion,
and eventually mania.

It is not always trouble with the head that causes insanity.
It far oftener arises from evils in other parts of
the body. The nervous system determines the status of
the brain. Any one who has periodic headaches; occasional
dizziness; a dimness of vision; a ringing in the
ears; a feverish head; frequent nausea or a sinking at
the pit of the stomach, should take warning at once.
The stomach and head are in direct sympathy, and if one
be impaired the other can never be in order. Acute dyspepsia
causes more insane suicides than any other known
agency, and the man, woman or child whose stomach
is deranged is not and cannot be safe from the coming
on at any moment of mania in some one of its many terrible
forms.

The value of moderation and the imperative necessity
of care in keeping the stomach right must therefore be
clear to all. The least appearance of indigestion, or
mal-assimilation of food should be watched as carefully
as the first approach of an invading army. Many means
advocated for meeting such attacks, but all
have heretofore been more or less defective. There can
be little doubt, however, that for the purpose of regulating
the stomach, toning it up to proper action, keeping its
nerves in a normal condition and purifying the blood,
Warner’s Tippecanoe The Best, excels all ancient or recent
discoveries. It is absolutely pure and vegetable;
it is certain to add vigor to adults, while it cannot by any
possibility injure even a child. The fact that it was
used in the days of the famous Harrison family is proof
positive of its merits as it so thoroughly withstood
the test of time. As a tonic and revivifer it is simply
wonderful. It has relieved the agony of the stomach in
thousands of cases; soothed the tired nerves; produced
peaceful sleep and averted the coming on of a mania
more to be dreaded than death itself.

1885.

HARPER’S MAGAZINE.

ILLUSTRATED.

With the new volume, beginning in December, HARPER’S
MAGAZINE will conclude its thirty-fifth year. The
oldest periodical of its type, it is yet, in each new volume,
a new magazine, nor simply because it presents
fresh subjects and new pictures, but also, and chiefly,
because it steadily advances in the method itself of
magazine-making. In a word, the MAGAZINE becomes more
and more the faithful mirror of current life and movement.
Leading features in the attractive programme for
1885 are: new serial novels by CONSTANCE FENIMORE
WOOLSON and W.D. HOWELLS; a new novel entitled
“At the Red Glove;” descriptive illustrated papers by F.
D. MILLET, R. SWAIN GIFFORD, E.A. ABBEY, H. GIBSON,
and others; Goldsmith’s “She Stoops to Conquer,”
illustrated by ABBEY; important papers on Art. Science,
etc.

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BAY STATE MONTHLY.

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Business Manager

BAY STATE MONTHLY.

BOSTON.

1885.

HARPER’S WEEKLY.

ILLUSTRATED.

Harper’s Weekly has now, for twenty years, maintained
its position as the leading illustrated weekly newspaper
in America. With a constant increase of literary
and artistic resources, it is able to offer for the ensuing
year attractions unequalled by any previous volume,
embracing a capital illustrated serial story by W.E.
NORRIS; illustrated articles with special reference to the
West and South, including the World’s Exposition at
New Orleans; entertaining short stories, mostly illustrated,
and important papers by high authorities on the
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LIBRARY, One Year (52 numbers) 10 00

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or Canada.

The volumes of the WEEKLY begin with the first Number
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Address HARPER & BROTHERS, New York,

1885.

HARPER’S BAZAR.

ILLUSTRATED.

Harper’s Bazar is the only paper in the world that
combines the choicest literature and the finest art illustrations
with the latest fashions and methods of household
adornment. Its weekly illustrations and descriptions of
the newest Paris and New York styles, with its useful
pattern-sheet supplements and cut patterns, by enabling
ladies to be their own dressmakers, save many times the
cost of subscription. Its papers on cooking, the management
of servants, and housekeeping in its various details
are eminently practical. Much attention is given
to the interesting topic of social etiquette, and its illustrations
of art needlework are acknowledged to be unequalled.
Its literary merit is of the highest excellence,
and the unique character of its humorous pictures has
won for it the name of the American Punch.

HARPER’S PERIODICALS.

Per Year:

HARPER’S BAZAR $4 00

HARPER’S MAGAZINE 4 00

HARPER’S WEEKLY 4 00

HARPER’S YOUNG PEOPLE 2 00

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LIBRARY, One Year (52 numbers) 10 00

Postage Free to all Subscribers in the United States
or Canada.

The volumes of the BAZAR begin with the first Number
for January of each year. When no time is mentioned,
it will be understood that the subscriber wishes to
commence with the Number next after the receipt of
order.

The last Five Annual Volumes of HARPER’S BAZAR,
in neat cloth binding, will be sent by mail, postage paid,
or by express, free of expense (provided the freight
does not exceed one dollar per volume) for $7 00 per
volume.

Cloth cases for each volume, suitable for binding, will
be sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of $1 each.

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Order or Draft, to avoid chance of loss.

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without the express order of HARPER & BROTHERS.

Address HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

ESTABLISHED 1846.

The most popular Weekly newspaper
devoted to science, mechanics, engineering,
discoveries, inventions and patents
ever published. Every number illustrated with
splendid engravings. This publication, furnishes
a most valuable encyclopedia of information which
no person should be without. The popularity of
the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is such that its circulation
nearly equals that of all other papers of
its class combined. Price $3.20 a year. Discount
to Clubs. Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN & CO.,
Publishers, No. 361 Broadway, N.Y.

PATENTS

Munn & Co. have
also had Thirty-Seven
Years’
practice before
the Patent Office, and have prepared
more than One Hundred Thousand
applications for patents in the
United States and foreign countries.
Caveats, Trade-Marks, Copyrights,
Assignments, and all other papers for
securing to inventors their rights in the
United States, Canada, England, France,
Germany and other foreign countries, prepared
at short notice and on reasonable terms.

Information as to obtaining patents cheerfully
given without charge. Hand-books of
information sent free. Patents obtained
through Munn & Co. are noticed in the Scientific
American free. The advantage of such notice is
well understood by all persons who wish to dispose
of their patents.

Address MUNN & CO. Office SCIENTIFIC
AMERICAN, 361 Broadway, New York.

JOHN N. McCLINTOCK & CO.,

Publishers, Printers, Stereotypers, and Electrotypers,
have facilities for doing Book Work and Job Printing.

ESTIMATES CHEERFULLY FURNISHED.

31 MILK ST., ROOM 46, BOSTON, MASS.

PHOTO-ELECTROTYPE

Is the name of a new process of

ENGRAVING BY PHOTOGRAPHY

at less than

ONE-HALF THE COST OF WOOD ENGRAVING!

The plates are equal to the finest wood cuts, and in point of depth,
superior. We furnish an electrotype all ready for the printer’s use.

We can do every description of work, Machinery, Furniture, Buildings,
Autograph Letters, Illustrations for Trade Catalogues, etc.

For specimen sheet of our work and further particulars address

PHOTO-ELECTROTYPE CO.,

63 OLIVER STREET, BOSTON.

ANTIQUE

Views of Ye Town of Boston.

By JAMES H. STARK.

This is the title of one of the most valuable contributions to the HISTORY
of BOSTON that has been made in many years. It embraces a series of upwards
of ONE HUNDRED VIEWS of OLD BOSTON, that have been gathered
from private and public collections, and most faithfully reproduced by the
Photo-Electrotype
Engraving Company’s process of Boston.

The Book is handsomely BOUND IN CLOTH. On the front cover is a view of
the Old State House, embossed in gold; on the back cover is a veneer made
from
the Old Elm, on which is printed a view of the old tree, and an autograph
letter from Mayor Cobb (who was mayor of Boston at the time of the
destruction
of the tree), certifying to its authenticity. It is a book of 400 pages,
imperial
octavo, and a limited number is offered at

$6.00 PER COPY.

ADDRESS PHOTO-ELECTROTYPE CO., 63 OLIVER STREET, BOSTON.

STARK’S ILLUSTRATED

BERMUDA GUIDE.

The Bermuda Islands are coming more prominently before the public each
season, as a health
resort and winter watering place. Although it is but sixty-five hours’ sail
from New York to these
coral islands, yet they are strangely unfamiliar to most well informed
Americans. Speaking
our own language, having the same origin, with manners and customs
prevalent
in New England
a century ago, it is only now that these islands and their inhabitants have
attracted much attention
and led the public to inquire concerning them.

It is to satisfy this demand and also to bring to the notice of those
unacquainted with the beauties
of these semi-tropical islands that the writer has been led to issue this
work, which is
the first illustrated guide-book and history of Bermuda yet published. The
book contains
two hundred pages, and is embellished with sixteen photo-mechanical prints
made by a new process
from negatives (taken by the author during the past winter) of the finest
scenery in Bermuda.
This is a new feature in the matter of book illustrations, and it makes the
work both
unique and valuable.

BOUND IN CLOTH, PRICE $2.00, POST-PAID

ADDRESS ALL ORDERS TO

PHOTO-ELECTROTYPE COMPANY,

No. 63 Oliver Street, Boston, Mass.

Battle Maps and Charts of the American Revolution.

By HENRY B. CARRINGTON, M.A., LL.D., U.S.A.

Published by A.S. BARNES & CO., 111 & 113 William Street, New York.

The publishers issue this work for the use of teachers and scholars, as
well
as for its fitness as a companion to all
Histories of the United States, with confidence that it will prove a
valuable
specialty to all.

The RED Lettering represents British Movements and Leading Topics, for the
convenience of Teachers and Scholars.

The ¶ and Page references to various School Histories, which mention the
Battles, make it available for use by
Teachers throughout the United States.

The volume contains the 41 maps which were the result of thirty years of
study, and are found in his standard volume,
“Battles of the American Revolution.”

The SECRETARY OF WAR has placed the “BATTLE MAPS AND CHARTS” at ARMY POST
SCHOOLS, at government
expense.

FIVE STEEL ENGRAVINGS of WASHINGTON accompany the volume. The ST. MEMIN
(crayon) as frontispiece,
engraved by Hall & Sons; also PEALE’S painting (1772), HOUDON’S bust
(1784).
TRUMBULL’S painting (1792) and
STUART’S painting (1796) are furnished, in steel.

Price, $1.25. Sent, postpaid, to School Superintendents and Teachers, for
introduction, upon receipt of $1.00.

Liberal terms made with Schools, Military and Civil, Army Officers and
Posts,
State Militia, and the Trade.

NOTICES.

Invaluable to the student of American History.—Baltimore (Md.)
Herald.

Deserves a welcome in every school district, as well as in every historical
library in the land.—Army and Navy
Journal.

In our opinion, General Carrington’s work is an authority, showing great
labor and careful study, and it should become
a national test-book, and find a place in all public and private
libraries.—Indianapolis (Ind.) Herald.

Each map is accompanied with a statement of the generals and number of men
engaged on both sides, to which is
appended the reason for such battle or engagement, with remarks by the
author, who is excellent authority in military
matters.—The Educator (New Haven, Ct.).

A valuable compilation from the author’s large work, and cannot fail to
make
a more lasting impression upon the
reader’s mind than could be derived from the perusal of many volumes of
history.—N.Y. Herald.

Each map is accompanied by a page of text, arranged upon a compact and
original system, so as to present a singularly
clear view of the history and significance of the engagement in question,
the
names of the chief and subordinate commanders,
the forces, nominal and available, the losses on each side, and the
incidents
of the battle.—N.Y. Evening Post.

MACDONALD & SONS,

51 CHARDON STREET,

BOSTON.

CLOTH AND EXTRA

BOOK-BINDING,

TREE CALF A SPECIALTY.

LARGE EDITIONS, IN ANY STYLE, AT LOWEST RATES.

L. PRANG & CO,

FINE ART PUBLISHERS,

BOSTON.

Christmas and New Year Cards

(ILLUSTRATED CHRISTMAS CATALOGUES SENT ON APPLICATION.)

New Artistic Painting Copies.

New Scripture Text Cards,

New Marriage Certificates,

New Birthday Cards.

New Artistic Satin Prints.

CALENDARS FOR 1885

THACKERAY CALENDAR. RUSKIN CALENDAR. TENNYSON CALENDAR.

AN ELEGANT LOT OF

Valentine and Easter Cards

IN PREPARATION,

INCLUDING SEVERAL STRIKING NOVELTIES.

AGENCIES:

New York: 38 Bond Street.

Philadelphia: 1110 Walnut Street.

Chicago: 112 Monroe Street.

San Francisco: 529 Commercial Street.

Canada; Toronto News Co. and Montreal News Co.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.

NUMBER 1.

Steel plate portrait of James G. Elaine

James Gillespie Elaine. Sketch of the life of

Boundary Lines of Old Groton. III. By the Hon. Samuel Abbott Green, M.D.

The Boston Herald

Wachusett Mountain and Princeton. By Atherton P. Mason, M.D.

Washington and the Flag. By Gen. Henry B. Carrington, LL.D

A Summer on the Great Lakes. By Fred Myron Colby

Our National Cemeteries. By Charles Cowley, LL.D.

NUMBER 2.

Steel plate portrait of President Elect Cleveland

Grover Cleveland. Sketch of the life of. By Henry H. Metcalf

Boundary Lines of Old Groton. IV. By the Hon. Samuel Abbott Green, M.D.

Sails

Elizabeth: a Romance of Colonial Days. I, II. By Frances C. Sparhawk

The Protection of Children. By Ernest Nusse

The Middlesex Canal. By Lorin L. Dame, A.M.

The Taverns of Boston in Ye Olden Times. By David M. Balfour

Editor’s Table

NUMBER 3.

Steel plate portrait of Daniel Lothrop

Daniel Lothrop. Sketch of the life of

The New England Conservatory of Music. By Mrs. M.J. Davis

Historical Sketch of the Town of Saugus. By E.P. Robinson

The Bartholdi Colossus. By William Howe Downes

Elizabeth: a Romance of Colonial Days. III, IV, V. By Frances C. Sparhawk

Glorifying Trial by Jury. By Charles Cowley, LL.D

Publishers’ Department—Chromo-Lithography

Book Notices

For contents of No. 4 (current number) see first page of cover.

Terms, $3.00 per year; Single Numbers, 25 cents.

JOHN N. McCLINTOCK AND COMPANY,
PUBLISHERS.

Arthur P. Dodge, Business Manager.

31 MILK STREET, BOSTON, Mass,

ADVERTISEMENT.

The editors who have missed any numbers of the BAY STATE MONTHLY, and
who desire to preserve a complete file of the publication for reference,
will
kindly
notify the publishers of the BAY STATE MONTHLY of the numbers which they
lack, and as soon as possible the missing numbers shall be supplied.

It is needless to remind the gentlemen of the newspaper fraternity how
dependent
is such a publication as the BAY STATE MONTHLY upon their good will
and favor.

What we need, to fully carry out the idea of giving to the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts a Magazine of biography, history and, literature devoted
especially to
the State, is the hearty support of readers and advertisers. We want an
increased subscription
list so that every hamlet in the State will be supplied with the magazine.

We need notices that will increase our subscription list.

JOHN N. McCLINTOCK AND COMPANY.
PUBLISHERS.

EMPHATIC GUARANTEES.

WHICH ARE JUSTIFIED BY AN EXTRAORDINARY PUBLIC EXPERIENCE.

TO THE PUBLIC.—Greeting: As the
conductors of the largest business of
the kind in the world, (and therefore
having an extraordinary experience), we
feel justified in making the following
statements:

OUR THEORY PROVED.

First.—We have held from the beginning
that most of the common ailments
are caused primarily by kidney
and liver disorders, not primarily by bad
blood; that bad blood is caused by temporary
or chronic derangement of the
kidneys and liver, and that by restoring
these blood-purifying organs to health,
we could cure most of the common ailments.
Other practitioners, however,
have held that extreme kidney and liver
disorders were incurable. We, have
proved to the contrary in thousands of
cases.

SAFEGUARDS AGAINST EPIDEMICS.

SECOND.—The kidneys and liver are the
sewers of the system, and unless they
are kept in perfect working order no
amount of public sanitation can prevent
epidemics raging among the people.
The prudent man, in the winter and
spring, will fortify the system against an
such possibility. Dr. Koch, the celebrated
German scientist and physician,
says, for instance, that cholera will have
but little effect among those who keep
the digestive organs and the kidneys
and liver in healthful operation. Warner’s
SAFE Remedies are the best scientific
curatives and preventives, and
should be used now as a safeguard
against any future scourge.

SCIENTIFIC SPECIFICS.

THIRD.—We do not cure every known
disease from one bottle, for Warner’s
SAFE Remedies number seven scientific
specifics, which have been put upon the
market, only in obedience to strong public
demand.

RECOGNIZED STANDARDS.

FOURTH.—Warner’s SAFE Remedies,
spite of all opposition, have won the
favor of the profession as well as the
masses, and are recognized as the leading
standard medical preparations.

STRONG GUARANTEES.

FIFTH.—After six years of unequaled
experience, we can give these
unqualified guarantees:

GUARANTEE I.—Pure and Harmless.
That Warner’s SAFE Remedies
are pure and harmless.

GUARANTEE II.—Testimonials
Genuine. That the Testimonials used
by us, so far as we know, are bona fide,
with a forfeit of $5,000 for proof to the
contrary.

GUARANTEE III.—Curative Effects
Permanent. That Warner’s SAFE
Remedies are not merely temporary, but
permanent, in their curative effects and
will sustain every claim, if used sufficiently
and as directed.

PROOFS OF PERMANENCY.

SIXTH.—Special inquiry among hundreds
of our oldest patients results in
unequivocal testimony that the cures
wrought six, five, four, and three years
ago, were permanent. And most of
these patients were pronounced incurable
when they began Warner’s SAFE
Remedies.

Read a few of thousands of testimonials.

B.F. LARRABEE, 42 Chester Square,
Boston, Mass., in 1879 was pronounced
incurable of acute Bright’s Disease.
From 1880 to 1882 he used over 200
bottles of Warner’s Safe Cure, and
October 6th, 1884, he said that his
cure was as permanent as surprising.

REV. S.P. SMITH, Marblehead, Mass.,
after years of suffering from Bilious
attacks and Gall Stones, began Warner’s
Safe Cure in 1882 and in June,

1884, reported that he had had no trouble since.

HON. N.A. PLYMPTON, Worcester,
Mass., in 1880 suffered frightful tortures
from Gravel of the Kidneys;
failing of relief otherwise he used a
few bottles of Warner’s Safe Cure and
recently wrote: “It perfectly cured
me, four years ago.”

L. Dow, Esq., 204 Columbus Ave., Boston,
Mass., was cured of Kidney disorder
by Warner’s Safe Cure in 1882,
and November 28th, 1884, he wrote
that the cure was permanent.

MRS. S.A. CLARK, East Granby,
Conn., suffered for over ten years
from Constitutional and Sex disorders
of the worst kind. In November,
1884, she wrote: “Warner’s Safe
Cure cured me four years ago and has
kept me well to this day.”

SEVENTH.—It is a source of great
gratification to us that Warner’s Safe
Remedies have been permanently beneficial
to so many sufferers. This permanency
of power over disease gives
them the most exalted rank, and in this
particular they have no equal.
H.H. WARNER & CO.
Rochester, N.Y., Jan. 1, 1885.

1885

HARPER’S YOUNG PEOPLE,

AN ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY.

The serial and short stories in HARPER’S YOUNG
PEOPLE have all the dramatic interest that juvenile fiction
can possess, while they are wholly free from what
is pernicious or vulgarly sensational. The humorous
stories and pictures are full of innocent fun, and the
papers on natural history and science, travel and the
facts of life, are by writers whose names give the best
assurance of accuracy and value. Illustrated papers on
athletic sports, games, and pastimes give full information
on these subjects. There is nothing cheap about it but
its price.

An epitome of everything that is attractive and desirable
in juvenile literature.—Boston Courier.

A weekly feast of good things to the boys and girls in
every family which it visits.—Brooklyn Union.

It is wonderful in its wealth of pictures, information,
and interest.—Christian Advocate, N.Y.

Terms: Postage Prepaid, $2 per Year.

Vol. VI. commences November 4, 1884.

SINGLE NUMBERS, Five Cents each.

Remittances should be made by Post-Office Money
Order or Draft, to avoid chance of loss.

Newspapers are not to copy this advertisement
without the express order of HARPER & BROTHERS.

Address HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.

If you want to buy a cheap

FRUIT FARM

ON EASY TERMS,

Address J. WANSER, P.O. Box 1276, Vineland, N.J.

Reference: Arthur P. Dodge, 31 Milk St., Boston.

SAFE INVESTMENTS

Carefully selected and approved First Mortgage Coupon Bonds
on Improved Western Farms, in amounts from $200 to $10,000
Principal and Interest payable on day of maturity at the Third National
Bank, New York. Interest, Seven per Cent., payable semi-annually.
Coupons Bankable at Par at any Bank in the United States.

EVERY LOAN GUARANTEED.

Tenth Year of Business. No Investor ever had to Pay Taxes, Costs of
Foreclosure,
Wait for Interest, or Take Land, and not a Dollar has been Lost.

REFERENCES BY PERMISSION.

A.P. Palmer, Cashier Albany City National Bank, Albany, N.Y.

B.W. Arnold, of Arnold & Co., Albany, N.Y., and President Spanish River
Lumber Co., Spanish River, Ont.

Samuel N. Bacon, Esq., of Bacon, Stickney & Co., Albany, N.Y.

Dr. F.C. Curtis, of State Board of Health, Albany, N.Y.

Rev. Samuel V. Leech, D.D., Chaplain of New York State Senate, Albany, N.Y.

Third National Bank, New York City.

National Bank, Lawrence, Kansas.

E.B. Lathrop, Cashier National Bank of America, Chicago, Ill.

Thos. D. Robertson, President Winnebago National Bank, Rockford, Ill.

Biddle Hardware Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Rev. Henry Darling, D.D., LL.D., President Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y.

W.O. McClure, Esq., Utica, N.Y.

Hon. John E. Pound, Lockport, N.Y.

Samuel Buell, Esq., Lyons, N.Y.

M.H. Tarbox, Esq., Lockport, N.Y.

A.N. Bentley, Esq., Greenville, N.Y.

Solomon L. Gillett, Esq., Elmira, N.Y.

A.B. Kellogg, Esq., Buffalo, N.Y.

A.L. Chapin, President Beloit College, Beloit, Wis.

E.H. Fairchild, President Berea College, Berea, Ky.

Hon. G.B. McElroy, Treasurer Adrian College, Adrian, Mich.

R.C. Crampton, President Illinois College, Jacksonville. Ill.

Prof. E.P. Harris, Amherst College, Mass.

Rev. W.D. Hart, Pastor Congregational Church, Little Compton, R.I.

Rev. William H. Wilcox, D.D., Malden, Mass.

Rev. A. Beattie, D.D., Rector Trinity Church, Lawrence, Kansas.

Rev. A.M. Richardson, Pastor Congregational Church, Lawrence, Kansas.

Rev. Rufus Case, Hubbardston, Mass.

Hon. Charles Robinson, ex-Governor of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

Hon. T.W. Cheenery, Deputy County Treasurer, Springfield, Ill.

E.R. Upham, Esq., County Clerk of Morgan County, Jacksonville, Ill.

Louis Ticknor, Esq., County Clerk of Sangamon County, Ill.

General G.W. Babcock, Lawrence, Kansas.

Hon. Owen A. Bassett, ex-Judge Fourth Judicial District, Lawrence, Kansas.

Dr. H. Warren, Danville, Conn.

Dr. Moses Parker, Groveland, Mass.

These securities are negotiated by an incorporated company of large
experience
and strong financial standing. Their charter is perpetual, so the care of
the
loans will not be thrown upon the investor, as it would be in case of the
death,
change of business or location of an individual or firm negotiating the
same.
They combine the loan, tax, legal, and insurance departments, making this
an
exclusive
business; personally investigating every application and guaranteeing
every loan, thereby protecting the investor by a double security.

M.V.B. BULL & CO.,

TWEDDLE BUILDING, ALBANY, N.Y.

Financial Agents WESTERN FARM MORTGAGE CO., of Lawrence, Kansas.

ST. NICHOLAS

FOR

YOUNG FOLKS.

Attractions for 1884-5.

This magazine, during its eleven happy years
of existence, under the editorial charge of

MARY MAPES DODCE,

has grown familiar to hundreds of thousands of
young readers; and their interest and intelligent
enjoyment have constantly inspired the editor
and publishers to fresh effort. The following
are some of the good things already secured for
future numbers of St. Nicholas.

“His One Fault,” a serial story for boys, by
the popular author, J.T. Trowbridge.

“Personally Conducted,” illustrated papers
on famous places in Europe. By Frank R.
Stockton.

“Historic Girls,” a companion series to
“Historic Boys.” By E.S. Brooks.

“Ready for Business”; suggestions to boys
about to choose an occupation. By G.J.
Manson.

“Driven Back to Eden,” a serial. By E.P.
Roe.

“Talks for Young Folks,” a series of popular
papers, by H.H. (Helen Jackson).

“Among the Law-makers”: recollections of
a boy-page in the U.S. Senate,—containing
much political information, both instructive and
amusing. By Edmund Alton.

“Davy and the Goblin,” a very funny serial
story by a new writer, Charles Carryl.

Short Stories by Louisa M. Alcott.

“The Progress of Invention”: from “Palanquin
to Parlor-car,” “From Cross-bow to 100-ton
Gun,” etc. Descriptive papers, by Charles
E. Bolton.

“Art Work for Young Folks”; papers on
decorative handicraft, by Charles G. Leland.

“Sheep or Silver?” a story of Texan life.
By the late Rev. William M. Baker.

“A Garden of Girls,” being six short stories
for girls, by Six Leading Writers.

“Tales of Two Continents”; stories of adventure,
by H.H. Boyesen.

“Cartoons for Boys and Girls,” funny pictures
by St. Nicholas Artists.

“From Bach to Wagner”; brief, pointed
biographies of great musicians. By Agatha
Tunis.

Special Papers by chosen writers, including
Mary Hallock Foote, Joaquin Miller, Alice Wellington
Rollins, G.B. Bartlett, Harriet Prescott
Spofford, Rev. Washington Gladden, Julia
Schayer, Anna Lea Merritt, W.O. Stoddard,
D. Ker, Ernest Ingersoll, Clara E. Clement,
Lieutenant Schwatka.

The Illustrations will be the work of the very
best artists and engravers; and there will be
plenty of them. In the November and December
numbers are beautiful colored frontispieces.
Buy the November number for the
children. It costs only 25 cents, and all book
and news dealers sell it. The subscription
price is $3.00 a year, and now is just the time
to subscribe.

A free specimen copy of ST. NICHOLAS will
be sent on request. Mention this paper.

THE CENTURY CO., NEW YORK, N.Y.

THE CENTURY
IN 1885.

A GREAT ENTERPRISE.

PAPERS ON THE CIVIL WAR.

The important feature of THE CENTURY
MAGAZINE for the coming year—indeed, perhaps
the most important ever undertaken by
the magazine—will be a series of separate
papers on the great battles of the War for the
Union, written by general officers high in command
upon both the Federal and the Confederate
sides,—General Grant (who writes of
Vicksburg, Shiloh, and other battles,) Generals
Longstreet, McClellan, Beauregard, Rosecrans,
Hill, Admiral Porter and others. The series
open in the November CENTURY with a graphical
illustrated article on the BATTLE OF BULL
RUN, written by the Confederate general, G.T.
Beauregard. Brief sketches, entitled “Recollections
of a Private,” papers chronicling special
events, descriptions of various auxiliary
branches of the service, etc., will supplement
the more important series by the various
generals.

A strict regard for accuracy will guide the
preparations of the illustrations, for which THE
CENTURY has at its disposal a very large quantity
of photographs, drawings, portraits, maps,
plans, etc., hereto unused. The aim is to present
in this series, not official reports, but commanding
officers’ accounts of their plans and
operations,—interesting personal experiences
which will record leading events of the war,
and possess, at the same time, a historical value
not easily to be calculated.

FICTION.

In this line THE CENTURY will maintain its
prestige, and furnish the best stories by American
writers that can be procured.

MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES.

Under this heading may be included a series
of papers on the Cities of Italy by W.D. Howells,
the illustrations being reproduction of etchings
and drawings by Joseph Pennell; a series
on the New North-West, being an interesting
group of papers by E.V. Smalley, Lieut. Schwatka,
Principal Grant (of Kingston, Ontario),
and others, descriptive of little-known regions;
papers on French and American art—sculpture
and painting, with some exquisite illustrations.

JOHN BURROUGHS

will write from time to time on outdoor subjects.

Readers of THE CENTURY may feel sure of
keeping abreast of the times on leading subjects
that may properly come within the province of
a monthly magazine. Its circulation is now
about 140,000 monthly, the November number
exceeding that figure. Subscriptions should
date from this number, beginning the War
Series and Mr. Howell’s Novel. Price $4.00 a
year, 35 cents a number. All book-sellers and
news-dealers sell it and take subscriptions, or
remittance may be made to the publishers.

A free specimen copy of THE CENTURY will
be sent on request. Mention this paper

THE CENTURY CO., New York, N.Y.

The BAY STATE MONTHLY and THE CENTURY
for $6.00.

SUMMER TERM
OF THE
NEW ENGLAND
CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC
BEGINS APRIL 20, 1885.

NEW CLASSES
Will be formed for beginners as well as for advanced
students in all departments.

MUSIC
Voice, Piano, Organ, Violin, Orchestral
Instruments, Harmony Theory and Tuning.

ART
Drawing, Painting, Portraiture, Modeling,
Wood Carving, and Embroidery.

ORATORY
Vocal Technique, Elocution,
Dramatic and Forensic Art.

LANGUAGES
French, German, and Italian.

ENGLISH BRANCHES
Arithmetic, Algebra, Grammar, Rhetoric,
English Literature, and Latin.

PHYSICAL CULTURE
A well-equipped Gymnasium.

HOME
Elegant accommodations for Lady Students,
$4.50 to $7.50 per week, including light,
heat, elevator, etc.

Summer Home and Instruction
During July and August.

Classes in Sight Singing, Church Music, Glees, Chorus
Work, Analysis of Symphonies, Lectures on Music,
Art, and Literature by eminent specialists, concerts,
recitals, etc., amounting in all to 125 hours per term, FREE
to all regular students in any department. Send for
beautifully illustrated Calendar, free, to

E. TOURJEE, Director.

FRANKLIN SQUARE,

BOSTON, MASS.

FINE BOOK AND JOB PRINTING.

Reasonable Terms,

ESTIMATES CHEERFULLY FURNISHED.

Publishers of

THE BAY STATE MONTHLY,

A Massachusetts Magazine.

Parkhill Manufacturing Co.,

Fitchburg, Mass., Manufacturers of the celebrated

“TOILE DU NORD” FABRIC.

FINE GINGHAMS AND DRESS GOODS.

GOODS WARRANTED PERFECT.

JOHN PARKHILL, President.

ARTHUR H. LOWE, Treasurer.

ESTABLISHED 1855.

H.A. GOODRICH & CO.,

Clothiers, Hatters and Furriers.

The Oldest and Largest Establishment of the kind in Fitchburg.

MOTTO: HONEST GOODS AT HONEST PRICES.

J.J. ARAKELYAN

NO. 226 FRANKLIN STREET,—BOSTON.

Book, Newspaper, Magazine, Pamphlet and Catalogue

PRINTER.

Presswork from type or plates a specialty. Estimates cheerfully furnished.

E.H. ROLLINS & SON,

CONCORD, N.H., OFFER
REGISTERED

10 Per Cent. County Warrants

IN SUMS FROM $100 TO $500.

MUNICIPAL BONDS, School, Water, Funding and Public Building, paying 6,
7 and 8 per cent.

FARM MORTGAGES upon farms in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado and Dakota paying
8 per cent. Our Company will guarantee any of these loans a 7 per cent.

We have now on hand some conservative County Bonds in sums of $100 and
$500, which would make a good investment for those desiring to invest a
small
sum.

“All our securities are taken and examined by members of our house in the
west. Principal and interest of all we sell payable at our office. If
desired
on
of our firm will visit you.”

All questions promptly answered and papers sent for inspection.

SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

7 BAILEY’S BLOCK, CONCORD, N.H.

FEBRUARY 17, 1875.

H.A. ESTABROOK,

APOTHECARY

Cor. Main and Pritchard Sts.,

FITCHBURG, MASS.

Specialties: Physicians’ Prescriptions, Family Medicines, Trusses,
Supporters, Etc.

Boston Theatre.

TOMPKINS & HILL, PROPRIETORS.

EUGENE TOMPKINS, MANAGER.

LAWRENCE BARRETT

until March 21.

DENMAN THOMPSON

until April 4.
See daily newspapers.