{565}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

“When found, make a note of.”—CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

CONTENTS.

Notes.

TOM MOORE’S FIRST!

It is now generally understood that the first poetic effusion of
Thomas Moore was entrusted to a publication entitled Anthologia
Hibernica, which held its monthly existence from Jan. 1793 to
December 1794, and is now a repertorium of the spirited efforts made in
Ireland in that day to establish periodical literature. The set is
complete in four volumes: and being anxious to see if I could trace the
“fine Roman” hand of him whom his noble poetic satirist, and after fast
friend, Byron, styled the “young Catullus of his day,” I went to the
volumes, and give you the result.

No trace of Moore appears in the volume containing the first six
months of the publication; but in the “List of Subscribers” in the
second, we see “Master Thomas Moore;” and as we find this
designation changed in the fourth volume to “Mr. Thomas Moore,
Trinity College, Dublin!” (a boy with a black ribband in his collar,
being as a collegian an “ex officio man!”), we may take it for
ascertained that we have arrived at the well-spring of those effusions
which have since flowed in such sparkling volumes among the poetry of the
day.

Moore’s first contribution is easily identified; for it is prefaced by
a note, dated “Aungier Street, Sept. 11, 1793,” which contains the usual
request of insertion for “the attempts of a youthful muse,”
&c., and is signed in the semi-incognito style, “Th-m-s M—re;”
the writer fearing, doubtless, lest his fond mamma should fail to
recognise in his own copy of the periodical the performance of her
little precocious Apollo.

This contribution consists of two pieces, of which we have room but
for the first: which is a striking exemplification (in subject at least)
of Wordsworth’s aphorism, that “the child is father to the man.” It is a
sonnet addressed to “Zelia,” “On her charging the author with writing
too much on Love!” Who Zelia was—whether a lineal
ancestress of Dickens’s “Mrs. Harris,” or some actual grown up young
lady, who was teased by, and tried to check the chirpings of the little
{566}
precocious singing bird—does not appear: but we suspect the former,
for this sonnet is immediately followed by “A Pastoral Ballad!” calling
upon some Celia unknown to “pity his tears and complaint,”
&c., in the usual namby-pamby style of these compositions. To any one
who considers the smart, espiègle, highly artificial style of “Tom
Moore’s” after compositions, his “Pastoral Ballad” will be what Coleridge
called his Vision, a “psychological curiosity.”

Passing on through the volumes, in the Number for February 1794 we
find a paraphrase of the Fifth Ode of Anacreon, by “Thomas Moore;”
another short poem in June 1794, “To the Memory of Francis Perry, Esq.,”
signed “T. M.,” and dated “Aungier Street.” These are all which can be
identified by outward and visible signs, without danger of mistake: but
there are a number of others scattered through the volumes which I
conjecture may be his; they are under different signatures, generally
T. L., which may be taken to stand for the alias “Thomas Little,”
by which Moore afterwards made himself so well known. There is an “Ode to
Morning,” in the Number for March 1794, above the ordinary run of
magazine poetry. And in the Number for May following are “Imitations from
the Greek” and Italian, all under this same signature. And this last
being derived from some words in Petrarch’s will, bequeathing his lute to
a friend, is the more curious; and may the more probably be supposed
Moore’s, as it contains a thought which is not unlikely to have suggested
in after years the idea of his celebrated melody, entitled the “Bard’s
Legacy.” The Number for Nov. 1794, last but one in the fourth volume,
contains a little piece on “Variety,” which independent of a T. M.
signature, I would almost swear, from internal evidence, to be
Moore’s; it is the last in the series, and indicates such progress as two
years might be supposed to give the youthful poet, from the
lack-a-daisical style of his first attempts, towards that light,
brilliant, sportive vein of humour in which he afterwards wrote “What the
Bee is to the Flowret,” &c., and other similar compositions. I now
give Moore’s first sonnet, including its footnote, reminding us of the
child’s usual explanatory addition to his first drawing of some amorphous
animal—”This is a horse!” or “a bear!” as the case may be. Neither
the metre nor the matter would prepare us for the height to
which the writer afterwards scaled “the mountain’s height of
Parnassus:”

If you think this fruit of a research into a now almost forgotten
work, which however contains many matters of interest (among the rest,
“The Baviad of Gifford”), worth insertion, please put it among “N. &
Q.;” it may incite others to look more closely, and perhaps trace other
“disjecta membra poetæ.”

A. B. R.

Belmont.

NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD WORDS.

(Continued from p. 544.)

Let no one say that a tithe of these instances would have sufficed.
Whoever thinks so, little understands the vitality of error. Most things
die when the brains are out: error has no brains, though it has more
heads than the hydra. Who could have believed it possible that after
Steevens’s heaped-up proofs in support of the authentic reading,
“carded his state” (King Henry IV., Act III. Scene 2.),
Warburton’s corruption, ‘scarded, i. e. discarded, was
again to be foisted into the text on the authority of some nameless and
apocryphal commentator? Let me be pardoned if I prefer Shakspeare’s
genuine text, backed by the masterly illustrations of his ablest
glossarist, before the wishy-washy adulterations of Nobody: and as a
small contribution to his abundant avouchment of the original reading,
the underwritten passage may be flung in, by way of make-weight:

“Since which it hath been and is his daily practice, either to broach
doctrinas novas et peregrinas, new imaginations never heard of before, or
to revive the old and new dress them. And these—for that by
themselves they will not utter—to mingle and to card with
the Apostles’ doctrine, &c., that at the least yet he may so vent
them.”—One of the Sermons upon the Second Commandment, preached in
the Parish Church of St. Giles, Cripplegate, on the Ninth of January,
a.d. mdxcii.: Andrewes’ Sermons, vol. v. p. 55.
Lib. Ang.-Cath. Theol.

Trash, to shred or lop.—So said Steevens, alleging that
he had met with it in books containing directions for gardeners,
published in the time of {567} Queen Elizabeth. I fear his memory
deceived him, or why should a man of his sound learning afterwards
incline to vail bonnet to the dogmatist Warburton? whose knowledge of
dogs, by the way, must have been marvellously small, or he could never
have imagined them to overtop one another in a horizontal course.
Overrun, overshoot, overslip, are terms in hunting,
overtop never; except perchance in the vocabulary of the wild
huntsman of the Alps. Trash occurs as a verb in the sense above
given, Act I. Sc. 2. of the Tempest: “Who t’aduance, and who to
trash for over-topping.” I have never met with the verb in
that sense elsewhere, but overtop is evermore the appropriate term in
arboriculture. To quote examples of that is needless. Of it
metaphorically applied, just as in Shakspeare, take the following
example:

“Of those three estates, which swayeth most, that in a manner doth
overtop the rest, and like a foregrown member depriveth the other of
their proportion of growth.”—Andrewes’ Sermons, vol. v. p. 177.,
Lib. Ang.-Cath. Theol.

Have we not the substantive trash in the sense of shreddings,
at p. 542. book iii. of a Discourse of Forest Trees, by John
Evelyn? The extract that contains the word is this:

“Faggots to be every stick of three feet in length, excepting only one
stick of one foot long, to harden and wedge the binding of it; this to
prevent the abuse, too much practised, of filling the middle part and
ends with trash and short sticks, which had been omitted in the
former statute.”

Possibly some of the statutes referred to by Evelyn may contain
examples of the verb. In the meantime it will not be impertinent to
remark, that what appears to be nothing more than a dialectic variety of
the word, namely trouse, is of every-day use in this county of
Hereford for trimmings of hedges; that it is given by Grose as a verb in
use in Warwickshire for trimming off the superfluous branches; and
lastly, that it is employed as a substantive to signify shreddings by
Philemon Holland, who, if I rightly remember, was many years head master
of Coventry Grammar School:

“Prouided alwaies, that they be paued beneath with stone; and for want
thereof, laid with green willow bastons, and for default of them, with
vine cuttings, or such trousse, so that they lie halfe a foot
thicke.”—The Seuenteenth Booke of Plinie’s Naturall History,
chap. xi. p. 513.: London, 1634.

Trash no one denies to be a kennel term for hampering a dog,
but it does not presently follow that the word bore no other
signification; indeed, there is no more fruitful mother of confusion than
homonomy.

Clamor, to curb, restrain (the tongue):

Most judiciously does Nares reject Gifford’s
corruption of this word into charm, nor will the suffrage of the
“clever” old commentator one jot contribute to dispel their diffidence of
this change, whom the severe discipline of many years’ study, and the
daily access of accumulating knowledge, have schooled into a wholesome
sense of their extreme fallibility in such matters. Without adding any
comment, I now quote, for the inspection of learned and unlearned, the
two ensuing extracts:

“For Critias manaced and thretened hym, that onelesse he
chaumbreed his tongue in season, ther should ere lōg bee one
oxe the fewer for hym.”—Apoptheymis of Erasmus, translated
by Nicolas Vdall, mcccccxlii, the First Booke, p.
10.

“From no sorte of menne in the worlde did he refrein or
chaumbre the tauntying of his tongue.”—Id., p.
76.

After so many Notes, one Query. In the second folio edition of
Shakspeare (my first folio wants the whole play), I find in
Cymbeline, Act V. Sc. 3., the next beautiful passage:

In the antepenultimate line, Britaine was more than a century ago
changed by Hanmer into Roman, therefore retained by Warburton, again
rejected by Steevens and Johnson, once more replaced by Knight and
Collier, with one of his usual happy notes by the former of the two,
without comment by the latter, finally left unnoticed by Dyce. My Query
then is this. What amount of obtuseness will disqualify a criticaster who
itches to be tinkering and cobbling the noblest passages of thought that
ever issued from mortal brain, while at the same time he stumbles and
bungles in sentences of that simplicity and grammatical clearness, as not
to tax the powers of a third-form schoolboy to explain?^[1] If editors,
commentators, {568} critics, and all the countless throng who
are ambitious to daub with their un-tempered mortar, or scribble their
names upon the most majestic edifice of genius that the world ever saw,
lack the little discernment necessary to interpret aright the above
extract from Cymbeline, for the last hundred years racked and
tortured in vain, let them at length learn henceforth to distrust their
judgment altogether.

W. R. Arrowsmith.

P.S.—In article of No. 180. p. 353., a rather important misprint
occurs, viz. date of 4to. King Richard II. with unusual
title-page, which should be 1608, not 1605. Other little errors the
reader may silently amend for himself.

VERNEY PAPERS—THE CAPUCHIN FRIARS, ETC.

In the appendix to Notes of Proceedings in the Long Parliament,
by Sir Ralph Verney, edited by Mr. Bruce for the Camden Society in 1845,
are “Notes written in a Cipher,” which Mr. Bruce gives in the hope that
the ingenuity of some reader will discover their meaning. I venture thus
to decypher the same:

I ought to state that in one or two instances the wrong cypher has
evidently been used by mistake, and this has of course increased the
difficulty of decyphering the notes.

With reference to the note “The Capuchins’ House to be dissolued,” may
I be allowed to refer to the following votes in the House of Commons, of
the date 26th February, 1641-2:

“Ordered, That Mr. Peard, Mr. Whistler, Mr. Reynolds, Mr. Pideaux, Mr.
Selden, Mr. Young, Mr. Hill, do presently withdraw, to peruse the
statutes now in force against priests and Jesuits.

“Ordered, That Mr. Whittacre, Mr. Morley, do presently go to Denmarke
House.

“Resolved, That the Capuchines shall be forthwith apprehended and
taken into safe custody by the Serjeant-at-Arms attending on this house;
and there kept till this house take farther order.”

The Capuchins were under the protection of the Queen Henrietta Maria;
Denmark House was the name by which Somerset House was at the period
known.

Under date 2nd March, 1641-2, are the following entries in the
Commons’ Journal:

“Mr. Holles brings this answer from the French Ambassador, That the
Capuchins being sent hither by Articles of Treaty between the Two Crowns,
he durst not of himself send them without Order from the King his Master,
or the King and Queen here: And said farther, That the Queen had left an
express Command for their stay here; and that he would be ever ready to
do any good Office for this House, and to keep a good Correspondency
between the Two Crowns; and if this House pleased, he would undertake to
keep them safe Prisoners at Somersett House; and that the chapel there
shall have the doors locked, and no Mass be said there.

“Ordered, That Mr. Hollis do acquaint the French Ambassador, that this
House doth accept of his Offer in securing the Persons of the Capuchins,
till this House take farther Order: and that the Doors be locked, and
made fast, at the Chapel at Somersett House; and that no Mass be said
there.

“Ordered, That the Lord Cramborne and Mr. Hollis shall acquaint the
French Ambassador with the desires of this House, that the Capuchins be
forthwith sent away; and to know if he will undertake to send them away;
and, if he will, that then they be forthwith delivered unto him.

“That Mr. Hollis do go up to the Lords, to acquaint them with the
Resolutions of this House, concerning the Capuchins, and desire their
Lordships’ concurrence therein.”

Some particulars of the proceedings of the parliament against the
Capuchins may be found in “Memoirs of the Mission in England of the
Capuchin Friars of the Province of Paris by Father Cyprian Gamache,” in
The Court and Times of Charles I., vol. ii. pp. 344. 354.

Thompson Cooper.

Cambridge.

EARLY SATIRICAL POEM.

On the turning over the pages of an old printed copy of Durand’s
Rationale Divinorum Officiorus, edited by Bonetus de locatellis
bergomensis, and printed at Lyons in 1506, by Natalis Brabam, for Jaques
Huguetan, I found the following copy of verses written on the fly-leaf.
They are written in a hand which I am inclined to assign to a date {569} not
much later than that of the book. There is no clue to the author. If they
are thought worthy of insertion in “N. & Q.,” I beg to inquire,
through the medium of your columns, whether they are to be found in any
collection of early English poems? and whether the author is known?

The ungallant sentiment of the first three stanzas is obvious. The
fourth is not so plain; nor is its connexion with the others evident,
though it is written without anything to mark separation; and the word
“finis” is placed below it, as if to apply to the whole. I should be
obliged if some one of your readers would give some explanation of
it.

W. H. G.

Winchester.

THE LETTERS OF ATTICUS.

The editor of the Grenville Papers has alluded to some “very
judicious and pertinent remarks in the ‘N. & Q.'” respecting the
Letters of Atticus, and as most of your readers will probably agree with
him that the authenticity of these letters is “a curious and interesting
question, and one that deserves very particular attention,” I beg
to correct an error into which he and others have fallen, as to the date
when Junius ceased to write under the signature Atticus. The Atticus
forwarded by Junius to George Grenville on the 19th October, 1768, was,
there is every reason to believe, the last from the pen of that
writer, who was then preparing to come before the public in a more
prominent character. When another correspondent adopted the signature
Atticus, Woodfall gave his readers warning by inserting the following
notice into the Public Advertiser:

“The Address to the Freeholders of the county of Middlesex, signed
Atticus, in our next. The Printer thinks it his duty to acquaint
his readers that this letter is not by the same hand as some letters in
this paper a little time since, under the signature
Atticus.”—Pub. Ad., March 19, 1769.

The printer took the like course when writers attempted to “impose
upon the public” by using the signatures Lucius and C., and then freely
inserted their letters; but when the same trick was tried with Junius,
the printer did not scruple to alter the signature, or reject the
contribution as spurious.

The genuine Letters of Atticus have had a narrow escape lately of
being laughed out of their celebrity by writers in some of our most
respectable periodicals. The authenticity of these letters up to the 19th
October, 1768, is now fully established. The undecided question of the
authorship of Junius requires that every statement should be carefully
examined, and (as far as possible) only well-authenticated facts be
admitted as evidence in future.

William Cramp.

Minor Notes.

Irish Bishops as English Suffragans.—In compliance with
the suggestion of J. M. D. in your last volume, p. 385., I abridge from
The Record of March 17th the following particulars:

“At a recent meeting of the Archæolgical Society the Rev. W. Gunner
stated that from a research among the archives of the bishops and of the
college of Winchester, he had found that many Irish bishops, during the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, were merely titular bishops, bearing
the titles of sees in Ireland, while they acted as suffragans to bishops
in England. A Bishop of Achonry, for instance, appeared to have been
frequently deputed by William of Wykeham to consecrate churches, and to
perform other episcopal duties, in his diocese; and the Bishops of
Achonry seemed frequently to have been suffragans of those of Winchester.
No see exhibits more instances of this expatriation than Dromore, lying
as it did in an unsettled and tumultuous country. Richard Messing, who
succeeded to Dromore bishopric in 1408, was suffragan to the Archbishop
of York; and so died at {570} York within a year after his appointment.
His successor John became a suffragan to the Archbishop of Canterbury,
and died such in 1420. Thomas Scrope, a divine from Leicestershire, was
appointed by the Pope to this see in 1430: he could not live in peace
with the Irish, and therefore became vicar-general to the Bishop of
Norwich. Thomas Radcliffe, his successor, never lived in Ireland: ‘the
profits of his see did not extend to 30l. sterling, and for its
extreme poverty it is void and desolate, and almost extincted, in so much
as none will own the same, or abide therein.’ Dr. Radcliffe was therefore
obliged to become a suffragan to the Bishop of Durham. William, who
followed him in the Dromore succession in 1500, lived in York, and was
suffragan to its archbishop; and it would seem his successors were also
suffragans in England, until the plantation of Ulster improved the
circumstances of that province.”

An Oxford B. C. L.

Pope and Buchanan.—I beg to suggest as a Query, whether
Pope did not borrow the opening of his Essay on Man from that of
the second book of Buchanan’s Latin poem De Sphærâ. Let us compare
them.

Buchanan:

Pope:

I do not remember the comparison to have been made before.

Wm. Ewart.

University Club.

Scarce MSS. in the British Museum.—In Cotton MSS., Titus,
B 1., will be found a curious and valuable collection of papers entitled
“Cromwell’s Remembrances.” These comprise:

1. A period from about the death of Anne Boleyn to his attainder.

2. They are very miscellaneous, consisting of memoranda of subjects
for conference with the king. Notices of persons to be remembered for
offices. Sale of lands. Diplomacy, and various other particulars. Notes
relative to the dissolution of monasteries; their riches, revenues, and
pensions to abbots, &c. The reception of Anne Cleves, and the
alteration of the royal household thereupon. Privy council and
parliamentary notes. Foreign alliances. Scotch and Irish affairs,
consequent on the dissolution of abbeys, &c.

These curious materials for history are in the rough and confused
state in which they were left by their author, and, to render them
available, would require an index to the whole.

The “Remembrances” are in some degree illustrated by Harl. MS. 604.,
which is a very curious volume of monastic affairs at the dissolution.
Also by 605, 606, and 607. The last two belong to the reign of Philip and
Mary, and contain an official account of the lands sold by them belonging
to the crown in the third and fourth years of their reign.

E. G. Ballard.

The Royal Garden at Holyrood Palace.—I cannot help
noticing a disgraceful fact, which has only lately come to my knowledge.
There is, adjoining the Palace of Holyrood, an ancient garden of the old
kings of Scotland: in it is a curious sundial, with Queen Mary’s name on
it. There is a pear-tree planted by her hands, and there are many other
deeply interesting traces of the royal race, who little dreamed how their
old stately places were to be profaned, after they themselves were laid
in the dust. The garden of the Royal Stuarts is now let to a
market gardener! Are there no true-hearted Scotchmen left, who will
redeem it from such desecration?

L. M. M. R.

The Old Ship “Royal Escape.”—The following extract from
the Norwich Mercury of Aug. 21, 1819, under the head of “Yarmouth
News,” will probably be gratifying to your querist Anon, Vol. vii., p. 380.:

“On the 13th inst. put into this port (Yarmouth), having been grounded
on the Barnard Sand, The Royal Escape, government hoy, with horses
for his royal highness at Hanover. This vessel is the same that King
Charles II. made his escape in from Brighthelmstone.”

Joseph Davey.

Queries.

“THE LIGHT OF BRITTAINE.”

I should be glad, through the medium of “N. & Q.,” to be favoured
with some particulars regarding this work, and its author, Maister Henry
Lyte, of Lytescarie, Esq. He presented the said work with his own hand to
“our late soveraigne queene and matchlesse mistresse, on the day when
shee came, in royall manner, to Paule’s Church.” I shall also be glad of
any information about his son, Maister Thomas Lyte, of Lytescarie, Esq.,
“a true immitator and heyre to his father’s vertues,” and who

“Presented to the Majestie of King James, (with) an excellent mappe or
genealogicall table (contayning the bredth and circumference of twenty
large sheets of paper), which he entitleth Brittaines Monarchy,
approuing Brute’s History, and the whole succession of this our nation,
from the very original, with the just observation of al times, changes,
and occasions therein happening. This worthy worke, having cost above
{571}
seaven yeares labour, beside great charges and expense, his highnesse
hath made very gracious acceptance of, and to witnesse the same, in court
it hangeth in an especiall place of eminence. Pitty it is, that this
phœnix (as yet) affordeth not a fellowe, or that from privacie it
might not bee made more generall; but, as his Majestie has granted him
priviledge, so, that the world might be woorthie to enjoy it, whereto, if
friendship may prevaile, as he hath been already, so shall he be still as
earnestly sollicited.”

These two works appear to have been written towards the close of the
sixteenth century. Is anything more known of them, and their respective
authors?

Traja-Nova.

Minor Queries.

Thirteen an unlucky Number.—Is there not at Dantzic a
clock, which at 12 admits, through a door, Christ and the Eleven,
shutting out Judas, who is admitted at 1?

A. C.

Quotations.—

“I saw a man, who saw a man, who said he saw the king.”

Whence?

“Look not mournfully into the past; it comes not back again,”
&c.—Motto of Hyperion.

Whence?

A. A. D.

“Other-some” and “Unneath.”—I do not recollect having
ever seen these expressions, until reading Parnell’s Fairy Tale.
They occur in the following stanzas:

As the author professes the poem to be “in the ancient English style,”
are these words veritable ancient English? If so, some correspondent of
“N. & Q.” may perhaps be able to give instances of their
recurrence.

Robert Wright.

Newx, &c.—Can any of your readers give me the unde
derivatur of the word newx, or noux, or knoux?
It is a very old word, used for the last hundred years, as fag is
at our public schools, for a young cadet at the Royal Military Academy,
Woolwich. When I was there, some twenty-five or twenty-seven years ago,
the noux was the youngest cadet of the four who slept in one room:
and a precious life of it he led. But this, I hope, is altered now. I
have often wanted to find out from whence this term is derived, and I
suppose that your paper will find some among your numerous correspondents
who will be able to enlighten me.

T. W. N.

Malta.

“A Joabi Alloquio.”—Who can explain the following, and
point out its source? I copy from the work of a Lutheran divine, Conrad
Dieteric, Analysis Evangeliorum, 1631, p. 188.:

The fourth and sixth line I do not understand.

B. H. C.

Illuminations.—When were illuminations in cities first
introduced? Is there any allusion to them in classic authors?

Cape.

Heraldic Queries.—Will some correspondent versed in
heraldry answer me the following questions?

1. What is the origin and meaning of women of all ranks, except the
sovereign, being now debarred from bearing their arms in shields, and
having to bear them in lozenges? Formerly, all ladies of rank bore
shields upon their seals, e.g. the seal of Margaret, Countess of
Norfolk, who deceased A.D. 1399; and of Margaret,
Countess of Richmond, and mother of Henry VIII., who deceased A.D. 1509. These shields are figured in the Glossary
of Heraldry, pp. 285, 286.

2. Is it, heraldically speaking, wrong to inscribe the motto upon a
circle (not a garter) or ribbon round the shield? So says the
Glossary, p. 227. If wrong, on what principle?

3. Was it ever the custom in this country, as on the Continent to this
day, for ecclesiastics to bear their arms in a circular or oval
panel?—the martial form of the shield being considered inconsistent
with their spiritual character. If so, when did the custom commence, and
where may instances be seen either on monuments or in illustrated
works?

Ceyrep.

John’s Spoils from Peterborough and Crowland.—Clement
Spelman, in his Preface to the reader, with which he introduces his
father’s treatise De non temerandis Ecclesiis, says (edit. Oxford,
1841, p.45.):

“I cannot omit the sacrilege and punishment of King John, who in the
seventeenth year of his reign, among other churches, rifled the abbeys of
{572}
Peterborough and Croyland, and after attempts to carry his sacrilegious
wealth from Lynn to Lincoln; but, passing the Washes, the earth in the
midst of the waters opens her mouth (as for Korah and his company), and
at once swallows up both carts, carriage, and horses, all his treasure,
all his regalities, all his church spoil, and all the church spoilers;
not one escapes to bring the king word,” &c.

Is the precise spot known where this catastrophe occurred, or have any
relics been since recovered to give evidence of the fact?

J. Sansom.

“Elementa sex,” &c.—Perhaps one of your readers,
given to such trifles, will hazard a guess at the solution, if not at the
author, of the subjoined:

Effigy.

Jack and Gill—Sir Hubbard de Hoy.—Having recently
amused myself by a dive into old Tusser’s Husbandrie, the
following passages suggested themselves as fitting Queries for
your pages:

Jack and Gill.—

Can the “Jack and Gill” of our nursery tales be traced to an earlier
date than Tusser’s time?

Hobble de Hoy.—Speaking of the periods of a man’s life,
Tusser’s advice, from the age of fourteen years to twenty-one, is to
“Keep under Sir Hubbard de Hoy.” Is it known whether there ever existed a
personage so named, either as a legend or a myth? And if not, what is the
origin of the modern term “Hobble de Hoy” as a designation for a
stripling? Bailey omits it in his Dictionary.

L. A. M.

Humphrey Hawarden.—Information is solicited respecting
this individual, who was a Doctor of Laws, and living in 1494. Also, of a
Justice Port, living about the same period.

T. Hughes.

Chester.

“Populus vult decipi.”—

Who was the author of the maxim? which is its correct form? and where
is it to be found? It seems to present another curious instance of our
ignorance of things with which we are familiar. I have put the question
to a dozen scholars, fellows of colleges, barristers, &c. &c.,
and none has been able to give me an answer. One only thinks it
was a dictum of some Pope.

Harry Leroy Temple.

Sheriffs of Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire.—Where can
any list of the sheriffs for these counties be found, previous to
the list given by Fuller from the time of Henry VIII.?

D.

Harris.—The Rev. William Harris, B.A., was presented, by
Thomas Pindar, Esq., to the vicarage of Luddington, Lincolnshire, on the
7th August, 1722. Mr. Harris died here in June, 1748, aged eighty-two. On
his tomb is inscribed,—

A tradition of his being a wizard still lingers in the village, and I
should be very glad to receive any particulars respecting him. From an
inspection of his will at Lincoln, it appears that he used the coat of
the ancient family of Harris of Radford, Devon, and that his wife’s name
was Honora, a Christian name not infrequent about that period in families
of the West of England also, as, for instance, Honora, daughter of Sir
Richard Rogers of Bryanstone, who married Edward Lord Beauchamp, and had
a daughter Honora, who married Sir Ferdinand Sutton; Honora, the wife of
Harry Conway, Esq., of Bodrhyddan, Flint; Honora, daughter of Edward
Fortescue of Fallapit; besides others.

W. H. Lammin.

Fulham.

Replies.

BISHOP BUTLER.

(Vol. vii., p. 528.)

“Charity thinketh no evil;” but we must feel both surprise and regret
that any one should, in 1853, consider it a doubtful question whether
Bishop Butler died in the communion of the Church of England. The bishop
has now been in his grave more than a hundred years; but Warburton says
truly, “How light a matter very often subjects the best-established
characters to the suspicions of posterity—how ready is a remote age
to catch at a low revived slander, which the times that brought it forth
saw despised and forgotten almost in its birth.”

X. Y. Z. says he would be glad to have this charge (originally brought
forward in 1767) sifted. He will find that it has been sifted, and
in the most full and satisfactory manner, by persons of no less
distinction than Archbishop Secker and Bishop Halifax. The strong
language employed by the archbishop, when refuting what he terms {573} a
“gross and scandalous falsehood,” and when asserting the bishops
“abhorrence of popery,” need not here be quoted, as “N.& Q.” is not
the most proper channel for the discussion of theological subjects; but
it is alleged that every man of sense and candour was convinced at the
time that the charge should be retracted; and it must be a
satisfaction to your correspondent to know, that as Bishop Butler lived
so he died, in full communion with that Church, which he adorned
equally by his matchless writings, sanctity of manners, and spotless
life.^[4]

J. H. Markland.

Bath.

In reference to the Query by X. Y. Z., as to whether Bishop Butler
died in the Roman Catholic communion, allow me to refer your
correspondent to the contents of the letters from Dr. Forster and Bishop
Benson to Secker, then Bishop of Oxford, concerning the last illness and
death of the prelate in question, deposited at Lambeth amongst the
private MSS. of Archbishop Seeker, “as negative arguments against the
calumny of his dying a Papist.”

Than the allegations that Butler died with a Roman Catholic book of
devotion in his hand, and that the last person in whose company he was
seen was a priest of that persuasion, nothing can be more unreasonable,
if at least it be meant to deduce from these unproved statements that the
bishop agreed with the one and held communion with the other. Dr.
Forster, his chaplain, was with him at his death, which happened about 11
a.m., June 16; and this witness observes (in a
letter to the Bishop of Oxford, June 18) that “the last four-and-twenty
hours preceding which [i. e. his death] were divided between short
broken slumbers, and intervals of a calm but disordered talk when awake.”
Again (letter to Ditto, June 17), Forster says that Bishop Butler, “when,
for a day or two before his death, he had in a great measure lost the use
of his faculties, was perpetually talking of writing to your lordship,
though without seeming to have anything which, at least, he was at all
capable of communicating to you.” Bishop Benson writes to the Bishop of
Oxford (June 12) that Butler’s “attention to any one or anything is
immediately lost and gone;” and, “my lord is incapable, not only of
reading, but attending to anything read or said.” And again, “his
attention to anything is very little or none.”

There was certainly an interval between this time (June 12) and “the
last four-and-twenty hours” preceding his death, during which, writes
Bishop Benson (June 17), Butler “said kind and affecting things more than
I could bear.” Yet, on the whole, I submit that these extracts, if fully
weighed and considered with all the attending circumstances, contain
enough of even positive evidence to refute conclusively the injurious
suspicions alluded to by X. Y. Z., if such are still current.

J. R. C.

MITIGATION OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT TO FORGERS.

(Vol. iv., p. 434., &c.)

I have asked many questions, and turned over many volumes and files of
newspapers, to get at the real facts of the cases of mitigation stated in
“N. & Q.” Having winnowed the chaff as thoroughly as I could, I send
the very few grains I have found. Those only who have searched annual
registers, magazines, and journals for the foundation of stories
defective in names and dates, will appreciate my difficulties.

I have not found any printed account of the “Jeannie Deans” case, “N.
& Q.,” Vol. iv., p. 434.; Vol. v., p. 444.; Vol. vi., p. 153. I have
inquired of the older members of the Northern Circuit, and they never
heard of it. Still a young man may have been convicted of forgery “about
thirty-five years ago:” his sister may have presented a well-signed
petition to the judges, and the sentence may have been commuted without
the tradition surviving on the circuit. All however agree, that no man
who ever sat on the bench deserved the imputation of “obduracy” less than
Baron Graham. I should not have noticed the anecdote but for its
mythic accompaniments, which I disposed of in “N. & Q.,” Vol.
v., p. 444.

In Vol. vi., p. 496., W. W. cites from Wade’s British
History:

“July 22, 1814. Admiral William B——y found guilty of
forging letters to defraud the revenue. He was sentenced to death, which
was commuted to banishment.”

The case is reported in The Sun, July 25, 1814; and the
subsequent facts are in The Times, July 30, and August 16 and 20.
It was tried before Mr. Justice Dampier at the Winchester Summer Assizes.
There were five bills against the prisoner for forgery, and one for a
fraud. That on which he was convicted, was for defrauding the post-master
of Gosport of 3l. 8s. 6d. He took to the post-office
a packet of 114 letters, which he said were “ship letters,” from the
“Mary and Jane.” He received the postage, and signed the receipt “W.
Johnstone.” The letters were fictitious. The case was fully proved, and
he received sentence of death. He was respited for a fortnight, and
afterwards during the pleasure of the Prince Regent. He was struck off
the list of retired {574} rear-admirals. It was proved at the
trial, that, in 1809, he commanded “The Plantagenet;” but, from the
unsettled state of his mind, the command had been given up to the
first lieutenant, and that he was shortly after superseded. This, and the
good character he received, were probably held to excuse the pardon.

I now come to the great case of George III. and Mr. Fawcett. I much
regret that Whunside has not replied in your
pages to my question (Vol. vii., p. 163.), as I could then have commented
upon the facts, and his means of knowing them, with more freedom. I have
a private communication from him, which is ample and candid. He objects
to bring his name before the public, and I have no right to press that
point. He is not quite certain as to the convict’s name, but can
procure it for me. He would rather that it should not be published, as it
might give pain to a respectable family. Appreciating the objection, and
having no use for it except to publish, I have declined to ask it of
him.

The case occurred in 1802 or 1803, when Whunside was a pupil of Mr. Fawcett. He says:

“Occasionally Mr. Fawcett used to allow certain portions of a weekly
newspaper to be read to the boys on a Saturday evening. This case was
read to us, I think from the Leeds Mercury; and though Mr.
Fawcett’s name was not mentioned, we were all aware who the minister
was.”

Thus we have no direct evidence of the amount of Mr. Fawcett’s
communications with George III. How much of the story as it is now told
was read to the boys, we do not know; but that it came to them first
through a weekly paper, is rather against than for it.

We all know the tendency of good stories to pick up additions as they
go. I have read that the first edition of the Life of Loyola was
without miracles. This anecdote seems to have reached its full growth in
1823, in Pearson’s Life of W. Hey, Esq., and probably in the two
lives of George III., published after his death, and mentioned by Whunside. Pearson, as cited in “N. & Q.,” Vol. vi.,
p. 276., says, that by some means the Essay on Anger had been
recommended to the notice of George III., who would have made the author
a bishop had he not been a dissenter; that he signified his wish to serve
Mr. Fawcett, &c. That on the conviction of H——, Mr.
Fawcett wrote to the king; and a letter soon arrived, conveying the
welcome intelligence, “You may rest assured that his life is safe,”
&c.

It is not stated that this was “private and confidential:” if it was,
Mr. Fawcett had no right to mention it; if it was not, he had no reason
for concealing what was so much to his honour, and so extraordinary as
the king’s personal interference in a matter invariably left to the
Secretary of State for the Home Department. If, however, Mr. Fawcett was
silent from modesty, his biographers had no inducement to be so; yet, let
us see how they state the case. The Account of the Life, Writings, and
Ministry of the late Rev. John Fawcett: London, 1818, cited in “N.
& Q.,” Vol. vi., p. 229., says:

“He was induced, in conjunction with others, to solicit the
exercise of royal clemency in mitigating the severity of that punishment
which the law denounces: and it gladdened the sympathetic feelings of his
heart to know that these petitions were not unavailing; but the modesty
of his character made him regret the publicity which had been given to
this subject.”

The fifth edition of the Essay on Anger, printed for the Book
Society for Promoting Religious Knowledge, London, no date, has a
memoir of the author. The “incident” is said not to have been circulated
in any publication by the family; but “it was one of the secrets
which obtain a wider circulation from the reserve with which one relator
invariably retails it to another.” That is exactly my view. Secrecy
contributes to diffusion, but not to accuracy. At the risk of being
thought tedious, I must copy the rest of this statement:

“Soon after the publication of this treatise, the author took an
opportunity of presenting a copy to our late much revered sovereign;
whose ear was always accessible to merit, however obscure the individual
in whom it was found. Contrary to the fate of most publications laid at
the feet of royalty, it was diligently perused and admired; and a
communication of this approbation was afterwards made known to the
author. It happened some time afterwards, a relative of one of his
friends was convicted of a capital crime, for which he was left for
execution. Application was instantly made for an extension of royal
favour in his behalf; and, among others, one was made by Mr. Fawcett: and
his majesty, no doubt recollecting the pleasure he had derived from
the perusal of his Essay on Anger, and believing that he would not
recommend an improper person to royal favour, was most graciously
pleased to answer the prayer of the petition; but as to precisely how
far the name of Mr. Fawcett might have contributed to this successful
application must await the great disclosures of a future
judgment.“

The reader will sift this jumble of inferences and facts, and perhaps
will not go so far as to have “no doubt.”

Whunside tells me, that about 1807 he employed
a bookbinder from Halifax; who, on hearing that he had been a pupil of
Mr. Fawcett, said he had seen two copies of the Essay on Anger,
most beautifully bound, to be sent to the king.

The conclusion to which I come is, that Mr. Fawcett sent a copy of the
Essay on Anger to the king; that the receipt of it was
acknowledged, possibly in some way more complimentary than the ordinary
circular; that a young man was convicted of forgery; that Mr. Fawcett and
others petitioned for his pardon, and that he was {575} pardoned. All the rest
I hold to be mere rumours, not countenanced by Mr. Fawcett or his family,
and not asserted by his biographers.

H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

MYTHE VERSUS MYTH.

(Vol. vii., p. 326.)

Mr. Keightley’s rule is only partially true,
and in the part which is true is not fully stated. The following rules,
qualified by the accompanying remarks, will I trust be found
substantially correct.

English monosyllables, formed from Greek or Latin monosyllabic
roots,

(1.) When the root ends in a single consonant preceded by a vowel,
require the lengthening e.

(2.) When the root ends in a single consonant preceded by a diphthong,
or in more than one consonant preceded by a vowel, reject the
e.

1. Examples from the Greek:—σχῆμ-α, scheme; λύρ-α (lyr-a),
lyre; ζών-η (zon-a), zon-e; βάσ-ις,
base; φράσ-ις, phras-e; τρόπ-ος, trop-e. From
Latin, ros-a, ros-e; fin-is, fin-e; fum-us, fum-e;
pur-us, pur-e; grad-us, grad-e. Compare, in verbs, ced-o,
ced-e.

Remarks.—This rule admits of a modification; e.g.
we form from ζῆλ-ος zeal (the sound
hardly perceptibly differing from zel-e); from ὥρ-α (hor-a), hour; from flos (flor-is),
flower and flour (the long sound communicated to the vowel
in the other words by the added e, being in these already
contained in the diphthong). Add ven-a, vein; van-us, vain;
sol-um, soil, &c.; and compare -ceed in proceed,
succeed, formed from compounds of ced-o. Some, but not all, of
these words have come to us through the French.

2. Examples from the Greek:—ῥεῦμ-α, rheum; χάσμ-α,
chasm; μύρρ-α, myrrh; γλῶσσ-α, gloss;
νύμφ-η
(nymph-a), nymph; δίσκ-ος, (disc-us),
disk; πλίνθ-ος, plinth;
ψαλμ-ός, psalm. From
Latin, fraus (fraud-is), fraud; laus (laud-is), laud;
plant-a, plant; orb-is, orb; plumb-um, plumb;
long-us, long, flux-us, flux; port-us, port.
Compare, in verbs, damn-o, damn; err-o, err; add-o,
add; vex-o, vex.

Remarks.—From roots ending in the same consonant doubled,
our derived words ordinarily drop one of them; e.g. στέμμ-α,
stem; gemm-a, gem; summ-a, sum; penn-a, pen;
carr-us, car. (Note this tendency of our language, by comparing
our man with the German mann.)

If the root ends in s or v preceded by a diphthong, or
in a consonant +s^[5] or +v preceded by a vowel,
our derived words add e, as παῦσ-ις (paus-a),
paus-e; caus-a, cause-e; næv-a, nav-e; puls-us,
puls-e; dens-us, dens-e; ἁψ-ίς, aps-e; laps-us,
laps-e; vers-us, vers-e; valv-a, valv-e; nerv-us,
nerv-e.^[6]
The cause of this lies in the genius of our language, which totally
rejects the ending v, and uses s (single) very sparingly in
the singular number, except in the ending ous, the genitive case,
the third person of the present tense, the obsolete wis, and
was. Other words are, the interjection alas; pronouns or
pronominal particles; proper names, as Thomas, Chaos;
compounds, as Lammas, Christmas; plural adverbs, as
towards, thereabouts; and the (perhaps)
plural—it ought to be so—alms.^[7]

From roots ending in a mute +a liquid, our derived words also
end in e, and are then in fact dissyllables; e.g. βίβλ-ος, bible;
κύκλ-ος, cycl-e;
μίτρ-α,
mitr-e; νίτρ-ον, nitr-e; πέτρ-ος, petr-e. In this
class of words the final letters (after the analogy of Latin) have
sometimes become transposed; e.g. λεπρ-ός, lep-er. So
now-a-days, cent-er as well as centr-e. Compare
metr-e, diamet-er.

To apply our rules to the words required to be formed in an English
shape from μῦθ-ος.

Very few words in our language end in th which are not of
purely native growth. Frith is questionable exception. Besides the
monosyllable plinth, we have imported from the Greek
colocynth, hyacinth, labyrinth, with the proper
names Corinth, Erymanth, all terminating in nth.

In the ending the our language does not rejoice. Most of such
words are verbs, so distinguished from their cognate substantives, as
wreathe from wreath. We have, as substantives, lathe
(A.-S. leð),
hythe (hyð),
scythe (more properly sithe, sıðe), tythe (tyðe); as adjectives, blithe
(blıðe),
lithe (lıð). There may be one or two more.

In all these the sounds is ð (th in this) not þ (th in thick). This appears worth
notice.

On the whole, I should venture to say that so uncouth a slip as
mythe, when set in our soil, was unlikely to thrive. Still myth is objectionable, though we at Cambridge might quote
gyp. However I may seem to be a breaker of my own laws, I
suggest, if we must have an English form of the word, that we should
write and pronounce myth. Several words
ending in th have the preceding vowel lengthened, e.g.
both, sloth, ruth, truth (though with the
inconsistency attributed to us, one, by the way, generally of orthography
rather than pronunciation, we shorten the diphthong in breath,
death). Compare also the sound of the endings ild and
ind.

I have already troubled you with a very long Note; but, before I
close, allow me to add that in what I have advanced I have had in view
only our modern mode of spelling, without binding {576} myself to an opinion
of its inferiority or superiority to that of our forefathers. I beg also
to protest against Mr. Keightley’s wish to banish
mythical from our vocabulary. It may be hybrid, but equally
so are critical, grammatical, musical,
physical, poetical, with a long string of et ceteras.

Charles Thiriold.

“INQUIRY INTO THE STATE OF THE UNION, BY
THE WEDNESDAY CLUB IN FRIDAY STREET.”

(Vol. vii., pp. 261. 409.)

This very able and valuable work, as to which your correspondent
inquires, was written by Wm. Paterson, the projector of the Bank of
England and the Darien scheme; a great and memorable name, but which, to
the discredit of British biography, will be sought for in vain in
Chalmers’s or our other biographical dictionaries. The book above noticed
appears to be a continuation of another tract by the same author,
entitled An Inquiry into the Reasonableness and Consequences of an
Union with Scotland, containing a brief Deduction of what hath been done,
designed, or proposed in the Matter of the Union during the last Age, a
Scheme of an Union as accommodated to the present Circumstances of the
two Nations, also States of the respective Revenues, Debts, Weights,
Measures, Taxes, and Impositions, and of other Facts of moment: with
Observations thereupon, as communicated to Laurence Philips, Esq., near
York: London, printed and sold by R. Bragg, 1706, 8vo., 160 pages.
This was preceded by an earlier tract by the same author: Conferences
on the Public Debts, by the Wednesday’s Club in Friday Street:
London, 1695, 4to. The last is noticed, with a short account of the
author, by Mr. M^cCulloch (Lib. of Political Economy, p.
159.), but he has not mentioned the two other works previously adverted
to. In all of them the author adopts the form of a report of the
proceedings of a club; but, without attempting to deny the actual
existence of a Wednesday’s club in Friday Street (the designation he
assumes for it), nothing can be more clear to any one who reads the three
tracts than that the conversations, proceedings, and personages mentioned
are all the creatures of his own fertile invention, and made use of, more
conveniently to bring out his facts, arguments, and statements. The
dramatic form he gives them makes even the dry details of finance
amusing; and abounding, as they do, in information and thought, these
works may always be consulted with profit and pleasure. The Inquiry
into the State of the Union, 1717, 8vo., for which Walpole is said to
have furnished some of the materials, was answered, but rather feebly, in
an anonymous pamphlet entitled Wednesday Club Law; or the Injustice,
Dishonour, and Ill Policy of breaking into Parliamentary Contracts for
public Debts: London, printed for E. Smith, 1717, 8vo., pp. 38. The
author of this pamphlet appears to have been a Mr. Broome. Those who
would wish see one of the financial questions discussed in the
Inquiry treated with equal force and ability, and with similar
views, by a great cotemporary of Paterson, whose pamphlet came out
simultaneously, may read Fair Payment no Spunge; or some
Considerations on the Unreasonableness of refusing to receive back Money
lent on public Securities, and the Necessity of setting the Nation free
from the unsupportable Burthen of Debt and Taxes, with a View of the
great Advantage and Benefit which will arise to Trade and to the Landed
Interest, as well as to the Poor, by having these heavy Grievances taken
off: London, printed and sold by Brotherton: Meadows and Roberts,
1717, 8vo., pp. 79. This is one of the pamphlets which, though it has
been sometimes erroneously assigned to Paterson, both on external and
internal evidence may be confidently attributed to Defoe, but which has
unaccountably escaped the notice of all his biographers.

James Crossley.

UNPUBLISHED EPIGRAM BY SIR W. SCOTT (?).

(Vol. vii., p. 498.)

The lines which your correspondent R. Vincent
attributes to Sir Walter Scott are part of an old English inscription
which Longfellow quotes in Outremer, p. 66., and thus describes in
a note:

“I subjoin this relic of old English verse entire…. It is copied
from a book whose title I have forgotten, and of which I have but a
single leaf, containing the poem. In describing the antiquities of the
church of Stratford-upon-Avon, the writer gives the following account of
a very old painting upon the wall, and of the poem which served as its
motto. The painting is no longer visible, having been effaced in
repairing the church:

“‘Against the west wall of the nave, on the south side of the arch,
was painted the martyrdom of Thomas à Becket, while kneeling at the altar
of St. Benedict, in Canterbury Cathedral. Below this was the figure of an
angel, probably St. Michael, supporting a long scroll, upon which were
seven stanzas in old English, being an allegory of mortality.'”

The lines given at p. 498. of “N. & Q.” seem to be taken from the
two following stanzas, which stand third and fourth in the old
inscription:

{577}

Dugdale, in his Antiquities of Warwickshire, p. 517., tells us
that John de Stratford, who was Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of
Edward III., built a chapel on the south side of the church, “to the
honour of God and of St. Thomas the Martyr;” and as at p. 521. he
describes it as “in the south ile of the said church,” the west wall of
this chapel answers very well the description of the position of the
painting, and inscription. But in The Beauties of England and
Wales, vol. xv. p. 238., the chapel of the gild of the Holy
Cross, in the centre of the town, is mentioned as the place in which
the pictures were discovered, during some repairs which it underwent in
the year 1804.

I have since ascertained that the work to which Longfellow refers is
Weaver’s Account of Stratford-upon-Avon.

Erica.

As a companion to the unpublished epigram in No. 186. of “N.
& Q.,” I beg to hand you the following epitaph, copied by myself
about thirty years since, and referring, as I believe, to an old
brass in the church of St. Helen’s, London:

William Williams.

CHURCH CATECHISM.

(Vol. vii., pp. 190. 463.)

In accordance with the request of Z. E. R., I have pleasure in
forwarding the extracts from the Catechismus brevis et Catholicus,
referred to at pp. 190. 463. of the present volume. It is needful to
premise, 1. That the pages of the catechism are not numbered. This will
account for the absence of precise references. 2. That only so much is
quoted as may exhibit the parallelism; and, 3. That the citations are not
consecutive in the original, but arranged in the order of the questions
and answers of the Church Catechism, beginning with the fourteenth
question, “How many sacraments hath Christ ordained in His Church?”

Q. 14. How many, &c.

“Quot sunt Ecclesiæ Catholicæ Sacramenta?

Septem sunt in universum,” &c.

“Quis instituit Baptismum?

Ipse Servator ac Dominus noster Jesus Christus.”

[Similarly of the Eucharist.]

Q. 15. What meanest thou, &c.

“Ecquur hæc ipsa—et dicantur et sint Sacramenta?

Sacramenta sunt et dicuntur quia sacra atque efficacia sunt signa
divinæ erga nos voluntatis.”

Q. 16. How many parts, &c.

“Habetque unumquodque horum (quod sacramentis peculiare est verbum)
Elementum, et Gratiam invisibilem. Quod verbum nos docet, et promittit
nobis, hoc Elementum seu visibile signum similitudine quâdam demonstrat,
hoc idem Gratia quoque (nisi tamen obicem objiciat homo) in anima
invisibiliter operatur.

Da paucis singulorum Sacramentorum signa et invisibilem gratiam?”

Q. 17. What is the outward, &c.

“In Baptismo signum externum Aqua est.”

Q. 18. What is the inward, &c.

“Quid efficit seu prodest Baptismus?

“Res seu gratia est renovatio et sanctificatio animæ, ablutio omnium
peccatorum, adoptio baptizati in filium Dei.

‘Baptizatus sum in Nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti.’

“Tinctione illa aquæ, operationeque Spiritus Sancti, eripitur
baptizatus à regno et tyrannide diaboli, donatur remissione peccatorum ac
innocentia, addicitur perpetuò uni veroque Deo Patri et Filio et Spiritui
Sancto, hujus denique filius atque hæres instituitur.”

Q. 19. What is required, &c.

“Requiritur in eo (adulto), et verus fidei usus, et vita professione
Christiana, Baptismique voto digna: hoc est ut corde credat, et ore fidem
confiteatur, utque peccatis mortificatis in vitæ ambulet novitate.

Proba sacræ Scripturæ testimoniis, quod Fides in Baptizato
requiratur.”

Q. 20. Why then are infants, &c.

“Sed quomodo infantes possunt credere, ut qui nondum usum habeant
rationis?

His fides Ecclesiæ et susceptorum suffragatur, donec idonei fiant suo
illam assensu percipere, adhæc et fidei gratiam in Baptismo ii
consequuntur.”

Q. 21. Why was the Sacrament, &c.

“Quur vero sacram Eucharistiam Christus instituit?

… Ut suæ passionis ac mortis recordemur, eamque annuntiemus
perpetuò.”

Q. 22. What is the outward, &c.

Q. 23. What is the inward, &c.

“Da paucis … signa et invisibilem gratiam.

In Eucharistia, Elementum est panis ac vini species: res autem, verum
corpus, et verus Christi sanguis est, fructusque dignam sumptionem
sequentes.”

{578}

Q. 24. What are the benefits, &c.

“Jam recense paucis quinam fructus dignam Eucharistæ sumptionem
sequantur?

Principio quidem virtute escæ hujus confirmamur in fide, munimur
adversus peccata, ad bonorum operum studium excitamur, et ad charitatem
inflammamur. Hinc vero per eam incorporamur adjungimurque capiti nostro
Christo, ut unum cum ipso constituamus corpus,” &c.

Q. 25. What is required, &c.

“Quonam pacto dignè sumitur Eucharistia?

Digna sumptio, omnium primum requirit, ut homo peccata sua agnoscat ex
animo ob ea verè doleat—ac firmum etiam animo concipiat amplius non
peccandi propositum. Deinde exigit etiam digna sumptio, ut communicaturus
simultatem omnem odiumque animo eximat: reconcilietur læso, et charitatis
contra viscera induat. Postremo vero et fides cum primis in sumente
requiritur … ut credat corpus Christi pro se esse traditum mortem, et
sanguinem ejus in remissionem peccatorum suorum vere effusum,”
&c.

I fear the unavoidable length of the previous extracts will be against
the insertion of the full title of the book, and one remark. The title
is,—

“Catechismus brevis et Catholicus in gratiam Juventutis conscriptus,
Autore Iacobo Schœppero, Ecclesiasta Tremoniano. Cui accessit Pium
diurnarum precum Enchiridion, ex quo pueri toto die cum Deo colloqui
discant. Antverpiæ, apud Ioan. Bellerum ad insigne Falconis, 1555.”

My remark is, that some of the coincidences above enumerated are at
least singular, though they do not perhaps prove that the compiler
of the Church Catechism, in the places referred to, had them
before him.

B. H. C.

JACOB BOBART, ETC.

(Vol. vii., p. 428.)

Of old Jacob Bobart, who originally came from Brunswick, Granger
(Biog. Hist., vol. v. p. 287., edit. 1824) gives us the following
account:

“Jacob Bobart, a German, whom Plot styles ‘an excellent gardener and
botanist,’ was, by the Earl of Danby, founder of the physic-garden at
Oxford, appointed the first keeper of it. He was author of Catalogus
Plantarum Horti Medici Oxoniensis, scil. Latino-Anglicus et
Anglico-Latinus: Oxon. 1648, 8vo. One singularity I have heard of him
from a gentleman of unquestionable veracity, that on rejoicing days he
used to have his beard tagged with silver. The same gentleman informed
me, that there is a portrait of him in the possession of one of the
corporation at Woodstock. He died the 4th of February, 1679, in the
eighty-first year of his age. He had two sons, Tillemant and Jacob, who
both belonged to the physic-garden. It appears that the latter succeeded
him in his office.”

There is a very fine print of the elder Bobart, now extremely scarce,
“D. Loggan del., M. Burghers, sculp.” It is a quarto of the largest size.
Beneath the head, which is dated 1675, is this distich:

In John Evelyn’s Diary, under the date Oct. 24, 1664, is the
following entry:

“Next to Wadham, and the physic garden, where were two large
locust-trees, and as many platani (plane-trees), and some rare plants
under the culture of old Bobart.”

The editor of the last edition, after repeating part of Granger’s
note, and mentioning the portrait, adds:

“There is a small whole-length in the frontispiece of
Vertumnus, a poem on that garden. In this he is dressed in a long
vest, with a beard. One of his family was bred up at college in Oxford;
but quitted his studies for the profession of the whip, driving one of
the Oxford coaches (his own property) for many years with great credit.
In 1813 he broke his leg by an accident; and in 1814, from the respect he
had acquired by his good conduct, he was appointed by the University to
the place of one of the Esquire Beadles.”

Vertumnus, the poem mentioned in the above note, was addressed
to Mr. Jacob Bobart, in 1713, by Dr. Evans. It is a laudatory epistle on
the botanical knowledge of the Bobarts; and we learn from it that Jacob,
the younger, collected a Hortus Siccus (a collection of plants
pasted upon paper, and kept dry in a book) in twenty volumes.

The broadsides about which H. T. Bobart
inquires are of the greatest possible rarity. They were the production of
Edmund Gayton, the author of Festivious Notes on Don Quixote,
&c. Copies may be seen in the Ashmolean Library, under the
press-marks Nos. 423. and 438., but I think not in any other repository
of a like nature.

Among the Ashmolean MSS. (No. 36, art. 296.) is a poem of 110 lines
“Upon the most hopeful and ever-flourishing Sprouts of Valour, the
indefatigable Centrys of the Physick-Garden.” This, I apprehend, is a MS.
copy of the first broadside mentioned by your correspondent.

I shall merely add, the Bobarts, father and son, were personal friends
of Ashmole and Ray, and that, in all probability, among their
correspondence much curious and minute information might be obtained.

Edward F. Rimbault.

“ITS.”

(Vol. vii., p. 510.)

I was somewhat surprised to find, in No. 186. of “N. & Q.,” two
instances quoted of the use of the {579} word “its” in the
version of the Bible. It has long been an established opinion that this
word did not exist in it; and the fact has been recently referred to by
two different authorities, Mr. Keightley in “N.
& Q.,” Vol. vii., p. 160., and Mr. Watts of the British Museum, in a
paper “On some philological peculiarities in the English authorised
Version of the Bible,” read before the Philological Society on December
10, 1852.

Feeling curious on the subject, I have taken the trouble of referring
to several different versions of the Bible in the British Museum, and the
following variorum readings of the verses quoted by your
correspondent B. H. C. are the result:

1. The Wickliffite version, before 1390 (edit. Forshall and
Wadden):

“And he shal ben as a tree, that is plauntid beside the doun rennyngis
of watris; that his frut shal ȝive in his time.”—Ps. i. 3.

“Duke of the weie thou were in his (sc. the vine) siȝt; and thou
plauntidist his rootis, and it fulfilde the erthe.”—Ps.
lxxx. 10.

2. Coverdale’s Bible, 1536:

“Y^t brīgeth forth his frute in due
season.”

“Thou maydest rowme for it, and caused it to take rote, so
y^t it fylled the lōde.”

3. Matthews, 1537:

“That bryngeth forth his frute in due season.”

“Thou madest rowme for it, and caused it to take rote, so that it
fylled the lande.”

4. Cranmer, 1539:

“Y^t wyll brynge forth hys frute in due season.”

“Thou madest rowme for it, and whan it had taken rote it fylled
y^e lande.”

5. The Bishops’ Bible, 1568:

“That bryngeth foorth her fruite in due season.”

“Thou madst roome before it, thou causedst it to take roote, and it
hath filled the lande.”

6. Geneva Bible, 1578. In this there are two translations, one
“according to the Ebrewe,” the other “used in the Common Prayer”:

i. “That wil bring forth her fruite in due season.”

ii. “That will bring forth his fruite in due season.”

i. “Thou madest roome for it, and when it had taken roote, it filled
the lande.”

ii. “Thou madest roume for it, and didest cause it to take roote, and
it filled the land.”

7. The Douay Bible (Roman Catholic version), 1609-10:

“Which shal geue his fruite in his time.”

“Thou wast the guide of the way in the sight thereof; thou
didst plant the rootes thereof, and it filled the earth.”

8. Authorised version, 1611:

“That bringeth forth his fruit in his season.”

“Thou preparedst roome before it, and didst cause it to take deepe
roote, and it filled the land.”

It will thus be perceived that “its” is wanting in all the above
passages, and that “his,” “her,” and “thereof” invariably supply its
place. I have been equally unsuccessful in detecting the word in the
Common Prayer-Book version of the Psalms, which is well known to be that
of the “Great Bible,” or Cranmer’s edition of 1539, and which has
remained in use without alteration ever since. May I therefore ask
B. H. C. to be so good as to point out the particular “Old version of the
Psalms” from which he has derived his quotation?

W. B. Rye.

BOHN’S EDITION OF HOVEDEN.

(Vol. vii., p. 495.)

In reply to your correspondent’s remarks (May 21) on my translation of
Hoveden, I beg to state that, in suggesting Cork, I did not allude to the
city of Cork, but the territory of Desmond or Cork, which probably
extended to within a short distance of Waterford. Hoveden more than once,
in his foreign geography, confounds places with territories or kingdoms;
this fact, and the similarity of the names, Croch and
Corch, as the kingdom of Cork is elsewhere called by him, led me
to believe that a landing in the territory of Cork was meant. “Crook,”
“Hook Point,” or “The Crook,” is only supposed to have been the
place of landing on this occasion. I confess that I was not aware that
“Erupolis” was an alias of the diocese of Ossory: I cannot find it
mentioned as such in the dictionaries at my command. My Note, however,
was worded in such a way as to give offence to no reasonable person: and,
among the many hundreds, perhaps thousands of suggestions, made in the
notes (in a proper spirit, I hope,) I should be greatly surprised to find
that I had miscarried in none. For your correspondent’s information, I
beg to state, that I am not an Irishman either by birth or descent; and
that I have never had the good fortune to pay a visit to that country.
Were I inclined to follow his example in making remarks upon the
“ominousness” of names, I might perhaps retaliate upon him with
interest.

Why I have forfeited all claim to be treated by this gentleman with
courtesy or common politeness, I am quite at a loss to conceive; but I
beg to remind him that vituperation does not carry conviction, and that
criticism is enfeebled by an alliance with abuse.

Henry T. Riley.

BOOKS OF EMBLEMS.

(Vol. vii., p. 469.)

In your 185th Number, two or three Queries are proposed by the Rev. Mr. Corser in {580} connexion with that
interesting branch of literature called Books of Emblems. To these
it shall be my endeavour to reply.

First. Some years ago I made particular inquiry from the surviving
relatives of the late Rev. William Beloe, whether among his manuscripts
there had been found any “Treatise on Emblems,” or any notices which had
a bearing on the subject? They informed me that they had made search, but
without success.

Second. Of Thomas Combe, mentioned by Meres in his Palladis
Tamia, I have been unable to learn anything.

Third. It appears certain that Bunyan never published any Book of
Emblems, whatever may have been hawked under his name; nor can I
find, in the Account of his Life and Writings just published in Glasgow,
Edinburgh, and London, or in any preceding edition of his works, that
such a production was ever contemplated by him.

Fourth. In the extensive and valuable “English Books of Emblems”
furnished (chiefly from his own library) by Mr.
Corser, he mentions R. Burton’s Choice Emblems, Divine and
Moral; or Delights for the Ingenious, &c., 12mo. 1721. Perhaps my
learned and accomplished friend may not be aware that Burton is an
assumed name, placed in the title-pages of several cheap books
which appeared at the end of the seventeenth and the beginning of the
eighteenth centuries, but which were thought to have been written by a
Mr. Nathaniel Crouch, a bookseller, who sold them. I have a sixth edition
of these “choice emblems,” dated 1732, which was then sold for “two
shillings bound.” The work is merely a collection of fifty emblems,
taken, without acknowledgment, from George Wither, the copper-plate
engravings being poor copies from those of Depasse. To this sixth edition
there is prefixed a portrait of K. Charles I., with eight pages of
sympathising verses.

Mr. Corser’s list of English works is very
complete. I possess, however, an unpublished manuscript translation of
Alciato into English verse. It is of the time of James I., and possesses
much merit; but it has unfortunately been mutilated.

I also possess the following:

“Amorum Emblemata figuris æneis incisa studio Othonis Væni,
Batavo-Lugdunensis. Emblemes of Love, with verses in Latin, English, and
Italian, obl. 4to.: Antverpiæ, 1608.”

Prefixed is an English dedication “to the most Honourable and Worthy
Brothers William, Earl of Pembroke, and Philip, Earl of Montgomerie,
Patrons of Learning and Chevalrie,” whose coat of arms also is given.

“The Doctrine of Morality, or a View of Human Life according to the
Stoic Philosophy, &c. A translation, by T. M. Gibbs, from the French
of M. De Gomberville, with 103 copper plates by Daret, folio: London,
1721.”

To each engraving are appended quotations from Horace, &c., with
English translations: but both engravings and quotations have been
pirated (without the least acknowledgment) from Van Veen’s Horatia
Emblemata.

It must be admitted that a comprehensive work on European Books of
Emblems, illustrated with fac-similes of the various engravings, &c.,
is a great desideratum in modern literature. I feel highly flattered by
the kind commendations which Mr. Corser has
bestowed upon my two small attempts towards such a work, and by his
encouraging me to proceed “to enlarge and complete” the same. Now, I do
not altogether despair of enlarging it. But when my excellent
friend puts forward a proposal to complete it, he should be
informed that my library alone contains nearly 250 volumes strictly
emblematical, and published during the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. By far the greater part of these are in Latin. To carry
forward a work of such magnitude to anything like completion must
therefore be rather wished for than expected.

Jos. B. Yates.

West Dingle, near Liverpool.

Allow me to add the following to Mr. Corser’s
list:

“The Christian’s Divine Amusement, consisting of Emblems and
Hieroglyphicks on a great Variety of Subjects, Moral and Divine, in four
books. By the late Rev. Mr. J. Jones. Embellished with near 100 beautiful
emblematical cuts, 12mo. pp. 191.: London, 1764.”

I know not who the Rev. Mr. J. was, but his book is the old one of
Francis Quarles. The author, or rather adapter, attacks and demolishes
the fable as a method of instruction, and would substitute the emblems.
In remodelling Quarles, Mr. Jones makes the following alterations, or
improvements:—Instead of the Latin motto under each cut, he
presents us with four lines of English verse, which contain a general
explanation of the emblem. The page facing the cut he divides into two
parts or sections of odes and hymns suited to common psalmody, and the
moral, or application, also in a poetical dress.

A prose work belonging to the class under notice is an

“Emblematical Representation of the Paradise of God; showing the
Nature of Spiritual Industry, in the similitude of a Garden well ordered,
dressed, and kept. London, 1779.”

The author of this was a visionary Scots gardener named Alexander
Clark, who had been favoured with a special manifestation of divine
glory, “by which,” he says, “(to my own astonishment) I was enabled to
see through every profound passage of Scripture, and to spiritualise
every material thing;” but he belongs to my fanatical rather {581} than to
my emblematical shelf, and may be worth a separate Note hereafter.

Under the name of Farlie, or Fairlie, Mr.
Corser mixes up the titles of two distinct books; they are now
before me, and divide themselves thus:

1. “Lychnocavsia, sive Moralia Facvm Emblemata. Light’s Moral Emblems.
Authore Roberto Farlæo, Scoto-Britanno. 12mo.: London, Th. Cotes for M.
Sparke, 1638.”

Containing fifty-eight emblems in Latin and English, each with a cut,
with a dedication in Latin to the Earl of Ancrum, and one in English to
his Countess. There are also complimentary verses by J. Hooper, Christ.
Drayton, Mr. Povey, Thos. Beedome, and Edm. Coleman.

2. “Kalendarium Humanæ Vitæ. The Kalendar of Man’s Life. Authore
R. F., S.-B. 12mo. London, for W. Hope, 1638.”

With a Latin dedication to his patron the Earl of Ancrum. The book
contains verses upon the various stages of man’s life, under the heads of
Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter; again subdivided into moralisations
upon the months, as corresponding with the periods of life, as “August,
or Man’s Youth,” &c. This has also a variety of curious cuts, and
both have engraved emblematical titles, the latter bearing on its face
“G. Glover fecit.”

When book-rarities were in more request, these were costly little
volumes; and I shall be glad if any of your correspondents can direct me
where to find any notice of Robert Fairlie, the author of two of the most
interesting of the emblematical series.

J. O.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

MR. POLLOCK’S DIRECTIONS FOR OBTAINING POSITIVE
PHOTOGRAPHS UPON ALBUMENISED PAPER.

The paper should be carefully chosen, by holding up every sheet
to the light, and only those sheets which are homogeneous in appearance
and free from spots should be kept for use.

The albumen should be obtained from new-laid hens’ eggs;
twenty-four is a convenient number to use at a time: these will yield
twenty-four ounces of albumen, to which should be added six ounces of
distilled writer (making thirty ounces in all) and four per cent. of
chloride of ammonium, viz. one ounce and a quarter.

The albumen water and chloride should be whipped with a silver fork
for several minutes, and then put into a narrow tall jar, and allowed to
stand for not less than two days (forty-eight hours). In cool weather it
will keep well for eight days, at the end of which time the upper half of
the albumen is to be poured off into a shallow vessel, rather larger than
the sheets of paper intended to be albumenised.

To put the Albumen on the Paper.—Take a sheet by two
opposite corners; turn one up; place the sheet boldly on the albumen, the
centre first coming in contact with the albumen; lower the corners of the
paper, gradually carefully excluding, the air. Let the sheet so placed
remain four minutes: then take it by the turned up corner, and rip it
from the albumen quickly, so as to carry up a quantity of the albumen
with it. Let it drain for a minute or two, moving it so as not to allow
the albumen to run in streaks; pin it to a piece of tape; and, when dry,
pass a very hot iron over the back. This ends the albumenising
process.

To make the Paper sensitive.—Place the albumenised side
downwards, for four minutes, on the surface of a solution of nitrate of
silver, of the strength of ninety grains to the ounce of distilled water;
pin it up by one corner to dry, and keep it between pieces of
blotting-paper. This must be done by yellow light, or the light of a
candle.

To print from the Negative.—The simplest apparatus to
have is a number of pieces of plate-glass a quarter of an inch thick,
colourless, about twelve inches by ten in size.

The sensitive paper is to be placed on one of the plates of glass,
sensitive side upwards, and the negative is to be placed firmly upon it,
collodion side downwards; and a second glass plate is then to be placed
on the negative, and the whole arrangement exposed to the light. The time
for exposure is from three minutes to an hour. With a little practice the
negative can be lifted up, and the positive viewed front time to time,
without any risk of displacement.

The best rule is to print the lightest shade on the positive very
decidedly darker than it would be wished that it should remain
permanently.

To fix the Positive.—On removing it from the pressure
frame, place it in a bath made as follows:

Mix these: let them stand some hours; and filter before use. If the
chloride of silver is omitted, the bath will do very well, but will very
much improve with age, as it will acquire chloride of silver from the
positives placed in it. {582}

The time to leave the positive in the fixing bath varies from one hour
to twelve. To get good black and white tints, the average time is five or
six hours. When the desired tint is obtained, remove it into a bath
composed of

Leave in this for half an hour, and then keep it in running water for
several hours. If the water is hot, the time of soaking may be lessened:
boiling water is objectionable. Nearly dry the positive between sheets of
clean blotting-paper, and finish it by passing a very hot iron over
it.

General Remarks.—The albumenised paper will keep any
length of time in a dry place.

When made sensitive, as directed, it will keep three days, always
supposing that it is both prepared and kept most carefully excluded from
white light. If, instead of a solution of nitrate of silver of ninety
grains to the ounce, a weaker one be used, to make the paper sensitive,
it will keep when sensitive a much longer time,—with a thirty-grain
solution, a fortnight, or sometimes even a month; but then it does not
give a positive of the same force and tone as that obtained with the
stronger solution.

After the fixing bath has done its day’s work, it should be poured
back into the bottle from which it came, and the bottle be filled up from
the finishing bath; and so the bath is kept always of the same quantity;
and by adding from time to time chloride of gold, it is kept of the same
quality.

The nitrate of silver and chloride of silver will never have to be
renewed. The iodide of silver should be added as at first, viz. ten drops
for about every two hundred positives fixed; and the acetic acid, viz.
two drops for about every four hundred.

In a bath of twenty-four ounces, as many as thirty positives, five
inches by four, may be placed at one time: but the dark tints will then
appear very slowly and gradually.

To insure a good positive, next to having a good negative, it is most
important to print of the right depth, neither too much nor too little.
Great attention should be paid to this: for the finest tints are only to
be obtained in positives exposed exactly the right time.

Positives printed in a bright sun quickly are always better than those
obtained by longer exposure without sun.

H. P.

21. Maddox Street, Regent Street.

Test for Lenses.—In applying the methods recommended in
your last Number for the purpose of testing lenses, there is one
precaution absolutely necessary to be taken, but which all your
correspondents have omitted to point out. The operator must take care
that his focussing-glass is placed at precisely the same distance
from the lens as the collodionised glass is. To insure this, my
practice is to place a piece of ground glass in the dark frame, which is
afterwards to receive the collodionised glass, and to obtain the focus of
the lens on that; then to put in the proposed plate, and obtain an
impression as described by Mr. Shadbolt. In this
way I secure myself from what I believe is often a source of fallacy in
these experiments, and am sure that I give the lens a fair trial.

E. S.

Washing Collodion Pictures.—I have never offered to your
readers an opinion in photography without having bonâ fide tested
it, to the best of my ability; and however correct my friend Mr. Shadbolt may be, chemically and theoretically, I am
convinced that in practice so good a tone is never obtained in a positive
collodion picture which has been washed, as in one which has been
instantly fixed with the old saturated solution of hyposulphite of soda.
The unpleasant tints obtained upon positive collodion pictures, I believe
to be much dependent upon the frequent washings in the proofs. When a
collodion picture is properly treated, it surpasses in pleasing effect
every other photograph.

H. W. Diamond.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Cremonas (Vol. vii., p. 501.).—A discriminative account
of the violins and basses by the great Italian makers, showing, in every
ascertainable instance, the date of manufacture, and thereby forming to
some extent a chronological catalogue, as it were, of the works of each
master, would be, indeed, a curious and interesting achievement. Such a
task, involving much consultation of books and examination of
instruments, calls for sounder eye-sight and larger opportunities than
are possessed by me; but I shall rejoice if the desire expressed by your
correspondent H. C. K. shall be found to have stirred up some competent
investigator. Time and accident are gradually attaching, to the fine
instruments in question, a kind of sibylline intensity of value;
and the inquiry, if omitted now, may become impossible hereafter. Let us
not fear, however, that those “cunning’st patterns of excelling art,” the
Amati, Stradivari, and Guarneri fiddles, will eventually perish without
worthy issue, and “die, and leave the world no copy.” Provision to the
contrary, it seems, has already been made; Monsieur Vuillaume “has ta’en
order for’t,” that is to say, if his instruments, which at present
look very like faithful fac-similes of the renowned classic prototypes,
shall verify the confident predictions of their admirers, by continuing
to stand the test of time.

My authority for 1664 as the date of birth of Antonio Stradivari, is a
living Belgian writer, Monsieur Fétis, who has not stated from whence
{583}
he has adopted it. I find that the Paris Biographie Universelle
gives no fixed date, but only a conjectural one, about 1670, so
that 1664 may possibly be right.

G. Dubourg.

Brighton.

James Chaloner (Vol. vii., p. 334.).—Mr.
Hughes is mistaken in imagining that James Chaloner the
herald-painter was the same person as James Chaloner, Governor of the
Isle of Man, and one of the judges of Charles I. He will find the error
exposed by Chalmers (Biog. Dict., Jas.
C.), and in my family, as descendants of the latter James Chaloner, there
are among his papers many which prove the governor to have been (as Mr. Hughes doubts) the son of Sir Thomas Chaloner of
Gisborough.

Should any farther doubts remain on the subject, I shall be happy to
give all information required concerning these papers, among which are
the original commission of governor and captain, signed by Lenthal, and
twenty-one letters from Lord Fairfax to his “dear cousin James Chaloner.”
The son of Sir Thomas Chaloner married Ursula Fairfax. It may be presumed
the herald-painter did not stand in the same relationship to the
Parliamentary general. Lord Fairfax thanks his correspondent for a copy
of “his” History of the Isle of Man.

Ursula.

Irish Convocation (Vol. vi., p. 317.; Vol. vii., p.
345.).—In vol. i. of Letters written by the late Jonathan Swift,
D.D., Dean of St. Patrick’s, Dublin, and several of his Friends, from the
Year 1703 to 1740, &c., with Notes, by John Hawkesworth, LL.D.:
London, 1766,—will be found some account of the Irish Convocation
in 1711. See Archbishop King’s Letters at pp. 110, 111. 122, 123. 132,
133. 140, 141.

J. K.

St. Paul’s Epistle to Seneca (Vol. vii., p. 500.).—It is
not manifest whether J. M. S. wishes for information simply respecting
the MS. in Merton College, or whether his inquiry really relates to the
printing of the fourteen spurious epistles, eight of which are
ascribed to Seneca, and six to St. Paul.

If your correspondent is curious about the particular MS. he mentions,
which is a very old one, and was the gift of William Reade, Bishop of
Chichester (who had been a Fellow of Merton) about the year 1370, he may
consult the Catal. Lib. MSS. Ang. et Hib., part. ii. p. 23., Oxon.
1697; and should he desire to peruse the fictitious Epistles, he may
easily discover them in the Bibliotheca Sancta of Sixtus Senensis,
lib. ii. pp. 102-104. Francof. 1575, or in Fabricii Cod. Apoc. Nov.
Test., ii. 892-904. Jacobus Faber Stapulensis has inserted them in
the handsome volume of his Commentaries on the Epistles of St.
Paul. (Fol. clxxvi.-clxxix.: Paris, 1517.) I find them also annexed
to the Epistole Francisci Philelphi, 4to., Hagenau, 1514. So far
as I can perceive, it does not appear that the correspondence in question
was published amongst any of the works of Seneca earlier than the year
1475; and it is commonly omitted in later editions. (Fabr., Bib.
Lat., i. 429.: Venet. 1728.) Vid. Raynaudi Erotemata, p. 119.:
Lugd. 1653.; Nicolai Antonii Biblioth. Hisp. vetus, tom. i. pp.
39, 40.: Matriti, 1788.

R. G.

Captain Ayloff (Vol. vii., p. 429.).—I possess a small
volume (a 12mo.) by “Captain Ayloffe,” with a title-page as follows:

“A Pocket Companion for Gentlemen and Ladies; being a true and
faithful Epitomy of the most exact and ample Histories of England;
containing all the material Particulars in every reign of the
English Monarchs, from Egbert to her present Majesty, being 884
years. With forty-nine Copper plates curiously engraved, being the
effigies of every Monarch. London, printed by J. Nutt, near Stationers’
Hall, 1703.”

It is dedicated “To the Honourable Col. Archibald Row, Colonel of the
Royal Regiment of Scots Fuzileers,” and signed “W. Ayloffe.” Then follows
an introduction of six pages.

Should the above be useful to Mr. Sternberg, I
shall feel pleasure in having made the communication by means of the
useful and intelligent publication of “N. & Q.”

Goddard Johnson.

Plan of London (Vol. vii., p. 382.).—L. S. W. asks
whether there is a good plan of London, and answers his Query thus,
None. I beg to differ from him, believing that no city in the
world possesses so good a plan as that lately made under the late
Commissioners of Sewers. It is true I and my tenants have paid very
dearly for it, but having examined both the reduced plan and block plan
very carefully, am compelled to admit their accuracy. It is published in
sheets at two shillings each; size, three feet by two feet; scale of
block plan, five feet to one mile; reduced plan, one foot
to one mile. On each plan accurate levels of every place is given. An
index-map, price threepence, is also published.

A. P.

Canonbury.

Syriac Scriptures (Vol. vii., p. 479.).—The editions of
the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, preceding the Bible Society’s
edition, are,—

1. Nov. Testam. Syriac. et Arabic. Romæ, typis Sacr. Cong. de prop.
Fide, 1703, fol.

2. Nov. D. N. Jesu Christi Test. Syriac. cum versione Latiná, currâ et
studio Joh. Leusden et Caroli Schaaf. Secunda editio à mendis purgata.
Lugduni. Bat. Typ. Jo. Mulleri. John. fil. apud Vid. et fil. Cornel.
Boutesteyn, Samuelem Luchtmans, 1717, 4to.

3. Biblia Sacra quadrilinguia N. T. Græci, cum versione Syriacâ, Græcâ
vulgari, Latinâ, et Germanicâ, accurante M. Christ. Reineccio, Lips.
1713, fol.

4. Psalter, by John. Aug. Dathe, 1768.

{584}

5. Sacrorum evangeliorum versio Syriaca Pholoxeniana ex codd. MSS.
Ridleianis, nunc primum edita cum interpretatione et annotationibus
Josephi White. Oxon. 1778.

6. Pentateuchus Syriace. Ex Polyglottis Anglicanis summa fide edidit
M. Georgius Guil. Kirsch. Gymnasii quod Hofæ est, in Principatu Baruthino
Rector. Hofæ et Lipsiæ ap. A. Fr. Bœhm, 1787, 4to.

An elaborate criticism on No. 5. (the Oxford edit.) appears in
Eichhorn’s Repertorium, vol. vii. p. 1., by D. Gottlob Christian
Storr.

T. J. Buckton.

Birmingham.

Meaning of “Worth” (Vol. v., p. 509.).—As this suffix
enters into the composition of many of our English surnames, particularly
in the northern counties, Mr. Lower (and probably
your readers in general) will be glad to have the explanation of an able
Anglo-Saxon scholar and antiquary, the late lamented Mr. John Just of
this town, whose merits as a philosopher and etymologist were highly
appreciated by the learned societies in this district. It occurs in a
paper read at a chapter of the Rosicrucians in Manchester a few months
since:

“Worth.—Weorthe, Anglo-Saxon, a
field, &c. Worth means land, close, or farm. It does not
necessarily imply any residence, although thereon might be a hall or
mansion. It likewise sometimes means nothing more than road or public
way. Hence it is connected with the names of many places on our old
roads, as Ainsworth, Edgeworth, on the Roman military road to the north;
Failsworth, Saddleworth, on the Roman military road from Manchester to
York; Unsworth, Pilsworth, on the old road between Bury and Manchester;
also Ashworth, Whitworth, Butterworth, on old roads, and connected with
old places, near Rochdale. Whether originally land, closes, or farms,
worths were acquired properties. The old expression of ‘What is he
worth?’ in those days meant, ‘Has he land? Possesses he real property?’
If he had secured a worth to himself, he was called a
worthy person, and in consequence had worship, i. e.
due respect shown him. A worth was the reward of the free; and
perchance the fundamentals of English freedom were primarily connected
with such apparently trivial matters, and produced such a race of
worthies as the proud Greeks and haughty Romans might not be
ashamed of. Worth is pure Anglo-Saxon. The Scandinavians applied
it not in their intercourse with our island.”

Broctuna.

Bury, Lancashire.

Khond Fable (Vol. vii., p. 452.).—This fable is clearly
from Lokman, of which the following is Hélot’s translation:

“Une moustique se posa un jour sur la corne d’un taureau, et, pensant
qu’elle pouvait être trop lourde pour lui, elle lui dit: ‘Si je te suis à
charge, fais-le-moi savoir afin que je m’envole.’ Le taureau lui
répondit: ‘Je ne t’ai point sentie au moment où tu es descendue, je ne
saurai pas davantage quand tu t’envoleras.’ Cette fable regarde celui qui
cherche à s’attribuer de l’honneur et de la gloire tandis qu’il est
faible et méprisable.”

The sense of the Bull’s reply in Arabic seems to be:

“O you, whatever you are [Ya hadi], I did not know when you
descended, nor shall I know when you take yourself off
[Taterin].”

A pointed reply, leaving the mosquito one horn of the dilemma.

T. J. Buckton.

Birmingham.

The following lines by Prior immediately occurred to my mind on
perusing J. C. R.’s interesting note. The points of resemblance between
the two fables are somewhat striking:

Cowgill.

This fable is found in the collection assigned to Babrius. It is the
eighty-fourth in the excellent edition of these fables by Mr. G.
Cornewall Lewis: Oxford, 1846.

W. H. G.

Winchester.

Collar of SS. (Vols. iv. and v.,
passim).—In the discussion on the subject of the collar of
SS., in the columns of “N. & Q.,” I find no mention of an incidental
observation of Thomas Fuller, which occurs in the notice of John Gower,
the poet, in the Worthies of Yorkshire, and is deserving of some
notice:

“Another author (Stow) unknighteth him, allowing him only a plain
esquire, though in my apprehension the collar of SSS. about his neck
speaketh him to be more. Besides (with submission to better judgments)
that collar hath rather a civil than a military relation, proper to
persons in place of judicature; which makes me guess this Gower some
judge in his old age, well consisting with his original education.”

Mr. Foss, I see, mentions (Vol. iv., p. 147.)
the existence of the collar on the poet’s monument, and suggests that he
might have worn it as a court poet.

H. C. K.

—— Rectory, Hereford.

Chaucer’s Knowledge of Italian (Vol. vii., p. 517.).—To
the proofs that Chaucer was well acquainted with Italian literature,
brought forward in “N. & Q.” by J. M. B., it may seem {585} unnecessary
to add any more. Yet, if it were only for the purpose of recalling your
readers’ attention to the elegant and instructive Dissertation on the
State of English Poetry before the Sixteenth Century, by the late Dr.
Nott, of All Souls’ College, will you permit me to adduce that learned
writer’s authority, in opposition to the opinion of Sir Harris Nicolas,
that Chaucer was not versed in Italian literature? Dr. Nott’s
Dissertation is entombed in the two quarto volumes of his edition of the
Works of Surrey and Wyatt (London, 1815); and it is much to be
wished that it were reprinted in a separate and more accessible form.

J. M.

Oxford.

Pic Nic (Vol. vii., p. 387.).—The following extract from
an Italian newspaper raises a considerable presumption that this word is
not now considered in Italy as an Italian one; the date is Sept.
1841.

“Se qualche delirante vi ha dato ad intendere che i Bagni di Lucca
sono il soggiorno prediletto dell’ Italiano, ci vi ha detto una solenne
bugia.

“I Bagni di Lucca appartengono, come tant’ altre cose in Italia,
esclusivamente allo straniero.”

Then follows a description of the numerous English arrivals, while the
Italian—

“Spera di rinvenir sulle alture di que’ colli un piè di patria tutto
per lui, e ascende i sentieri ornati di bosco. Ma abbassando gli occhi ci
s’ accorge che non è solo. Un’ Amatore a cui forse l’ ignobile
itinerario della Starke ha rivelate quella sublime veduta, sta
colassu scarabocchiando uno sbozzo pell’ Album del suo drawing
room. Più lunge, povero Italiano! più lunge! Ecco la scena si cambia
… i sentieri divengono più ardui … in fondo, mezzo nascosto dal fitto
fogliame apparisce … un casolare; un villano lo invita ad entrare … e
gli parla in Inglese, in Francese, ed in Tedesco!… ci s’ allontana
impazientito, e corre più lunge!… I castagni divengono rari…. Aride
roccie annunziano il vertice dell’ Apennin. Ancora una breve salita, e
poi ci sarà sul più alto pinacolo del Prato Fiorite. Ma al piè del
viattolo è un inciampo! e l’occhio sconfortato scorge la livrea di un
groom e da un lato una sentimentale Lady, che si è
arrampiccata più lassa e prosaicamente seduta sulla sua sedia portatile
sta scrivendo una lettera sopra un foglio a vignetta. L’ Italiano
continua ad ascendere … e giunte alla vetta … all’ amplissima libera
vista, il cuore dell’ Italiano batte più forte … la mente s’ esalta, e
i più energici pensieri vi bollono…. Ma gli occhi ritornano svegliati
dei passi dei Cavalli, appiè del ripiane s’ affaccia una numerosa
comitiva … è un pique nique! Fuggi fuggi mal capitate Italiano
la straniero l’ inseque anco nel nido dell aguila!”

Here the “pique nique” is evidently the climax of all that is
“straniero.”

K. E.

Canker or Brier Rose (Vol. vii, p. 500.).—I suspect that
this term refers to the beautiful mossy gall, so commonly seen on the
branches of the wild rose, which has been called the bedeguar of
the rose. This is the production of a cynips; and, from its vivid tints
of crimson and green, might well pass at a short distance for a flower,
brilliant, but scentless. Hence Shakspeare’s allusion:

W. J. Bernhard Smith.

Temple.

Cancre and crabe in French are synonymous, meaning the
same; Anglicè, crab (fish).

Now, we have crab-tree, a wild apple-tree; a canker rose, a wild rose;
dog rose, dog-violet, horse leech, horse chestnut. In all these cases the
prefix denotes inferiority of species.

H. F. B.

Door-head Inscriptions (Vol. vii., pp. 23. 190.)—In
Watson’s History of Halifax (1775, 4to., p. 257.), in describing
the High Sunderland, an ancient mansion near Halifax, formerly the
residence of the Sunderlands, he notices that “over the north door is
written, Ne subeat Glis serdus, a mistake for surdus; and
over a door on the south side, Ne entret amicus hirudo.”

As some of your correspondents doubt as to the proper reading I have
thought it worth while to give this duplicate version. I recollect the
inscription well, having been sorely puzzled, when a schoolboy, in my
frequent walks to High Sunderland, to understand these two inscriptions.
I must not omit the inscription on the south front:

The commentary of the worthy historian is edifying:

“The writer of these, or his son, alienated this very estate, which
the then owner so earnestly wished might continue in the family for
ever!”

James Crossley.

On the portico of Arley Hall, the seat of the ancient family of
Warburton, and about four miles from the town of Northwich, Cheshire, the
following “free pass” to visitors appears, carved in stone:

T. Hughes.

Chester.

“Time and I,” &c. (Vol. vii., p. 181.).—Who was the
author of this adage? Lord Mahon gives it as a favourite saying of
Mazarin (History of England, vol. ii. p. 100., small edition). Mr.
Stirling (Cloister Life of Charles V., p. 151., 2nd edition) tells
us that it was a favourite adage of {586} that temporising
monarch. Perhaps it was a well-known Spanish proverb.

Cheverells.

Lowbell (Vol. vii., p. 181.).—The inclosed was taken from
the Northampton Herald of the 16th April, 1853:

“On Monday last this village was thrown into a state of great
excitement by the tidings that a married labourer, named Samuel Peckover,
had taken poison, with the intent of destroying himself. This was found
to be the case. He had swallowed a dose of mercury, such as is commonly
used for sheep, and, but for the timely arrival of Mr. Jones, surgeon,
from Brackley, who administered him a powerful antidote, he would have
expired within a short time. The circumstance which led the misguided man
to attempt this rash act was as follows:—Although a married man,
and wedded to a very respectable woman, he had seduced a young female of
the village, named Adelaide Hirons, who was delivered of a female child
on Saturday last. This disgraceful affair, of course, had become known to
the neighbours, who expressed great indignation at his most disreputable
conduct, and they in consequence determined to put him to open shame by
‘lowbelling’ him in front of his cottage in the evening, when all the old
pots and kettles in the village were put in requisition, and a continual
discord was kept up for two or three hours, by way of administering him a
wholesome punishment for his breaking the marriage vows. It is supposed
that the fear of this impending disgrace, and also remorse for his crime,
were the cause of his thus attempting to make away with himself, and to
rush unprepared and unpardoned into the presence of his Maker!”

F. James.

Overseers of Wills (Vol. vii., p. 500.).—J. K. will find
what he seeks about, overseers and supervisors of wills, in Burn’s
Ecclesiastical Law.

F. O. Martin.

Detached Belfry Towers (Vol. vii., pp. 333. 416. 465.).—I
have also to inform you that the tower of Terrington St. Clement’s
Church, about five miles from Kings Lynn, is detached from the
church.

J. N. C.

King’s Lynn.

To the list of churches having detached towers may be added the church
of Chittlehampton, near South Molton, Devon. It is several years since I
last visited the spot, but I have a distinct recollection of the
fact.

J. Sansom.

Amongst your list of towers separate from the church, I think you have
not mentioned Westbury on Severn, near Gloucester.

H. H. Gibbs.

Add to your list of Detached Church Towers, the magnificent Norman
tower at Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk.

J. B.

Vincent Family (Vol. vii., p. 501.).—The representative
of Augustine Vincent is Thomas Wentworth Edmunds of Worsbro’, W.
Barnsley, in the county of York, the son of the late Wm. Bennet Martin of
the same place, Esq., who has assumed the name of his great-uncle,
Francis Offley Edmunds. There is a memoir of Augustine Vincent, by Mr.
Hunter, published, I believe, by Pickering, Piccadilly, which shows the
descent, and may perhaps throw light on Francis Vincent. The name, I
believe, is still common at Finedon in Northamptonshire.

F. O. Martin.

Stoudon Place, Brentwood.

Pronunciation of “Coke” (Vol. vi., p. 16.).—In a list of
books “printed and sold by Richard Chiswell,” at the end of a copy of
Cave’s Lives of the Fathers, 1683, in my possession, the following
occurs among the folios: “Lord Cook’s Reports in English.” This is
exactly fifty years after his death.

H. C. K.

Miscellaneous.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Sanders’ History of Shenstone in
Staffordshire. J. Nichols, London. 1794. Two Copies.

The Author’s Printing and Publishing
Assistant. Lond. 1840. 12mo.

Lombardi (Petri) Sententiarum, Lib. IV. Any
good edition.

Walker’s Latin Particles.

Herbert’s Carolina Threnodia. 8vo. 1702.

Theobald’s Shakspeare Restored. 4to. 1726.

Scott, Remarks on the best Writings of the best
Authors (or some such title).

Sermons by the Rev. Robert Wake, M.A. 1704,
1712, &c.

History of Ancient Wilts, by Sir R. C. Hoare.
The last three Parts.

Rev A. Dyce’s Edition of Dr. Richard Bentley’s
Works. Vol. III. Published by Francis Macpherson, Middle Row,
Holborn. 1836.

Dissertation on Isaiah XVIII., in a Letter to Edward
King, Esq., by Samuel Lord Bishop of Rochester (Horsley). The Quarto Edition, printed for Robson.
1779.

Ben Jonson’s Works. 9 Vols. 8vo. Vols. II.,
III., IV. Bds.

Sir Walter Scott’s Novels. 41 Vols. 8vo. The
last nine Vols. Boards.

*** Correspondents sending Lists Of Books wanted are requested to
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*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage
free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of
“NOTES AND QUERIES,” 186. Fleet Street.

Notices to Correspondents.

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Notices to Correspondents.

Query. The quotation

is from Shenstone’s Epitaph on Miss Dolman. See “N. & Q.”
Vol. iv., p. 73.

F. B. The etymology of Apron is very doubtful. Minshew and
others derive it from afore one; while Todd again derives it from
the French napperon.

Tom Tell Truth is thanked. There cannot be
two opinions on the subject of his communication.

A few complete sets of “Notes and
Queries,” Vols. i. to vi., price Three Guineas, may now
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“Notes and Queries” is published at noon on
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Saturday. {587}

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NEUROTONICS, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing
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