{49}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

“When found, make a note of.”—Captain Cuttle.

CONTENTS.

Notes.

DERIVATION OF THE WORD “ISLAND.”

Lexicographers from time to time have handed down to us, and proposed
for our choice, two derivations of our English word Island; and,
that one of these two is correct, has, I believe, never yet been called
in question. The first which they offer, and that most usually accepted
as the true one, is the A.-S. Ealand, Ealond,
Igland; Belg. Eylandt: the first syllable of which, they
inform us, is ea, Low Germ. aue, water, i.e.
water-land, or land surrounded by water. If this etymon be deemed
unsatisfactory, they offer the following: from the Fr. isle, It.
isola, Lat. insula, the word island, they say, is
easily deflected.

At the risk of being thought presumptuous, I do not hesitate to say,
that both these alternatives are manifestly erroneous; and, for the
following reason, I propose a third source, which seems to carry
conviction with it: first, from analogy; and secondly, from the usage of
the language from which our English word is undoubtedly derived, the
Anglo-Saxon.

First, from analogy. Let us only consider how frequently names are
given to parts of our hills, shores, rivers, &c., from their supposed
resemblance to parts of the human body. Thus, for instance, we have a
head land, a neck of land, a tongue of land, a
nose of land (as in Ness, in Orfordness, Dungeness, and, on the
opposite coast, Grinez); also a mouth of a river or harbour, a
brow of a hill, back or chine of a hill, foot
of a hill; an arm of the sea, sinus or bosom of the sea.
With these examples, and many more like them, before us, why should we
ignore an eye of land as unlikely to be the original of our word
island? The correspondence between the two is exact. How
frequently is the term eye applied to any small spot standing by
itself, and peering out as it were, in fact an insulated spot:
thus we have the eye of an apple, the eye or centre of a
target, the eye of a stream (i.e. where the stream collects
into a point—a point well known to salmon fishers), and very many
other instances. What more natural term, then, to apply to a spot of land
standing alone in the midst of an expanse of water than an eye of
land? {50}

In confirmation of this view, let us look to the original language;
there we find the compounds of eag, ea, ægh, the
eye, of very frequent occurrence: all of them showing that this compound
ea-land is not only legitimate, but extremely probable. Thus we
find, eag-æple, the pupil of the eye; eag-dura, a
window-light, eye-door; eag ece, pain in the eye;
eah-hringas, the orbits of the eyes. In the last instance, the
g is dropped; and it is certain that eag was pronounced
nearly as eye now is. From all this, is it too much to conclude that
ea-land is the same as eye-land? But farther, Ig
(A.-S.) sometimes stands by itself for an island, as also do
Igland and Igoth, and Ii was the old name of Iona.
Now I cannot find that there ever was the slightest connexion between the
A.-S. Ig and water; nor do I believe that such an idea
would ever have been started, but to support the old derivation of the
word; I have never seen a genuine instance of such connexion brought
forward. Then the word Ig, if it be supposed to mean an
eye, as I contend, may very well stand by itself for
island; but, if water be expressed by it, I cannot
understand how it can serve to import land.

If any farther confirmation be wanted, we have it in the diminutive
eyot, of which ait, aight, eight are
corruptions.

H. C. K.

—— Rectory, Hereford.

WEATHER RULES.

Thomas Passenger, who dwelt at the Three Bibles and Star, on London
Bridge, was very celebrated during the latter part of the seventeenth
century for publishing popular histories and chap-books. His shop seems
to have been the principal place of resort for the hawkers who then
supplied the provinces with literature. Many of the works which issued
from his press are now very rare: one of the most curious, and, at the
same time, the rarest, is The Shepherd’s Kalendar: or, the Citizen’s
and Country Man’s Daily Companion, &c. The contents of this book
are of a very singular nature, it being a kind of epitome of the facts it
was then thought necessary for a countryman to be acquainted with. A
considerable portion of the work is occupied by remarks on the weather,
and on lucky and unlucky days: if I were to extract all on those
subjects, this communication would extend to an unreasonable length.

We are informed, under the head “Observations on Remarkable Days, to
know how the whole Year will succeed in Weather, Plenty,” &c.,
that—

“If the sun shine clear and bright on Christmas-day, it promiseth a
peaceable year from clamours and strife, and foretells much plenty to
ensue; but if the wind blow stormy towards sunset, it betokeneth sickness
in the spring and autumn quarters.”

“If January 25 (being St. Paul’s day) be fair, it promises a happy
year; but if cloudy, windy, or rainy, otherwise: hear in this case what
an ancient judicious astrologer writes:

‘If St. Paul be fair and clear,

It promises then a happy year;

But if it chance to snow or rain,

Then will be dear all sorts of grain:

Or if the wind do blow aloft,

Great stirs will vex the world full oft;

And if dark clouds do muff the sky,

Then foul and cattle oft will die.'”

“Mists or hoar frosts on the tenth of March betokens (sic) a
plentiful year, but not without some diseases.”

“If, in the fall of the leaf in October, many of them wither on the
bows, and hang there, it betokens a frosty winter and much snow.”

Under “The Signs of Rain in Creatures” we have the following:

“When the hern or bitron flies low, the air is gross, and thickening
into showers.”

“The froggs much croaking in ditches and pools, &c., in the
evening, foretells rain in little time to follow: also, the sweating of
stone pillars or tombs denotes rain.”

“The often doping or diving of water fowl foreshows rain is at
hand.”

“The peacock’s much crying denotes rain.”

There is a list given of Lucky Days, which contains all the red letter
saints’ days of the Reformed English kalendar. We are also informed that
there are other days in each month which “are successful enough.”
Thus—

Edward Peacock.

Bottesford, Messingham, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

ON THE MODERN PRACTICE OF ASSUMING ARMS.

“If any person be advanced into an office or dignity of publique
administration, be it eyther ecclesiasticall, martiall, or ciuill: so
that the same office comprehendeth in it dignitatem vel dignitatis
titulum, either dignitie or (at the least) a title of dignitye: the
Heralde must not refuse to devise to such a publique person, upon his
instant request and willingnes to beare the same without reproche, a
coate of armes: and thenceforth to matriculate him, with his {51}intermarriages,
and issues descending, in the register of the Gentle and Noble.”

Thus wrote Sir John Ferne in The Blazon of Gentrie, printed in
the year 1586. So also Coates, in his additions to Gwillim, writing in
1724, says:

“For though arms, in their first acceptation, were (as is shewed)
taken up at any gentleman’s pleasure, yet hath that liberty for many ages
been deny’d, and they, by regal authority, made the rewards and ensigns
of merit, &c., the gracious favours of princes; no one being, by the
law of gentility in England, allowed the bearing thereof, but those that
either have them by descent, or grant, or purchase from the body or badge
of any prisoner they in open and lawful war had taken.”

He proceeds to adduce various authorities on this subject, for which I
would refer to the Introduction to the last edition of Gwillim’s
Heraldry, p. 16. &c.

Porny defines assumptive arms to be—

“Such as are taken up by the caprice or fancy of upstarts, who,
being advanced to a degree of fortune, assume them without having
deserved them by any glorious action. This, indeed (he adds), is great
abuse of heraldry; but yet so common, and so much tolerated, almost
everywhere, that little or no notice is taken of it.”

This was written in 1765. Archdeacon Nares, in his very amusing
Heraldic Anomalies, printed in 1823, says:

“At present, similarity of name is quite enough to lead any man
to conclude himself to be a branch of some very ancient or noble stock,
and, if occasion arise, to assume the arms appropriate to such families,
without any appeal to the Heralds’ office; nor would any Alderman
Gathergrease, living in affluence, be without such marks and symbols
on his plate, seals, carriages, &c., with no higher authority,
perhaps, than his own fancy and conceit.”

It must be confessed that the middle of the nineteenth century offers
the most ample facilities for the would-be aristocrats of the age, and
that without troubling Sir Charles Young or the College of Arms;
witness the following advertisement cut from a newspaper of the
day:—

“The Family Livery.—Arms and Crests
correctly ascertained, and in any case a steel die expressly cut for the
buttons, free of cost,” &c.

There can, indeed, be no doubt that this foolish practice of assuming
arms without right has of late years grown to an absurd height; and I
fear the assumption is by no means confined to persons who have risen by
trade, or by some lucky speculation in railways &c.; even those who
have been “advanced into an office or dignity of publique
administration” have but seldom made their “instant request”
to the heralds “to devise a coate of armes to be borne by them without
reproch.”

The episcopal bench, in particular, are very generally faulty in this
respect, and, for the greater part, content themselves (if not by birth
entitled to bear arms) by assuming the coat of some old-established
family of the same, or nearly the same, name. In the case of
temporal peerages, which are not seldom, thanks to the ancient
constitution of England, renovated from the middle and lower classes, the
practice is more in accordance with the precepts of The Blazon of
Gentrie; but I believe there is at least one instance, that of
a lawyer of the greatest eminence, who was last year advanced to a
peerage, and to the highest rank in his profession, who has assumed both
arms and supporters without the fiat of the College of Arms. The “novi
homines” of a former age set a better example to those of the present
day, and were not ashamed to go honestly to the proper office and take
out their patent of arms, thus “founding a family” who have a
right to the ensigns of honour which they assume.

Spes.

MORLEE AND LOVEL.

The following document, in connexion with the trial between Morlee and
Lovell, in the Court of Chivalry, will probably interest your heraldic
readers.

L. B. Larking.

Ceste indentur tesmoyne q’ mos^r John de Cobehm s^r
de Cobehm ad baille p assent de les sires de
Morlee et Louel dys lib’ de bone moneye amest’ John Barnet, cest assau’ cent south p^r le un
ptye et cent south
p^r lautre ptye acause q’ mesme le dit
mestre John et mest’ Willm Dawode et mest’ Willm
Sondeye serrount assessours sur la matire pendaunt pentre les deux syngn’
susdite p^r leur armes en le Court de Chiualerie. En
tesmoynaunce de quel payment a ycestes endentur lez ptyes susditez
entrechaungeablement ount mys lours sceals.

Don a Loundres le xx iu^r de Feu’er lan du rengne le Roy
Richard secounde quinzisme.

[In dorso.]

Lendentur de x li paye a mest’ John Barnet
p^r Morlee et Louel.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

Shakspeare Emendations.—As this is the age of Shakspeare
emendations, I beg to propose the following for the consideration of the
numerous readers of “N. & Q.” I am the more emboldened to do so, as I
find several marginal corrections made from time to time are verified by
the manuscript corrections in Mr. Collier’s folio
of 1632. These proposed are not, however, there, or I would not have
troubled you, though it is many months since I first altered the reading
of my copy. {52}

Taming of the Shrew, Act V. Sc. 2.—On the exit of
Katharina to “fetch” in the disobedient wives, Lucentio remarks:

For “an awful rule” I propose to substitute and lawful rule, as
agreeing better with the text and context; indeed, the whole passage
indicates it. Petruchio means that the change in Katharina’s temper and
conduct bodes love, peace, law, and order, in contradistinction to awe or
fear. The repetition of the conjunction and also makes the harmony
of the language more equal; “and love, and quiet life, and lawful rule,
and right supremacy,” rings evenly to the ear. Considering the number and
character of the emendations in Mr. Collier’s
volume, I have the less hesitation in proposing this one. The language of
Shakspeare is, as we know it, for the most part so clear, harmonious,
distinct, and forcible, that I think we are justified in considering any
obscure, inconsistent, or harsh passage, as having met with some mishap
either in hearing, transcribing, or in printing. Some months ago, and
certainly before Mr. Collier’s volume of
corrections appeared, I forwarded to “N. & Q.” (it never appeared) a
correction from Antony and Cleopatra, Act V. Sc. 2., where
Cleopatra, contemplating suicide, says it is—

The word “dung” ending the third line, was so evidently dug, or
nipple, that I thought no man to whom it was pointed out could have a
doubt about it. Mr. Collier remarks in his recent
volume, “This emendation may, or may not, have been conjectural, but we
may be pretty sure it is right.” I doubt if Mr.
Collier would have accepted any authority other than that of his
own folio, although Shakspeare has frequently used the word dug as
a synonym for nipple, as see Romeo and Juliet, Act I. Sc. 3.:

This quotation proves clearly, I consider, that dug was meant by
Cleopatra, and not dung; and so I considered before the old
manuscript correction of Mr. Collier’s appeared.
The words “an awful” are as clearly to my mind and lawful. I
doubt, however, if they will be so acknowledged, as the use of the words
“an awful,” it may be contended, are countenanced by other passages in
Shakspeare; I quote the following.

Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act IV. Sc. I.—

The word “awful” is surely, in this place, lawful; an outlaw
would be little inclined to consider men as “awful,” but the contrary.
Read the last line as under—

and the meaning is simple and clear. The outlaws were thrust from the
company of lawful men, that is, men who obeyed the laws they had
broken in “the fury of ungovern’d youth.”

In King Richard II., Act III. Sc. 3., the following use of the
words lawful and awful occurs:

The meaning in this case is no doubt clear enough, and the words
“awful duty” may be the right ones; but had they stood lawful duty
in any old copy, he should have been a bold man who would have proposed
to substitute awful for lawful.

Second Part of King Henry IV., Act IV. Sc. 1.—

The use of the word “awful” in this passage may be right, but, as in
the preceding case, I think, had lawful banks stood in any old
printed copy, or had it even been found in Mr.
Collier’s volume, the fitness would have been acknowledged.

Shakspeare used the word “lawful” in many instances where, no doubt,
it may with reason, strong as any given here, be changed to awful.
In the historical plays, lawful king, lawful progeny,
lawful heir, lawful magistrate, lawful earth,
lawful sword, &c., may be found. These suggestions, like the
pinch of sand thrown on the old woman’s cow, if they do no good, will, I
trust, do no harm.

Robert Rawlinson.

Shakspeare.—A German writer, Professor Hilgers, of
Aix-la-Chapelle, published in 1852 a pamphlet, in which he endeavoured to
prove that many passages in Shakspeare, which were originally written in
verse, have been “degraded” into prose, and quotes several passages from
the plays {53}in support of his thesis. Professor Hilgers
says that emendation of the text, by means of such a mode of correction
as would restore the corrupted verses to their original form, has
hitherto been almost entirely neglected by commentators, or else employed
by them with very little ability and success. I have not seen the
Professor’s Treatise, and only write from a short notice which I have
just perused of it in a German review; but, if what Professor H. states
be correct, the subject appears to deserve more particular attention from
the writers in the “N. & Q.,” who have devoted their ingenuity and
research to the illustration of Shakspeare. In the hope of attracting
them to “fresh fields and pastures new,” in which to recreate themselves,
and to instruct and delight the world-wide readers of the great
dramatist, I venture to solicit attention to Professor Hilger’s pamphlet
and its subject. In this I only echo the German reviewer’s language, who
most highly praises the Professor’s acuteness, and the value of his
strictures, and promises to return to them at greater length in a future
number of the periodical in which he writes.

John Macray.

Oxford.

UNPUBLISHED LETTER.

I have thought that the following old letter, from a retired lawyer of
the seventeenth century to his future son-in-law, might not be altogether
uninteresting to your readers, as referring to the value of land and
money at the period when it was written.

C. W. B.

July y^e 16^th, (16)95.

S^r,

Since you are pleased to demand my opinion concerning your intended
purchase, I shall give you it as well as I can upon so short a warning.
You say, if lett, you suppose it was worth a 130l. per annū.
I cannot tell by your letter whether the mills, lett at 20l. per
annū, are a part of y^e 130l.: if it be, I think
2600l. a great price, being much above twenty years’ purchase,
considering the lord’s rent. But if they are not included in that sum,
’tis a good twenty years’ purchase. Now you must consider what returne
this will make for your money. I am sure, as times goe, not three per
cent; and money makes full five, and very seldom, if ever, pays taxes. I
believe it may be very convenient for you, and it is very advantageous to
be entire; but if you should contract a debt to buy this estate you will
be very uneasy, and, if you marry, the first setting out will be
expensive, and it will be ill taking up money to defray necessary
charges. I conceive the land is in hand, and not lett; so that, if you
have not a tenant, you must be at the expence of stocking, w^ch
will sett very hard upon you. And you know, wⁿ your sister
marrys, there is a 1000 pounds more to be provided. Pray putt all these
things together, and propose some way of solving all these difficultys;
and, if you can, I should be glad to have it annexed to your estate, and
settled upon the heirs male of your body. Upon w^ch
consideration I shall be more inclined to farther your desires in a
reasonable manner.

Pray, wⁿ you hear any more of that coūselor’s amours
send me word, but lett me advise you never to say anything of him or his
estate that may come to the lady’s ears. I hope my Lady Morton will not
tell M^rs Tregonell any more than what all the world should
know. I heard the K^t had bid adieu to the Woodland Lady. I am
very glad of it, for I wish him better ffortune. I writt lately to
S^r John, who honoured me with a letter. As for public news,
you have heard, I suppose, of our burning St. Malos and Grandvile; and
that wee have left a great many of our men before Namur, but they
continue the siege vigorously. They say the ffrench are about to sett
downe before Dixmude, to bring us of by revultion. Pray p^rsent
mine and my daughter’s service to your sister, and believe me to be,
S^r, your affectionate kinsman and servant

J. Potenger.

Remember, at this time there is a great deal of land to be sold, but
few purchasers. I have spooke to S^r Miles Cooke, who promises
to lett me have your settlement to peruse, and to end matters fairly.
Since I writt my letter ’tis reported … is surrendered or taken.

These ffor Richard Binghā, Esq., at

Bingham’s Malcombe, to be left at

the post-house in St. Andrew’s,

Milborne, Dorsett.

Minor Notes.

Lines on the Institution of the Order of the Garter.—I
send you the following, which may be worth a corner in “N. & Q.” The
only account I can give of them is that I found them in MS. among other
poetical extracts, without date or author’s name:—

Tee Bee.

{54}

Old Ship.—It may be of interest to some of your readers
to learn that the ship which conveyed General Wolfe on his expedition to
Quebec is still afloat under the name of the “William and Ann.”

She was built in 1759 for a bomb-ketch, and was in dock in the Thames
a few days since, sound and likely to endure for many years yet: she is
mostly now engaged in the Honduras and African timber trades, which is in
itself a proof of her great strength.

A. O. H.

Blackheath.

The Letter “h” in “humble.”—I was always taught in my
childhood to sink the h in this word, and was confirmed in this
habit by the usage of all the well-educated people that I met in those
days, as also by the authority of every pronouncing dictionary in the
English language: and to this day hear many people quite as well
educated, and of as high station in all but literary society, as Mr.
Dickens, use the same pronunciation; but this eminent writer has thought
fit of late to proscribe this practice as far as in him lies, by making
it the Shibboleth of two of the meanest and vilest characters in his
works. I should like to know whether the aspiration of this letter is due
to Mr. D.’s London birth and residence, or whether it has become of late
the general usage of good society. If the latter, it is clear that a new
edition of Walker is required for the benefit of such as have no
wish to be confounded with the “Heeps.”

Your late Numbers have given some curious instances of Cockney and
other rhymes. I am sorry to see that the offensive r not only
appears to be gaining ground in poetry, but also in the mouths of many
whose station and education might have been supposed to preserve them
from this vulgarism. If the masters of our great schools took as much
pains with their pupils’ pronunciation of English, as with that of Latin
and Greek, we should hear less of this.

J. S. Warden.

“The Angels’ Whisper.”—The admirers of that popular song
will be surprised to find that there prevails in India a tradition very
similar to the one on which that song is founded.

The other day our Hindoo nurse was watching our baby asleep, and
noticing that it frequently smiled, said, “God is talking to it!” The
tradition, as elicited from this woman, seems to be here, that when a
child smiles in its sleep, God is saying something pleasing to it; but
when it cries, He is talking to it of sorrow.

J. C. B.

Punjab.

Pronunciation of Coke (Vol. vii., p. 586.).—Probably the
under-mentioned particulars may tend to elucidate the Query discussed in
your paper touching the pronunciation of Chief Justice Coke’s surname in
his Lordship’s time.

In numerous original family “Coke documents” in my possession, amongst
which are a most spirited and highly interesting letter written by the
celebrated Lady Elizabeth Hatton^[1], Sir Edward Coke’s widow, quite in
character with her ladyship, shortly after her husband’s death; and
likewise several letters written by his children and grandchildren; Sir
Edward’s surname is invariably spelt Coke, whilst in other his family
documents^[2] and
public precepts I possess, the latter of which came under the eye of
Lords Keepers Coventry and Littleton, Sir Edward’s name is, in nine cases
out of ten in five hundred instances, spelt Cooke and Cook;
thus, I submit, raising an almost irresistible presumption that, however
the Chief Justice’s surname was written, it was pronounced Cook
and not Coke.

T. W. Jones.

Nantwich.

The Advice supposed to have been given to Julius III.—The
Consilium, sometimes and inadvertently called a Council,
addressed to Julius III., Pope of Rome, by certain prelates, has just
been once more quoted, for the fiftieth time, perhaps, within the present
generation, as a genuine document, and as proceeding from adherents of
the Church of Rome. This re-quotation appears in an otherwise useful
little volume of the Religious Tract Society, entitled The Bible in
many Tongues, p. 96.; and it may tend to check the use made of the
supposed Advice or Council to state, what a perusal either of the
original in Brown’s Fasciculus Rerum Expetend. et Fugiend., or of
a translation in Gibson’s Preservative (vol. i. pp. 183. 191., ed.
1848), will soon make evident, that the document in question is a piece
of banter, and must be attributed to the pen of P. P. Vergerio, in whose
Works it is in fact included, in the single volume published
Tubing. 1563, fol. 94—104.

So frequently has this supposed Advice been cited as a serious
affair, that the pages of “N. & Q.” may be well employed in
endeavouring to stop the somewhat perverse use of a friendly weapon.

Novus.

Queries.

BISHOP GARDINER “DE VERA OBEDIENTIÂ.”

It is probable that others of your readers besides myself have had
good reason to complain that Dr. Maitland has cruelly raised the price of
this little book to a bibliomaniacal height, by his inimitable
description of its curious contents and history. (Essays on Subjects
connected with the Reformation, xvii. xviii. xix.)

{55}

Some of the things which seem to be indubitable respecting the
original work are these:—1. That it was first printed in 1535. 2.
That, consequently, Bishop Burnet (Hist. of Ref., Part I. b. iii.
p. 166.: Dublin, 1730) was mistaken in representing it as having been
written in reply to Cardinal Pole. 3. That there was an octavo
edition published at Strasburg in 1536, and that Goldastus followed it.
4. That there was an additional reprint of the tract at London in 1603.
(Schelhornii, Amœn. Hist. Eccles., tom. i. pp. 15. 849.) But
I am anxious to make three inquiries relative to this really important
document and its fictitious preface.

1. The Roane volume, certainly the earliest in English, professes to
have been printed by “Michal Wood” in 1553. Can we not determine the
place of its origin by the recollection of the fact, that Bishop Bale’s
Mysterye of Iniquyte, or Confutation of Ponce Pantolabus, was
printed at Geneva by “Mychael Woode” in 1545?

2. With regard to the typographical achievements of the Brocards, is
it not rather an apropos circumstance, that “Biliosus Balæus,” as
Fuller calls him, was the author of a Historia Divi Brocardi?
(Ware’s Works, ii. 325.)

3. May not Bale (or Baal, according to Pits) be suspected to
have been the composer of the Bonnerian Preface? He might have reckoned
it among the many Facetias et Jocos which he declares that he had
put forth. It is observable that, while the writer of this Preface
designates Bishop Gardiner as the “common cutthrot of Englande,” the same
title is bestowed upon Bonner in the Foxian Letter addressed to him by
“an unknown person” (Strype’s Memor. iii., Catal. p. 161.: London,
1721), and which, from internal evidence taken from the part relating to
Philpot, must be referred to the year 1555. The style of these
performances is similar; and let “gaie Gardiner, blow-bole Boner, trusti
Tonstal, and slow-bellie Samson” of the Preface be compared with
“glorious Gardiner, blow-bolle Bonner, tottering Tunstal, wagtaile
Weston, and carted Chicken.” (Bale’s Declaration of Bonner’s
Articles, fol. 90. b., London, 1561.)

R. G.

Minor Queries.

Lord Byron.—What relation to the poet was the Lord Byron
mentioned in the Apology for the Life of George Ann Bellamy?

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Curious Custom of ringing Bells for the Dead.—In
Marshfield, Massachusets, it has been customary for a very long period to
ring the bell of the parish church most violently for eight or ten
minutes, whenever a death occurs in the village; then to strike it slowly
three times three, which makes known to the inhabitants that a man or boy
has expired, and finally to toll it the number of times that the deceased
had numbered years of existence.

The first settlers of Marshfield having been Englishmen, may I ask if
this custom ever did, or does now, exist in the mother country?

W. W.

Malta.

Unpublished Essay by Lamb.—Coleridge is represented in
his Table Talk (p. 253. ed. 1836), to have said that “Charles Lamb
wrote an essay on a man, who had lived in past time.” The editor in a
note tells us he knows “not when or where.” I do not find it in the
edition of his works published in 1846, nor have I been able to discover
it in any of the journals, to which he contributed, that have fallen in
my way. Have any of your correspondents met with it?

R. W. Elliott.

Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church.—On lately
visiting Crosthwaite Church, Cumberland, I was exceedingly struck with
the great peculiarity of a carving, pointed out to me by the sexton, on
the left jambs of all the windows in the north and south aisles, both
inside and out. It is in the form of a circle with eight radiations, and
always occurs about half-way between the shoulder of the arch and the
sill. During the late restoration of the church, it has been covered with
plaster in every case in the interior, save one in the north aisle, which
is left very distinct. It does not appear on any of the windows at the
east end or in the tower. I noticed a similar figure over the stone
door-way of the old inn at Threlkeld, with the letters C G inscribed on
one side, and the date 1688 on the other. The sexton said, he had never
been able to obtain any intelligence as to its symbolical meaning or
history, although he had inquired of nearly every one who had been to see
the church. Can any of your correspondents throw a light upon the
subject?

R. W. Elliott.

Cromwell’s Portrait.—In the Annual Register, 1773,
“Characters,” p. 77.; in Hughes’s Letters, ii. 308.; in Gent.
Mag., xxxv. 357.; and in Noble’s House of Cromwell, i. 307.,
is a statement, originally made by Mr. Say, of Lowestoft, in his account
of Mrs. Bridget Bendish, importing that the best picture of Oliver which
the writer had ever seen, was at Rosehall (Beccles), in the possession of
Sir Robert Rich. Where is this portrait? Has it ever been engraved?

S. W. Rix.

Beccles.

Governor Brooks, about a century since, was governor of one of
the West India Islands. I have heard Cuba named as his government; and it
might have been that, the short time Cuba was in {56}the possession of the
English, he was governor of it; but I am uncertain. If any correspondent,
versed in West Indian affairs, can give me any particulars of the family
and antecedents of the above, or any reference to his services (for I
suppose him to have been a military man), it will great oblige

Tee Bee.

Old Books.—I notice some of your correspondents, having
fancied that they have picked up at some old book-stall an invaluable
treasure, are coolly told by others more learned, “It would be a bad
exchange for a shilling;” and, again, “If it cost three shillings and
sixpence, the purchaser was most unfortunate.”

May I ask the value of the following? They came into possession of my
family about thirty years ago:

“Epitome Thesauri antiquitatum hoc est Impp. Rom. orientalium et
occidentalium Iconum ex antiquis numismatibus quam fidelissime
delineatum.

“Ex Musæo Jacobi de Strada Mantuani Antiquatum.

“Lugduni, apud Jacobum de Strada et Thomam Guercinum, MDLIII. (1553). Cum Privilegio Regio.”

Handsomely got up; gilt edges, pp. 339. Also,

“Sommario delle vite de gl’Imperiatore Romani da C. Giolio Cesare sino
a Ferdinando II., con le loro effigie Causte dalle Medaglie: In Roma
apresso, Lodovico Grignani, MDCXXXVII, pp.
80.”

Bristoliensis.

The Privileges of the See of Canterbury.—I find preserved
by William of Malmsbury, in his Chronicle, book iii., the
following letter from Pope Boniface to Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury,
respecting the privileges of his see:

“Far be it from every Christian, that anything concerning the city of
Canterbury be diminished or changed, in present or future times,
which was appointed by our predecessor Pope Gregory, however human
circumstances may be changed: but more especially by the authority of
St. Peter, the chief of the Apostles, we command and ordain, that the
city of Canterbury shall ever hereafter be esteemed the Metropolitan
See of all Britain; and we decree and appoint immutably, that
all the provinces of the kingdom of England shall be subject to the
Metropolitan Church of the aforesaid See. And if any one attempt to
injure this church, which is more especially under the power and
protection of the Holy Roman Church, or to lessen the jurisdiction
conceded to it, may God expunge him from the book
of life; and let him know that he is bound by the sentence of a
curse.”

How can the expressions I have Italicised be reconciled with the
creation of the Archiepiscopal See of Westminster?

W. Fraser.

Tor-Mohun.

Heraldic Colour pertaining to Ireland.—There occurs in
the Dublin University Magazine for October, 1852, an article
entitled “A Night in the Fine Arts’ Court of our National Exhibition,”
and at the conclusion a “Note,” in which I find the following
remarks:—

“This last (the figure of Erin), as described, is purely ideal, but
legitimately brought in, as Hogan’s figure of ‘Hibernia’ occupied a
position in the Fine Arts’ Court, and suggested it. It may be as well to
add that Erin is described as wearing a blue mantle, as blue, not
green, is the heraldic colour pertaining to Ireland now.”

May I inquire at what time, and under what circumstances, blue was
substituted for the old favourite green?

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

Descendants of Judas Iscariot.—In Southey’s
Omniana is the following:

“It was believed in Pier della Valle’s time that the descendants of
Judas still existed at Corfu, though the persons who suffered this
imputation stoutly denied the truth of the genealogy.”

Is anything farther to be met with on this curious subject?

G. Creed.

Parish Clerks and Politics.—In Twenty-six Psalms of
Thanksgiving and Praise, Love and Glory, for the use of a Parish
Church (Exon., And. Brice, 1725), the rector (who compiled it), among
other reasons for omitting all the imprecatory Psalms,
says,—

“Lest a parish clerk, or any other, should be whetting his
spleen, or obliging his spite, when he should be
entertaining his devotion.”

That such practices were indulged in, we have the farther evidence of
Bramston the satirist:

Can any readers of “N. & Q.” point out examples of such
misapplication?

J. O.

“Virgin Wife and widowed Maid.“—Whence come the words
“Virgin wife and widow’d maid,” quoted, apparently, by Liddell and Scott
in their Greek Lexicon, s.v. ἀπάρθενος,
as a rendering or illustration of Hec. 610.?

Anon.

“Cutting off the little heads of light.“—Perhaps you or
one of your correspondents would help me to the whereabouts of some
thoughtful lines which I recently came across, in a volume which I
accidentally took up, but the name of which has completely skipped my
memory.

{57}

The lines referred to typified Tyranny under the form of the man who
puts out the gas-lights at dawn: “Cutting off the little heads of light
which lit the world.” I am not sure of the rhythm, and so have put the
lines like prose; but they wind up with a fine analogy of the sun in all
its glory bursting on the earth, and putting the proceedings of the light
extinguisher utterly to nought.

A. B. R.

Medal of Sir Robert Walpole.—On a brass medal, without
date, rather larger than half a crown, are these effigies.

On one side the devil, horned and tailed proper, with a fork in his
right hand, and marching with a very triumphant step, is conducting a
courtier in full dress (no doubt meant for Walpole), by a rope round his
neck, into the open jaws of a monster, which represent the entrance to
the place of punishment. Out of the devil’s mouth issues a label with the
words, “Make room for Sir Robert.” Underneath, “No Excise.”

On the reverse are the figures of two naval officers, with the legend,
“The British Glory revived by Admiral Vernon and Commodore Brown.” This refers of
course to the taking of Porto Bello in November, 1739.

Is this piece one of rarity and value?

J.

La Fête des Chaudrons.—In the exhibition of pictures in
the British Institution is one (No. 17.) by Teniers, entitled “La Fête
des Chaudrons.” In what publication can the description of this fête, or
fair, be found?

C. I. R.

Who first thought of Table-turning?—Whilst the people are
amusing themselves, and the learned are puzzling themselves, on the
subject of table-turning, would you have any objection to answer the
following Query?

Who first thought of table-turning? and whence has it suddenly risen
to celebrity?

J. G. T.

Hagley.

College Guide.—Will some of your correspondents kindly
inform a father, who is looking forward to his boys going to college, in
what work he will find the fullest particulars respecting scholarships
and exhibitions at the different colleges in both universities? Querist
is in possession of Gilbert’s Liber Scholasticus (1843), the
Family Almanack for 1852, and, of course, the University
Calendars.

S. S. S.

Minor Queries with Answers.

Done Pedigree.—A very old MS. pedigree of the family of
Done of Utkington, in the county before me, connects with that family no
less than twenty-three Cheshire families of distinction, viz.
Cholmondeley, Egerton, Wilbraham, Booth, Arden, Leicester, and seventeen
others. Now, as it appears by your note on the communication of a
correspondent (Vol. vi., p. 273.), that there exists a pedigree of the
family of Done, of Utkington, in the British Museum, Additional MS. No.
5836. pp. 180. and 186., perhaps you will be good enough to say whether
that pedigree discloses the extensive Cheshire family connexion with the
Done family above noticed.

T. W. Jones.

Nantwich.

Scotch Newspapers, &c.—What are the earliest
publications of Scotland giving an account of the current events of that
kingdom?

T. F.

Dictum de Kenilworth.—Said to have passed anno 1266. What
was the nature of it?

Abredonensis.

Dr. Harwood.—Can you tell me in what year the Rev. Dr.
Harwood of Lichfield, author of a History of that city, and other works,
died? I {58}believe it was about 1849; but I have not
been able to ascertain the exact date.

A. Z.

Replies.

NAMES OF PLACES.

(Vol. vii., p. 536.)

I have been travelling so much about in the country since I left
England, that I have not always the opportunity of seeing your “N. &
Q.” until long after the publication of the different Numbers. I have in
this way seen some Queries put to me about matters connected with the
history of the Danish settlements in England. But as I have had no
particular information to give, I have not thought it worth while to
write to say that I know nothing of any great consequence.

Just when I left Copenhagen, some days ago, a friend of mine showed me
that Mr. Taylor, of Ormesby in Norfolk, asked
some questions regarding the Danish names of places in Norfolk.

In answer to them I beg to state, that all the names terminating in
-by unquestionably are of Danish origin. Mr.
Taylor is perfectly right in supposing that several of these names
of places contain the names of the old Danish conquerors. But I do not
think that Ormesby originally has been Gormsby. Gorm certainly is the
same as Guthrum; but both of these names are distinctly different from
the name “Orme” or “Orm,” which, in our old language, signifies a
serpent, and also a worm. (The famous ship, on board of which King Olaf
Tryggveson was killed in the year 1000, was called “Ormen hin lange,”
i.e. the long serpent.) I have observed that several English
families (undoubtedly of old Scandinavian descent) at this day have the
family-name “Orm” or “Orme.”

Among the other names of places quoted by Mr.
Taylor, Rollesby most probably must be derived from the name
“Rollo” or “Rolf;” but I regard the origin of the other names as being
much more doubtful. If we had the original forms of these names, it might
have been easier to decide upon it. As the names are now, I do not see
anything purely Scandinavian in them, except the termination -by.
It is not at all unlikely that the name Ashby or Askeby might have been
called so from “Ash-trees” (Danish “Ask eller Esk”), but I dare not
venture into conjectures of this kind.

I should be very happy if I in any other way could be of any service
to Mr. Taylor in his researches about the Danish
settlements in East Anglia. His remarks upon the situation of the
villages with Danish names are most interesting and instructive. I always
sincerely wish that inhabitants of the different old Danish districts in
the North and East of England would, in the same way, take up the
question about the Danish influence, as I feel fully convinced that very
remarkable and important elucidations might be gained to the history of
England during a long and hitherto very little known period.

J. J. A. Worsaae.

CLEANING OLD OAK.

(Vol. vii., p. 620.; Vol. viii., p. 45.)

Having been so frequently benefited by the instruction, especially
photographic, issuing from your most useful periodical, I feel myself
almost bound to contribute my mite of information whenever I may chance
to have the power of doing so; consequently, should you not get a better
method of assisting Mr. F. M. Middleton out of
his difficulty of softening old paint, as describe in the “N. & Q.,”
No. 191., I beg to offer him the following, and from experience I can
vouch for its certainty of leading him to the desired result.

Some years since, having had occasion to enter a lumber-room of an old
building, I was struck with the antiquated appearance of an arm-chair,
which had, in days long gone by, been daubed over with a dirty bluish
paint. Finding, on inquiry, that its owner set no particular value on it,
I met with but little difficulty in inducing him to make an exchange with
me for a good mahogany one. Soon after its being brought into my house,
one of my domestics discovered that it positively swarmed with a species
of lice, issuing from innumerable minute worm-holes and crevices, which
of course rendered it in its present state worse than useless. Determined
not to be deprived of my prize, I resolved on attempting to rid it of
this troublesome pest by washing it over with a strong solution of
caustic soda, made by mixing some quick-lime with a very strong solution
of the common washing soda (impure carbonate of soda), and pouring off
the clear supernatant liquid for use. This proceeding, much to my
satisfaction, not only succeeded in entirely getting rid of the vermin,
but on my servant’s scrubbing the chair with a hard brush and hot soap
and water, I found that the caustic soda had formed a kind of soap, by
chemically uniting with the oil contained in the old paint, thereby
reducing it to such a state of softness, that by a few vigorous
applications and soakings of the above-named solution, and subsequent
scrubbings, my new favourite was also freed from its ugly time-worn
jacket of dirty paint, discovering underneath a beautifully carved and
darkly coloured oaken surface.

After being perfectly dried and saturated with linseed oil, it was
frequently well rubbed, and the {59}chair stands to this day, like some of the
valuable discoveries made by the alchemists when in search of the Elixir
Vitæ, or the Philosopher’s Stone, an example of a fortunate and
unexpected disclosure made when not directly in search of it. I have
since learnt that a fluid possessing the above-named detergent qualities,
is to be purchased at some of the oil and colour shops, the formula for
its preparation being kept a secret.

Henry Herbert Hele.

Ashburton, Devonshire.

P. S.—In making the solution on a caustic alkali, perhaps I
should have said that the common carbonate of potass of commerce will do
as well as the common carbonate of soda, if not better, from the
probability of its making a stronger solution.

The following recipe for taking paint off old oak is from No. 151. of
The Builder:

“Make a strong solution of American potash (which can be bought at any
colour-shop, and resembles burnt brick in appearance); mix this with
sawdust into a kind of paste, and spread it all over the paint, which
will become softened in a few hours, and is then easily removed by
washing with cold water. If, after the wood has dried, it becomes
cracked, apply a solution of hot size with a brush, which will bind it
well together and make it better for varnishing, as well as destroy the
beetle which is often met with in old oak, and is erroneously called the
worm.”

The following is also from the same Number:

“To make dark oak pale in colour, which is sometimes a desideratum,
apply with a brush a little dilute nitric acid judiciously; and to stain
light oak dark, use the dregs of black ink and burnt amber mixed. It is
better to try these plans on oak of little value at first, as, to make a
good job, requires care, practice, and attention.”

H. C. K.

F. M. Middleton will find that American
potash, soft soap, and warm water, will remove paint from oak. The
mixture should be applied with a paint-brush, and allowed to remain on
until the paint and it can be removed by washing with warm water and a
hard brush.

Getsrn.

BURIAL IN AN ERECT POSTURE.

(Vol. viii., p. 5.)

Your correspondent Cheverells refers to the
“tradition” of one of the Harcourt family being buried in an erect
posture, and asks, “Is the probability of this being the case supported
by any, and what instances?” As this Query has been raised, it may be
worth while to mention the following circumstance, as a singular
illustration of a remarkable subject; though (as will be seen) the actual
burial in an erect posture is here also probably “traditional.”

Towards the close of the last century, there lived in Kidderminster an
eccentric person of the name of Orton (not that Orton, the friend
of Doddridge, who passed some time in the town), but “Job Orton,” the
landlord of the Bell Inn. During his lifetime he erected his tomb in the
parish churchyard, with this memento-mori inscription graven in
large characters on the upper slab:

This inscription remains unaltered to this day, and may be seen on the
right-hand of the broad walk on the north side of the spacious
churchyard. His coffin was constructed at the same time; and, until it
should be required for other and personal purposes, was used as a
wine-bin. But, to carry his eccentricity even to the grave, he
left strict orders that he should be buried in an erect posture:
and “tradition” (of course) says that his request was complied with. Your
correspondent says that tradition “assigns no reason for the peculiarity”
of the Harcourt knight’s burial; but tradition has been more explicit in
Job Orton’s case, whose reason (?) for his erect posture in the
tomb was, that at the last day he might be able to rise from his grave
before his wife, who was buried in the usual horizontal manner! Job Orton
appears to have had a peculiar talent for the composition of epitaphs;
as, in his more playful moments, he was accustomed to tell his
better-half that if he outlived her he should put the following lines on
her tombstone:

He seems, however, to have spared her this gratuitous insult. As a
farther illustration of the characters of this singular couple, the
following anecdote is told. Esther Orton having frequently declared, that
she should “never die happy until she had rolled in riches,” Job, like a
good husband, determined to secure his wife’s happiness. Having sold some
land for a thousand pounds, he insisted that the money should be paid
wholly in guineas. Taking these home in a bag, he locked his wife up in a
room; knocked her down, opened his bag of guineas, and raining the golden
wealth upon her, rolled his Danae over and over in the coin. “And now,
Esther,” said Job Orton, “thee mayst die as soon as thee pleases: for
thee’st had thy wish, and roll’d in riches.”

Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

LAWYERS’ BAGS.

(Vol. vii., p. 557.)

Additional evidence of the fact that lawyers used to carry
green bags towards the end of the {60}seventeenth century, is
to be found in the Plain Dealer, a comedy by Wycherley.

One of the principal characters in the play is the Widow Blackacre, a
petulant, litigious woman, always in law, and mother of Jerry Blackacre,
“a true raw squire under age and his mother’s government, bred to the
law.”

In Act I. Sc. 1., I find the following stage directions:

“Enter Widow Blackacre with a mantle and a green bag, and
several papers in the other hand. Jerry Blackacre, her son, in a gown,
laden with green bags, following her.”

In Act III. Sc. 1. the widow is called impertinent and ignorant by a
lawyer of whom she demands back her fee, on his returning her brief and
declining to plead for her. This draws from her the following reply:

“Impertinent again and ignorant to me! Gadsbodikins, you puny upstart
in the law to use me so, you green bag carrier, you murderer of
unfortunate causes,” &c.

Farther on, in the same scene, Freeman, a gentleman well educated, but
of a broken fortune, a complier with the age, thus admonishes Jerry:

“Come, Squire, let your mother and your trees fall as she pleases,
rather than wear this gown and carry green bags all thy life, and
be pointed at for a tony. But you shall be able to deal with her yet the
common way. Thou shalt make false love to some lawyer’s daughter, whose
father, upon the hopes of thy marrying her, shall lend thee money and law
to preserve thy estate and trees.”

A. W. S.

Temple.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

[By the courtesy of our valued cotemporary The Athenæum, we are
permitted to reprint the following interesting communication, which
appeared in that journal on Saturday last.]

“NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS.

“Henley Street, July 6.

“Your insertion of the annexed letter from my brother-in-law, Mr. John
Stewart, of Pau, will much oblige me. The utility of this mode of
reproduction seems indisputable. In reference to its concluding
paragraph, I will only add, that the publication of concentrated
microscopic editions of works of reference—maps, atlases,
logarithmic tables, or the concentration for pocket use of private notes
and MSS., &c., &c., and innumerable other similar
applications—is brought within the reach of any one who possesses a
small achromatic object-glass of an inch or an inch and a half in
diameter, and a brass tube, with slides before and behind the lens of a
fitting diameter to receive the plate or plates to be operated
upon,—central or nearly central rays only being required. The
details are too obvious to need mention.—I am, &c.

“J. F. W. Herschel.

“Pau, June 11.

“Dear Herschel.—I sent you some time ago a few small-sized
studies of animals from the life, singly and in flocks, upon
collodionised glass. The great rapidity of exposition required for such
subjects, being but the fraction of a second, together with the very
considerable depth and harmony obtained, gave me reason to hope that ere
this I should have been able to produce microscopic pictures of animated
objects. For the present, I have been interrupted. Meantime, one of my
friends here, Mr. Heilmann, following the same pursuit, has lighted on an
ingenious method of taking from glass negatives positive impressions of
different dimensions, and with all the delicate minuteness which the
negative may possess. This discovery is likely, I think, to extend the
resources and the application of photography,—and with some
modifications, which I will explain, to increase the power of
reproduction to an almost unlimited amount. The plan is as
follows:—The negative to be reproduced is placed in a slider at one
end (a) of a camera or other box, constructed to exclude the light
throughout. The surface prepared for the reception of the
positive—whether albumen, collodion, or paper—is placed in
another slider, as usual, at the opposite extremity (c) of the
box, and intermediately between the two extremities (at b) is
placed a lens. The negative at a is presented to the light of the
sky, care being taken that no rays enter the box but those traversing the
partly transparent negative. These rays are received and directed by the
lens at b upon the sensitive surface at c, and the
impression of the negative is there produced with a rapidity proportioned
to the light admitted, and the sensibility of the surface presented. By
varying the distances between a and c, and c and
b, any dimension required may be given to the positive impression.
Thus, from a medium-sized negative, I have obtained negatives four times
larger than the original, and other impressions reduced thirty times,
capable of figuring on a watch-glass, brooch, or ring.

“Undoubtedly one of the most interesting and important advantages
gained by this simple arrangement is, the power of varying the dimensions
of a picture or portrait. Collodion giving results of almost microscopic
minuteness, such negatives bear enlarging considerably without any very
perceptible deterioration in that respect. Indeed, as regards portraits,
there is a gain instead of a loss; the power of obtaining good and
pleasing likenesses appears to me decidedly increased, the facility of
subsequent enlargement permitting them to be taken sufficiently small, at
a sufficient distance (and therefore with greater rapidity and certainty)
{61}to
avoid all the focal distortion so much complained of,—while the due
enlargement of a portrait taken on glass has the effect, moreover, of
depriving it of that hardness of outline so objectionable in a collodion
portrait, giving it more artistic effect, and this without quitting the
perfect focal point as has been suggested.

“But there are many other advantages obtained by this process. For
copying by engraving, &c. the exact dimension required of any picture
may at once be given to be copied from.

“A very small photographic apparatus can thus be employed when a large
one might be inconvenient or impracticable, the power of reproducing on a
larger scale being always in reserve. Independent of this power of
varying the size, positives so taken of the same dimension as the
negative reproduce, as will be readily understood, much more completely
the finer and more delicate details of the negatives than positives taken
by any other process that I am acquainted with.

“The negative also may be reversed in its position at a so as
to produce upon glass a positive to be seen either upon or under the
glass. And while the rapidity and facility of printing are the same as in
the case of positives taken on paper prepared with the iodide of silver,
the negatives, those on glass particularly, being so easily injured, are
much better preserved, all actual contact with the positive being
avoided. For the same reason, by this process positive impressions can be
obtained not only upon wet paper, &c., but also upon hard inflexible
substances, such as porcelain, ivory, glass, &c.,—and upon this
last, the positives being transparent are applicable to the stereoscope,
magic lantern, &c.

“By adopting the following arrangement, this process may be used
largely to increase the power and speed of reproduction with little loss
of effect. From a positive thus obtained, say on collodion, several
hundred negatives may be produced either on paper or on albumenised
glass. If on the latter, and the dimension of the original negative is
preserved, the loss in minuteness of detail and harmony is almost
imperceptible, and even when considerably enlarged, is so trifling as in
the majority of cases to prove no objection in comparison with the
advantage gained in size, while in not a few cases, as already stated,
the picture actually gains by an augmentation of size. Thus, by the
simultaneous action, if necessary, of some hundreds of negatives, many
thousand impressions of the same picture may be produced in the course of
a day.

“I cannot but think, therefore, that this simple but ingenious
discovery will prove a valuable addition to our stock of photographic
manipulatory processes. It happily turns to account and utilises one of
the chief excellencies of collodion—that extreme minuteness of
detail which from its excess becomes almost a defect at
times,—toning it down by increase of size till the harshness is
much diminished, and landscapes, always more or less unpleasing on
collodion from that cause, are rendered somewhat less dry and crude.

“A very little practice will suffice to show the operator the quality
of glass negatives—I mean as to vigour and development—best
adapted for reproducing positives by this method. He will also find that
a great power of correction is obtained, by which overdone parts in the
negative can be reduced and others brought up. Indeed, in consequence of
this and other advantages, I have little doubt that this process will be
very generally adopted in portrait taking.

“Should your old idea of preserving public records in a concentrated
form on microscopic negatives ever be adopted, the immediate positive
reproduction on an enlarged readable scale, without the possibility of
injury to the plate, will be of service.

“I am, &c. “John Stewart.“

Replies to Minor Queries.

The Ring Finger (Vol. vii., p. 601.).—The Greek Church
directs that the ring be put on the right hand (Schmid, Liturgik,
iii. 352.: Nassau, 1842); and although the direction of the Sarum
Manual is by no means clear (see Palmer’s Origines
Liturgicæ, ii. 213., ed. 2.), such may have formerly been the
practice in England, since Rastell, in his counter-challenge to Bishop
Jewel, notes it as novelty of the Reformation,—

“That the man should put the wedding-ring on the fourth finger in the
left hand of the woman, and not on the right hand, as hath been many
hundreds of years continued.”—Heylyn, Hist. Ref., ii. 430.
8vo. ed.

But the practice of the Roman communion in general agrees with that of
the Anglican. (Schmid, iii. 350-2.) Martene quotes from an ancient
pontifical an order that the bridegroom should place the ring
successively on three fingers of the right hand, and then shall leave it
on the fourth finger of the left, in order to mark the difference between
the marriage ring, the symbol of a love which is mixed with carnal
affection, and the episcopal ring, the symbol of entire chastity.
(Mart. de Antiquis Eccl. Ritibus, ii. 128., ed. Venet. 1783;
Schmid, p. 352.)

J. C. R.

The Order of St. John of Jerusalem (Vol. vii., pp. 407.
628.).—As my old neighbour R. L. P. dates from the banks of the
Lake of Constance, and may possibly not see W. W.’s communication for
some time, I in the meanwhile take the liberty of informing W. W. that
the order of St. John was restored in England by Queen Mary, and, with
other orders revived by her, was again suppressed by the act 1 Eliz. c.
24.

J. C. R.

{62}

Calvin’s Correspondence (Vol. vii., pp. 501. 621.).—It
may be well to mention that all the letters of Calvin which Mr. Walter quotes, are to be found in the old
collection of his correspondence; perhaps, however, the latter copies may
be fuller or more correct in some parts.

The original French of the lone letter to Protector Somerset is
printed by Henry in his Life of Calvin; but, like the other
documents of that laborious work, it is omitted without notice in the
English travestie which bears the name of Dr. Stebbing.

Heylyn’s mis-statement as to Calvin and Cranmer is exposed, and the
ground of it is pointed out, in the late edition of the Ecclesia
Restaurata, vol. i. p. 134.

J. C. R.

Old Booty’s Case (Vol. vii., p. 634.).—A friend, on whose
accuracy I can rely, has examined the London Gazettes for 1687 and
1688, in the British Museum: they do not contain any report of Booty’s
case. I thought I had laid Booty’s ghost in Vol. iii., p. 170., by
showing that the facts of the case were unlikely and the law
impossible.

H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

Chatterton (Vol. vii., p. 267.).—We are all very curious
in Bristol to know what evidence or light J. M. G. of Worcester can bring
to bear upon the Rowley Poems from the researches (as he states) of an
individual here to prove not only that Chatteron was not their author,
but that probably the “Venerable Rowley” himself was.

I had thought in 1853 no one doubted their authorship. There is
abundance of proof to show Rowley could not have written them, and that
only Chatterton could have done so.

Bristoliensis.

House-marks, &c. (Vol. vii., p. 594.).—It is very
well known that the sign of the “Swan with two Necks,” in London, is a
corruption of the private mark of the owner of the swans, viz., two nicks
made by cutting the neck feathers close in two spaces. It is also a
common custom in Devon to mark all cattle, horses, &c., with the
owner’s mark when sent out on Exmoor, Dartmoor, and other large
uninclosed tracts for summering: thus, Sir Thos. Dyke Acland’s mark is an
anchor on the near side of each of his large herd of ponies, on
Exmoor.

W. Collyns.

Harlow.

Bibliography (Vol. vii., p. 597.).—The following may
assist Mariconda:

Fischer: Beschreibung einiger Typographischer Seltenheiten nebst
Beyträgen zur Erfindungsgeschichte der Buchdruckerkunst, 8vo. Mainz,
1800-4.

Origin of Printing, in Two Essays; with Remarks and Appendix, 8vo.
1776.

The Typographical Antiquities of Great Britain, by J. Johnson, Dr.
Dibdin, Dr. Wilkins, and others, Longmans, 1824.

He will also find a list of works under the head Printing in the Penny Cyclopædia.

Getsrn.

Parochial Libraries (Vol. vi., p. 432. Vol. vii.
passim.).—A parochial library was for many years deposited
in the room over the south entrance of Beccles Church. The books consist
chiefly of old divinity, &c., and appear to have been gifts from
various persons; among whom were Bishop Trimnel (of Norwich), Sir Samuel
Barnardiston, Sir Edmund Bacon of Gillingham, Sir John Playters, Mrs.
Anna North, and Mr. Ridgly of London. There is a copy of Walton’s
Polyglot Bible, 1655-7, besides an odd volume of the same work
(Job to Malachi), 1656, uncut. It is probable that many of the books have
been lost, as the room in which they were kept was used as a repository
for discarded ecclesiastical appliances, and, latterly, for charity
blankets during summer. In 1840, with the consent of the late bishop of
Norwich, and of the rector and churchwardens of the parish, the remaining
volumes (about 170) were removed to the public library room, and placed
under the care of the committee of that institution. A catalogue of them
was then printed. The greater part have been repaired, with the aid of a
donation of 10l. from a former inhabitant, who had reason to
believe that some of the works had been lost in consequence of their
having been in his hands many years ago. Are there not numerous instances
elsewhere in which this example might be copied with propriety?

S. W. Rix.

Beccles.

Faithfull Teate (Vol. vii., p. 529.).—”Though this
author’s name be spelt Teate, there is great reason to believe that he
was the father of Nahum Tate, translator of the Psalms.”—Bibl.
Anglopoetica, p. 361. In the punning copy of verses preceding the
“Ter Tria” is this distich:

My copy is on miserable paper, yet priced 31s. 6d., with
this remark in MS. by some former possessor: “Very rare: which will not
be wondered at by any one who will read five pages carefully.”

E. D.

Lack-a-daisy (Vol. vi., p. 353.).—Todd had better have
allowed Johnson to speak for himself: lack-a-daisy, lack-a-day, alack
the day, as Juliet’s nurse exclaims, and alas-the-day, are
only various readings of the same expression. And of such inquiries and
such solutions as Todd’s, I cannot refrain from expressing my sentiments
in the {63}words of poor Ophelia, “Alack! and fye for
shame!”

Q.

Bloomsbury.

Bacon (Vol. ii., p. 247.; Vol. iii., p. 41.).—I think
that you have not noticed one very common use of this word, as evidently
meaning beechen. Schoolboys call tops made of boxwood,
boxers; while the inferior ones, which are generally made of
beechwood, they call bacons.

H. T. Riley.

Angel-beast—Cleek—Longtriloo (Vol. v., p.
559.).—An account of these games, the nature of which is required
by your correspondent, is given in the Compleat Gamester,
frequently reprinted in the latter part of the seventeenth century. The
first, which is there called beast, is said to derive its name
from the French la bett, meaning, no doubt, bête. It seems
to have resembled the game of loo. Gleek is the proper name of the
second game, and not check, as your correspondent suggests. It was
played by three persons, and the cards bore the names of Tib, Tom, Tiddy,
Towser, and Tumbler. Hence we may conclude that it was an old English
game. The third game, or lanterloo, is evidently the original form
of the game now known as loo. Its name would seem to indicate a
Dutch origin.

H. T. Riley.

Hans Krauwinckel (Vol. v., p. 450.).—When the ground in
Charterhouse Square was opened in 1834, for the purposes of sewerage (I
believe), vast numbers of bones and skeletons were found, being the
remains, as was supposed, of those who died of the Plague in 1348, and
had been interred in that spot, as forming a part of Pardon Churchyard,
which had lately been purchased by Sir Walter Manny, for the purposes of
burial, and attached to the Carthusian convent there. Among the bones a
few galley halfpence, and other coins, were found, as also a considerable
number of abbey counters or jettons. I do not recollect if there was any
date on the counters but the name “Hans Krauwinckel” occurred on some of
them which fell into my possession, and which I gave some years ago to
the Museum of the City Library, Guildhall. If these were coeval, as was
generally supposed, with the Plague of 1348, it is singular that the same
name should be found on abbey counters with the date 1601. I should be
obliged if any of your correspondents could inform me when the use of
jettons ceased in England; and whether Pardon Churchyard was used as a
place of sepulture after 1348, and, if so, how long?

H. T. Riley.

Revolving Toy (Vol. vi., p. 517.).—The Chinese have
lanterns with paper figures in them which revolve by the heat, and are
very common about New Year time.

H. B.

Shanghai.

Rub-a-dub (Vol. iii., p. 388.).—Your correspondent seems
at a loss for an early instance of this expression. In Percy’s
Reliques there is a song, the refrain or burden of which is:

H. T. Riley.

Muffs worn by Gentlemen.—In one of Goldsmith’s
Essays I remember well an allusion to the practice. The writer of
the letter, or essay, states that he met his female cousin in the Mall,
and after some sparring conversation, she ridicules him for carrying “a
nasty old-fashioned [A.D. 1760] muff;”
and his retort is, that he “heartily wishes it were a tippet, for her
sake,”—glancing at her dress, which was, I suppose, somewhat what
we moderns call “décolletée”.

E. C. G.

Detached Church Towers.—The Norman tower at Bury St.
Edmund’s should not be included in the lists. Although now used as the
bell tower of the neighbouring church of St. James, it was erected
several centuries before the church, and was known as the “Great Gate of
the Churchyard,” or the “Great Gate of the Church of St. Edmund.” It
would be very desirable to add to the list the date of the tower, and its
distance from the church.

Buriensis.

Add to the list the modern Roman Catholic chapel at Baltinglass,
Ireland. It has a detached tower built in a field above it, and, although
devoid of architectural beauty, is so placed that it appears an integral
part of the chapel from almost any point of view.

Alexander Leeper.

Dublin.

Is not the bell-tower at Hackney detached from the church? I do not
remember that it has been yet named by your correspondents.

B. H. C.

Christian Names (Vol. vii., pp. 406. 626.).—On the name
of Besilius Fetiplace, Sheriff of Berkshire, in 26 Elizabeth, Fuller
remarks,—

“Some may colourably mistake it for Basilius or Basil,
whereas indeed it is Besil, a surname…. Reader, I am confident
an instance can hardly be produced of a surname made Christian, in
England, save since the Reformation; before which time the priests were
scrupulous to admit any at font, except they were baptised with the name
of a Scripture or legendary saint. Since, it hath been common; and
although the Lord Coke was pleased to say he had noted many of them prove
unfortunate, yet the good success in others confutes the general truth of
the observation.”—Worthies, vol. i. pp. 159, 160., edit.
Nuttall.

J. C. R.

Lord C. of Ireland, which Mr. William Bates
guesses to be Lord Castlereagh, was Lord Clare, Chancellor
of Ireland, who used also to call men {64}with three names by a
term opprobrious among the Romans: “Homines trium literarum.”

C.

Hogarth’s Pictures (Vol. vii. passim).—One of the
correspondents of “N. & Q.” inquires where he could see some pictures
from this great artist. May I ask if he is aware of the three very fine
large paintings in the Church of St. Mary, Redcliffe, Bristol? which I am
told will shortly be sold.

Bristoliensis.

P.S.—They were painted for the church, and the vestry holds his
autograph receipt for the payment of them.

Old Fogie (Vol. vii., pp. 354. 559. 632.).—Whether the
origin of this term be Irish, Scotch, or Swedish I know not; but I cannot
help stating the significant meaning which, as an Edinburgh boy at the
beginning of the century, I was taught to attach to it. Every High-School
boy agreed in applying it to the veterans of the Castle garrison, to the
soldiers of the Town Guard (veterans also, and especial foes of my
school-mates), and more generally to any old and objectionable gentleman,
civil or military. It implied that, like stones which have ceased to
roll, they had obtained the proverbial covering of moss, or, as it
is called in Scotland (probably in Ireland also), fog. I have
heard in Scotland the “Moss Rose” called the “Fogie Rose;”
and there is a well-known species of the humble bee which has its nest in
a mossy bank, and is itself clothed with a moss-like covering: its name
among the Scottish peasantry is the fogie bee.

G. J. F.

Bolton.

Clem (Vol. vii., p. 615.).—Mr.
Keightley considers this word to mean press or
restrain, and quotes three passages from Massinger and Jonson in
support of his opinion; admitting, however, that it is usually rendered
starve. Now, whatever may have been the root of this word, or
whencesoever it may have been derived, I think it must be admitted that
starve is the correct meaning of the word in these passages. Let
the reader test it by substituting starve for clem in each
case. In Cheshire and Lancashire the word is in common use to this day,
and invariably means starved for want of food. Of a thin,
emaciated child it is said, “His mother clems him.” A person
exceedingly hungry says, “I’m welly clem’d; I’m almost or
well-nigh starved.” It is the ordinary appeal of a beggar in the
streets, when asking for food.

Edw. Hawkins.

Kissing Hands (Vol. vii., p. 595.).—Cape will find in Suetonius that Caligula’s hands were
kissed.

C.

Uniform of the Foot Guards (Vol. vii., p. 595.).—In
answer to D. N., as to where he can see uniforms of the Foot Guards, 1660
to 1670, I have to refer him to the Orderly-room, Horse Guards, where he
will see the costume of the three regiments since they were raised. In
Mackinnon’s History of the Coldstream Guards, he will find that
regiment’s dress from the year 1650 to 1840.

C. D.

Book Inscriptions (Vol. vii., p. 455.).—At the end of No.
1801. Harl. MSS. is the following:

In the printed catalogue there is this note:

“Neotricus quidam hos scripsit versiculos, ex alio forsan Codice
depromptos.”

ω. φ.

I have not seen the following amongst your deprecatory rhymes. It may
come in with another batch. The nature of the punishment is somewhat
different from that usually selected, and savours of Spain:

Rubi.

In a Gesner’s Thesaurus I have the following label of the date
1762:

“Ex Caroli Ferd. Hommelii Bibliotheca.

“Intra quatuordecim dies comodatum ni reddideris, neq’ belle
custodieris, alio tempore, Non habeo, dicam.”

L.

Humbug (Vol. vii., pp. 550. 631.).—I do not remember any
earlier use of this word than in Fielding’s Amelia, 1751. Its
origin is involved in obscurity: but may it not be a corruption of the
Latin ambages, or the singular ablative ambage? which
signifies quibbling, subterfuge, and that kind of conduct which is
generally supposed to constitute humbug. It is very possible that
it may have been pedantically introduced in the seventeenth century. May,
in his translation of Lucan, uses the word ambages as an English
word.

H. T. Riley.

A severe instance of the use of the term “humbug” occurred in a court
of justice. A female in giving her evidence repeatedly used this term. In
her severe cross-examination, the counsel (a very plain, if not an ugly
person) observed she had frequently used the term humbug, and desired to
know what she meant by it, and to {65}have an explanation; to
which she replied, “Why, Sir, if I was to say you were a very handsome
man, would you not think I was humbugging you?” The counsel sat down
perfectly satisfied.

G. H. J.

Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling (Vol.
viii., p. 34.).—The passage in Daniel alluded to is probably the
following:—”Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be
increased,” chap. xii. v. 4. Mr. Craig should
send to your pages the exact words of Newton and Voltaire, with
references to the books in which the passages may be found.

John Bruce.

Engine-à-verge (Vol. vii., p. 619.).—Is not this what we
term a garden engine? The French vergier (viridarium) is
doubtless so named, quia virgâ definita; and we have the old
English word verge, a garden, from the same source.

H. C. K.

—— Rectory, Hereford.

“Populus vult decipi,” &c. (Vol. vii., p. 572.).—The
origin of this phrase is found in Thuanus, lib. xvii. A.D. 1556. See Jackson’s Works, book iii. ch.
32. § 9. note.

C. P. E.

Sir John Vanbrugh (Vol. vii., p. 619.).—Sir John Vanbrugh
was the grandson of a Protestant refugee, from a family originally of
Ghent in Flanders. The Duke of Alva’s persecution drove him to England,
where he became a merchant in London. Giles, the son of this refugee,
resided in Chester, became rich by trade, and married the youngest
daughter of Sir Dudley Carleton, by whom he had eight sons, of whom Sir
John Vanbrugh was the second. The presumption is he was born in Chester,
but the precise date is unknown.

Anon.

Erroneous Forms of Speech (Vol. vii., pp. 329.
632.).—With regard to your two correspondents E. G. R. and M., I
hold that, with Cowper’s disputants, “both are right and both are
wrong.”

The name of the field beet is, in the language of the
unlearned, mangel-wurzel, “the root of poverty.” It acquired that
name from having been used as food by the poor in Germany during a time
of great famine. Turning to Buchanan’s Technological Dictionary, I
find,—

“Mangel-wurzel. Field beet; a variety between the red and
white. It has as yet been only partially cultivated in Britain.”

In reference to the assertion of your later correspondent, that “such
a thing as mangel-wurzel is not known on the Continent,” I would ask if
either he or his friends are familiar with half the beautiful and
significant terms applied to English flowers and herbs? If he prefer
using mangold for beet, he is quite at liberty to do so, and I believe on
sufficiently good authority. What says Noehden, always a leading
authority in German:

“Mangold. Red beet; name of some other plants, such as lungwort
and sorrel.”

Mangold is here, then, a generic term, standing for other plants
equally with the beet. One suggestion, however; I would recommend the
generic term, when used at all, to be used alone, leaving the more
familiar appellation as it stands, for the adoption of those who prefer
the homely but suggestive phraseology to which it belongs.

E. L. H.

Devonianisms (Vol. vii., p. 630.).—Plum, adj. I am
at a loss for the origin of this word as employed in Devonshire in the
sense of “soft,” e.g. “a plum bed:” meaning a soft, downy
bed.

Query: Can it be from the Latin pluma? And if so, what is its
history?

There is also a verb to plum, which is obscure. Dough, when
rising under the influence of heat and fermentation, is said to be
plumming well; and the word plum, as an adjective, is used
as the opposite of heavy with regard to currant and other cakes
when baked. If the cake rises well in the oven, it is commonly said that
it is “nice and plum;” and vice versâ, that it is heavy.

Clunk, verb. This word is used by the common people, more
especially the peasantry, to denote the swallowing of masses of
unmasticated food; and of morsels that may not be particularly relished,
such as fat. What is the origin of the word?

Dollop, subs. This word, as well as the one last-named, is very
expressive in the vocabulary of the vulgar. It is applied to lumps of any
substances, whether food or otherwise. Such a phrase as this might be
heard: “What a dollop of fat you have given me!” “Well,” would be
the reply, “if you don’t like it, clunk it at once.” I should be
glad to be enlightened as to the etymology of this term.

Isaiah W. N. Keys.

Plymouth, Devon.

Miscellaneous.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

A Narrative of the Holy Life and Happy Death of Mr.
John Angier. London. 1685.

Moore’s Melodies. 15th Edition.

Wood’s Athenæ Oxonienses (ed. Bliss). 4 vols.
4to. 1813-20.

The Complaynts of Scotland. 8vo. Edited by
Leyden. 1804.

Shakspeare’s Plays. Vol. V. of Johnson and
Steevens’s edition, in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739.

*** Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to
send their names.

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage
free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of
“NOTES AND QUERIES,” 186. Fleet Street.

{66}

Notices to Correspondents.

Owing to the necessity of infringing on the present Number for the
Title-page of our Seventh Volume, we are compelled to omit many
interesting communications, and our usual Notes on
Books, &c.

Abredonensis must be referred to the
Philosophical Transactions, vol. xliii. p. 249., for a reply to his
Query. It will be sufficient here to state, that the Willingham Boy was
at his birth of gigantic form, and an object of great curiosity to the
philosophical world. It is not stated how long he lived, or what
education he received, so that we cannot ascertain whether he
distinguished himself in any “department of literature or art.”

H. N. will find in our Seventh Volume, p. 192., that the
quotation—

is from J. P. Kemble’s Comedy of The Panel, altered from
Bickerstaff’s ‘Tis well ’tis no worse.

Mr. Pollock’s Process.—”In answer
to N. T. B., a saturated solution of hypo. saturated with iodide
of silver.

“21. Maddox Street.          Henry Pollock.“

T. B. (Coventry). Paper positives are seldom varnished. The glossy
appearance which they possess may depend either upon their being printed
on albumenised paper, or upon their being hot-pressed. The latter process
always much improves the picture. Where the size has been much removed,
it is well to re-size the paper, which may be done by boiling a few
parchment cuttings in water, and soaking the prints in the
liquor.

H. H. H. (Ashburton). All the best authorities concur in the
uncertain properties of the salts of gold. We have seen some
Daguerreotypes which have been executed about three years, and were
treated with the salts of gold, and which are now mere shades.

C. M. M. (Abbey Road). Your question as to the spots has been
carefully answered in a late Number. The film which you notice on the
surface of your nit. silver bath depends upon the remaining portion of
ether in the collodion being liberated, which, not being very soluble in
water, causes the greasy appearance. It soon evaporates, and is of no
consequence.

T. Cook is thanked for his offer of a cheap
and easy method of obtaining pictures for the stereoscope. We shall be
glad to receive it.

Dr. Diamond’s Photographic Notes.—We
share in the desire expressed by W. C., J. M. S., and many other
Correspondents, for the speedy publication of this volume. But we believe
the delay is not to be regretted. It is a very easy matter to write a
book upon Photography; but it requires no small labour, and great
consideration, to produce such a volume as Dr.
Diamond proposes, in which it is his desire to explain
everything so clearly, that a person living in a remote part of the
country, or in the colonies, may, from his directions, make a good
photograph.

Errata.—P. 25., last line, read “campus” for
“campres;” p. 26., fourth line, read “iaro” for
“iars;” p. 36., 2nd col. line 18., read “regularity” for
“irregularity.”

A few complete sets of “Notes and
Queries,” Vols. i. to vii., price Three Guineas and a
Half, may now be had; for which early application is desirable.

“Notes and Queries” is published at noon on
Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that
night’s parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the
Saturday.

GILBERT J. FRENCH,

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T. OTTEWILL (from Horne & Co.’s) begs most respectfully to call
the attention of Gentlemen, Tourists, and Photographers, to the
superiority of his newly registered DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERAS,
possessing the efficiency and ready adjustment of the Sliding Camera,
with the portability and convenience of the Folding Ditto.

Every description of Apparatus to order.

SPECTACLES.—WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as a
Licentiate of the Apothecaries’ Company, London, his theory as a
Mathematician, and his practice as a Working Optician, aided by Smee’s
Optometer, in the selection of Spectacles suitable to every derangement
of vision, so as to preserve the sight to extreme old age.

ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited
at the Academy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are
so constructed that the rays of Light fall nearly perpendicular to the
surface of the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely
removed, and a telescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power
and light than could be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the
various sizes on application to

WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London.

{67}

HAMILTON’S MODERN INSTRUCTIONS for the PIANOFORTE. Thirty-eighth
Edition Price 4s.

“So simple and clear are the directions laid down that any one with a
moderate degree of application would have no difficulty in overcoming the
intricacies of the instrument. The lessons are progressive, and the
treatise is popular,” &c.—Tallis’s London Weekly
Paper.

ROBERT COCKS & CO.’s CHORISTER’S HAND-BOOK. Edited by JOSEPH
WARREN. 1 vol. 4to., white cloth boards, price 8s. or in 52
Numbers, each 2d.

“Valuable contribution to choral melody; contains no fewer than
fifty-two anthems, arranged for two, three, or four voices (with piano or
organ accompaniment), in a very effective style. The work is marvellously
cheap, and should find a place in every parochial choir.”—Tallis’s
London Weekly Paper, March 12.

HAMILTON’S MODERN INSTRUCTIONS IN SINGING. Large music folio,
5s. ROBERT COCKS & CO.

“One of the most useful of the many works which the Messrs. Cocks have
published. We cordially recommend this volume; like the Author’s ‘Modern
Instructions for the Pianoforte,’ it will become one of the most popular
works of the day.”—Scottish Press, March 16.

SACRED MUSIC.—A Select CATALOGUE of SACRED MUSIC, Vocal and for
the Organ, including the favourite Oratorios of Handel and others (with
Tables of Contents), Cathedral Music, Choral Music, Psalmody, &c. New
Edition, enlarged, 4to., 40 pp.—Gratis, and Postage free, on
application to the Publishers, ROBERT COCKS & CO., New Burlington
Street, London: and of all Music-sellers and Booksellers.

London: ROBERT COCKS & CO., New
Burlington Street.

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE
AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

Trustees.—W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.
Physician.—William Rich. Basham, M.D.
Bankers.—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application
to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed
in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share
in three-fourths of the Profits:—

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material
additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON
BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land
Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building
Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and
Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life
Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION,
NERVOUSNESS, &c.—BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.’S HEALTH-RESTORING
FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves
fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic,
intestinal, liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted,
dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhœa, acidity,
heartburn, flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of
the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during
pregnancy, at sea, and under all other circumstances, debility in the
aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c.

A few out of 50,000 Cures:—

Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de
Decies:—”I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta
Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to
authorise the publication of these lines.—Stuart
de Decies.“

Cure, No. 49,832:—”Fifty years’ indescribable agony from
dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms,
sickness at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry’s
excellent food.—Maria Jolly, Wortham Ling,
near Diss, Norfolk.”

Cure, No. 180:—”Twenty-five years’ nervousness, constipation,
indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and
which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured by
Du Barry’s food in a very short time.—W. R.
Reeves, Pool Anthony, Tiverton.”

Cure, No. 4,208:—”Eight years’ dyspepsia, nervousness, debility,
with cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the
advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry’s delicious
food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any
inquiries.—Rev. John W. Flavell, Ridlington
Rectory, Norfolk.”

Dr. Wurzer’s Testimonial.

“Bonn, July 19. 1852.

“This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,
nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body,
as also diarrhœa, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of
the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and
hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most
satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and
bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the
troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the
conviction that Du Barry’s Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of
incipient hectic complaints and consumption.

“Dr. Rud Wurzer.
“Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn.”

London Agents:—Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly,
purveyors to Her Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent
Street; and through all respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine
venders. In canisters, suitably packed for all climates, and with full
instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s. 6d.;
5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.;
10lb. 33s. The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of
Post-office order.—Barry, Du Barry Co., 77. Regent Street,
London.

Important Caution.—Many invalids having
been seriously injured by spurious imitations under closely similar
names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to
see that each canister bears the name Barry, Du Barry
& Co., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, without which
none is genuine.

In 2 vols. Imperial 8vo., cloth, 4l. 10s.

THE IMPERIAL DICTIONARY; ENGLISH, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND SCIENTIFIC.
Adapted to the Present State of Literature, Science, and Art, on the
Basis of Webster’s “English Dictionary;” with the Addition of many
Thousand Words and Phrases from the other Standard Dictionaries and
Encyclopedias, and from numerous other sources; comprising all Words
purely English, and the principal and most generally used Technical and
Scientific Terms, together with their Etymologies, and their
Pronunciation, according to the best authorities.

ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF TWO
THOUSAND ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.

“I can safely pronounce it to be the most perfect work of its kind
that has ever appeared. No man, literary or mercantile, should be without
it.—Charles Edward Tindal, Rector of St.
Andrew’s Church, Dublin.

“I have examined ‘Blackie’s Imperial Dictionary,’ and it appears to me
to be decidedly the best work of the kind in the English
language.”—Walter Scott, President and
Theological Tutor of Airedale Castle.

“I have great pleasure in bearing testimony to the beauty of the type,
the clearness of the definitions, and to the great addition of words of
recent introduction into our language. I have compared it with several
contemporary publications of a similar character, and hesitate not for
one moment to say, it is decidedly the best of those which have come
under my notice.”—E. Cobham Brewer, LL.D.,
Author of “Guide to Science,” &c.

BLACKIE & SON, Warwick Square, London,
and Edinburgh and Glasgow.

READING FOR TRAVELLERS.

This day is published, foolscap, price 1s.,

SAMUEL JOHNSON. By THOMAS CARLYLE. Reprinted from “Critical and
Miscellaneous Essays.”

Recently published,

CHARACTER and ANECDOTES of CHARLES the SECOND. 1s.

MONTENEGRO and the SLAVONIANS of TURKEY. 1s. 6d.

THE VILLAGE DOCTOR. 1s.

FRANKLIN’S FOOTSTEPS; a Sketch of Greenland, &c. 1s.
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MAGIC and WITCHCRAFT. 1s.

OLD ROADS AND NEW ROADS. 1s.

London: CHAPMAN & HALL
193. Piccadilly.

This day, post 8vo. cloth, 7s. 6d.

THE TURKS IN EUROPE: A Sketch of Manners and Politics in the Ottoman
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Residence in a Levantine Family,” &c.

London: CHAPMAN & HALL,
193. Piccadilly.

ARUNDEL SOCIETY.—Casts of one of the most Perfect Slabs (No.
47.) of the PARTHENON FRIEZE in the Elgin Collection, lately reduced by
MR. CHEVERTON to one-third scale, will now be sold by Written Order of
MR. MACKAY:

1. Fictile Ivory 15s. (to Members, 10s.)—2.
Superfine Plaster, 12s. 6d. (Members, 7s.
6d.)—3. Rough Plaster, 7s. 6d. (Members,
5s.)

Electro-bronze Copies may be had at MESSRS. ELKINGTON’S 22. Regent
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Casts of THESEUS and ILISSUS are still kept.

These Casts are independent of the Annual Publications supplied to
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Apply at MESSRS. P. & D. COLNAGHI’S, 14. Pall Mall, East.

{68}

MURRAY’S
RAILWAY READING

This Day, new and revised Edition, post 8vo.,
2s. 6d.

ANCIENT SPANISH BALLADS: Historical and Romantic. Translated, with
Notes, by JOHN GIBSON LOCKHART, ESQ.

Also, fcap, 8vo., 2s.

A MONTH IN NORWAY, during the Summer of 1852. By JOHN G. HOLLWAY,
ESQ.

The former Volumes of Murray’s Railway
Reading are—

LIFE OF LORD BACON. By LORD CAMPBELL.

WELLINGTON. By JULES MAUREL.

FALL OF JERUSALEM. By DEAN MILMAN.

STORY OF JOAN OF ARC. By LORD MAHON.

LITERARY ESSAYS AND CHARACTERS. By HENRY HALLAM.

LIFE OF THEODORE HOOK.

THE EMIGRANT. By SIR F. B. HEAD.

CHARACTER OF WELLINGTON. By LORD ELLESMERE.

MUSIC AND DRESS. By a LADY.

POPULAR ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. By A. H. LAYARD.

BEES AND FLOWERS. By a CLERGYMAN.

“THE FORTY-FIVE.” By LORD MAHON.

ESSAYS FROM “THE TIMES.”

DEEDS of NAVAL DARING. By EDWARD GIFFARD.

THE ART OF DINING.

JOURNEY TO NEPAUL. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT.

THE CHACE, TURF, AND ROAD. By NIMROD.

Just ready,

HISTORY, AS A CONDITION OF SOCIAL PROGRESS. By SAMUEL LUCAS. Fcap.
8vo., price 6d.

JOHN MURRAY, Albermarle Street.

Now ready, with Woodcuts, Post 8vo., 10s. 6d.

THE STORY OF CORFE CASTLE, and of many who have lived there. Collected
from Ancient Chronicles and Records; also, from the Private Memoirs of a
Family resident there in the Time of the Civil Wars, which include
various particulars of the Court of Charles I., when at York, and
afterwards at Oxford. By the RIGHT HON. GEORGE BANKES, M.P.

JOHN MURRAY, Albermarle Street.

TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR
GARDENS.

THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE
AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF.
LINDLEY,)

Of Saturday, July 9 contains Articles on

THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in
addition to the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and
Liverpool prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber,
Bark, Wool, and Seed Markets, and a complete Newspaper, with a
condensed account of all the transactions of the week.

ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper
Willington Street, Covent Garden, London.

This day, Seventh Edition, revised, 5s.

VIEW OF THE SCRIPTURE REVELATIONS RESPECTING A FUTURE STATE.

By the same Author,

LECTURES ON THE CHARACTERS OF OUR LORDS APOSTLES, 3s.
6d.

LECTURES ON THE SCRIPTURE REVELATIONS RESPECTING GOOD AND EVIL ANGELS.
3s. 6d.

London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON,
West Strand.

Just published, price 1s. (by Post for 18 stamps),

A COLLECTION of CURIOUS, INTERESTING, and FACETIOUS EPITAPHS, &c.
By JOSEPH SIMPSON, Librarian of the Islington Literary and Scientific
Society.

Also, price 6d. (by Post for 8 stamps), to be
continued Yearly,

A WEATHER JOURNAL for 1852: containing Readings of Thermometer, Wind,
and Weather daily, in the North of London.

Published and Sold by JOSEPH SIMPSON,
1. College Place, Highbury Vale; and Literary
Institution, Wellington Street, Islington.

ARNOLD’S (REV. T. K.) THIRD AND
FOURTH GREEK BOOKS.

Now ready,

I.

THE THIRD GREEK BOOK, containing a Selection from XENEPHON’S
CYROPÆDIA, with Explanatory Notes, Syntax, and a Glossarial Index. By the
late REV. THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M.A., Rector of Lyndon, and formerly
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Price 3s. 6d.

II.

THE FOURTH GREEK BOOK: or the Last Four Books of XENOPHON’S ANABASIS,
containing the HISTORY of the RETREAT of the TEN THOUSAND GREEKS: with
Explanatory Notes, and Grammatical References. By the SAME EDITOR. Price
4s.

RIVINGTONS, St. Paul’s Church Yard, and
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Of whom may be had, by the Same Author,

1. THE FIRST GREEK BOOK, on the Plan of Henry’s “First Latin Book.”
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2. THE SECOND GREEK BOOK, on the Same Plan. 5s. 6d.

In 8vo., price 10s. 6d.

PAROCHIAL FRAGMENTS relating to the PARISH of WEST TARRING, and the
CHAPELRIES of HEENE and DURRINGTON, in the County of SUSSEX; including a
Life of THOMAS à BECKET. and some Account of the learned JOHN SELDEN.
(Published in Aid of the Restoration of the Church of West Tarring.) By
JOHN WOOD WARTER, B.D., Vicar of West Tarring.

RIVINGTONS, St. Paul’s Church Yard, and
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BURKE’S (Right Hon. Edmund) WORKS and CORRESPONDENCE. The NEW EDITION
(containing the whole of the Contents of the former Edition published in
20 Volumes, 8vo., at the price of 9l. 5s.) is now
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London: RIVINGTONS, St. Paul’s Church
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*** The Reflections on the French Revolution may be had separately,
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The Twenty-eighth Edition.

NEUROTONICS, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing
Remarks on the influence of the Nerves upon the Health of Body and Mind,
and the means of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Melancholy, and all
Chronic Diseases, by DR. NAPIER, M.D. London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN.
Price 4d. or Post Free from the Author for Five Penny Stamps.

“We can conscientiously recommend ‘Neurotonics,’ by Dr. Napier, to the
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June 5, 1852.

This day is published, price 6d.

OBSERVATIONS ON SOME OF THE MANUSCRIPT EMENDATIONS OF THE TEXT OF
SHAKSPEARE. By J. O. HALLIWELL, Esq., F.R.S.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square,
London.

Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10.
Stonefield Street, in the parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New
Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and
published by George Bell, of No. 186. Fleet
Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London,
Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, July 16,
1853.