{557}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

“When found, make a note of.”—Captain Cuttle.

CONTENTS.

Notes.

ORIGINAL ROYAL LETTERS TO THE GRAND MASTERS
OF MALTA.

(Continued from p. 99.)

In my first communication I did myself the pleasure to send you a
correct list of all the royal letters which had been sent by different
English monarchs to the Grand Masters of Malta, with their dates, the
languages in which they were written, and stating to whom they were
addressed. I now purpose to forward with your permission from time to
time, literal translations of these letters, which Mr. Strickland of this
garrison has kindly promised to give me. The subjoined are the first in
order, and have been carefully compared, by Dr. Vella and myself, with
the originals now in the Record Office.

No. I.

Henry by the grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the
Faith, and Lord of Ireland, to the Rev. Father in Christ, Philip Villiers
de L’Isle Adam, Grand Master of the Order of Jerusalem.

The venerable and religious men, Sir Thomas Docreus, Prior of St.
John’s in this kingdom, and Sir W. Weston of your convent, Turcoplerius,
have lately delivered to us the epistle of your Reverence, and when we
had read it, they laid before us the commission which they had in charge,
with so much prudence and address, and recommended to us the condition,
well being, and honour of their Order with so much zeal and affection,
that they have much increased the good will, which of ourselves we feel
towards the Order, and have made us more eager in advancing all its
affairs, so that we very much hope to declare by our actions the
affection which we feel towards this Order.

And that we might give some proof of this our disposition, we have
written at great length to His Imperial Majesty, in favour of
maintaining the occupation of Malta, and we have given orders to our
envoys there to help forward this affair as much as they are able. The
other matters, indeed, {558}your Reverence will learn more in detail
from the letters of the said Prior.

No. II.

Henry by the grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the
Faith, and Lord of Ireland, to the Rev. Father in Christ, Philip Villiers
de L’Isle Adam, Grand Master of the Order of Jerusalem.

By other of our letters we have commended to your Reverence our
beloved Sir W. Weston, Turcoplerius, and the whole Order of Jerusalem in
our kingdom; but since we honour the foresaid Sir W. Weston with a
peculiar affection, we have judged him worthy that we should render him
more agreeable and more acceptable to your Reverence, by this our renewed
recommendation; and we trust that you will have it the more easily in
your power to satisfy this our desire, because, on account of the trust
which you yourself placed in him, you appointed him special envoy to
ourselves in behalf of the affairs of his Order, and showed that you
honoured him with equal good will. We therefore most earnestly entreat
your Reverence not to be backward in receiving him on his return with all
possible offices of love, and to serve him especially in those matters
which regard his office of Turcoplerius, and his Mastership. Moreover, if
any honours in the gift and disposal of your Reverence fall due to you,
with firm confidence we beg of you to vouchsafe to appoint and promote
the foresaid Sir William Weston to the same, which favour will be so
pleasing and acceptable to us, that when occasion offers we will
endeavour to return it not only to your Reverence, but also to your whole
Order. And may every happiness attend you.

No. III.

Henry by the grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the
Faith, and Lord of Ireland, to the Rev. Father in Christ, Philip Villiers
de L’Isle Adam, Grand Master of the Order of Jerusalem.

Ambrosius Layton, our subject, and brother of the same Order, has
delivered to us your Reverence’s letter, and from it we very well
understand the matters concerning the said Order, which your Reverence
had committed to his charge to be delivered to us; but we have delayed to
return an answer, and we still delay, because we have understood that a
general Chapter of your whole Order will be held in a short time, to
which we doubt not that the more prudent and experienced of the brethren
of the Order will come, and we trust that, by the general wish and
counsel of all of you, a place may be selected for this illustrious Order
which may be best suited for the imperial support and advancement of the
Republic, and for the assailing of the infidels. When therefore your
Reverence shall have made us acquainted with the place selected for the
said Chapter, you shall find us no less prompt and ready than any other
Christan prince in all things which can serve to the advantage and
support of the said Order.

That the subject of the above letters may be better understood, it may
be necessary to state that L’Isle Adam was driven out of Rhodes by the
Sultan Solyman, after a most desperate and sanguinary struggle, which
continued almost without intermission from the 26th of June to the 18th
of December, 1523. From this date to the month of October, 1530, nearly
seven years, the Order of St. John of Jerusalem had no fixed residence,
and the Grand Master was a wanderer in Italy, either in Rome, Viterbo,
Naples, or Syracuse, while begging of the Christian Powers to assist him
in recovering Rhodes, or Charles V. to give him Malta as a residence for
his convent. It was during this period that the above letters, and some
others which I purpose sending hereafter, were written.

William Winthrop.

PENNY SIGHTS AND EXHIBITIONS IN THE REIGN
OF JAMES I.

The following curious list may amuse some of your readers. I met with
it among the host of panegyrical verses prefixed to Master Tom Coryate’s
Crudities, published in 1611. Even in those days it will be
admitted that the English were rather fond of such things, and glorious
Will himself bears testimony to the fact. (See Tempest, Act II.
Sc. 2.) The hexameter verses are anonymous; perhaps one of your well-read
antiquaries may be able to assign to them the author, and be disposed to
annotate them. I would particularly ask when was Drake’s ship broken up,
and is there any date on the chair^[1] made from the wood, which is now to
be seen at the Bodleian Library, Oxford?

In explanation of the last line, Tom went no less than 900 miles on
one pair of soles, and on his return he hung up these remarkable shoes
for a memorial in Odcombe Church, Somersetshire, where they remained till
1702.

Another “penny” sight was a trip to the top of St. Paul’s. (See
Dekker’s Gul’s Horne Book, 1609.)

A. Grayan.

THE IMPOSSIBILITIES OF OUR FOREFATHERS.

In turning over the pages of old authors, it is amusing to note how
the mountains of our primitive ancestors have become
mole-hills in the hands of the present generation! A few instances
would, I think, be very instructive; and, to set the example, I give you
the following from my own note-book.

The Overland Journey to India.—From the days of Sir John
Mandeville, until a comparatively recent period, how portentous of
danger, difficulty, and daring has been the “Waye to Ynde wyth the
Maruelyes thereof!”

In Lingua, or the Combat of the Tongue, by Brewer, London,
1657, originally published in 1607, Heursis complains that Phantases had
interrupted his cogitations upon three things which had troubled his
brain for many a day:

“Phant. Some great matters questionless; what were they?

Heur. The quadrature of the circle, the philosopher’s stone,
and the next way to the Indies.

Phant. Thou dost well to meditate on these things all at once,
for they’ll be found out altogether, ad græcas calendas.”

Dr. Robertson’s Disquisition on the Knowledge the Ancients had of
India, shows that communications overland existed from a remote
period; and we know that the East India Company had always a route open
for their dispatches on emergent occasions; but let the reader consult
the Reminiscences of Dr. Dibdin, and he will find an example of
its utter uselessness when resorted to in 1776 to apprize the Home
Government of hostile movements on the part of an enemy. To show,
however, in a more striking light, the difference between the “overland
route” a century back, and that of 1853, I turn up the Journal of
Bartholomew Plaisted: London, 1757. This gentleman, who was a servant
of the East India Company, tells us that he embarked at Calcutta in 1749
for England; and, after encountering many difficulties, reached Dover
viâ Bussorah, Aleppo, and Marseilles in twelve months! Bearing
this in mind, let the reader refer to the London daily papers of this
eighth day of November, 1853, and he will find that intelligence reached
the city on that afternoon of the arrival at Trieste of the
Calcutta steamer, furnishing us with telegraph advices
from—

Rapid as this is, and strikingly as it exemplifies the gigantic
appliances of our day, the cry of Heursis in the play is still for the
next, or a nearer way to India; and, besides the Ocean
Mail, the magnificent sailing vessels, and the steamers of
fabulous dimensions said to be building for the Cape route to
perform the passage from London to Calcutta in thirty days, we are
promised the electric telegraph to furnish us with news from the
above-named ports in a less number of hours than days now
occupied!

{560}

We have thus seen that the impetus once given, it is impossible to
limit or foresee where this tendency to knit us to the farthermost parts
of the world will end!

“Steam to India” was nevertheless almost stifled at its birth, and its
early progress sadly fettered and retarded by those whose duty it was to
have fostered and encouraged it—I mean the East India Company. From
this censure of a body I would exclude some of their servants in India,
and particularly a name that may be new to your readers in connexion with
this subject, that of the late Mr. Charles P. Greenlaw of Calcutta, to
whom I would ascribe all honour and glory as the great precursor
of the movement, subsequently so triumphantly achieved by the Peninsular
and Oriental Company. This gentleman, at the head of the East India
Company’s Marine Establishment in Bengal, brought all the enthusiasm of
his character to bear upon the question of steam viâ the Red Sea;
and raised such an agitation in the several Presidencies, that the
slow coach in Leadenhall Street was compelled to move on, and Mr.
Greenlaw lived to see his labours successful. Poor Greenlaw was as deaf
as a post, and usually carried on his arm a flexible pipe, with an ivory
tip and mouth-piece, through which he received the communications of his
friends. How often have I seen him, after an eloquent appeal on behalf of
his scheme, hand this to the party he would win over to his views: and if
the responses sent through it were favourable, he was delighted; but, if
the contrary, his irascibility knew no bounds; and snatching his pipe
from the mouth of the senseless man who could not see the value of “steam
for India,” he would impatiently coil it round his arm, and, with a
recommendation to the less sanguine to give the subject the attention due
to its importance, would whisk himself off to urge his point in some
other quarter! I have already said that Mr. Greenlaw lived to see the
overland communication firmly established; and his fellow citizens, to
mark their high estimation of his character, and the unwearied
application of his energies in the good cause, have embellished their
fine “Metcalfe Hall” with a marble bust of this best of advocates for the
interests of India.

J. O.

PARALLEL PASSAGES.

(Vol. viii., p. 372.)

Adopting the suggestion of F. W. J., I contribute the following
parallel passages towards the collection which he proposes:

1. “And He said unto them, Take heed and beware of covetousness, for a
man’s life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he
possesseth.”—Luke xii. 15.

2. “For that which I do I allow not: for what I would that do I not;
but what I hate that do I.”—Rom. vii. 15.

3. “Without father, without mother, without descent,”
&c.—Heb. vii. 3.

4. “For I have said before, that ye are in our hearts to die and live
with you.”—2 Cor. vii. 3.

5. “Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die.”—1 Cor. xv.
32.

6. “Be not thou afraid though one be made rich, or if the glory of his
house be increased; for he shall carry nothing away with him when he
dieth, neither shall his pomp follow him.”—Ps. xlix. 16, 17.

The following close parallelism between Ben Jonson and Horace, though
a little wide of your correspondent’s suggestion, is also worthy of
notice. I have never before seen it remarked upon. It would, perhaps, be
more correct to describe it as a plagiarism than as a parallelism:

John Booker.

Prestwich.

ASTROLOGY IN AMERICA.

The six following advertisements are cut from a recent Number of the
New York Herald:

“Madame Morrow, seventh daughter of a seventh daughter, and a
descendant of a line of astrologers reaching back for centuries, will
give ladies private lectures on all the events of life, in regard to
health, wealth, love, courtship, and marriage. She is without exception
the most wonderful astrologist in the world, or that has ever been known.
She will even tell their very thoughts, and will show them the likenesses
of their intended husbands and absent friends, which has astonished
thousands during her travels in Europe. She will leave the city in a very
short time. 76. Broome Street, between Cannon and Columbia. Gentlemen are
not admitted.”

“Madame la Compt flatters herself that she is competent, by her great
experience in the art of astrology, to give true information in regard to
the past, present, and future. She is able to see clearly any losses her
visitors may have sustained, and will give satisfactory information in
regard to the way of recovery. She has and continues to give perfect
satisfaction. Ladies and gentlemen 50 cents. 13. Howard Street.”

“Mad. la Compt has been visited by over two hundred ladies and
gentlemen the past week, and has given perfect satisfaction; and, in
consideration of the great patronage bestowed upon her, she will remain
at 13. Howard Street for four days more, when she will positively sail
for the South.”

“Mrs. Alwin, renowned in Europe for her skill in foretelling the
future, has arrived, and will furnish intelligence about all
circumstances of life. She interprets dreams, law matters, and love, by
astrology, books, and science, and tells to ladies and gentlemen the name
of the persons they will marry; also the names of her visitors. Mrs.
Alvin speaks the English, French and German languages. Residence, 25.
Rivington Street, up stairs, near the Bowery. Ladies 50 cents, gentlemen
1 dollar.”

“Mrs. Prewster, from Philadelphia, tenders her services to the ladies
and gentlemen of this city in astrology, love, and law matters,
interpreting dreams, &c., by books and science, constantly relied on
by Napoleon; and will tell the name of the lady or gentleman they will
marry; also the names of the visitors. Residence, No. 59. Great Jones
Street, corner of the Bowery. Ladies 50 cents, gentlemen 1 dollar.”

“The celebrated Dr. F. Shuman, Swede by birth, just arrived in this
city, offers his services in astrology, physiognomy, &c. He can be
consulted on matters of love, marriage, past, present, and future events
in life. Nativity calculated for ladies and gentlemen. Mr. S. has
travelled through the greater part of the world in the last forty-two
years, and is willing to give the most satisfactory information. Office,
175. Chambers Street, near Greenwich.”

Minor Notes.

“Hierosolyma est perdita.“—Whilst studying in Germany, I
remember seeing one day some Jews in a great passion because a few little
boys had been shouting “Hep! hep!” On information I heard, that whenever
the German knights headed a Jew-hunt in the Middle Ages, they always
raised the cry “Hep! hep!” This is remembered even to the present
day.

Henri van Laun.

King William’s College, Isle of Man.

Quaint Inscription in a Belfry.—I think the following
unique piece of authorship deserves, for its quaint originality, a corner
in “N. & Q.” It is copied from an inscription dated Jan. 31, 1757, in
the belfry of the parish church of Fenstanton, Hunts:

Perhaps I may as well add that this is a faithful copy of the original
inscription, both in orthography and punctuation.

W. T. Watts.

St. Ives, Hunts.

The Chronicles of the Kings of Israel and Judah.—After
the many conjectures which have been formed respecting the ספר דברי
הימים‎ of the kings of
Israel and Judah, allow me to suggest the probability of their bearing
some resemblance to the records of the “wars” and “might” of the monarchs
of Assyria, recently brought to light by Mr. Layard.

פ‎.

The Using a Circumstance as a “Peg,” or “Nail,” to hang an Argument
on, &c.—In the parliamentary debates we frequently read of
one honorable member accusing another honorable member of dragging in a
certain expression or quotation for the mere sake of hanging upon it some
argument or observation apposite to his motion or
resolution.—Query, The origin of this term?

My attention was drawn to it by reading the First Lesson at Morning
Prayer for 25th May, viz. Ezra ix. 8., where the expression means
something to hold by, or some resting-place.

In the following verse, the term is changed into “a wall,” meaning
some support or help.

Has this passage ever challenged the attention of any of your numerous
readers, or can the common saying fairly be referred to it?

Anon.

Norwood.

Turkish and Russian Grammars.—At the present moment it
may be found interesting to make a note of it for “N. & Q.,” that the
first {562}Turkish and Russian grammars published in
this country appeared at Oxford; the Turkish, by Seaman, in 1670, and the Russian, by Ludolf, in 1696. Both are
written in Latin.

J. M.

Oxford.

Chronograms in Sicily.—After the opening of the gold
mines at Fiume-di-Nisi, which are now being reworked, the Messinese
struck coins bearing the motto—

Giving XVICIVMICVDIV. 1734?

On a fountain near the church of St. Francesco di Paola:

Which gives VCIIVIIVCDMV. 1724.

The death of Charles, Infanta of Spain, is thus indicated:

1568.

G. E. T. S. R. N.

Stone Pulpits.—A complete list of ancient stone
pulpits in England and Wales would be desirable. Their positions should
be specified; and whether in use or not, should be stated. I have seen
the following:

Nantwich, Cheshire; at the junction of north transept and chancel (not
used).

Bristol Cathedral; adjoining one of the north pillars of nave (not
used).

Wolverhampton Collegiate Church; adjoining one of south pillars of
nave (in use?)

T. H. Kersley, B.A.

Audlem, Nantwich.

Advertisements and Prospectuses.—It is, I believe, the
custom for the most part to make wastepaper of the advertisements and
prospectuses that are usually stitched up, in considerable numbers, with
the popular reviews and magazines. Now, as these adventitious sheets
often contain scraps and fragments of contemporaneous intelligence,
literary and bibliographical, with occasional artistic illustrations,
would it not be well to preserve them, and to bind them up in a separate
form at the end of the year; connecting them with the particular review
or magazine to which they belonged, but describing also the contents of
the volume by a distinct lettering-piece?

If the work of destruction of such frail, but frequently interesting
records, should go on at the present rate, posterity will be in danger of
losing many valuable data respecting the state of British literature at
different periods, as depicted by a humbler class of documents, employed
by it for the diffusion of its copious productions.

John Macray.

Queries.

ENGLISH REFUGEES AT YPENSTEIN.

When I was at Alkmaar about thirty years ago, I strolled to the
neighbouring village of Heilo, on the road to Limmen, where I saw,
surrounded by a moat, the foundations of the castle of Ypenstein. A view
of this once noble pile is to be found in the well-known work of
Rademaker, Kabinet van Nederlandsche en Kleefsche Oudheden. This
place, as tradition tells, once witnessed the perpetration of a violent
deed. When the son of the unfortunate Charles I. was an exile in our
country, this house Ypenstein was occupied by a family of English
emigrants, high in rank, who lived here for a while in quiet. How far
these exiles were even here secure from the spies of Cromwell appeared on
a certain dark night, after a suspicious vessel had been seen from the
village of Egmond, when an armed band of the Protector’s Puritans, led by
a guide, marched over the heath to the house Ypenstein, seized all the
inhabitants, and carried them off, by the way they had come, to the
coast, put them on board, and transported them most probably to England.
In such secresy and silence was this violation of territory and the
rights of hospitality perpetrated, that no one in the neighbourhood
perceived anything of the occurrence, except a miller who saw the troop
crossing the pathless heath in the direction of the coast, but could not
conceive what had brought so many persons together in such a place at
midnight.

I would gladly learn whether anything is known of this transaction;
and if so, where I may find farther particulars of this English family,
their probable political importance, &c. To investigate the truth of
this tradition, that we may acquit or convict the far-famed Cromwell of
so foul a crime, cannot certainly be untimely now that two celebrated
learned men have undertaken to vindicate his memory.—From the
Navorscher.

Inquaeritor.

Minor Queries.

Petrarch’s Laura.—Mr. Mathews, in his Diary of an
Invalid in Italy, &c., p. 380., in speaking of the outrages and
indignities which, during the Revolution, were committed throughout
France on the remains of the dead, and were amongst the most revolting of
its horrors, mentions, on the authority of a fellow-passenger, an
eye-witness, that the body of Petrarch’s Laura had been seen exposed to
the most brutal indignities in the streets of Avignon. He told Mr.
Mathews that {563}it had been embalmed, and was found in a
mummy state, of a dark brown colour. I have not met with any mention of
these these circumstances elsewhere. Laura is stated to have died of the
plague (which seems to render it unlikely that her body was embalmed):
and according to Petrarch’s famous note on his MS. of Virgil, she was
buried the same day, after vespers, in the church of the Cordeliers. The
date was April 1, 1348. That church was long celebrated for her tomb,
which contained also the body of Hugues de Sade, her husband. The edifice
is stated to be ruined, its very site being converted into a
fruit-garden; but the tomb is said to be still entire under the ground:
and more than twenty years after the French Revolution, a small cypress
was pointed out as marking the spot where Laura was interred.

Is the circumstance of the desecration of her tomb mentioned by any
other writer? If it really took place, are we to conclude that the
tree—if it still exists—marks only the place where she had
been interred: for, that the body was rescued and recommitted to the
tomb, can hardly be supposed?

Wm. Sidney Gibson.

“Epitaphium Lucretiæ.“—The following lines are offered
for insertion, not because I doubt their being known to many of your
readers, but with a view to ask the name of the author:

Balliolensis.

M‘Dowall Family.—More than a century ago there was
a family (since extinct) of the name of M‘Dowall, in the county
Cavan, Ireland, belonging to some branch of the ancient and noble
Scottish family of that name, who had migrated to these shores. Perhaps
some of your readers could inform me as to what branch they belonged, and
when they settled in Ireland, as also if there be any pedigree of them
extant, as I am very anxious to learn something of them at all
events?

Gulielmus.

Dublin.

Arms of Geneva.—Will any of your correspondents oblige me
with a technical blazon of the arms of the town of Geneva?

F. F. B.

Bury St. Edmunds.

Webb of Monckton Farleigh.—Perhaps some reader of “N.
& Q.” would be so good as to inform me what were the arms, crest, and
motto of the Webbs of Monckton Farleigh, co. Wilts; also, if there be any
pedigree of them extant, and where it is to be found; or otherwise would
direct me what would be my best means to ascertain some account of that
family, who are now represented by the Duke of Somerset?

Henri.

Dublin.

Translation Wanted.—Can any of your correspondents inform
me where I may meet with a translation by the Rev. F. Hodgson, late
Provost of Eton, &c., of the Atys of Catllus?

P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.

Latin Translation from Sheridan, &c.—My treacherous
memory retains one line only of each of two translations into Latin
verse, admirably done, of two well-known pieces of English poetry. The
first from a song by Sheridan, of the lines:

The second:

is thus rendered:

If in the circle of your correspondents the complete translations can
be furnished, you will by their insertion, gratify other lovers of modern
Latin poetry besides

Balliolensis.

Gale of Rent.—I can imagine what is meant by a gale of
rent, and be thankful I have not to pay one. But what is the origin
of the term gale as thus applied?

Y. B. N. J.

Arms of Sir Richard de Loges.—What were the arms borne by
Sir Richard de Loges, or Lodge, of Chesterton, in the county of Warwick,
temp. Henry IV.?

Ln.

Gentile Names of the Jews.—Are the Jews known to each
other by their Gentile names of Rothschild, Montefiore, Davis, &c.?
or are these only their nommes de guerre, assumed and abandoned at
will on change of country?

G. E. T. S. R. N.

Henry, Earl of Wotton (Vol. viii., pp. 173. 281.).—The
editors of the Navorscher express their thanks to Broctuna for his reply to their Query, but hope he will
kindly increase their debt of gratitude by elucidating three points which
seem to them obscure:

1. Which Lord Stanhope died childless? Not Henry, Lord Stanhope, for
he (see p. 281.) left a son and two daughters; nor yet Philip, for his
widow had borne him daughters. Or have we wrongly understood the letters
s. p. to signify sine prole?

2. Was it the Earl of Chesterfield, half-brother of Charles Henry van
den Kerckhove, or Charles {564}Stanhope his nephew, who took the name of
Wotton?

3. Knight’s National Cyclopædia of Useful Knowledge (vol. xi.
p. 374.) names James Stanhope, Earl Stanhope, the eldest son of the Hon.
Alexander Stanhope, second son of Philip Stanhope, first Earl of
Chesterfield. Had the latter then, besides the above-named (see p. 281.)
Henry, Lord Stanhope, also other sons?

Kicker-eating.—Can any of your West Yorkshire readers
supply me with information relative to a practice which is said formerly
to have prevailed at Cleckheaton, of eating “kicker,” or horseflesh? It
is a fact that natives of that locality who come to reside at Leeds are
still subjected to the opprobrium of being kicker-eaters.

H. W.

Chadderton of Nuthurst, co. Lancashire.—When did the
family of Chadderton become extinct? Had Edmund Chadderton, son and heir
of George Chadderton by Jane Warren of Poynton, any descendants? and if
so, what were their names and the dates of their respective births,
marriages, and deaths? In short, any particulars relating to them down to
the period of the extinction of this family would be most acceptable.

J. B.

George, first Viscount Lanesborough, and Sir Charles
Cotterell.—G. S. S. begs to submit the following questions to
the readers of “N. & Q.:” When did George Lane, first Viscount
Lanesborough, in Ireland, die? And when Sir Charles Cotterell, the
translator of Cassandra? Where were they both buried?

“Firm was their faith,” &c.—Who was the writer of
those beautiful lines, of which the following, the only verse I remember,
is a portion?

And where can they be met with entire?

P. M.

The Mother of William the Conqueror.—Can you or any of
your correspondents say which is right? In Debrett’s Peerage for
1790 the genealogy of the Marchioness Grey gives her descent from “Rollo
or Fulbert, who was chamberlain to Robert, Duke of Normandy; and of his
gift had the castle and manor of Croy in Picardy, whence his posterity
assumed their surname, afterwards written de Grey. Which Rollo had a
daughter Arlotta, mother of William the Conqueror.” Now history says that
the mother of the Conqueror was Arlette or Arlotte, the daughter of a
tanner at Falaise. We know how scrupulous the Norman nobility were in
their genealogical records; and likewise that in the lapse of time
mistakes are perpetuated and become history. Can history in this instance
be wrong? and if so, how did the mistake arise? I shall feel obliged to
any one who can furnish farther information on the subject.

Alpha.

Pedigree of Sir Francis Bryan.—This accomplished
statesman, and ornament of Henry VIII.’s reign, married Joan of Desmond,
Countess Dowager of Ormonde, and died childless in Ireland A.D. 1550. Query, Did any cadet of his family
accompany him to that country? I found a Louis Bryan settled in the
county of Kilkenny in Elizabeth’s reign, and suspect that he came in
through the connexion of Sir F. Bryan with the Ormonde family. Any
information as to the arms and pedigree of Sir F. Bryan will greatly
oblige

James Graves.

Kilkenny.

Minor Queries with Answers.

“The Whole Duty of Man.“—Of what nature is the testimony
that this book was written by Dorothy Coventry, “the good Lady
Pakington?”

Quæsitor.

{565}

“It rained cats and dogs and little
pitchforks.”—Helter-skelter.—What can be the
origin of this saying? I can imagine that rain may descend with such
sharpness and violence as to cause as much destruction as a shower of
“pitchforks” would; but if any of your readers can tell me why heavy rain
should be likened to “cats and dogs,” I shall be truly obliged. Many
years ago I saw a most cleverly drawn woodcut, of a party of travellers
encountering this imaginary shower; some of the animals were descending
helter-skelter from the clouds; others wreaking their vengeance on the
amazed wayfarers, while the “pitchforks” were running into the bodies of
the terrified party, while they were in vain attempting to run out of the
way of those which were threatening to fall upon their heads, and thus
striking them to the ground. So strange an idea must have had some
peculiar origin.—Can you or your readers say what it is?

M. E. C.

P. S.—I find I have used a word above, of which every one knows
the signification, “helter-skelter;” but I, for one, confess
myself ignorant of its derivation. And I shall be glad to be
informed on the subject.

Father Traves.—Can any of your Lancashire readers refer
me to a source whence I might obtain information on matters pertaining to
the life of one Father Travers [Traves], the friend and correspondent of
the celebrated martyr John Bradford?

As yet I have but met with the incidental mention of his name in the
pages of Fox, and in Hollingworth’s Mancuensis, pp. 75, 76.

A Jesuit.

Precise Dates of Births and Deaths of the
Pretenders.—Will any one be so kind as to tell me the date of
the birth and death of James VIII. and his son Charles III. (commonly
called Prince Charles Edward Stuart)? These dates are given so variously,
that I am anxious to ascertain them correctly.

L. M. M. R.

Clarence.—Whence the name of this dukedom? Was the title
borne by any one before the time of Lionel, son of Edward III.?

W. T. M.

Replies.

MACKEY’S “THEORY OF THE EARTH”.

(Vol. viii., p. 468.)

About the year 1827, when the prosecutions for blasphemy were leading
hundreds and thousands to see what could be said against Christianity,
with a very powerful bias to make the most of all that they could find,
some friends of mine, of more ingenuity than erudition, strongly
recommended to my attention the works of a shoemaker at Norwich, named
Mackey, who they said was more learned than any one else, and had
completely shown up the thing. It is worth a note that I perfectly
remember the cause of their excitement to have been the imprisonment of
the Rev. Robert Taylor, for publishing various arguments against
revelation. I examined several works of Mackey’s, and I have yet one or
two bound up among my wonders of nature and art. As in time to come, when
neither love nor money will procure a copy of these books, some tradition
may set inquirers looking after them, perhaps it may be worth while to
preserve a couple of extracts for the benefit of those who have the sense
to hunt the index of “N. & Q.” before they give up anything.

“The Virgin Andromeda, the daughter of Cepheus and
Cassiopeia, was the representative of Palestina; a long, narrow,
rocky strip of land; figuratively called the daughter of Rocks and
Mountains; because it is a country abounding with rocks and stones. And
the Greeks, really supposing Cepha, a rock or stone, to have been
the young ladies father, added their sign of the masculine gender to it,
and it became Cepha-us. And mount Cassius being its southern
boundary was called Cassiobi; from its being also the boundary of
the overflowed Nile, called Obi, which the Greeks {566}softened into
Cassiopeia, and supposed it to have been her
mother;…”—Mythological Astronomy, part second, Norwich,
1823, 12mo., p. xiii.

“The story of Abraham, notwithstanding all the
endeavours of theologians to give it the appearance of the history of
human beings, has preserved its mythological features with an outline and
colouring, easily to be recognised by every son of Urania [Ur of
the Chaldees is subsequently made to contain the root of Uranus].
We have just seen that the Egyptians have their harvest about the time
which the sun passes over the equator, and if we go back to the
time of Abraham we shall find that the equator [perhaps he means
equinox] was in Taurus; the Egyptians must, then, have had their
harvest while the sun was in the Bull; the Bull was, therefore, in their
figurative way of speaking, the father of harvest, not only because he
ploughed the ground, but because the sun was there when they got in their
harvest: thus the Bull was doubly distinguished as their benefactor; he
was now, more than ever, become the Bull of life, i. e. he was not
only called Abir, the Bull, but Abir-am or Ab’-r-am, the
Bull of life,—the father of harvest. And as their harvest
was originally under the direction of Iseth, or Isis, whatever belonged
to harvest was Isiac; but the Bull, Abiram, was now become
the father of Isiac! and to give this the appearance of a human
descent, they added to Abir, the masculine affix ah; then it
became Ab’-rh-am who was the father of Isiac. And
we actually find this equivoque in the hebrew history of
Abram whom the Lord afterwards called Abraham, who was the
father of Isaac, whose seed was to be countless as the sand on the
sea-shore for multitude; even this is truly applied to Isiac the
offspring of Ab’-rh-am; for countless indeed are the offspring of the
scythe and sickle! but if we allow Isiac to be a real
son of Ab-rah-am we must enquire after his mother. During the
time that the equator [perhaps he means the sun] is passing through the
constellation of the Bull in the spring, the Bull would rise in the
east every morning in the harvest time, in Egypt,—but in the
poetical language of the ancients, it would be said that, when
Abir-am consorts with Aurora he
will produce Isiac. But Aurora is well known to be the
golden splendour of the east, and the brightness of the east is
called Zara, and the morning star is Serah, in the eastern
languages, and we find a similar change of sound in the name of Isaac’s
mother, whom the Lord would no longer call Sarai but Sarah.
These ARE remarkable
coincidences!”—Companion to the Mythological Astronomy,
Norwich, 1824, 12mo. pp. 177-179.

M.

In answer to the inquiry respecting this singular man, I beg to say
that I remember him between the years 1826 and 1830, as a shoemaker in
Norwich. He was in a low rank of trade, and in poor circumstances, which
he endeavoured to improve by exhibiting at private houses an orrery of
his own making. He was recognised as a “genius;” but, as may be seen by
his writings, had little reverence for established forms of belief. At
the period of which I speak, which was soon after the publication of his
first work, I knew but little of his mind, and lost sight of him
altogether till about 1840. Then circumstances connected with my own line
of study led me to call on him in Doughty’s Hospital, Norwich, an asylum
for aged persons. I found him surrounded by astronomical apparatus,
books, the tools of his former trade, and all kinds of strange litters.
In the conversation that ensued, I learned much of the workings of his
mind; though his high self-appreciation could not descend to unreserved
converse with a woman. My object was, to ascertain by what steps he had
arrived at his theory of the earth’s motion, but I could gain nothing
distinct. He mentioned the Asiatic Researches as containing vast
information on his peculiar subject; quoted Latin, and I think Greek,
authors; and seemed to place great dependence on Maurice and Bryant; but,
above all, on Capt. Wilford’s Essays. He showed me some elaborate
calculations, at which he was then working and still fancied himself
qualified, perhaps destined, to head a great revolution in the
astronomical world. I cannot say how far his knowledge of geology went,
as I am not well acquainted with that science. He had evidently read and
studied deeply, but alone; his own intellect had never been brushed by
the intellects and superior information of truly scientific men, and it
appeared to me that a vast deal of dirt, real dirt, had accumulated in
his mind. My visit disappointed and pained me, but he seemed gratified,
and I therefore promised to call again, which I did, but he was not at
home. I think this visit was soon after he had removed into the hospital,
for I then purchased his last work, The Age of Mental
Emancipation, published 1836, before he obtained that asylum. He died
before 1849, but I do not know the exact year.

In any next visit to Norwich, I will make inquiries on all points
relating to Mackey, of the very few persons now left who took interest in
him, and I think I can find the printer of his last pamphlet.

I have not the work mentioned in “N. & Q.;” but, besides his last
work, I have The Mythological Astronomy of the Ancients
demonstrated, which is partly in poetry.

I have been obliged to write this Note in the first person, as I can
give only my own impressions respecting Mackey; and I wish that ere this
you may have received clearer information from more competent persons. If
your Querist have the least grain of faith in the theory of
Mackey, I hope he will not let the subject drop, for I have long been
deeply interested in it.

F. C. B.

Diss.

Mackey, of whom your correspondent inquires, was an entirely
self-educated man, but a learned shoemaker, residing in Norwich. He
devoted all his leisure time to astronomical, geological, and {567}philological pursuits; and had some share
in the formation of a society in his native town, for the purpose of
debating questions relative to these sciences. I have understood that he
was for some time noticed by a small portion of the scientific world, but
afterwards neglected, as, from his own account, he appears also to have
been by his literary fellow townsmen; and at last to have died in a
Norwich alms-house. This is but a meagre account of the man, but it is
possible that I may be able to glean farther particulars on the subject;
for a medical friend of mine, who some time ago lent me Mythological
Astronomy, promised to let me see some papers in his possession
relative to this learned shoemaker’s career, and to a few of his
unpublished speculations. When I have an opportunity of seeing these, I
shall be glad to communicate to your correspondent through “N. & Q.”
anything of interest. The title-page of Mythological Astronomy
runs thus:

“The Mythological Astronomy of the Ancients demonstrated by restoring
to their Fables and Symbols their Original Meanings. By Sampson Arnold
Mackey, Shoemaker. Norwich: printed by R. Walker, near the Duke’s Palace.
Published May 1, 1822, by S. A. Mackey, Norwich.”

The book contains a variety of subjects, but principally treats of the
Hindoo, Greek, and Roman mythology; and endeavours to deduce all the
fables and symbols of the ancients from the starry sphere. It also
contains a singular hypothesis of the author’s upon the celebrated island
of Atlantis, mentioned by Plato and other Greek authors; and some very
curious speculations concerning the doctrine of the change in the angle
which the plane of the ecliptic makes with the plane of the equator.

Urania’s Key to the Revelations is bound up with the above
work. I forgot to say that his Ancient Mythology demonstrated is
written in verse, and afterwards more fully explained by notes. His
poetical abilities, however, neither suit the subject, nor are of a very
high order. His prose is better, but here and there shows the deficiency
of education.

E. M. R.

Grantham.

SINCERE, SIMPLE, SINGULAR.

(Vol. viii., pp. 195. 328. 399.)

When a hive of bees is taken, the practice is to lay the combs upon a
sieve over some vessel, in only that the honey may drain out of the
combs. Whilst the combs are in the hive, they hang perpendicularly, and
each cell is horizontal; and in this position the honey in the cells
which are in the course of being filled does not run out; but when the
combs are laid on the sieve horizontally, the cells on the lower side of
the combs hang perpendicularly, and then the honey begins to run out of
those that are not sealed up. The honey that so runs out is perfectly
pure, and free from wax. The cells, however, that are sealed up with wax
still retain their honey; and the ordinary process to extract it is to
place the sieve with the combs upon it so near a fire as gradually to
melt the wax, so as to let the honey escape. During this process, some
portion of wax unavoidably gets mixed with the honey. Here then we have
two kinds of honey: one in a perfectly pure state, and wholly sine
cerâ; the other in some degree impure, and mixed cum cerâ. Can
anything be more reasonable than to suppose that the former was called
sincerum mel, just as we call it virgin honey? And this accords
with Ainsworth’s derivation, “ex sine et cerâ: ut mel purum dicitur quod
cerâ non est permixtum.” If it be said that there is nothing to show that
the old Romans adopted the process I have described, I reply it is
immaterial what process they followed in order to extract what would not
flow out of itself; as whatever did flow out of itself would be mel
sine cerâ.

If such were the origin of the term, it is easy to see how
appropriately, in a secondary sense, it would denote whatever was pure,
sweet, unadulterated, and ingenuous.

Now if we apply this sense to the line:

it will mean, “unless the vessel be sweet and pure, it will turn
whatever you pour into it sour.”

This is the interpretation that has always hitherto been put upon the
line; which is thus translated by Tommaso Gargallo, vol. iii. p. 19.
edit. 1820:

And by Francis (vol. iv. p. 27., 6th edit.):—

The context shows that this is the correct translation, as sincerum
vas is obviously in opposition to “auriculas collectâ sorde
dolentes,” in the preceding line.

The line itself plainly refers to the well-known fact, that if wine or
other liquor be poured into a foul vessel, it will be polluted by it. Nor
can I avoid noticing the elegant opposition, according to this
construction, between the sweetness in sincerum, and the acidity
in acescit.

I also think that Mr. Inglesby’s version
cannot be correct for the following reason. Cracks may exist in every
part of a vessel alike; and as the part filled by the liquor is always
many times greater than the remainder of the vessel, cracks would more
frequently occur in the former; and, as where air can get in the liquor
can get out, it {568}is plain that in the majority of instances
the liquor would run away instead of turning sour. Now the line plainly
contains a general affirmative proposition that all liquor
whatsoever will be turned sour, unless the vessel be sincerum; and
therefore that version cannot be right which applies only to a few
instances.

“Sincerum cupimus vas incrustare” is well rendered by Gargallo (vol.
ii. p. 37.):

and by Francis (vol. iii. p. 39.):

The passage is well explained in the note to Baxter’s Hor. (p.
310. edit. 1809):

“Incrustari vas dicitur cum aliquo vitioso succo illinitur atque
inquinatur.”

And the passage in the 18th satire of Lucilius shows that this is an
accurate explanation:

A practice, I rather think, prevails in some parts of England of
rubbing the inside of a vessel with sweet herbs, in order to flavour
cyder or other liquor.

It appears from the same note:

“Fracta vasa et gypsare et pelliculare Veteres consuevêre. Gypsantur
et pelliculantur vasa plena ad aëra et sordes excludendas. Sincerum
proprie mel sine cerâ, vel, quod magis huc pertinet, vas non ceratum: nam
a ceraturâ odorem vel saporem trahit.”

If these passages show the practice of sealing vessels with wax, they
also show that the wax was what affected the flavour of the liquor.

Mr. Jeffcock plainly errs in saying that
simplex “does not mean without a fold, but once folded.” In Latin
we have the series simplex, duplex, triplex,
&c., corresponding precisely to the English single,
double, treble, &c. And as single denotes a
thing without a fold, so does simplex. Mr.
Jeffcock’s derivation would make simplex and duplex
mean the same thing. Now duplex does not mean twice folded, but
double.

Nor can I think that singulus can be “semel and termination.”
Ainsworth derives it from the Hebrew סגלה‎, which
denotes whatever is peculiar or singular. It occurs to me to suggest
whether it may not be derived from sine angulis. The term denotes
unity—one person, one thing. Now the Roman mark for one is a
straight line, and that is “that which lies evenly between its extreme
points;” it is emphatically a line without bend, angle, or
turning—”linea sine angulis:” angulus, like its Greek original, denoting any
bend, whether made by a straight or curved line.

Though I cannot at this moment refer to any other Latin words
compounded of sine, we have in Spanish simpar, without
equal: sinigual, sinjusticia, sinrazon,
sinnumero, sinsabor.

The delight I take in endeavouring to attain the correct meaning of
the classics will, I hope, form some apology for the length of this
Note.

S. G. C.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

POETICAL TAVERN SIGNS.

(Vol. viii., p. 242.)

In an old collection of tavern signs of the last century, among many
others I find the following. On the sign of the “Arrow,” at Knockholt, in
Kent,—

On the sign of the “Shoulder of Mutton and Cat,” at Hackney, in
Middlesex,—

On the sign of the “Gate,” at Blean Hill, in Kent,—

On the sign of the “Ship in Distress,” in Middle Street, Brighton,
Sussex,—

On the sign of the “Waggon and Horses,” in Black Lion Street,
Brighthelmstone,—

Ruby.

At a small way-side beer-shop in the parish of Werrington in the
county of Devon, a few years since there was the following sign:

J. D.

Launceston.

Not far from Kilpeck, Herefordshire, I have seen a wayside
public-house, exhibiting the sign of the “Oak,” under which is the
following couplet:

{569}

As “good John Pugh” sold excellent cider, I did not repent complying
with the injunction.

W. J. Bernhard Smith.

Temple.

This is at a roadside public-house near Maidenhead, known by the sign
of the “Gate.” It is thus:

I remember a sign near Marlborough of the “Red Cow,” and the landlord,
being also a milkman, had inscribed under the rude drawing of a cow these
lines:

Newburiensis.

HOMO UNIUS LIBRI.

(Vol. viii., p. 440.)

I have not verified in the works of St. Thomas this saying ascribed to
him, but I subjoin a passage from Bishop Taylor, where it is quoted:

“A river cut into many rivulets divides also its strength, and grows
contemptible and apt to be forded by a lamb and drunk up by a summer sun;
so is the spirit of man busied in variety, and divided in itself; it
abates its fervour, cools into indifferency, and becomes trifling by its
dispersion and inadvertency. Aquinas was once asked, with what compendium
a man might best become learned? He answered, By reading of one
book; meaning that an understanding entertained with several objects
is intent upon neither, and profits not.” —Life of Christ,
part ii. s. xii. 16.

He also quotes Ecclus (xi. 10.), St. Gregory, St. Bernard, Seneca,
Quintillian, and Juvenal to the same purpose.

Southey quotes part of this passage from Bishop Taylor (in the
Doctor) and adds:

“Lord Holland’s poet, the prolific Lope de Vega, tells us to the same
purport. The Homo Unius Libri is indeed proverbially formidable to
all conversational figurantes: like your sharpshooter, he knows his
piece, and is sure of his shot.”

The truth of this dictum of St. Thomas cannot be too much insisted on
in this age of many books, which affords such incentives to literary
dissipation and consequent shallowness.

“An intellectual man, as the world now conceives of him, is one who is
full of ‘views,’ on all subjects of philosophy, on all matters of the
day. It is almost thought a disgrace not to have a view at a moment’s
notice on any question from the Personal Advent to the Cholera or
Mesmerism. This is owing in a great measure to the necessities of
periodical literature, now so much in request. Every quarter of a year,
every month every day, there must be a supply for the gratification of
the public, of new and luminous theories on the subjects of religion,
foreign politics, home politics, civil economy, finance, trade,
agriculture, emigration, and the colonies. Slavery, the gold fields,
German philosophy, the French empire, Wellington, Peel, Ireland, must all
be practised on, day after day, by what are called original
thinkers.”—Dr. Newman’s Disc. on Univ. Educ., p. xxv.
(preface).

This writer follows up the subject very ably, and his remarks on that
spurious philosophism which shows itself in what, for want of a better
word, he calls “viewiness,” are worth the attention of all homines
unius libri.

P.S.—As I think of it, I shall make a cognate Query. Some
facetious opponent of the schoolmen fathered on St. Thomas Aquinas an
imaginary work in sundry folio volumes entitled De Omnibus Rebus,
adding an equally bulky and imaginary supplement—Et Quibusdam
Aliis. This is as often used to feather a piece of unfledged wit, as
the speculation concerning the number of angels that could dance on the
point of a needle, and yet I have never been able to trace out the
inventor of these visionary tomes.

Eirionnach.

THE FORLORN HOPE.

(Vol. viii., p. 411.)

My attention was directed to the consideration of this expression some
years ago when reading in John Dymmoks’ Treatise of Ireland,
written about the year 1600, and published among the Tracts relating
to Ireland, printed for the Irish Archæological Society, vol. ii.,
the following paragraph:

“Before the vant-guard marched the forelorn hope, consisting of
forty shott and twenty shorte weapons, with order that they should not
discharge untill they presented theire pieces to the rebells’ breasts in
their trenches, and that sooddenly the short weapons should enter the
trenches pell mell: vpon eyther syde of the vant-guarde (which was
observed in the batle and reare-guarde) marched wings of shott enterlyned
with pikes, to which were sent secondes with as much care and diligence
as occasion required. The baggage, and a parte of the horse, marched
before the battell; the rest of the horse troopes fell in before the
rearewarde except thirty, which, in the head of the rearelorne
hope, conducted by Sir Hen. Danvers, made the retreit of the whole
army.”—P.32.

The terms rearelorne hope and forlorne hope occur
constantly in the same work, and bear the same signification as in the
foregoing.

Remarking upon this circumstance to my friend the late Dr. Graves, he
wrote the following notice of the word in the Dublin Quarterly Journal
of Medical Science, of which I was then the editor, in Feb. 1849:

“Military and civil writers of the present day seem quite ignorant of
the true meaning of the words {570}forlorn hope. The adjective has
nothing to do with despair, nor the substantive with the ‘charmer which
lingers still behind;’ there was no such poetical depth in the words as
originally used. Every corps marching in any enemy’s country had a small
body of men at the head (haupt or hope) of the advanced
guard; and which was termed the forlorne hope (lorn being
here but a termination similar to ward in forward), while
another small body at the head of the rere guard was called the
rear-lorn hope (xx.). A reference to Johnson’s Dictionary
proves that civilians were misled as early as the time of Dryden by the
mere sound of a technical military phrase; and, in process of time, even
military men forgot the true meaning of the words. It grieves me to sap
the foundations of an error to which we are indebted for Byron’s
beautiful line:

W. R. Wilde.

Dublin.

TIECK’S “COMŒDIA DIVINA.”

(Vol. viii., p. 126.)

The title-page of this work is: Comœdia Divina, mit drei
Vorreden von Peter Hammer, Jean Paul, und dem Herausgeber, 1808. The
absence of publisher’s name and place of publication leaves little doubt
that the name W. G. H. Gotthardt, and the date “Basel, Mai 1, 1808,” are
both fictitious.

But for finding the passage cited by M. M. E. at p. 38., I should have
supposed that the Munich critic had referred to some other book with the
same title. No one who has read this can suppose it was written by Tieck.
The Catholic-romantic school, of which he was the most distinguished
member, furnishes the chief objects of the author’s ridicule. Novalis,
Görres, and F. Schlegel are the most prominent; but at p. 128. is an
absurd sonnet “an Tieck.”

The Comœdia Divina is a very clever and somewhat profane
satire, such as Voltaire might have written had he been a German of the
nineteenth century. It opens with Jupiter complaining to Mercury of ennui
(eine langweilige Existenz), and that he is not what he was when
young. Mercury advises a trip to Leipzig fair, where he may get good
medical advice for his gout, and certainly will see something new. They
go, and hear various dealers sing the catalogues of their goods. The
lines quoted by M. M. E. are sung by a young man with a puppet-show and
barrel-organ to the burden:

He exhibits things taken from the physics of Oken, the metaphysics of
Schelling, and the æsthetics of Görres. The whole of the song is good;
and I quote one stanza as showing a sound appreciation of the current
metaphysicians:

They visit the garret of Herr Novalis Octavianus Hornwunder, a maker
of books to order upon every subject: they learn the mysteries of the
manufacture. The scene is clever, but much of the wit is unappreciable as
directed against productions which have not survived. Jupiter, in
compassion to Hornwunder, changes him to a goose, immediately after which
a bookseller enters, and, mistaking the gods for authors, makes them an
offer of six dollars and twelve groschen the octavo volume, besides
something for the kitchen. Jupiter, enraged, changes him to a fox, which
forthwith eats the goose “feathers and all.”

They then go to see the play of the Fall of Man (Der
Sündenfall). The subject is treated after the manner of Hans Sachs,
but with this difference, that the simple-minded old Nuremberger saw
nothing incongruous in making Cain and Abel say their catechism, and Cain
go away from the examination to fight with the low boys in the street;
whereas the author of Der Sündenfall is advisedly irreverent.
Another proof, if one were wanted, that he was not Tieck.

Die Ungöttliche Comödie is not by Batornicki, but translated by
him from the Polish. In the preface he apologises for inelegant German,
as that is not his native language; and I presume he is a Pole, as he
says the author’s name is known among us (unter uns). As he calls
it a poem (Dichtung) the original is probably in verse. I think
the Munich critic could have seen only some extracts from the
Comœdia Divina; for, so far from Batornicki “plundering
freely,” I do not find any resemblance between the works except in the
sole word comœdia. The Comœdia Divina is a
mockery, not political, but literary, and as such anti-mystic and
conservative. Die Ungöttliche Comödie is wild, mystical,
supernatural, republican, and communistic. It contains passages of great
power, eloquence, and pathos. German critics are often prosy and
inefficient, but not given to wilful misrepresentation or carelessness in
examining the books they review. The writer in the Munich journal must be
held an exception.

H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

{571}

LIVERIES WORN BY GENTLEMEN.

(Vol. vi., p. 146.; Vol. viii., p. 473.)

The prevalence of the custom of the liveries of noble and other
persons being worn by others than the retainers of the family, in the
reigns of Henry VI. and Elizabeth, is exemplified by two documents
preserved amongst the MSS. of the corporation of this borough. The first,
which is also curious as a specimen of the language of the period, is an
award under the seal of Margaret of Anjou; under whom, as they had
previously done under Katherine, queen of Henry V., the corporation
farmed the bailiwick of the town:

“Margaret, by the grace of God, Quene of England and of Ffraunce and
Lady of Irland, Doughter of the Kyng of Sicile and Jerlm. Be it knawen to all men
to whom this p’sent writyng (endented) shall come, that whereas a certeyn
Comission of my fuldoutfull Lord was directed
to c’teyn p¯sones to
enquere as well of yevyng of lyu’e, as of other diu’s articles … before
the Comissioners of the seyd Comission it was p’sented by William Neuby and other of
our tenntz of
Leycestre … that c’teyn p¯sones, in Leycestre, had taken clothyng of
diu’rez p’sones, ayenst the forme of the statut; that ys to wete, that
some of hem had taken clothyng of the Viscount Beaumont, and some of
S^r Edward Grey, Lord Fferrers of Growby, and some of hem had
taken clothyng of other diu’res p¯sones, by cause of which p’sentement
diu’res p¯sones,
some of the houshold of the seyd Lord Fferrers, and some of the clothing
of the said Lord, with other wele wilners to the said Lord, as yet not to
us knawen, by supportacon and favour, and for
pleasance to the said Lord, as we ben enfo’med … betyn and sore
woundetyn the said William Neuby, and manesten to bete other of our
tenntz of Leycestre.”
… She doth therefore “ordeyn, deme, and awarde” that the said Lord
Ferrers pay c. marks to William Neuby, that he “be goode lorde to the
said William Neuby; and to all other tenntz in our lordship of Leycestre; and that the said
lord shall not geve any clothyng or liue’y to any p¯sone dwellyng within our said lordship,”
&c…. “Yeven the xx day of May, the yere of the reign of my most
douted Lord Kyng Henr’ the Sext, xxvii.”

The above extracts show one of the evils to which the practice led;
another, mentioned in the deed, was that of deerstealing. William Newby
was mayor of the town in 1425, 1433, and 1444-5.

The second document is a curious letter from the mayor and some
members of the corporation to George Earl of Huntington, lord-lieutenant
of the county, and a frequent resident in the town, where a part of his
mansion, called “Lord’s Place,” and in which James I. was entertained,
still exists. The draft of this letter forms part of an interesting
series of correspondence between the corporation and the earl, respecting
the nomination of the parliamentary representatives of the town in
1601.

The earl recommended that Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Herrick and Mr.
Bromley should be chosen, and in strong language warned them against
electing Mr. George Belgrave of Belgrave (who had greatly offended him),
as he hears “that Belgrave still contineweth his great practising in
labouring to be chosen;” and he adds, “Goode Mr. Mayor, be carefull of
this, as you and the rest will looke to make accompt of me.”

It appears that many members of the corporation were secretly
favourable to Mr. Belgrave, and he was elected, as explained in the
following letter:

“Right Ho^e, oure humble dewties remeberd, &c., may yt please yo^r good
Lpp. to be c’tified, that upon Tuesday morninge laste, being assembled
for the choice of o^r Burgesses, Mr. George Belgrave p’sented
himselfe amongest us, in a blewe coat w^th a bull head,
affirminge and protestinge he was yo^r Lp‘s s’vt, and that
S^r Henrie Harrington, verye late the night before, had
obteyned that favour of yo^r ho^r in his behalfe; and
muche bemoned his former undewtifull cariage towards yo^r
Lp, w^th a remorsive remembrance of
many most ho. favours receaved from yo^r Lp and yo^r house, towards his auncestors,
him, and his; and, recommendinge his former suite to be one of oure
Burgesses, being demanded whether he had any letter from yo^r
Lp, answered, that this (poyntinge at his coat
and cognizance) he hoped was a sufficient testimonie of y^r
Lp‘s favour towards him, and of his submission
towards yo^r ho^r; and further, that it was so late
before S^r Henrie cold p¯cure yo^r Lp‘s said favour, as that you cold not well write,
and, for the truth of the p¯mises, he offered his corporal oathe.
Whereupon we, thinkinge all this to be true, made choyce of him,
w^th Mr. Willm Herricke, to be
o^r Burgesses. And now, this evening, wee are credibly
certified that y^r Lp hath geven him
no suche entertaynem^t; and thus by his said lewde and most
dishonest dealinge, being much abused, we thought it o^r
dewties forthew^th to signifie the same unto yo^r
Lp, humbly cravinge yo^r Lp‘s most ho^rable favor for some
reformacon of this vile practize. And thus,
w^th remembrance of oure dewties, wee humbly take o^r
leaves. From Leic^r, this xx^th day of October,
1601.

An angry and characteristic reply from the earl follows, but with
which, as it is printed in Thompson’s History of Leicester (p.
318.), I will not trespass upon your valuable space. It may be sufficient
to say, that he tells the mayor that—

“Notwithstanding this treacherous devise of that cunninge practisore,
I feare it will appeare, upon due scanninge of this accydent,
y^t there remaynes a false brother amongst you…. And as for
y^e p’sone hymself whoe hathe thus shameleslye sought to
dishonoure me and deceave you, I will, by the grace of God, take suche
order as in honor and lawfullye I maye, bothe {572}for y^e
better unfouldinge of this, as also for suche punnyshm^t as the
law will inflict.”

In pursuance of this determination, the earl exhibited an information
against Mr. Belgrave in the Star Chamber. The subsequent proceedings
which took place on the subject in parliament will be found noticed in
D’Ewes’s Journal, and quoted in Thompson’s History of
Leicester, pp. 319-323.

William Kelly.

Leicester.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Queries on Dr. Diamond’s Calotype Process.—Would you
kindly ask Dr. Diamond, to whom I should imagine
all of us are more or less indebted, the following questions respecting
the very valuable paper on the calotype in the last Photographic
Journal?

1. As to the white spots which make their appearance in developing, on
Turner’s paper especially, and which he says are owing to minute pieces
of metal in the paper, what is the best way of hiding them in the
negative, so that they may as little as possible injure the positive? I
have suffered sadly from this cause; and have tried to stop them with
ammonio-nitrate, which turns after a time to red, and stops the light
effectually; but I should prefer some black colouring the strength of
which one could measure by seeing its immediate effect.

2. And again, when one has black spots, what is the best means of
lessening their intensity, if not of wholly removing them?

Φωτογραφος.

Albumenized Paper.—I have followed Dr.
Diamond’s directions for albumenizing paper (thin Canson negative)
as accurately as I can, but I cannot prevent the albumen in drying, when
pinned up, from forming into waves or streaks. This will be best
understood from a specimen of a sheet which I inclose, and I shall be
much obliged if you can tell me how this can be avoided. Some albumenized
paper which I have purchased is quite free from this defect, but being at
a distance from London, it is both convenient and economical to prepare
my own paper.

C. E. F.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Marcarnes (Vol. viii., p. 365.).—Can this curiously
sounding name be an archaic form of Mackarness, a name, I think, still
borne by living persons?

Francis John Scott.

Tewkesbury.

X on Brewers’ Casks (Vol. viii., p. 439.).—Your
correspondent B. H. C., though ingenious, is in error. The X on brewers’
casks originated in the fact, that beer above a certain strength paid
10s. duty; and the X became a mark to denote beer of that better
quality. The doubling and tripling of the X are nothing but inventions of
the brewers to humbug the public.

ב‎. ד‎.

No Sparrows at Lindham (Vol. vii., p. 233.).—Amongst the
various responses in connexion with the Queries given on the page above
noted, communicated direct, the only one which I have thought worthy of
insertion in my MSS. is as follows:

“As for there being no sparrows at Lindham, it may be accounted for in
the following legend:—A few years ago I was in that district when I
heard some account of a person called ‘Tom of Lindham;’ who, by the way,
was a curious personage, and performed some very extraordinary and
out-of-the-way feats. At one time he was left at home to protect the corn
from the sparrows; when, to save trouble, he got all of
them into the barn, and put a harrow into the window to keep them
in; and so starved (i. e. hungered) them to death.”

Furthermore Mr. Whittaker kindly communicated of the above Yorkshire
worthy:

“At the close of Tom’s life he took it into his head to make a road
across a part of Hatfield Chase to his own dwelling; when, according to
the legend, he employed supernatural aid: with this clause in the
contract, that he, Tom, should not inquire any particulars as to the
character of his assistants or helpmates. One day, however, being more
curious than prudent, he looked behind him; his workmen immediately
disappeared, and Tom of Lindham was no more heard of. His road still
remains in the state he left it.”

M. Aislabie Denham.

Piersebridge, near Darlington, Durham.

Theobald le Botiller (Vol. viii., p. 366.).—Theobald le
Botiller was an infant at his father’s death, 1206. He had livery in
1222; and in 9 Hen. III., {573}1225, married Rohesia or Rose de Verdun,
not Vernon. She was so great an heiress that she retained her own
name, and her posterity also bore it. She founded the Abbey of Grâce
Dieu, Leicestershire, in 1239; and died 1247-8. Her husband died in
1230, leaving two sons: John de Verdun, who inherited, and Nicholas, who
died in Ireland without issue; and one daughter Maud, who married John
FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel.

Walter Devereux.

Hampton Court Palace.

Vault at Richmond, Yorkshire (Vol. viii., p.
388.).—Touching the “vault,” or underground passage, “that goeth
under the river” of Swale, from the Castle of Richmond to the priory of
St. Martin, every tradition, i. e. as to its whereabouts, is, I
believe, now wholly lost.

Your Querist, however, who seems to feel an interest in that beautiful
and romantic portion of the north countrie, will perhaps welcome
the following mythe, which is connected, it is possible, with the
identical vault which is depictured by Speed in his Plan of
Richmond. It was taken down from the lips of a great-grand-dame by
one of her descendants, both of whom are still living, for the
gratification of your present correspondent, who, like Luther,

“Would not for any quantity of gold part with the wonderful tales
which he has retained from his earliest childhood, or met with in his
progress through life.”

But to my legend:

Once upon a time a man, walking round Richmond Castle, was accosted by
another, who took him into a vennel, or underground passage, below
the castle; where he beheld a vast multitude of people lying as if they
were sleeping. A horn and a sword were presented to him:
the horn to blow, and the sword to draw; in order, as said his guide, to
release them from their slumbers. And when he had drawn the sword half
out, the sleepers began to move; which frightened him so much, that he
put it back into the sheath: when instantly a voice exclaimed,

So ends the Legend of the Richmond Sleepers and Potter Thompson;
which, mayhap, is scarcely worth preserving, were it not that it has
preserved and handed down the characteristic, or rather trade, cognomen
and surname of its timorous at least, if not cowardly, hero.

M. Aislabie Denham.

Piersebridge, near Darlington, Durham.

Lord Audley’s Attendants at Poictiers (Vol. viii., p.
494.).—A notice of the arguments in opposition to the statement,
rested mainly on the grant of arms by John Touchet, Lord Audley, to the
descendant of Sir James de Mackworth, in consideration of his having been
one of these esquires, occurs in Blore’s Rutland, p. 130. and p.
224. And it appears to be satisfactorily shown by the grant itself, that
it was not made on account of the services of Sir James.

J. P. Jun.

Portraits at Brickwall House (Vol. vii., p.
406.).—Immerzeel says, in his Levens der Kunstschilders
(Lives of the Painters), vol. iii. pp. 238, 239.:

“Thomas van der Wilt, born at Piershil in the district of Putten, was
a disciple of Verkolje at Delft, where he also settled. He painted
portraits, domestic scenes, &c., which were not free from stiffness.
He also engraved in mezzotinto after Brouwer, Schalken, and others. His
drawings were engraved by his son William, who died young.”

He was living in 1701, and was probably grandson of a person of the
same name who resided in 1622 at Soetermeer near Leyden, for in the
register of the villages of Rhynland are found:

“Jan Thomas van der Wilt and Maritgen Pietersdr, his wife, with
Thomas, Maritgen, Pieter, Cornelis, Grietge, Jannetge, and Ingethen,
their children.”

The portrait painted by Terburgh probably represents Andries de
Graeff, who, in 1672, is called by Wagenaar, in his Vaderlandsche
Hist. of that year (p. 82.), late burgomaster of Amsterdam. It is
then necessary to ascertain whether this late burgomaster died in 1674.
The family de Graeff also resided at Delft, where several of its members
became magistrates.

Elsevir.

The portrait of the old gentleman is, in my opinion, doubtless that of
Andries de Graeff, who was elected burgomaster of Amsterdam in 1660, and
filled the office several times afterwards, although after the year 1670
his name no more appears on the list of burgomasters, which can very well
agree with the date of death (1674) on the portrait.—From the
Navorscher.

A. J. van der Aa.

Gorinchem.

The Words “Mob” and “Cash” (Vol. viii., pp. 386.
524.).—Clericus Rusticus will find the
origin and first introduction of the word mob fully stated in
Trench’s Lectures on the Study of Words (p. 124. fourth ed.). In
addition to the quotations there made, Clericus
Rusticus may refer to Dryden’s preface to Cleomenes (1692),
to the 230th number of The Tatler, written by Swift (an. 1710),
and to the Dean’s Introduction to Polite Conversation.

Cash.—What Lord Holland may have meant by a legitimate
English word it is hard to say. Dr. Johnson derives it from the Fr.
caisse (or casse), which Cotgrave interprets “a box, a
case, {574}or chest; also, a merchant’s cash
or counter.” Todd confirms the correctness of Johnson’s etymology by a
usage in Winwood’s Memorials; where the Countess of Shrewsbury is
said to have 20,000l. in her cash. And Richardson farther
confirms it by a quotation from Sir W. Temple; and one from Sherwood, who
explains cashier, “Qui garde le casse de l’argent de
merchand;” and a merchant’s cash, “casse de merchand.”

Q.

Bloomsbury.

English Clergyman in Spain (Vol. viii., p. 410.).—The
clergyman was perhaps attached to the army of England in Spain, in the
capacity of chaplain. I recommend a search for the record of his licence,
which will very probably recite his appointment; and this record is most
likely to be found with the proper officer of the diocese of London, in
Doctors’ Commons. I have seen one extraordinary discovery of information
of the kind now sought by D. Y., in this quarter; and D. Y. will probably
be so kind as to note his success in “N. & Q.,” if he obtains his
information here or elsewhere.

E.

The Cid (Vol. viii., p. 367.).—I find in the catalogue of
my library, the greatest part of which was destroyed by fire in 1849,
amongst other books relating to The Cid, the following:

“Romancero, e Historia del muy valeroso Cavallero el Cid Ruy Diaz de
Bivar, en lenguaje antiguo, recopilado por Juan de Escobar. En esta
ultima impression van añadidos muchos romances, que hasta aora no han
sido impressos, ni divulgados, 12mo. con licençia. En Pamplona, por
Martin de Zavala, año 1706.”

“Romancero e Historia del mui valeroso Cabellero el Cid Rui-diaz de
Vibar, en lenguage antiguo, recopilado por Juan de Escobar, neuva
edicion, reformada sobre las antiguas, añadida e illustrada con varias
notas y composiciones del mismo tiempo y asunto para su mas facil
intelligencia, y adornada con un epitome de la Historia verdadera del
Cid. Por D. Vicente Gonçales del Reguero. 12mo. con licencia, Madrid,
Imprenta de Cano, 1818.”

In Thorpe’s Catalogue, 1841, No. 1355, is an edition, 12mo.,
Segovia, 1629.

John Adamson.

Exterior Stoups (Vol. v., p. 560.; Vol. vi., pp. 18. 86. 160.
345. 497. 591., &c.).—Having introduced this subject to “N.
& Q.,” you will perhaps allow me to return to it, by adding to the
list of churches where exterior stoups may be seen, the names of Leigh
and Shrawley, Worcestershire. A recent visit to these places made me
aware of the existence of the stoups. That at Leigh is in a shattered
condition, and is on the south side of the western doorway: it is now
covered in by a porch of later date. That at Shrawley is on the eastern
side of the south door, and is hollowed out within the top of a short
column. Shrawley Church possesses many points of interest for the
antiquary: among which may be mentioned, a Norman window pierced through
one of the buttresses of the chancel. Among the noticeable things at
Leigh Church is a rude sculpture of the Saviour placed exteriorly over
the north door of the nave, in a recess, with semicircular heading and
Norman pillars. The rector is gradually restoring this fine church.

Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

Green Jugs used by the Templars (Vol. viii., p. 171.)—In
clearing out the ground for the foundation of Raymond Buildings in Gray’s
Inn, about thirty years since, two earthen green jugs were dug up, which
are preserved by the benchers as a memento of “the olden times.”

They will hold very little more than half a pint of liquor, are tall
and of good proportions, but so small at the top as almost to preclude
their being used to drink out of, and having a lip it is surmised that
they held the portion assigned to each student, who was also supplied
with a drinking horn.

I have seen a jug of the same description in the possession of a
gentleman in Lincoln’s Inn, which he informed me was brought to light in
excavating for the new hall. It is therefore probable that all the inns
of court were accustomed to provide jugs of the same description.

F. Whitmarsh.

“Peccavi,” I have Scinde (Vol. viii, p. 490.).—Your
correspondent Mr. G. Lloyd, who says he does “not
know on what authority” it is stated that “the old and lamented warrior,
Sir Charles Napier, wrote on the conquest of Scinde, Peccavi!” is
informed that the sole author of the despatch was Mr. Punch.

Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

In a note touching these well-known words, Mr. G.
Lloyd says, “It is also stated, I do not know on what authority,
that the old and lamented warrior, Sir Charles Napier, wrote on the
conquest of Scinde, Peccavi!” The author of Democritus in
London, with the Mad Pranks and Comical Conceits of Motley and Robin
Good-Fellow, thus alludes to this saying in that work. I presume he
had good authority for so doing:

A Subscriber.

Raffaelle’s Sposalizio (Vol. vii., p. 595.; Vol. viii., p.
61.).—The reason why the ring is placed on {575}the third finger of the
right hand of the Blessed Virgin in Raffaelle’s “Sposalizio” at Milan,
and in Ghirlandais’s frescoe of the same subject in the Santa Croce at
Florence, is to be found in the fact that the right hand has always been
considered the hand of power or dignity, and the left hand of inferiority
or subjection. A married woman always wears her ring on the third finger
of the left hand to signify her subjection to her husband. But it has
been customary among artists to represent the Blessed Virgin with the
ring on the right hand, to signify her superiority to St. Joseph from her
surpassing dignity of Mother of God. Still she is not always represented
so, for in Beato Angelico’s painting of the marriage of Mary and Joseph
she receives the ring on her left hand. See woodcut in Mrs. Jameson’s
Legends of Madonna, p. 170. In the Marriage of the Blessed Virgin
by Vanloo, in the Louvre, she also receives the ring on the left hand.
Giotto, Taddeo Gaddi, Perugino, &c., have painted the “Sposalizio,”
but I have not copies by me to refer to.

Ceyrep.

Early Use of Tin.—Derivation of the Name of
Britain (Vol. viii., pp. 290. 344. 445.).—Your correspondent
G. W. having been unable to inform Dr. Hincks who
first suggested the derivation of Britannia from Baratanac
or Bratanac, I have the pleasure to satisfy him on this point by
referring him to Bochart’s Geographia Sacra, lib. I. c. xxxix. In that great storehouse of historical
information, the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions and
Belles-Lettres, there are some profound researches by Melot and others,
in which may be found answers to all the Queries proposed by G. W.

The islands, rivers, mountains, cities, and remarkable places of
Phœnician colonies, had even in the time of the habitation of the
Greeks and Romans Phœnician names, which, according to the spirit
of the ancient languages of the East, indicated clearly the properties of
the places which bore those names. See instances in Bochart, ubi
supra; Sammes’s Britannia Antiqua Illustrata, or the Antiquities
of Ancient Britain derived from the Phœnicians; and
D’Hancarville’s Preface to Hamilton’s Etruscan, &c.
Antiquities.

Bibliothecar. Chetham.

Unpublished Epigram by Sir Walter Scott (Vol. vii., pp. 498.
576.).—The following extract is from the Gentleman’s
Magazine, March, 1824, p. 194.:

“Mr. J. Lawrence of Somers Town observes: ‘In the summer of the year
1770 I was on a visit at Beaumont Hall on the coast of Essex, a few miles
distant from Harwich. It was then the residence of Mr. Canham…. I was
invited to ascend the attics in order to read some lines, imprinted by a
cowboy of precocious intellect. I found these in handsome, neatly
executed letters, printed and burnished with leaf-gold, on the wall of
his sleeping-room. They were really golden verses, and may well be styled
Pythagorean from their point, to wit:

The curiosity of these lines so forcibly impressed them on my memory,
that time has not been able to efface a tittle of them. But from what
source did the boy obtain them?“

Permit me to repeat this Query?

J. R. M., M.A.

Derivation of the Word “Humbug” (Vol. viii.
passim).—Not being satisfied with any of the derivations of
this word hitherto proposed in your pages, I beg to suggest that perhaps
it may be traced to a famous dancing master who flourished about the time
when the word first came into use. The following advertisement appeared
in the Dublin Freeman’s Journal in Jan. 1777:

“To the Nobility.

“As Monsieur Humbog does not intend for the future teaching abroad
after 4 o’clock, he, at the request of his scholars, has opened an
academy for young ladies of fashion to practise minuets and cotillions.
He had his first assembly on Friday last, and intends continuing them
every Friday during the winter. He does not admit any gentlemen, and his
number of ladies is limited to 32; and as Mrs. Humbog is very conversant
in the business of the Toilet Table, the ladies may depend on being
properly accommodated. Mr. Humbog having been solicited by several
gentlemen, he intends likewise to open an academy for them, and begs that
those who chuse to become subscribers will be so good as to send him
their addresses, that he may have the honour of waiting upon them to
inform them of his terms and days. Mr. Humbog has an afternoon school
three times a week for little ladies and gentlemen not exceeding 14 years
of age. Terms of his school are one guinea per month and one guinea
entrance. Any ladies who are desirous of knowing the terms of his academy
may be informed by appointing Mr. Humbog to wait upon them, which he will
do on the shortest notice. Capel St. 21 Jan. 1777.”

Omicron.

Bees (Vol. viii., p. 440.).—In the midland counties the
first migration of the season is a swarm, the second a
cast, and the third a spindle.

Erica.

Topsy Turvy (Vol. viii., p. 385.).—I have always
understood this to be a corruption of “Topside t’other way,” and I still
think so.

Wm. Hazel.

Parish Clerks and Politics (Vol. viii., p. 56.).—In the
excitement prevalent at the trial of Queen Caroline, I remember a choir,
in a village not a hundred miles from Wallingford, Berks, singing {576}with
great gusto the 1st, 4th, 11th, and 12th verses of 35th Psalm in Tate and
Brady’s New Version.

Wm. Hazel.

Phantom Bells—”The Death Bell” (Vol. vii.
passim).—I have never met, in any work on folk-lore and popular
superstitions, any mention of that unearthly bell, whose sound is borne
on the death-wind, and heralds his doom to the hearer. Mickle alludes to
it in his fine ballad of “Cumnor Halle:”

And Rogers, in his lines “To an Old Oak:”

When ships go down at sea during a terrible tempest, it is said the
“death-bell” is often distinctly heard amid the storm-wind. And in tales
of what is called Gothic superstition, it assists in the terrors of the
supernatural.

Sir W. Scott perhaps alluded to the superstition in the lines:

Eirionnach.

Porter Family (Vol. viii., p. 364.).—Full particulars of
the existing branch of this ancient family can be afforded by the Rev.
Malcom Macdonald of South End, Essex, chaplain to Lady Tamar Sharpe, the
aunt and guardian of the representatives of Sir R. K. Porter.

M. H. J.

Thavies Inn.

The Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church, Wilts (Vol. viii., p.
411.).—The figure was painted in fresco, not on a pillar, but on
the spandril-space between two arches. The vestments, as far as I can
make out, are an alb, a tunicle and a cope, and mitre. The hands do not
appear to hold anything, and I see nothing to show it to represent a
mitred abbot rather than a bishop. The colours of the cope and tunicle
were red and green, the exterior of the cope and the tunicle being of one
colour, the interior of the cope of the other. The figure was the only
perfect one when I visited the church, and the rain was washing it out
even as I sketched; but there had been one between every two arches, and
there were traces of colour throughout the aisle, and the designs
appeared to me unusually elegant. I believe my slight sketch to be all
that now remains; and shall be glad to send a copy of it to your
correspondent if he wishes for it, and will signify how I may convey it
to him.

Passage in Virgil (Vol. viii., p. 270.).—Is this the
passage referred to by Doctor Johnson?

“The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found
him a native of the rocks.” Dr. Johnson found his reward not in vain
solicitations to patrons, but in the fruits of his literary labours.

The famous lines in Spenser’s “Colin Clout’s come home again,”^[3] on the
instability and hollowness of patronage, may occur to the reader:

F.

Sir Anthony Fitzherbert, Chief Justice (Vol. viii., pp. 158.
276.).—In “A Letter to a Convocation Man,” which was recently
edited by a frequent contributor to your pages, the Rev.
W. Fraser, B.C.L., and is favourably mentioned by you, I find the
following sentence, declaring that Sir Anthony Fitzherbert was
Chief Justice:

“I must admit that it is said in the second part of Rolle’s
Abridgment, that the Archbishop of Canterbury was prohibited to
hold such assemblies by Fitzherbert, Chief Justice, because he had not
the King’s licence. But he adds that the Archbishop would not obey it;
and he quotes Speed for it.”—P. 38. of original pamphlet, and p.
36. of Mr. Fraser’s reprint.

Mr. Fraser merely refers to Sir Anthony
Fitzherbert as being made judge of the Common Pleas in 1523, and does not
enter into this question, which deserves investigation.

M. W. R.

“To put a spoke in his wheel” (Vol. viii., pp. 269.
351.).—W. C.’s answer to G. K.’s inquiry is so very facetious, that
I must confess I do not understand it.

As to the meaning of the expression, I think there can be no doubt.
Ainsworth interpreted “Scrupulum injecisti mihi, spem meam remoratus
es.”

In Dutch, “Een spaak in t’wiel steeken,” is “To traverse, thwart, or
cross a design.” See Sewel’s Woordenboek.

The effect is similar to that of spiking cannon. And it is not
improbable that spoke, known by the {577}ignorant to form part
of the wheel, has been by them corrupted from spike: and that the
act is, driving a spike into the nave, so as to prevent the wheel
from turning on its axle.

Q.

Bloomsbury.

Ballina Castle (Vol. viii., p. 411.).—O. L. R. G.
inquires about Ballina Castle, Castlebar, and of the general history,
descriptions, &c. of the co. Mayo. In the catalogue of my manuscript
collections, prefixed to my Annals of Boyle, or Early History of
Ireland (upwards of 200 volumes), No. 37. purports to be “one volume
8vo., containing full compilations of records and events connected with
the county of Mayo, with reference to the authorities,” and it has
special notices of Castlebar, Cong, Burrishoole, Kilgarvey, Lough Conn,
&c., and notes of scenery and statistics. I offered in the year 1847
to publish a history of the county if I was indemnified, but I did not
succeed in my application. I have, of course, very full notices of the
records, &c. of Ballina, and the other leading localities of that
interesting but too long neglected county, which I would gladly draw out
and assign, as I would any other of my manuscript compilations, to any
literary gentleman who would propose to prepare them for publication, or
otherwise extract and report from them as may be sought.

John D’Alton.

48. Summer Hill, Dublin.

Mardle (Vol. viii., p. 411.).—This is the correct
spelling as fixed by Halliwell. I should propose to derive it from A.-S.
mathelian, to speak, discourse, harangue; or A.-S. methel,
discourse, speech, conversation. (Bosworth.) Forby gives this word only
with the meaning “a large pond;” a sense confined to Suffolk. But his
vocabulary of East Anglia is especially defective in East Norfolk
words—an imperfection arising from his residence in the extreme
west of that county.

E. G. R.

Charles Diodati (Vol. viii., p. 295.).—Mr. Singer mentions that Dr. Fellowes and others have
confounded Carlo Dati, Milton’s Florentine friend, with Charles Diodati,
a schoolfellow (St. Paul’s, London) to whom he addresses an Italian
sonnet and two Latin poems. Charles Diodati practised physic in Cheshire;
died 1638. Was this young friend of Milton’s a relative of Giovanni
Diodati, who translated the Bible into Italian; born at Lucca about 1589;
became a Protestant; died at Geneva, 1649?

Ma. L.

Longevity (Vol. viii., p. 442.).—Mr.
Murdoch’s Query relative to Margaret Patten reminds me of a print
exhibited in the Dublin Exhibition, which bore the following
inscription:

“Mary Gore, born at Cottonwith in Yorkshire, A.D. 1582; lived upwards of one hundred years in
Ireland, and died in Dublin, aged 145 years. This print was done from a
picture taken (the word is torn off) when she was an hundred and
forty-three. Vanluych pinxit, T. Chambers del.“

Eirionnach.

“Now the fierce bear,” &c. (Vol. viii., p 440.).—The
lines respecting which θ.
requests information are from Mr. Keble’s Christian Year, in the
poem for Monday in Whitsun Week. They are, however, misquoted, and should
run thus

G. R. M.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

As long as poetry of the highest order is appreciated in England,
Gray’s Elegy written in a Country Churchyard will never want
readers to pore over its beauties, or artists ready to dedicate their
talents to its illustration. Of the latter fact we have evidence in a new
edition just issued by Mr. Cundall, which is illustrated on every page
with engravings on wood from drawings by Birkett Foster, George Thomas,
and a Lady. The artists have caught the spirit of the poet, and their
fanciful creations have been transferred to the wood with the greatest
delicacy by the engravers,—the result being a most tasteful little
volume, which must take a foremost rank among the gift-books of the
coming Christmas.

Books Received.—Smiths’s Dictionary
of Greek and Roman Geography, by various Writers, Part VIII., which
extends from the conclusion of the admirable article on Etruria to
Germania, and includes Gallia Cisalpina and
Transalpina, which scarcely required the initials (G. L.) to point
out the accomplished scholar by whom they are written.—Darlings
Cyclopædia Bibliographica: Parts XIV. and XV. extend from O. M.
Mitchell to Platina or De Sacchi. The value of this
analytical, bibliographical, and biographical Library Manual will not be
fully appreciable until the work is completed.—The National
Miscellany, Vol. I. The first Volume of this magazine of General
Literature is just issued in a handsome form, suitable to the
typographical excellence for which this well-directed and well-conducted
miscellany is remarkable.—Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally
from Tumuli in England, Part VIII.: containing Bronze Bucket, found
at Cuddesden, Oxfordshire; and Fibula, found near Billesdon,
Leicestershire. We would suggest to Mr. Akerman that the Bronze Bucket is
scarcely an example of an object of archæological interest, which
requires to be drawn of the size of the original, and coloured from it:
and that the value of his useful work would be increased by his adhering
to his original arrangement, by which the illustrative letter-press
appeared in the same part with the engraving to which it referred.

{578}

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES
WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct
to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses
are given for that purpose:

Oxford Almanack for 1719.

Amœnitates Academicæ. Vol. I. Holmiæ,
1749.

Browne Hist. Nat. Jamaicæ. Lond. 1756.
Folio.

Ammanus l. Stirpes
Rariores. Petrop. 1739.

Philosophical Transactions for 1683.

Annals of Philosophy for January, 1824.

Peshall’s Monumental Inscriptions.

Universal Magazine for January, 1763.

Springel and Decandolle’s Botany.

Dr. Richardson’s Correspondence, by Dawson Turner.

Amherst’s Terræ Filius, 1726.

Laderchii Annales Ecclesiasticæ. 3 Tom. Folio.
Romæ, 1728-37.

The Bible in Shorthand, according to the
method of Mr. James Weston, whose Shorthand Prayer Book was published in
the Year 1730. A Copy of Addy’s Copperplate Shorthand Bible, London,
1687, would be given in exchange.

Peck’s (Fr.) History of the Stamford Bull
Running.

The Case of Mr. Sam. Bruckshaw considered.
8vo. or 12mo.

London Magazine. Vol. LXIV. to 1779.

Nichols’ Literary Anecdotes, and the
Continuation.

Joseph Mede’s Works.

Jones’s (of Nayland) Sermons, by Walker. 2 Vols. 8vo.

Plain Sermons. 10 Vols. 8vo.

Death-bed Scenes. Best Edition.

Rose’s (H. J.) Sermons.

Wilberforce’s Life. 5 Vols.

Hutchins’s Dorsetshire. Last Edition.

Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion. Folio.
Oxford 1703. Vol. I.

An Examination of the Charters and Statutes of
Trinity College, Dublin (with the Postscript), by George Miller,
D.D., F.T.C.D. Dublin, 1804.

A [First] Letter to the Rev
Dr. Pusey, in reference to his Letter to the Lord Bishop of
Oxford, by George Miller, D.D. London, 1840.

Notices to Correspondents.

W. H. M. W. The Heralds’ visitation for Wiltshire in 1622 will be
found in the British Museum, Harl. MSS. 1165 and 1443. See too Sims’s
Indexes to Pedigrees, &c.

Ralpho’s communication should have been
addressed to the writer, quoting the lines on which he comments.

Gammer Gurton’s suggestion is a very good
one; and we can promise that our Christmas Eve Number shall be rich
in Folk Lore.

G. S. M., who desires information respecting the history of
Newspapers, their progress and statistics, is referred to F. K.
Hunt’s Fourth Estate, a Contribution towards a History of Newspapers
and of the Liberty of the Press, 2 vols. 8vo., London, 1850. Several
articles on the subject will be found in our own columns.

If F. S. A. applied to the proper authorities, we cannot
doubt that the information he received is true.

J. W. N. K. We have referred the descriptions of the pictures to
one of the very highest authorities in London, who is of opinion that if
the marks on the back are genuine, they are the marks of the
owner, not of the artist.

J. T. The volume Remarques de Pierre Motteux sur Rabelais is
no doubt a translation of the notes which Motteux inserted in the English
version, of which the first three books were translated by Urquhart, the
other two by himself. This translation has, we think, been reprinted by
Bohn.

J. W. T. The monastic work inquired after is noticed by another
Correspondent at p. 569. of the present Number.

Dr. Diamond on the simplicity of the Calotype Process is, on
account of its length from the many additions made to it, unavoidably
postponed until next week.

T. L. (Islington). The ingredients referred to are all used by Le
Gray, the originator of the waxed-paper process. They are supposed not
only to increase the sensitiveness of the paper, but to add to its
keeping qualities. We have no doubt that a letter addressed to the
College of Chemistry will find the gentleman to whom you refer.

D. G. (Liverpool). It would be not only difficult but more
expensive to prepare your own sulphuric ether; but we again assure that
the best is to be procured at from 5s. to 6s. per pound, and wholesale at
considerably less. You may satisfy yourself by a reference to our
advertising columns.

F. H. D. Albumenized paper will keep many days after it has been
excited with a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver. We have used
Whatman’s and Turner’s papers twenty days old, and with perfectly
satisfactory results. The thin Canson is of all others most disposed to
brown; but it is preferable to all others in use from the richness of the
tints produced and its rapidity of printing.

Erratum.—Vol. viii, p. 546. l. 20. from bottom, for
“burnishing” read “bruising.”

“Notes and Queries” is printed at noon on
Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that
night’s parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the
Saturday.

“Notes and Queries,” Vols. i. to vii.
price Three Guineas and a Half.—Copies are being made up and may
be had by order.

PRINCE OF WALES’S SKETCH-BOX.—Containing Colours, Pencils.
&c., with printed directions, as now used by the Royal Family. Price
5s.

MILLER’S. Artist’s Colour Manufacturer, 56 Long Acre, London; and at
her Majesty’s Steam Colour and Pencil Works, Pimlico.

W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the
possession of Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his
Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen
engaged in Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to
undertake searches among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum,
Ancient Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch
of Literature, History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which
he has had considerable experience.

1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS,
HATCHAM, SURREY.

BENNETT’S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class
X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all
Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12,
10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior
Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett’s
Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers,
2l., 3l., and 4l. Thermometers from 1s.
each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory,
the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,

65. CHEAPSIDE.

RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series), consisting of Criticisms upon,
Analyses of, and Extracts from, Curious, Useful and Valuable Old Books.
Vol. I. Pp. 436. Cloth, 10s. 6d. Part V., price 2s. 6d., published
Quarterly, is now ready.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH. 36. Soho Square.

HEAL & SON’S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by
post. It contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different
Bedsteads: also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts.
And their new warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room
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HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers,
196. Tottenham Court Road.

{579}

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE
AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

Trustees.—W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.
Physician.—William Rich. Basham, M.D.
Bankers.—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
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Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share
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ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material
additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON
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Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and
Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life
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Solicitors & General Life
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Subscribed Capital, ONE MILLION.

THIS SOCIETY PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING
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The Security of a Subscribed Capital of ONE MILLION.

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Premiums affording particular advantages to Young Lives.

Participating and Non-Participating Premiums.

In the former EIGHTY PERCENT. or FOUR-FIFTHS of the Profits are
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POLICIES FREE OF STAMP DUTY and INDISPUTABLE, except in case of
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At the General Meeting, on the 31st May last, A BONUS was declared of
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POLICIES share in the Profits, even if ONE PREMIUM ONLY has been
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Next DIVISION OF PROFITS in 1856.

The Directors meet on Thursdays at 2 o’Clock. Assurances may be
effected by applying on any other day between the hours of 10 and 4. at
the Office of the Society, where prospectuses and all other requisite
information can be obtained.

CHARLES JOHN GILL, Secretary.

XYLO-IODIDE OF SILVER, exclusively used at all the Photographic
Establishments.—The superiority of this preparation is now
universally acknowledged. Testimonials from the best Photographers and
principal scientific men of the day, warrant the assertion, that hitherto
no preparation has been discovered which produces uniformly such perfect
pictures, combined with the greatest rapidity of action. In all cases
where a quantity is required the two solutions may be had at Wholesale
price in separate Bottles, in which state it may be kept for years, and
Exported to any Climate. Full instructions for use.

Caution.—Each Bottle is Stamped with a
Red Label bearing my name, RICHARD W. THOMAS, Chemist, 10. Pall Mall, to
counterfeit which is felony.

CYANOGEN SOAP: for removing all kinds of Photographic Stains. Beware
of purchasing spurious and worthless imitations of this valuable
detergent. The Genuine is made only by the Inventor, and is secured with
a Red Label bearing this Signature and Address, RICHARD W. THOMAS,
CHEMIST, 10. PALL MALL, Manufacturer of Pure Photographic Chemicals: and
may be procured of all respectable Chemists, in Pots at 1s.,
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St. Paul’s Churchyard; and MESSRS. BARCLAY & CO., 95. Farringdon
Street, Wholesale Agents.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.—The Council will open in the beginning of
January, at the rooms of the Society of British Artists, in Suffolk
Street, Pall Mall, an exhibition of Photographs and Daguerreotypes.
Coloured Pictures will not be excluded. It is recommended that all
pictures sent should be protected by glass. No picture will be exhibited
unless accompanied by the name and address of the Photographer or
Exhibitor, and some description of the process employed. Pictures will be
received at the Rooms in Suffolk Street, from Monday the 19th to Monday
the 26th December. Further information may be obtained by application to
the Secretary, R. FENTON, ESQ., 2. Albert Terrace, Albert Road, Regent’s
Park.

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.

KNIGHT & SONS’ Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and
Price of the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and
Son’s Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various
Materials, and pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the
Photographic Art. Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.

Instructions given in every branch of the Art.

An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic
Specimens.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane,
London.

IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.-J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289.
Strand have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a
Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of
Negative, to any other hitherto published: without diminishing the
keeping properties and appreciation of half tint for which their
manufacture has been esteemed.

Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice
of Photography. Instruction in the Art.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.—An EXHIBITION of PICTURES, by the most
celebrated French, Italian, and English photographers, embracing Views of
the principal Countries and Cities of Europe, is now OPEN. Admission
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Three extra Copies for 10s.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION,
168. NEW BOND STREET.

PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE CO’S Iodized Collection, for obtaining
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according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the
choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their
Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals &c. &c. used in
this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.—OTTEWILL’S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED
FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every other form of Camera, for the
Photographic Tourist, from its capability of Elongation or Contraction to
any Focal Adjustment, its Portability, and its adaptation for taking
either Views or Portraits.—The Trade Supplied.

Every Description of Camera or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames,
&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury
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New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.

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STEREOSCOPES AND STEREOSCOPIC
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BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet
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*** “Familiar Explanation of the Phenomena” sent on Application.

ALLEN’S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description
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MESSRS. ALLEN’S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their
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{580}

SECOND AND ENLARGED EDITION OF
DR. PEILE’S ANNOTATIONS ON THE
ROMANS.

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ANNOTATIONS ON ST. PAUL’S EPISTLE to the ROMANS. By THOMAS WILLIAMSON
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Lately published, price 3s. 6d. each, Parts XII.
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TOPOGRAPHER and GENEALOGIST. Edited by JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, F.S.A.,
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Contents of Part XII.

Sepulchral Memorials of the English at Bruges.

A Summary Catalogue of Sepulchral Memorials, &c., existing in
Parish Churches:—County of Suffolk, continued; Hundred of Loes.

Pedigrees of Pycheford, of Pycheford, co. Salop, and of Pitchford, of
Lee Brockhurst, co. Salop.

Births of the Children of Sir John Gresham, Lord Mayor of London in
1547, by his first Wife, Mary, Daughter and Coheir of Thomas Ipswell.

The Manor of Bampton, co. Oxford, and Family of Horde.

Extracts from the Parish Registers of St. Nicholas, Dublin.

Farther Extracts from the Parish Registers of Down, co. Kent.

Contents of Part XIII.

Some Account of the Manor of Apuldrefield, in the Parish of Cudham,
Kent, by G. Steinman Steinman, Esq., F.S.A.

Petition to Parliament from the Borough of Wotton Basset, in the Reign
of Charles I., relative to the Right of the Burgesses to Free Common of
Pasture in Fasterne Great Park.

Memoranda in Heraldry, from the MS. Pocket-books of Peter Le Neve,
Norroy King of Arms.

Was William of Wykeham of the Family of Swalcliffe? By Charles Wykeham
Martin, Esq., M.P., F.S.A.

Account of Sir Toby Caulfield rendered to the Irish Exchequer,
relative to the Chattel Property of the Earl of Tyrone and other
Fugitives from Ulster in the Year 1616, communicated by James F.
Ferguson, Esq., of the Exchequer Record Office, Dublin.

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