{505}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

“When found, make a note of.”—Captain Cuttle.

CONTENTS.

Notes.

JOURNAL OF THE EXPENSES OF JOHN, KING OF FRANCE, IN ENGLAND, 1359-60.

Possibly some of the readers of “N. & Q.” may remember that King
John II. of France was taken prisoner by Edward the Black Prince at the
battle of Poitiers, fought September 20, 1356. If not, I would refer them
to the delightful pages of old Froissart, where, in the version of Lord
Berners, they will see chronicled at length,—

“How Kyng John of Fraunce was taken prisoner at the Batayle of
Poyeters; how the Englyshmen wan greatly thereat, and how the Prince
conveyed the Frenche Kyng fro Burdeaux into Englande.”

I am induced to bring under the notice of your readers a curious roll,
containing one year’s expenditure (July 1, 1359, to July 8, 1360)
incurred by the French king during his captivity in England. This
important document has been very recently printed in the Comptes de
l’Argenterie, and edited from a MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale by
M. Douët d’Arcq for the Société de l’Histoire de France. It may
perhaps be well to state, that after the battle of Poitiers the heroic
Prince Edward conducted his royal prisoner to Bordeaux, where he remained
till the end of April, 1357. On the 24th of May following they both made
their entry into London, “the Frenche Kynge mounted on a large whyte
courser well aparelled, and the Prince on a lytell blacke hobbey
(haquenée) by hym.” John was lodged at first at the Savoy Palace,
but was removed shortly afterwards to Windsor Castle, at which place he
was allowed to “go a huntynge and a haukynge at hys pleasure, and the
lorde Phylyp his son with him.” The document in question refers to the
years 1359 and 1360, when the king was confined at Hertford Castle, at
Somerton Castle in Lincolnshire, and lastly in the Tower of London. As
this document, which is so intimately connected with a favourite portion
of our history, has, I believe, received no notice from any English
journal, and as it moreover affords many valuable illustrations of
domestic manners, and of the personal character of the royal captive, I
have made a few extracts from it for insertion in “N. & Q.,” in the
{506}hope that they may prove interesting to
the numerous readers of that useful and entertaining work.

“Pigeons.—A ‘varlet Anglois’ presents the king with ‘2
paire de pijons blans,’ and receives in reward 1 noble, value 6s.
8d.

A dainty dish of Venison and Whale.—Pour le marinier qui
admena par mer, à Londres, venoisons et balainne pour le Roy, 4
escuz.

A present of Venison from Queen Philippa.—Un varlet de la
royne d’Angleterre qui asporta au Roy venoison que elle li envoioit, pour
don, 13s. 4d.

The Baker’s Bill.—Jehan le boulenger, qui servi de pain à
Londres le Roy, par 2 mois ou environ, 5s. 2d.

Sugar.—32 livres de sucre, à 10d. ob.
livre=33s. 4d. N. B. The grocer’s bills for
spiceries ‘confitures et sucreries’ are very numerous.

Honey.—Miel, 3 galons et demi, 16d. le
galon=4s. 8d.

The King’s Breviary.—Climent, Clerk of the Chapel, is
paid 6d. for a ‘chemise au Bréviaire du Roy.’

Do. Missal.—Jassin, pour cendal à doubler la couverture
du Messal du Roy, et pour doubler et broder ycelle avecques la soie qui y
convenoit, 13s. 5d.=Li, pour 2 clos d’argent à mettre audit
livre, 4d.

Do. Psalter.—Jehan, le libraire de Lincole [Lincoln],
pour 1 petit Sautier acheté pour le Roy, 6s. 8d.

Romances.—Tassin, pour 1 Romans de Renart [a
burlesque poem, by Perrot de Saint Cloot or Saint-Cloud?] acheté par li,
à Lincole, pour le Roy, 4s. 4d.—Maistre Guillaume
Racine, pour un Romans de Loherenc Garin [a metrical romance, by
Jehan de Flagy] acheté par li pour le Roy, et de son comandement,
6s. 8d.—Li, pour 1 autre Romans du Tournoiement
d’Antecrist [a poem, by Huon de Méry], 10s.^[1]

Parchment.—Wile, le parcheminier de Lincoln, pour une
douzainne de parchemin, 3s.

Paper and Ink.—5 quaiers de papier, 3s. 4d.
Pour encre, 4d.

Sealing Wax.—Une livre de cire vermeille, 10d.

Chess-board.—Jehan Perrot, qui apporta au Roy, 1
instrument appellé l’eschequier, qu’il avoit fait, le Roy d’Angleterre
avoit donné au Roy, et li envoioit par ledit Jean, pour don à li fait, 20
nobles=6l. 13s. 4d.

Organs.—Maistre Jehan, l’organier, pour appareiller les
orgues du Roy:—Pour 1 homme qui souffla par 3 jours, 18d.,
&c. Pour tout, 58s.

Harp.—Le roy des menestereulx, pour une harpe achetée du
commandement du Roy, 13s. 4d.

Clock.—Le roy des menestereulx, sur la façon de l’auloge
(horloge) qu’il fait pour le Roy, 17 nobles, valent 113s.
4d.

Leather Bottles.—Pour 2 boteilles de cuir achetées à
Londres pour Monseigneur Philippe, 9s. 8d.

Knives.—Pour 1 paire de coustiaux pour le Roy,
2s.

Gloves.—Pour fourrer 2 paires de gans, 12d.

Shoes.—Pour 12 paires de solers (souliers) pour le Roy,
7s.

Carpenter’s Bill for windows of King’s Prison in the
Tower.—Denys le Lombart, de Londres, charpentier, pour la façon
de 4 fenestres pour la chambre du Roy en la Tour de Londres. C’est
assavoir: pour le bois des 4 châssis, 3s. 2d. Item, pour
cloux, 2s. 2d. Item, pour une peau de cuir, 5d.
Item, pour 6 livres et demie de terbentine, 4s. 4d. Item,
pour oile, 3d. Item, pour 7 aunes et demie de toile, 9s.
4d. Item, pour toute la façon de dictes fenestres, 10s.
Pour tout, 29s. 8d.

Saddle.—Godefroy le sellier, pour une selle dorée pour le
Roy, estoffé de sengles et de tout le hernois, 4l.

Minstrels.—Le Roy des menestreulx pour don fait à li par
le Roy pour quérir ses necessitez, 4 escuz=13s. 4d. Les
menestereulx du Roy d’Angleterre, du Prince de Gales et du Duc de
Lencastre, qui firent mestier devant le Roy, 40 nobles, valent
13l. 6s. 8d. Un menestrel qui joua d’un chien et
d’un singe devant le Roy qui aloit aus champs ce jour, 3s.
4d.

Lions in the Tower.—Le garde des lions du Roy
d’Angleterre, pour don à li fait par le Roy qui ala veoir lesdiz lions, 3
nobles=20s.

Visit to Queen Philippa.—Un batelier de Londres qui mena
le Roy et aucun de ses genz d’emprès le pont de Londres jusques à
Westmontier, devers la Royne d’Angleterre, que le Roy ala veoir, et y
souppa; et le ramena ledit batelier. Pour ce, 3 nobles=20s.

Dinner with Edward III.—Les bateliers qui menèrent, en 2
barges, le Roy et ses genz à Westmonster, ce jour qu’il disna avec le Roy
d’Angleterre, 66s. 8d.

A Row on the River Thames.—Plusieurs bateliers de Londres
qui menèrent le Roy esbatre à Ride-Ride [Redriff alias
Rotherhithe?] et ailleurs, par le rivière de Tamise, pour don fait à
eulx, 8 nobles, valent 53s. 3d.

The King’s great Ship.—Les ouvriers de la grant nef du
Roy d’Angleterre, que le Roy ala veoir en venant d’esbatre des champs,
pour don à eulx fait, 33s. 4d.

A Climbing Feat on Dover Heights.—Un homme de Douvre,
appelé le Rampeur, qui rampa devent le Roy contremont la roche
devant l’ermitage de Douvre, pour don, &c., 5 nobles=33s.
4d.

Presents.—At Dover on July 6th, 1360, John dined at the
Castle with the Black Prince, when an ‘esquire’ of the King of England
brought to the King of France ‘le propre gobelet à quoy ledit Roy
d’Angleterre buvoit, que il li envoioit en don;’ and the French King sent
Edward as a present ‘le propre henap à quoy il buvoit, qui fu Monseigneur
St. Loys.’ N.B. This hanap was a famous drinking cup which had
belonged to St. Louis.

Newgate Prisoners.—Pour aumosne faite à eulx, 66s.
8d.

Pembroke Palace.—Un varlet qui garde l’ostel Madame de
Pannebroc’ [Marie de Saint Pol, Countess of Pembroke] à Londres, où le
Roy fist petit disper ce jour, 2 nobles=13s. 4d.

Horse-dealing.—Lite Wace, Marchant de chevaur, pour 1
corsier acheté de li pour le Roy, 60 nobles=20l.

Cock-fighting.—Jacques de la Sausserie, pour 1 coc acheté
du commandement Mons. Philippe à faire jouster, 2s.
8d.“

W. M. R. E.

{507}

WAY OF INDICATING TIME IN MUSIC.

The following rough mixture of Notes and Queries may serve to excite
attention to the subject. The merest beginner is aware that the letter C,
with a vertical line drawn through it, denotes common time; in
which he will take the C for the first letter of common. The
symbols of old music are four: the circle, the semicircle, and the two
with vertical lines drawn through them. After these were written 2 or 3,
according as the time was double or triple. And instead of a bar drawn
through the circle or semicircle, a central point was sometimes inserted.
All these are true facts, whether connected or unconnected, and whether
any implication conveyed in any way of stating them be true or false. The
C, with a line through it, certainly did not distinguish common time from
triple. Alsted, in his Encyclopædia (1649), says that it means the
beginning of the music; without any reference to time. Solomon de
Caus, known as having had the steam-engine claimed for him, but who
certainly wrote on music in 1615, found the circles, &c. so variously
used by different writers, that he abandons all attempt at description or
reconciliation.

May I suggest an origin for the crossed C? In the oldest church music,
it often happens that the lines are made to begin with a vertical line
impaling two lozenges, with a third lozenge between them, but on one
side. It is as if in the three of diamonds the middle lozenge were
removed a little to the left, the upper and lower ones sliding on a
vertical line until they nearly touch the removed middle one. Now if this
figure were imitated currente calamo, as in rapid writing, it
would certainly become an angle crossed by a vertical line; which angle
would perhaps be rounded, thus giving the crossed semicircle. Has this
derivation been suggested? Or can any one suggest a better?

But, it will be said, whence comes the full circle? It is possible
that there may have happened in this case what has happened in others:
namely, that a symbol invented, and firmly established, before the
partial disuse of Latin, may have been extended in different ways by the
vernacular writers of different countries. This has happened in the case
of the words million, billion, trillion, &c. The
first, and the root of all, was established early, and while no
vernacular works existed, and it has only one meaning. The others,
certainly introduced at a later time, mean different things in different
countries. May it not have been that the variety of usage which De Caus
notes, may have arisen from different writers, ignorant of each other,
choosing each his own mode of deriving other symbols from the crossed
semicircle, obtained as suggested by me? I am fully aware of the risk of
such suggestions—but they have often led to something better.

M.

Minor Notes.

A smart Saying of Baxter.—In his Aggravations of Vain
Babbling, speaking of gossips, Baxter says:

“If I had one to send to school that were sick of the talking
evil—the morbus loquendi—I would give (as Isocrates
required) a double pay to the schoolmaster willingly; one part for
teaching him to hold his tongue, and the other half for teaching him to
speak. I should think many such men and women half cured if they were
half as weary of speaking as I am of hearing them. He that lets such
twattling swallows build in his chimney may look to have his pottage
savour of their dung.“

B. B.

Latin Hexameters on the Bible.—The verses given under
this title by Lord Braybrooke, in Vol. v., p.
414., remind me of a similar method which I adopted, when at school, in
order to impress upon my memory the names of the Jewish months. The lines
run thus:—

The first verse commences with the first month of the ecclesiastical
year, the second with the first month of the civil year.

A. W.

Ancient Connexion of Cornwall and Phœnicia.—The
effort to trace the ancient connexion of countries by the relics of their
different customs, would be amusing if not useful. The fragment of the
voyage of Hamilcar the Carthaginian confirms the trade of the
Phœnicians with Cornwall for tin. The Roman writers still extant
confirm it. The traffic was carried on by way of Gades or Cadiz, the
Carthaginians being the carriers for the Phœnicians. In Andalusia
to this day, middle-aged and old men are addressed Tio, or uncle;
as Tio Gorgè, “Uncle George.” This custom prevails in Cornwall
also, and only there besides. Is not that a trace of the old intercourse?
Again, clouted cream, known only in the duchy of Cornwall, which once
extended as far as the river Exe in Devon, is only found besides in Syria
and near modern Tyre, whence the same tin trade was carried on. These are
curious coincidences. Many of the old Cornish words are evidently of
Spanish origin: as cariad, caridad, charity or benevolence;
Egloz or Eglez, a church; Iglesia or Yglezia,
and many others, which seem to bear a relation to the same
intercourse.

The notice respecting the word cot or
cote,—termination of proper names in a particular district
in Cornwall,—already mentioned in these pages, supposed to be Saxon
from the idea that its use was confined to one district, which I have
shown to be a mistake, may be from the Cornish word icot, “below,”
in place of the Saxon cote or cot, “cottage.” Thus,
goracot is probably from gora or gorra, and
icot, i. e. “down below.” {508}Trelacot from
Tre, “a town,” and icot, “below.” The l was often
prefixed for sound sake: as lavalu for avalu, “an apple;”
quedhan lavalu, “an apple tree;” Callacot, from
cala, or calla, “straw,” and icot. The introduction
of the vowel a for i might be a corruption in spelling
after the sound. This is only surmise, but it has an appearance of
probability.

Cyrus Redding.

Portrait of John Rogers, the Proto-Martyr.—Should you
think the following minor Note interesting to your correspondent Kt., perhaps you will find a corner for it in your
miscellany.

Living some time ago on the picturesque coast of Dorsetshire, I had
the good fortune to have for a neighbour a lady of cultivated taste and
literary acquirements; among other specimens of antiquity and art to
which she drew my attention, was a portrait, in oil, of John Rogers; it
was of the size called “Kit Cat,” and was well painted. This portrait she
held in great veneration and esteem, declaring herself to be (if my
memory does not deceive me) a descendant of this champion of
Christianity, whose name stands on the “muster roll” of the “noble army
of martyrs.”

In case Kt. should wish to push his inquiries
in this quarter, I inclose you the name and address of the lady above
alluded to.

M. W. B.

“Brallaghan, or the Deipnosophists.“—Edward Kenealey,
Esq., reprinted under the above sonorous title (London: E. Churton, 1845)
some amusing contributions of his to Fraser and other Magazines.
At pp. 94. and 97. he gives us, however, the “Uxor non est ducenda” and
the “Uxor est ducenda” of the celebrated Walter Haddon; and that too
without the slightest intimation that he himself was not their author. It
is not, I think, fair for any man thus to shine in borrowed plumes, or at
least transcribe verbatim, and without acknowledgment, from a writer so
little known and old-fashioned as Haddon. Let me therefore give the
reference, for the benefit of the curious: D. Gualteri Haddoni
Poemata, pp. 70-3. Londini, 1567, 4to.

Rt.

Stilts used by the Irish.—We have all heard of the use of
stilts by the shepherds of the Landes; but I have met with only
one passage which speaks of their use in Ireland. I have crossed
rivers, both in Scotland and in Ireland, on stilts, when the water was
not deep, and have seen them kept instead of a ferryboat, when there was
no bridge, but do not think they are in common use at the present day.
The passage in question is quoted in Ledwich’s Antiquities, p.
300.:

“I had almost forgotten to notice a very remarkable particular
recorded by Strada (Strada, Belg., 1. viii. p. 404., Borlase’s
Reduction, 132.). He tells us that Sir Wm. Pelham, who had been Lord
Justice of Ireland, led into the Low Countries in 1586 fourteen hundred
wild Irish, clad only below the navel, and mounted on stilts,
which they used in passing rivers: they were armed with bows and arrows.
Having never met with this use of stilts among any other people, it
seemed a matter of curiosity to notice it here.”

Eirionnach.

Queries.

ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD “DEVIL.”

What is the etymology of the word devil? This may appear an
unnecessary question, since we have a regular chain of etyma, διάβολος,
diabolus, diavolo, devil. But it is the first of
this chain that puzzles me. I am aware that it is considered a
translation of שָׂטָן‎,
and is derived usually from διαβάλλειν,
calumniare. But שָׂטָן‎
means adversarius, consequently the rendering would not be
accurate. As the word in classical writers always means a false accuser,
and never a supernatural agent of evil, I doubt the correctness of the
usual derivations in the case of ecclesiastical usage; and am inclined to
consider it one of the oriental words, in a Hellenistic dress, with which
the Septuagint and Greek Testament are replete. Mr. Borrow, in
Lavengro, instances as a reason for believing that divine and
devilish were originally the same words, the similarity of the gypsy word
Un-debel, God, and our word devil. Struck with this remark,
on consideration of the subject, I perceived that there were several
other coincidences of the same kind, as follows:—The Greek δαίμων
means either a good or bad spirit of superhuman power. The Zend word
afrîtî, “blessed,” corresponds to the Arabic afrît, “a
rebellious angel.” The Latin divus, “a god,” (and of course Διος, with all
its variations,) belongs to the same family as the Persian dîv, “a
wizard or demon;” while the jin or jan of the Arabian
Nights answer to the forms Zan, Zêna, Zeus,
Janus, Djana or Diana. All words denoting deified
power, and employed by the inhabitants of Greece and Umbria.

These singular resemblances may prove that fetish worship was more
widely spread than is generally believed, and I think justify my doubts
as to the etymology of the word in question.

Richard F. Littledale.

Dublin.

FORGED PAPAL SEAL.

An old seal was discovered some years ago by accident in the ruins of
an abbey in the south of Ireland, of which the followings is a
description. The workmanship is rude, the material a species of bronze.
The impression consists of a circle of raised spots: on either side are
two venerable human faces, both bearded; there is a rude cross between
them. Above them are the letters—

{509}

These are supposed to stand for “St. Paul” and “St. Peter.” It is said
that this seal was used for the purpose of affixing an impression to an
instrument which pretended to be a Papal Bull: in fact, that it was used
for forging Pope’s Bulls. One of the objects of such forgeries (if they
really occurred) would be, to grant dispensations for marriages on
account of consanguinity. Some noble families in Ireland had very ancient
Papal dispensations of this nature. It would often be convenient that
extraordinary despatch should be used in obtaining a dispensation.

Can any of your correspondents compare the seals on those
dispensations with the above, or throw any light on the practice of
dispensing with the ecclesiastical law against consanguineous
marriages?

H. F. H.

Wexford.

A PASSAGE IN “ALL’S WELL THAT ENDS WELL.”

Will Mr. Singer favour me with the information
where the proposed emendation, referred to by him in “N. & Q.,” Vol.
v., p. 436., in All’s Well that ends Well, infinite cunning
for “inſuite comming,” of the folio 1623, is to be met with? If it
be in the Athenæum it has escaped my observation, although I have
turned over the pages of that able periodical carefully to find it. I
have a particular reason for wishing to trace the suggestion, if I can,
to the source where it originated. Owing to an accident, which it is
needless to explain, the number of “N. & Q.” containing Mr. Singer’s communication did not meet my eye until
this morning.

J. Payne Collier.

May 22. 1852.

SURNAMES.

I have to thank many of your readers who have favoured me with private
letters on this subject since the printing of the prospectus of my
Dictionary of Surnames in your columns; and before troubling you
with a string of Queries, I would briefly refer to two or three points in
the kind communications under this head in “N. & Q.” of May 1. E. H.
Y. will find the question, surname or sirname, slightly
touched upon in my English Surnames (3rd edit., vol. i. p. 13.),
and argued at length in the Literary Gazette for Nov. 1842, in a
correspondence originating out of a notice of the first edition of my
book. I think the balance of evidence is in favour of surname;
that is, a name superadded to the personal or baptismal appellation,
which applies with equal propriety to the sobriquets given to monarchs
and distinguished men, and to the hereditary designations of people of
humble rank. Alexander Mitchell, your groom, is no other than
Alexander the Great; and Bill Rowse, your errand-boy, is the
namesake of the Red King who fell in the New Forest; the only difference
being, that the plebeians inherit their second name from their ancestors,
while the magnates enjoy theirs by exclusive right. I do not think,
therefore, that the distinction contended for by E. H. Y. is either
necessary or desirable: indeed I consider sirename as a mere play
upon a mis-spelt word. In saying this, I would by no means disparage your
excellent correspondent, whose communications I always read with pleasure
I might add, that the distinction of “nomen patris additum proprio,”
sirename, and “nomen supra nomen additum,” surname, is by no means
new.

I cannot quite agree with E. S.’s suggestion as to the desirableness
of omitting the names derived from Christian names, this being one of the
most interesting branches of my inquiry. I have already shown that from
ten to thirty family names are occasionally found to proceed from
one baptismal appellation; and at least half a dozen of the names
to which E. S. calls my attention for explanation are so derived. To the
termination -cock, occurring in so many
names, I have already given attention, and the result may be seen in
Eng. Surn., vol. i. pp. 160. to 165., both inclusive.

To the surnames derived from extinct or provincial words designating
employments, I am paying considerable attention; but although I am
tolerably well acquainted with our mediæval writers, and their
glossarists, there are many names ending in er (generally having
in old records the prefix le), which have hitherto baffled my
etymological skill.

W. L.’s remarks support the statements made in Eng. Surn., vol.
i., p. 38. et seq., to show that family names have scarcely become
hereditary, in some parts of England, even now, in the middle of the
nineteenth century. Without occupying your valuable space unduly, I would
now submit the following Queries:—

1. What book gives any rational account of the origin of the Scottish
clans, and their distinctive or family names? I know Buchanan’s work, but
it gives very little information of the kind desired. Any
authentic particulars regarding Scottish names will be acceptable.

2. What is the real meaning of worth, which forms the final
syllable of so many surnames? I have seen no less than six explanations
of it, which cannot all be correct.

3. Are there any works (besides dictionaries) in the Dutch, German,
and Scandinavian languages which would throw light upon the family names
of this country?

4. What is the best compendious gazetteer or topographical dictionary
of Normandy extant?

5. Is anything known of a collection of surnames made by Mr. Cole, the
antiquary, in the last century? It is mentioned in Collet’s Relics of
Literature, 1823. {510}

6. Can any reader of “N. & Q.” explain the following surnames,
which are principally to be found so early as the reign of Edward
I.?—Alfox, Colfox, Astor, Fricher, Grix, Biber, Bakepuz, Le
Chalouner, Le Cayser, Le Cacherel, Trelfer, Metcalfe, Baird, Aird,
Chagge, Le Carun, at Bight.

Mark Antony Lower.

Lewes.

Minor Queries.

Owen, Bishop of St. Asaph.—To what family belonged John
Owen, Bishop of St. Asaph, mentioned in Winkle’s Cathedrals with
so much honour? His father Owen Owen was Archdeacon of Anglesea, rector
of Burton Latymer. I cannot find either name in the printed pedigrees of
the various families of Owen, nor in such of the Harl. MSS. as I had time
to examine. Wanted, the bishop’s arms and crest, and any reference to his
pedigree. It is said by Winkle that his monument is under the episcopal
throne in St. Asaph’s cathedral. He died 1651, and his father 1592.

Ursula.

St. Wilfrid’s Needle in Yorkshire,—”where they used to
try maids, whether they were honest.” (Burton.) Does this stone
exist? “Ancient writers do not mention,” says Lingard, “Stonehenge,
Abury, &c., as appendages to places of worship among the
Celtæ,” therefore may it not be that these remains of antiquity were
devoted to vain superstitions of the ignorant people, if not to gloomy
rites of the officiating priests of the British Druids? The gigantic
obelisks of single stones, called the “Devil’s Arrows,” near
Boroughbridge, and the assemblage of rocks called Bramham Crags, a few
miles north-west of Ripon, are considered to have been Druidical. Is St.
Wilfrid’s either of these? and can farther information about this rock be
afforded?

B. B.

Governor of St. Christopher in 1662.—Will any one be so
kind as to inform me who was the governor of the island of St.
Christopher in the year 1662? I have an original, but unsigned letter,
from him to the contemporary Dutch governor of St. Martin’s, demanding
reparation for an outrage of most extraordinary nature. He complains that
the Dutch had seized and reduced to slavery the crew and
passengers of an English ship during a time of peace. Is anything known
of this affair, or is there any means of discovering the names of the
colonial governors of that age? The letter is dated Sept. 1, 1662, and is
endorsed, “A Coppie of my letter to the Gov. of St. Martin’s.”

Ursula.

The Amber Witch.—I am anxious to learn whether this be a
pure fiction or a genuine document dressed up. Its strongest appearance
of authenticity arises from the tedious pedantry of the ancient Lutheran
pastor, its supposed author, which not only renders the perusal heavy,
but also lets in various things unsuited to the decorum of modern
manners. If a pure forgery, my inquiry extends to the motives of a
fabrication, tedious to both reader and writer.

A. N.

Coffins for General Use.—In the parish church of
Easingwold, Yorkshire, there was within the last few years an old
oaken shell or coffin, asserted to have been used by the
inhabitants for the interment of their dead. After the burial, the coffin
was again deposited in the church. Are there any other well-authenticated
instances of a similar usage? And do the words of the rubric in the Order
for “the Burial of the Dead,” “When they come to the grave, while the
corpse is made ready to be laid INTO
the earth,” render it probable that such a custom was generally
prevalent in the Anglican church since the Reformation?

I have met with one corroborative circumstance, in which numbers of
bodies were disinterred in a piece of ground supposed to have been
consecrated, and not a vestige of a coffin was found.

Incognitus.

The Surname Bywater.—Can any of your correspondents
furnish me with particulars relating to the surname “Bywater?”

The earliest period from which I can trace it direct to the
present day, and then only by family tradition, is about the close of the
seventeenth century, or say 1680, about which time “——
Bywater” married Miss Witham, and resided at Towton Hall, near Tadcaster,
Yorkshire, a place celebrated as being the field of a battle fought
between the York and Lancaster forces on Palm Sunday, 1461.

Stow mentions, in his Survey, that “John Bywater” was a
Sheriff of London in 1424.

Perhaps some of your readers, in Yorkshire or elsewhere, can throw a
light on the subject, or can refer me to a book or MS. where information
may be obtained?

W. M. B.

Robert Forbes.—I should be glad if any of your
correspondents could furnish me with any particulars relative to this
talented and eccentric individual. He was the author of The Dominie
Deposed, in the Buchan dialect. On the title-page of that piece he is
described as “Robert Forbes, A.M., Schoolmaster of Peterculter,” near
Aberdeen. On application, however, to the Session Clerk of Peterculter,
that functionary states that no such person was ever schoolmaster of that
parish. Be this as it may, Forbes was obliged to leave Scotland on
account of an intrigue, which he has humorously described in his
Dominie Deposed. He appears to have removed to London, where he
commenced the business of a hosier, in a shop on Tower Hill, at the sign
of the “Book.” Here he composed that {511}celebrated travestie on
the Speech of Ajax to the Grecian Chiefs, also in the Buchan
dialect:

I think Forbes states that his place of business on Tower Hill was
“hard by the shop of Robbie Mill.” (See Chalmers’ Life of
Ruddiman.) Forbes is supposed to have died about the year 1750.

Hypadidasculus.

Gold Chair found in Jersey.—I find in Lowndes’
Bibliographer’s Manual the following:

“The most wonderfull and strange Finding of a Chayre of Gold, neare
the Isle of Iarsie, with the true Discourse of the Death of eight
seuerall Men: and other most rare Accidents thereby proceeding. London,
1595, 4to. 14 pages, including not only the title-page, but a blank leaf
before it, as was frequent about this time.”

Can any one inform me where I can obtain a sight of this tract? I have
searched the multivoluminous catalogue of the British Museum, that of the
Bodleian, Grenville, Douce, and other collections, but in vain; and can
find no trace of it anywhere.

R. P. M.

Alteration in Oxford Edition of the Bible.—In the
stereotype edition of the Bible, in 8vo., printed at Cambridge, for the
British and Foreign Bible Society, I find the word Judah, 2 Chron.
xxi. 2., substituted for Israel. This latter word is the reading
of every copy of the authorized English version that I have been able to
consult, including the 12mo. edition printed for the British and Foreign
Bible Society at Oxford.

No doubt Judah is the right word in this passage. The context
requires it; and it is the reading of forty Hebrew MSS., and of all the
ancient versions, except the Chaldee. It is also the reading of the old
English version by Coverdale. But it has not been adopted by King James’s
translators. How has this deviation from their text crept into an edition
emanating from a University press?

Jerome.

When did Sir Gilbert Gerrard die?—A warrant was issued on
the 1st of July, 1594, to the Lord Treasurer and Sir John Fortescue (see
Burghley’s Diary) “to inquire what profits had been taken for the
office of the Rolls betwixt the time of the death of Sir Gilbert
Gerrard and the entry of Sir Thomas Egerton.” Now Sir Thomas Egerton
entered on the 10th of April, 1594, and I have reason to believe that the
office had been vacant for about a year. But I can find no notice of Sir
Gilbert’s death. He was a member of Gray’s Inn; admitted in 1537,
barrister 1539, ancient 1547, reader 1554, serjeant 1558,
attorney-general 1559, Master of the Rolls 1581; and during the interval
between the death of Lord Chancellor Hatton (Nov. 22, 1591) and the
appointment of Lord Keeper Puckering (May 28, 1592) one of the
commissioners for hearing causes in chancery.

James Spedding.

Market Crosses.—Have these interesting crosses occupied
the attention of any one? Is there any work exclusively upon them? When
was the old Market Cross, at Bury St. Edmunds, taken down? Is there any
view of it extant, and where is it to be seen? What is the meaning of the
passage from Gage’s valuable History of Thingoe Hundred, page
205.:

“Henry Gage, &c., married at the Market Cross, in the
parish of St. James, St. Edmund’s-bury, 11th February, 1655.”

Was any religious edifice standing on this spot at that period?

C. G.

Paddington.

Spy Wednesday.—I observed the other day, under the
Spanish News in The Times of Wednesday, the 14th April, 1852, the
following paragraph:

“It being Spy Wednesday, the Bourse remained closed.”

Can any correspondent inform me the meaning of “Spy Wednesday,” it
being a term I have never yet heard so applied?

John Nurse Chadwick.

King’s Lyn.

Passemer’s “Antiquities of
Devonshire.”—In Bagford’s MS. Collections on Writing,
Printing, &c., in the British Museum (Ayscough’s Cat., No.
885.), at fo. 102., among writers on Devonshire appears the
following:

“Id. Ye antiquitates of ye same countey is collected out of ye antient
bookes belonging to ye Bishopprick of Exeter, by one Mr. George Passemer,
vicar of Awliscombe, in ye said countey.”

Can either of your correspondents state whether Mr. Passemer’s work is
known to be in existence?

J. D. S.

Will O’ Wisp.—Notwithstanding the steam-engine may be
said to have done almost as much towards destroying the gaseous
exhalations of our bog-lands by the means of drainage, as it has done
towards the amelioration of the stagnant moors and intellectual morasses
of society, it can hardly have dispelled every Ignis Fatuus from
every quagmire, any more than it has even yet chased the ignorance from
every dull head. The object of this communication is to ask for the names
of a few specific localities where that noted misleader of the
benighted—Will O’ Wisp—still continues to manifest his
presence?

D.

Mother of Richard Fitzjohn.—Can any of your readers
inform me who was the mother of Richard {512}Fitzjohn, Lord
Fitzjohn, who was summoned to parliament in 23 Edward I., and died two
years after in France? He was the son of John Fitzjohn Fitzgeoffrey, who
died near Guildford in 1258, and who was the son and heir of John
Fitzgeoffrey, Justiciary of Ireland in 1246. His mother’s name is not
mentioned in any authorities I have been able to consult, and I should
feel particularly obliged by any one communicating to me his mother’s
name, and also his maternal grandmother’s name, if they have
ever been ascertained.

Tewars.

Quotations wanted.—Can any of your numerous
correspondents oblige me with the information as to where the following
may be found:

Again, this:

Again, this: The entire epigram said to have been made by Porson on a
Fellow of his college, who habitually pronounced Euphrătes
(short) instead of Euphrātes. The only words I remember—it is
now near thirty years since I heard it—are

and Jekyll, the celebrated wit, rendered the epigram into English, and
part of it thus:

H. M.

Sons of the Conqueror—William Rufus and Walter
Tyrell.—Sir N. W. Wraxall (Posthumous Memoirs, vol. i.,
p. 425.) says of the Duke of Dorset:

“His only son perished at twenty-one in an Irish foxchase: a mode of
dying not the most glorious or distinguished, though two sons of William
the Conqueror, one of whom was a King of England, terminated their lives
in a similar occupation.”

Who are these two sons? William Rufus would be one of them; but
who is the other? And whilst I am on this subject, I would inquire, on
what authority does the commonly received story of William II.’s
death by the hand of Sir Walter Tyrrell rest?

Tewars.

Brass of Lady Gore.—Moody, in his Sketches of
Hampshire, states that there is a brass of an Abbess, 1434,
Lady Gore by name, in the church of Nether Wallop. But in the Oxford
Manual it is stated (Introduction, p. xxxix.) that only two brasses
of Abbesses are known, one at Elstow, Beds, to Elizabeth Hervey, and the
other at Denham, Bucks, to Agnes Jordan, Abbess of Syon, both c.
1530. Which is correct of these two authorities?

Unicorn.

Minor Queries Answered.

Smyth’s MSS. relating to Gloucestershire.—In Rudder’s
History of Gloucestershire, title “Nibley,” p. 575., is the
following passage:

“John Smyth, of Nibley, ancestor to the present proprietor, was very
eminent for his great assiduity in collecting every kind of information
respecting this county and its inhabitants. He wrote the Genealogical
History of the Berkeley Family, in three folio MSS., which Sir William
Dugdale abridged and published in his Baronage of England. In
three other folio MSS. he has registered with great exactness the
names of the lords of manors in the county in the year 1608, the
number of men in each parish able to bear arms, with their names, age,
stature, professions, armour, and weapons. The sums each
landholder paid to subsidies granted in a certain year are set down
in another MS. He likewise committed to writing a very particular account
of the customs of the several manors in the hundred of Berkeley, and
the pedigrees of their respective lords. These and some other
MSS., which cost him forty years in compiling, are now (1779) in the
possession of Nicholas Smyth, Esq., the fifth from him in lineal
descent.”

I shall feel much obliged to any of your readers who will inform me
where these MSS., or any of them, may now be seen. Those that I
particularly want to inspect are printed in Italics in the above
quotation.

Julius Partrige.

Birmingham.

Origin of Terms in Change-ringing.—I shall be obliged by
any one informing me as to the origin and derivation of the terms “plain
bob,” “grandsire bob,” “single bob minor,” “grandsire treble,” “caters,”
“cinques,” et hoc genus omne, so well known to campanologists.

Alfred Gatty.

Keseph’s Bible.—About the year 1828, there was issued a
thin duodecimo pamphlet by some one who took the cognomen of Keseph, and
who {513}proposed to publish an edition of the
authorised version under the title of “Keseph’s Bible,” with the
substitution of the Hebrew terms Alehim, Aleh, Al,
Adon, Adonai, &c. &c. for our English ones
God, Lord, &c. &c.

Can any of your readers inform me if this was ever published? and can
they also favour me with the loan of the pamphlet for a month?

The Editor of the “Chronological New Testament.”

36. Trinity Square, Southwark.

Proclamations to prohibit the Use of Coal, as Fuel, in
London.—Dr. Bachoffner, in the lecture which he is now
delivering at the Royal Polytechnic Institution, mentions the fact that
three separate proclamations were issued for this purpose, and that it
was at last made a capital offence; and a man was actually accused,
tried, condemned, and executed for burning coal within the metropolis.
Now what I want to ascertain relative to the above facts, is: 1. The date
of each; 2. Any particulars that you or any of your correspondents may be
kind enough to furnish; 3. The name, and station, trade, or profession of
the person so executed.

As Dr. Bachoffner has now often reiterated the above statement at the
Polytechnic, and as it has always been received (at least when I have
been there) with acclamations of surprise, I have no doubt that the
particulars will interest many of your readers.

Arthur C. Wilson.

Replies.

ADDISON AND HIS HYMNS.

(Vol. v., p. 439.)

Any attempt to divorce Addison from his hymns in the Spectator,
and to ascribe them to any other writer, is so great a wrench to the
feelings of a sexagenarian like myself, that the question must at once be
set at rest.

In reply to J. G. F.’s inquiry, these hymns, or a portion of them,
were claimed for Andrew Marvell by Captain Edward Thompson, the editor of
Marvell’s works; but a writer in Kippis’s edition of the Biographia
Britannica remarks:

“We shall content ourselves with observing, that any man who can
suppose that the ease, eloquence, and harmony of the ode, ‘The Spacious
Firmament,’ &c., could flow from Marvell’s pen, must be very
deficient in taste and judgment.”

This claim on Captain Thompson’s part was to have been considered
under the article “Marvell,” but the second edition of the
Biographia did not, as we well know, extend beyond the letter
F.

But though we cannot concede these hymns to Marvell, he must not be
underrated. His downright honesty of character and purpose must ever
excite respect. His biographer strangely introduces him to us as “A witty
droll in the seventeenth century, the son of a facetious gentleman at
Hull.” In one respect he resembled our gifted essayist; his style in
prose was so captivating that we are told

“From the King down to the Tradesman, his Rehearsal Transposed
was read with great pleasure; he had all the men of wit on his side.”

To return to the hymns and the just claims of Addison to the whole of
them.

In the Spectator, No. 453., Addison says,

“I have already communicated to the public some pieces of
divine poetry, and as they have met with a very favourable reception,
I shall from time to time publish any work of the same nature which
has not yet appeared in print, and may be acceptable to my
readers.”

Then follows the hymn “When all Thy Mercies,” &c. Coming from such
a man as Addison, this {514}must be considered as pretty strong
evidence of authorship.

In the Spectator, No. 441., when introducing the hymn “The Lord
my Pasture,” &c., Addison observes—

“As the poetry of the original is very exquisite, I shall present my
readers with the following translation of it.”

With respect to this composition Bishop Hurd remarks, that
Addison’s

“True judgment suggested to him that what he drew from Scripture was
best preserved in a pure and simple expression, and the fervour of his
piety made that simplicity pathetic.”

No doubt seems to have crossed the Bishop’s mind as to the authorship.
Sometimes Addison thought fit to throw a little mystery over these hymns.
In Spectator, No. 489., after alluding to Psalm cvii. v. 23.,
“They that go down to the sea,” &c. (which Addison says gives a
description of a ship in a storm, preferable to any other that he has met
with), he subjoins his “divine Ode made by a Gentleman on the
conclusion of his travels,” “How are Thy servants blest,” &c.

The verses 4 to 8 are said to refer to the storm which Allison himself
encountered on the Mediterranean, after he embarked at Marseilles in
1700.

The hymn “When rising from the bed of death,” Spectator, No.
513, “a thought in sickness,” is contained in a supposed letter from a
Clergyman, viz. one of the club, “who assist me in my
speculations.”

Tickell, in his exquisite elegy, so worthy of its subject, when
asking,

adds,

Were not the very hymns which we are speaking of in Tickell’s
mind?

Addison’s piety, we may well gather from his writings, was, as Mr.
Macaulay observes, of a cheerful character. The feeling which
predominates in all his devotional papers, is that of gratitude; do we
not find it also strikingly developed in his hymns? We all remember the
beautiful lines,

Let Bishop Ken and Addison retain their divine hymns—dear as
they are, and let us hope ever will be, to man, woman, and
child—whilst the English language is read or spoken. How greatly is
their sublimity heightened, and their beauty enhanced, when we associate
with them the purity of character and the assemblage of virtues which
distinguished their excellent authors!

J. H. Markland.

WITCHCRAFT—MRS. HICKES AND HER DAUGHTER.

(Vol. v., p. 394.)

The particulars your correspondent asks for have not been furnished;
but on what authority, to move the previous question, does the
alleged fact of such a trial and execution at Huntingdon in 1716 for
witchcraft, stated by Mr. Wills, and adopted by the Quarterly
Rev., rest? Mr. Wills (Sir Roger de Coverley, Notes, p. 126.)
mentions also the execution of two women at Northampton for witchcraft
just before the Spectator began to be published (March 1,
1710-11), but gives no reference to any original source to support his
statement. On the other hand, Hutchinson, the first edition of whose
Essay concerning Witchcraft was published in 1718, and the second
in 1720, who gives a chronological table of facts, informs us that the
last execution in England for witchcraft was that at Exeter of Susan
Edwards, Mary Trembles, and Temperance Lloyd in 1682 (vid. Essay,
p. 41., 1st edit.). He was too painstaking a writer to be in ignorance of
cases which had occurred so recently; and he had the assistance, in
collecting his materials, of the two chief justices Parker and King, and
Chief Baron Bury, to whom the work is dedicated. Through their means he
must have been informed of what had taken place on the circuits, if any
cases of witchcraft on which convictions had arisen had actually come
before the judges. When it is remembered what attention was directed to
the trial of Jane Wenham in 1712, who, though condemned, was not
executed, and on whose case a great number of pamphlets were written, it
can scarcely be supposed that in four years after two persons, one only
nine years old (I take the account in Mackay’s Popular Delusions,
vol. iii.), should have been tried and executed for witchcraft without
public attention being called to the circumstance. I may add that in the
Historical Register for 1716, which notices in the domestic
occurrences all trials of interest, there is no mention of such a case;
and that in two London newspapers for 1716, which I have in a complete
series, though enumerating other convictions on the circuit, I have
equally searched without success. As it is a matter of considerable
historical interest to ascertain accurately when the last execution for
witchcraft took place in England, I should be glad if any of your
correspondents would refer me to the authority on which the statements of
the trials circ. 1710 and in 1716 are founded. Mr. Wright, I observe,
does not notice them, and his words are—

“The case of Jane Wenham is the last instance of a witch being
condemned by the verdict of an English jury.”—Narratives of
Sorcery and Magic, vol. ii. p. 326.

Jas. Crossley.

{515}

DODO QUERIES.

(Vol. i., p. 261.)

In answer to Mr. Strickland’s third Query, I
beg to inform him that among the original authors who speak of the Dodo
as a living bird, Johan Nieuhof merits a place. His work is entitled:

“Johan Nieuhofs gedenkweerdige Brasiliaense zee en Lantreize,
behelsende alhetgeen op dezelve is voorgevallen: beneffens een bondige
beschrijving van gantsch Neerlants Brasil, zoo van lantschappen, steden,
dieren, gewassen, als draghten, zeden en godsdienst der inwoonders; en
insonderheit, een wijtloopig verhael der merkwaardigste voorvallen en
geschiedenissen, die zich, geduurende zijn negenjarigh verblijf in
Brasil, in d’oorlogen en opstant der Portugesen, tegen d’onzen, zich
sedert het jaer 1640-1649 hebben toegedragen. Doorgaens verciert met
verscheide afbeeldingen, na’t leven aldaer getekent. Te Amsterdam, voor
de Weduwe van Jacob van Meurs, op de Keizersgracht, anno 1682.”

This work, although published in six languages, and several times
reprinted, adorned with a hundred exquisite engravings, and portrait of
the author, seems to be no longer generally known. It was dedicated to
Nikolaes Witsen, burgomaster and councillor of Amsterdam; and the licence
granted to Jacob van Meurs, the 14th Dec. 1671, by the states of Hollandt
en Westvrieslandt, is signed “Johan de Wit.”

The copy in my possession consists of two parts in folio, bound
together in parchment, furnished with two indexes, which however do not
mention all the volume contains, for we look in vain for the name
Dodaers, Dodo, or Dronte in the indexes; and yet we
find in the second part, p. 282., a well-executed representation of this
bird, and on the following page we read:

“Dronte of Dodaers.

“Op het eilant Mauritius inzonderheit, houdt zeker vogel van een
wonderlijke gestalte, Dronte, en by d’onzen Dodaers genoemt. Hy is van
groote tusschen een vogel-struis en Indische Hoen; en verschilt in
gestalte, en komt ten deele daer mee over-een, ten aenzien van de veeren,
pluimen en staert. Hy heeft een groot en wanstaltigh hooft met een vel
bedekt, en verbeelt dat van een koekoek: d’oogen zijn groot en zwart: de
hals krom, vet, en steekt voor uit. De bek is boven mate lang, sterk en
blaeuwachtigh wit: behalve d’einden: waer van d’onderste zwartachtigh,
een bovenste geelachtig zijn, en beide spits en krom. Hy spert den bek
leelijk en zeer wijt open, is ront en vet van lijf, dat met zachte en
graeuwe pluimen, als die van den struisvogel, bedekt is. De buik en aers
is dik, die byna op d’aerde hangt: waerom, en van wegen hunnen loomen
gang, deez vogel Dodaers by d’onzen genoemt wort. Aen beide zijden zitten
eenige kleine pluymige pennen, in plaetse van vleugels, uit den gelen
witachtigh, en achter aen den stuit, in plaetse van de steert, vijf
gekrulde penne-veeren van een zelve kleure. De beenen zijn geelachtigh en
dik; maer zeer kort: doch met vier vaste en lange pooten. Deze vogel is
langzaem van gang en dom, en laet zich lichtelijk vangen. Het vleesch,
inzonderheit dat van den borst, is vet en eetbaer. Hy is zoo zwaer, dat
hondert menschen aen drie of vier Dronten genoegh t’eeten hebben. Het
vleesch van d’ouden is, zoo niet gaer gekookt is, zwaer om te verteeren.
Het wort ook ingezouten. Veelijts hebben zy een grooten en herden steen
in de mage, die holachtigh en evenwel hart is.”

Should Mr. Strickland wish further information
concerning the work of Johan Nieuhof, I shall ever be happy to oblige
him.

J. M. van Maanen.

Amsterdam.

THE HEAVY SHOVE.

(Vol. v., p. 416.)

Like your correspondent Mr. Clark, I too have
kept a sharp look-out for this curious piece ascribed to Baxter; but
having been unable to track it, I had long since come to the conclusion
that its existence was apocryphal.

The Rev. James Graves, in his Spiritual Quixote, written to
ridicule Moravians and Methodists, notes it “as a very good book of old
Baxter’s,” among several others of questionable identity, forming the
library of Geoffrey Wildgoose’s grandmother.

When we recollect the temptation offered in the quaint and uncouth
titles of the old Presbyterians, we can hardly wonder at their enemies
improving upon them; and in this way, it appears to me, we are to account
for the respectable name of Baxter being popularly attached to a book
which everybody talks about, but which nobody has seen.

It is again mentioned by Richard Cooksey, in his Life of Lord
Somers, Worcester, 1791, and, taking its existence for granted, the
author is astonished that Baxter, whom he extols to the skies, “could so
far condescend to the temper and debased humour of the times as to
entitle one of his tracts A Shove, &c. Commenting upon this,
Wilson, in his History of Dissenting Churches, London, 1808, is
the next who alludes to the book in question, but merely to shift its
authorship from “the famous Richard Baxter of Kidderminster” to a more
obscure individual of the same name,—described as “an elder (in
1692) of the Particular Baptist congregation worshipping in Winchester
House.” Of this person he says, “I know nothing excepting that he appears
to have been a Fifth Monarchy man, and to have been far gone in
enthusiasm.”

Although thus doubting that the author of the Saints’ Rest
wrote such a book as that described, I {516}do not deny that there
is a piece bearing the title in existence; but upon it the name of
“William Bunyan” figures as the author. A copy of this was in the
Theological Portion of the late Mr. Rodd’s books, sold by Sotheby &
Co. in 1850, and bears the imprint of “London, 1768.” This, I am inclined
to think, is the only Shove Mr. Clark is
likely to meet with; and although I can give no further account of it, I
am disposed to consider it the spurious catchpenny of some ignorant
scoffer, who, taking his cue from Graves, or rather from some
earlier writer who has noticed it, thought it would be a good
spec., and therefore launched into the world his
“Effectual Shove.”

J. O.

GROUND ICE.

(Vol. v., p. 370.)

Your Querist J. C. E. is informed that the singular phenomenon of the
formation of ice in the beds of running rivers has not escaped the notice
of scientific observers. M. Arago has devoted a paper to its
investigation in the Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes for 1832 or
1833, in which he specifies the rivers in which it has been observed.
Indeed, although from its nature it is likely to escape notice, it is
probably of not infrequent occurrence. Ireland, in his Picturesque
Views of the Thames, quoting Dr. Plot, speaks of the subaqueous ice
of that river. Colonel Jackson, in the fifth volume of the Journal of
the Royal Geographical Society, alludes to its formation in the Neva,
in a paper on the congelation of that river; and in the following volume
of the same Journal is an article by Mr. Weitz, especially devoted to the
ground ice of the rivers of Siberia. More recently, Mr. Eisdale has
contributed the result of his researches upon the same subject to the
Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xvii.; and, finally, Dr.
Farquharson has made public his observations upon the ground-gru of the
rivers Don and Leochal, in Lincolnshire, in the Philosophical
Transactions for 1835. There is also an article on the subject in one
of the later volumes of the Penny or Saturday
Magazines.

That bodies of running, water, the surface of which solidifies when
exposed to a diminished temperature, should have a tendency to congelate
in their sheltered depths, seems an anomaly which demands inquiry and
explanation; and accordingly each of the above-mentioned writers has
raised an hypothesis more or less probable, to account for the
phenomenon. Dr. Farquharson would attribute it to the radiation of heat
from the bottom, as dew is formed by radiation from the surface of the
earth; but a consideration of the supervening obstacles to
radiation—a body of moving water thickly coated with ice and even
snow—destroys the plausibility of his theory. That of Mr. Eisdale,
that the frozen spiculæ of the atmosphere falling into the water
become nuclei, around which the water at the bottom freezes, seems
merely frivolous. The explanation of M. Arago is more satisfactory, viz.
that the lower currents of water being less rapid in motion than those
intermediate, or at the surface, congelation may be expected at a lower
temperature (say 32° Fahr.), the process of crystallisation being
favoured by the pebbles, fragments of wood, and the uneven surface of the
river’s bed. After all, however, the phenomenon has been but imperfectly
investigated under its various manifestations, and its real cause
probably remains yet to be discovered.

William Bates.

Birmingham.

For an explanation of this occurrence, I would refer J. C. E. to
Whewell’s Astronomy, Bridgewater Treatise.

Unicorn.

CHARACTER OF ALGERNON SYDNEY.

(Vol. v., pp. 426. 447.)

Your two correspondents C. E. D. (p. 426.) and C. (p. 447.) appear to
have read Mr. Hepworth Dixon’s Query about
Algernon Sydney either very hastily or very carelessly. Yet it seems to
me plain enough. There is not one word in it about Barillon or Dalrymple;
no inquiry about the home life of Sydney. As every one knows a great part
of his time was spent abroad, it is probable Mr.
Dixon thinks that anecdotes and allusions to so conspicuous a
person may occur in the cotemporary letters and memoirs of France,
Germany, Italy, &c., and he asks for references to any such anecdotes
or allusions as may have fallen in the way of readers of “N. & Q.”
Surely this is explicit. But what has Dalrymple or Mr. Croker to say in
answer to a question about Sydney’s way of life when abroad? That, as I
take it, was the point, and a general discussion as to the character of
the author of the Discourses on Government is à-propos of
nothing. As the subject has been opened, and as I know of none more
interesting in the whole range of English history, I cannot refrain from
at least entering one protest against C.’s description of the
“illustrious patriot” as a “corrupt traitor of the worst class.”

That Mr. Dixon is not single in his admiration
of the character of Sydney I could quote many “instances,” from our late
prime minister downwards. But the title “illustrious” can scarcely be
denied to a man who, besides being of the best blood in England, played a
leading part in the Revolution, and was one of the closest thinkers and
most masculine writers our language has to show. What makes a man
illustrious? Birth, commanding position, intellect, learning, literary
genius? Sydney had them all. But C. thinks {517}he ought not to be
called a patriot. What, do his wisdom and moderation in the civil war;
his opposition to the extreme measures of Cromwell; his long solitary
exile; his glorious death, count for nothing? There is, however, the
charge of taking money from the King of France. No doubt this is a very
“curious case,” and I too shall be anxious to see “what light Mr. Dixon may be able to throw on it.” The accusation
rests on the sole authority of Dalrymple; and Dalrymple is not a
man who can be taken on his mere word. He was a violent partisan. He
hated the Whigs, and is convicted of having suppressed the truth, when it
suited his party or his passions to misrepresent. The Barillon
Correspondence should be again examined, and, if possible, further
particulars of the money payments to our party leaders obtained.

S. Walton.

Belgrave Square.

MONUMENT TO THE MEMORY OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS AT ANTWERP.

(Vol. v., p. 415.)

Having visited the interesting city of Antwerp in the autumn of 1846,
I can answer the Query of your correspondent C. E. D. from personal
inspection. The monument to Mary Queen of Scots is still in existence;
and consists of a richly ornamented slab, placed at a considerable height
from the pavement, against a pillar in (I think) the southern transept of
the church of St. Andrew. I was told on the spot that it was erected by
two English ladies, but my informant was silent as to the tradition
respecting the head. In the centre of the carvings which adorn the upper
part of the monument, is inserted a medallion portrait of the beautiful
but unfortunate queen; it is extremely well painted, and represents her
in that peculiar costume so familiar to those acquainted with her
accustomed style of dress. I inclose a copy of the
inscription:—

“Maria Stuarta,
Scot. et Gall. Reg.
Jacob. Magn. Britan. Reg. Mater.
Anno 1568, in. Angl. Refugii causâ descendens.
Cogna. Elisab. ibi regnavit.
Perfidiâ senat. et Hæret. post xix. Captivit. Annos.
Relig. ergo. cap. obtrunc.
Martyrium consumavit. Anno D. N. 1587.
Æta. Regy. 45.”

The wood-carvings, with which this church abounds (especially those of
the pulpit and its accessories), are marvellous efforts of Art.

M. W. B.

Having visited the church of St. Andrew at Antwerp during the autumn
of last year, I am able to inform your correspondent C. E. D. (Vol. v.,
p. 415.) that the monument to which he alludes still exists.

The portrait of Mary Queen of Scots is above the tablet, which was, I
believe, erected to the memory of Elizabeth Curle; who, after the
execution of her mistress, resided at Antwerp, and was buried in that
church.

F. H.

The monument dedicated to the memory of their beloved mistress by the
two noble ladies of the household of Mary Queen of Scots, Lady Barbara
Mowbray, the wife, and Elizabeth Curle, the sister, of Gilbert Curle, the
queen’s confidential secretary, still exists in the church of St. Andrew
at Antwerp. The history, or rather story of the decapitated head
having been borne away by these ladies, and buried at the foot of the
pillar on which the monument is placed, which is alluded to by your
correspondent, is too apocryphal for belief. There is no reason to
suppose that any head of the queen was carried away by these
devoted women into exile, excepting in the shape of her portrait painted
on copper; which, instead of being interred beneath the monument,
is still to be seen placed above the dedicatory inscription. It is true
that in the edition of Descamps’ Voyage Pittoresque de la Flandre,
published at Paris and Rouen in 1769, it is stated that the
monument was surmounted by “son buste en marbre;” but this error
was corrected in the Antwerp edition of 1792, where it is
correctly affirmed to be “son portrait peint.”

Mention is made of this crowned portrait, of a circular form, in
Mackie’s Castles and Prisons of Queen Mary, and of the close
resemblance it bears to another in the possession of Lady Cathcart; who
assured Mr. Mackie that the two portraits were painted by order of the
queen, and presented by her to two Scottish ladies, but whose
names are not mentioned.

The following epitaph to the memory of these two faithful servants of
the unhappy queen, has also been preserved by Jacques Le Roy in his
Théâtre Sacré du Brabant, tom. ii. p. 90. It was copied by him
from a blue marble slab placed over the entrance to the vault in which
they were deposited:—

“D. O. M.

Sub hoc lapide duarum feminarum vere piarum conduntur corpora
D. Barbaræ Moubray et D.
Elisabethæ Curle utræque Scotæ, nobilissimæ Mariæ Reginæ à
cubiculis, quarum monumentum superiori affigitur columnæ. Illa vidua
mortalium legi cessit XXXI. Julii anno
1616 ætatis LVII., dum hæc semper
cælebs XXIX. Maii, ætatis LX. Dni M.DC.XX.“

In the inscription placed against the pillar, dedicated to the memory
of Queen Mary, Lady Barbara is said to be a daughter of Lord John
Mowbray—Barbara Moubray, D. Johan Moubray, Baronis F.

The writer of this note is desirous of obtaining some authentic
information respecting these two noble Scottish families, and hopes this
{518}communication may serve to elicit what he
has long sought to trace. The armorial bearings of both families
(originally affixed to the monument) have been effaced.

He would be glad also to be referred to any documents tending to throw
light on the obscure history of poor Mary’s intriguing French
secretary, Nau; as to where he was born, his connexions and avocations in
early life; how, and by what secret influence he entered into the service
of the queen; and, lastly, how he came to be pardoned, and what became of
him afterwards? She declared, in her last hours, that he was the cause
of her death?

Nhrsl.

LORD KING; THE SCLATERS; DR. KELLET, ETC.

(Vol. v., p. 457.)

If Balliolensis wishes for a more particular
account of the Sclater family than that which follows, I shall be happy
to correspond with him upon the subject.

Anthony Sclater, D.D., was vicar of Leighton Buzzard for fifty
years, and died, aged 100, about 1620. His son—

William Sclater, D.D., Fellow of King’s, and vicar of
Pitminster in Somersetshire, is the person mentioned by Dr. Kellet. He
was an exceedingly learned man, and the author of many theological works
(for a list, see Bib. Bod. Cat.), some of which were published
after his death, which occurred in 1627. There is a curious and
interesting account of him in Fuller’s Worthies, vol. i. p. 119.
(see also Athenæ Oxonienses). His son—

William Sclater, also D.D. and Fellow of King’s, was vicar of
Collumpton, Devon, and prebend of Exeter, and appears to have kept up by
several works and sermons the reputation of the family for doctrinal
theology.^[2] His
son—

Francis Sclater, B.D. (Fellow of C. C. C. Oxon. May 17, 1667,
æt. 17), was likewise a person of extraordinary learning and abilities,
as appears from several notices, and more particularly from the
inscription on a silver-gilt cup presented to C. C. C. in memory of him
by his father; and from an elegant Latin epitaph which was placed on the
south wall of St. James’s, Clerkenwell.^[3] He died in 1685, æt. 35, leaving a
son—

Christopher Sclater, M.A., born 1679, rector of Loughton in
Essex, and afterwards of Chingford in the same county. His eldest
son—

William Sclater, D.D., seems (from MSS. still existing) to have
inherited the theological talent of his ancestors, but o. s. p. Richard
Sclater, Esq., the second son of Christopher, was grandfather to William
Lutley Sclater, Esq., of Hoddington House, Hants, the present
representative of the family. By a third son, Christopher Sclater was
grandfather to Eliza Sclater, wife of —— Draper, Esq., and
celebrated for her Platonic attachment to Lawrence Sterne. From MSS.
preserved in the family, it is clear that she must have been a woman of
considerable talent.

I had always supposed William Sclater, the Nonjuror, and author
of An Original Draught, &c., to have been a brother of
Francis Sclater; but, if it be true that his work was a posthumous
publication (as I learn for the first time from the Note by the Editor of “N. & Q.”), I think it most probable that
it was his father (the vicar of Collumpton above mentioned), who would
have been about sixty years of age in 1688, and who was certainly a man
of learning and scholarship.

I have no doubt that Edward Sclater, the pervert of Putney, belonged
to the same family, though I know not in how near relationship.

The name of Sclater, which is curious, seems to have originated in a
place called Slaughter (olim Sclostre or Sclaughtre, temp. King
John) in Gloucestershire, where a family of Sclaughters flourished as
lords of the manor for upwards of 300 years. The arms of both families
are: arg. a saltier az.; crest, an eagle sa. rising out of a ducal
coronet. The motto of the Sclater family (which they owe, no doubt to one
of their learned ancestors) is a Greek quotation from Gal. vi. 14.:
“εἴ μὴ ἐν τῷ
σταυρῷ.”

About the commencement of the seventeenth century, another branch of
the same family (whose patronymic was Thomas) was settled in
Cambridgeshire. The last male representative of these, Sir Thomas
Sclater, Bart., died without issue in 1684 (see Burke’s Ext.
Baronetages).

I should be glad of any information respecting the connexion of these
two branches with each other, or of either with the parent stem in
Gloucestershire. I should also be glad of information respecting one
Will. Slatyer, D.D. (whose name is sometimes, I believe
erroneously, spelt Sclater) a very learned person, chaplain to James I.,
the {519}author of some curious historical and
genealogical works, and a celebrated Hebraist in those times. He was a
cotemporary of Sclater of Pitminster, and died at Ottenden in Kent about
the same time; but it is doubtful whether they were relations.

S. L. P.

Oxford and Cambridge Club.

The following Notes are very much at the service of your correspondent
Balliolensis. It is true that they do not afford
a precise answer to his immediate Query, but they comprise particulars
which may very probably lead to it, and will at least be interesting in
compliance with his request for any notices respecting the family of
Sclater.

Anthony Sclater was minister of Leighton Buzzard in Bedfordshire for
about fifty years, and died at the age of nearly one hundred. His son,
William Sclater, was born there in 1577; educated at Eton and King’s
College, Cambridge, B.D. and D.D., preacher at Walsall, co.
Staffordshire; presented to the vicarage of Pitminster, near Taunton, co.
Somerset, by John Coles, Esq.; and to a rectory in the same county by
John, afterwards Lord Powlett. Died at Pitminster, 1627. He was the
author of the following works, and of others unpublished:—

“A Key to the Key of Scripture, or an Exposition, with Notes, on the
Epistle to the Romans, &c. 4to, London, 1611. Dedicated to Sir Henry
Hawley, Knt., and four other Gentlemen.”

“The Minister’s Portion, a Sermon on 1 Cor. ix. 13, 14. 4to. Oxford,
1612. Dedicated to Thomas Southcote, Esq., of Mohun’s Ottery in
Devonshire.”

“The Sick Soul’s Salve, a Sermon on Prov. xviii. 14. 4to. Oxford,
1612. Dedicated to John Horner, Esq., and to the devout Anna his wife, at
Melles in Somerset.”

“The Christian’s Strength, a Sermon at Oxford on Philip. iv. 13. 4to.
Oxford, 1612. Dedicated to William Hill, Esq., of Pitminster.”

“An Exposition upon the First Epistle to the Thessalonians. 4to.
London, 1619. Dedicated to the Lord Stanhope, Baron of Haringdon.”

“The Question of Tythes revised, &c. 4to. London, 1623. Dedicated
to Lake, Bishop of Bath and Wells.”

“A Briefe Exposition upon the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians.
4to. London, 1629. Dedicated to ‘John Pawlet, Esq., his very honourable
good Patron, and Elisabeth his Wife, his much honoured Patronesse.'”

“Utriusque Epistolæ ad Corinthios Explicatio, &c. Edited by his
Son. 4to. Oxon. 1633. Dedicated to ‘Edvardo Keletto, S. T. D. Sancti
Petri apud Exoniensis residentiario, nec non M. Georgio Goadio coll.
Regalis in Academia Cantabrig. Socio, suo non ita pridem tutori
dilectissimo.'”

“A Brief and Plain Commentary on the Prophecy of Malachy, &c.
Published by his Son. 4to. London, 1650. Dedicated to Mr. Henry Walrond
of Bradfield, Devon.”

“An Exposition on the Fourth Chapter of the Romans, &c. Published
by his Son. 4to. London, 1650. Dedicated to ‘John Bampfield of Poltimore
in Devon, Esq., a most eximious and exemplary Worthy of the West.'”

William Sclater, son of the above, was born at Pitminster; admitted
member of King’s College, Cambridge, in 1626; Fellow of that College;
Chaplain to the Bishop of Exeter’s Barony of St. Stephen’s in Exeter, and
preacher at St. Martin’s in that city, 1639; Prebendary of Exeter
Cathedral; admitted Vicar of Collumpton, co. Devon, 4th Feb. 1644, on the
presentation of Roger Mallack of Exeter, Esq. Living there in 1650, then
styled B.D., and late Fellow of King’s College; D.D.; minister of St.
Peter’s-le-Poor, Broad Street, London, in 1654. Died before 1660.

The following were his published works:

“The Worthy Communicant rewarded, &c.; a Sermon in Exeter
Cathedral, 21st April, 1639. 4to. London, 1639. Dedicated to Dr.
Peterson, Dean of Exeter.”

“Papisto-Mastix: or Deborah’s Prayer against God’s Enemies, a Sermon
on Judges, v. 31. 4to. London, 1642.”

“The Crowne of Righteousness, &c.; a Funeral Sermon at St.
Botolph’s Aldersgate, Sept. 25, 1653, for Mr. Abraham Wheelock, B.D.,
&c. 4to. London, 1654.”

The registers of Pitminster and Collumpton would perhaps assist in
tracing the descendants of these worthies, whose name still exists near
Exeter. Fuller, under “Bedfordshire,” gives some
further particulars. The works above-mentioned may almost all, I think,
be found in the Bodleian.

J. D. S.

Balliolensis will find an account of “William
Sclater,” whom he rightly supposes to have been at Eton and King’s, in
Harwood’s Alumni Etonensis, p. 200., under the year 1593, 35 Eliz.
He will there see that he died 1627, in the fifty-first year of his age,
and was the author of Comment on the Romans and Thessalonians;
Sermons at St. Paul’s Cross; and the Treatise on Tithes,
styled The Minister’s Portion.

Under 1598 occurs “John Sclater.” From a MS. account it is stated,
“John Sclater, B.D., 1613, Rector of Holford, Somerset; then of Church
Lawford, Warwick. (See Dugdale.) Query, If ejected 1662? if so,
his farewell sermon in Collection A.” (See too Harwood, p.
203.)

Under 1626 occurs “William Sclater,” at p. 227. of Harwood,
probably a mistake for 1625. In MS. under 1625 appears “William Sclater,
son of W. S. of 1593, of Pitminster, Somerset, where his father was V.;
R. of St. Steph., Exon.; D.D. 1651; Minister of St. Peter le Poor, Broad
Street. (See Engl. Worth., 8vo., p. 21.) Pr. of Exon., Sept. 18,
1641. (See Walker, ob. 1656. See Wood.)”

Edward Kellet occurs in Harwood under 1598, {520}p. 204. The
account of his works given there agrees with the extract from the
Gentleman’s Magazine. It is also stated that he was the author of
a sermon entitled A Return from Argier, preached at Minehead, March
16, 1627, on the Re-admission of a relapsed Christian into our Church, on
Gal. v. 2.: London, 1628, 4to, and that he was a sufferer from the
rebellion. In Harwood he is described as Rector of Bagborough and
Crocombe, and Canon of Exeter. The MS. account is very short. He is there
described as “R. of Rowbarrow, Som.; Can. of Exon.—See his works in
Wood.”

J. H. L.

BIRTHPLACE OF ST. PATRICK.

(Vol. v., p. 344.).

From the following extracts I send in answer to your correspondent
Ceyrep, there seems to be very great doubt if St.
Patrick ever existed in reality, but that we ought rather to place him in
the same category with St. Amphibalus, St. Denis, &c. Dr. Ledwich
relates that—

“In Usuard’s, and the Roman Martyrology, Bishop Patrick, of
Auvergne, is placed at the 16th day of March, and on the same day the
office of the Lateran canons, approved by Pius V., celebrates the
festival of a Patrick, the apostle of Ireland. The 17th of March is
dedicated to Patrick, Bishop of Nola. Had not Dr. Maurice, then, the best
reasons for supposing that Patricus Auvernensis sunk a day lower in the
calendar, and made for the Irish a Patricius Hibernensis? This seems
exactly to be the case. It is very extraordinary the 16th and 17th of
March should have three Patricks, one of Auvergne, another of Ireland,
and a third of Nola! The antiquities of Glastonbury record three
Patricks, one of Auvergne, another archbishop of Ireland, and a third an
abbot. The last, according to a martyrology cited by Usher, went on the
mission to Ireland, A.D. 850, but was
unsuccessful: he returned and died at Glastonbury. If all that is now
advanced be not a fardel of monkish fictions, which it certainly is, the
last Patrick was the man who was beatified by the bigoted Anglo-Saxons,
for his endeavours to bring the Irish to a conformity with the Romish
church.”

Dr. Aikin remarks upon this—

“The author now ventures upon the bold attempt of annihilating St.
Patrick. It is an undoubted fact, that this saint is not mentioned in any
author, or in any work of veracity, in the fifth, sixth, seventh or
eighth centuries. His name is in Bede’s Martyrology; but it is
more than probable that that martyrology is not Bede’s: nor can it be
conceived that Bede, in his other works, should never notice the signal
service rendered by Patrick to the Roman church, and the signal miracles
wrought by him in its behalf, if he had ever heard of them; for the old
venerabilis was zealously devoted to that church and its mythology.”

The saint certainly vanishes into “an airy nothing,” if we are to
credit the above authors. I have also consulted Ware, a Roman Catholic
writer, author of the Antiquitates Hibernicæ, and nowhere can I
find a trace of St. Patrick’s birthplace, although he is frequently
mentioned. In his seventh chapter he says, “Sancti præcipui Hibernici
Seculi quinti, qui Euangelium in Hibernia prædicærunt, fuerunt Palladius,
Patricius,” and many others. The twenty-sixth chapter entitled
“Monasteriologia Hibernica, sive Diatriba de Hiberniæ Cœnobiis, in
qua Origines eorum et aliæ Antiquitates aperiuntur,” gives the names and
titles of the founders of monasteries, as also their dates, and, in
speaking of one of them, but in this case specifying no date, relates a
curious circumstance as to the building of a church. It may perhaps
interest your readers, and I will therefore quote the passage (p.
212.):

“Sanctus Patricius construxit hoc cœnobium Canonicis
regularibus, eique præfecit Abbatem S. Dunnium: Ecclesiam verò adjecit
(juxta Jocelinum Furnessensem), contra morem receptum, non ab Occidente
in Orientem, sed à Septentrione in Austrum protensam.”

This nevertheless hangs upon the reality of a St. Patrick. In another
part of the same work it is said of a monastery (p. 219.):

“S. Dabeocum fundâsse ferunt Seculo 5, vivente S. Patricio. Alii S.
Patricium fundatorem volunt.”

From these quotations it is clear Ware treated him as a real actor in
Irish ecclesiastical affairs; but the two first-named authors appear to
set the matter at rest.

E. M. R.

Grantham.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Cabal (Vol. iv., p. 507.).—The two quotations from
Hudibras evidently refer to two different meanings of this word
Cabal. The first, alluding to the ancient Cabala, or Mysteries, or
Secrets, from whence Cabalistic; the second, to its more modern,
or political acceptation,—both, however, including the idea of
secrecy or privity, as opposed to a general participation
of knowledge or purpose. It is the latter application of the word to
which the inquiry of E. H. D. D., at p. 443., Vol. iv., refers: and Mr. Kersley‘s quotation from a book printed in 1655 (p.
139., Vol. v.), proves its usage in this sense at least seven years
before Burnet’s derivation of the word from the initials of the five
chief ministers of Charles II. I do not think that Pepys could use the
word Cabal, as applicable to the “king’s confidential advisers,”
several years before Burnet derived it from their initials; the
ministers in question having been appointed circa 1670. Burnet’s
definition was published in 1672, and Pepys was appointed Secretary to
the Admiralty in 1673. Blount, in his Glossographia, 3rd edition,
1670, says, “We use to say he is not of our cabal, that is, he is
not received into our {521}council, or is not privy to our secrets.”
Cole, in his English Dictionary, 1685, defines Cabal, “a
secret council:” and Bailey derives Caballer from cabaleur
(French), “a party man” and To cabal, from cabaler
(French), “to plot together privately, to make parties;” and
Cabal, from “a junto, or private council, a particular party, a
set, or gang.”

I find among my papers a scrap relating to the derivation of the word
Whig. I do not know where I took it from; but the origin which it
gives to this much-used word is new to me, and may be to some others of
your readers also:

“The word Whig was given to the Liberal party in England by the
Royalists in Cromwell’s days, from the initial letters of their motto,
‘We hope in God.'”

P. T.

Stoke Newington.

Portrait of Charles Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough (Vol. v., p.
441.).—There is very fine portrait of Charles Earl of Peterborough
(the famous Earl) at Drayton House, in Northamptonshire, the ancient seat
of the Mordaunt family, and which is now in the possession of Wm. Bruce
Stopford, Esq.

J. B.

A full-length portrait of the Earl of Peterborough, by J. B. Vanloo,
is in the collection of the Marquis of Exeter at Burghley. The picture
belonged to the father-in-law of the present owner, the late W. S.
Poyntz, Esq., of Midgham.

J. P., Jr.

The Word “Oasis” (Vol. v., p. 465.).—I beg to inclose
Mr. Temple an instance of the use of the above
word in English poetry, it will be found in a poem entitled Hopes of
Matrimony, by John Holland, author of Sheffield Park,
published by Francis Westley, 1822, and now lies before me.

Oăsis will be found also in Lemprière’s Classical
Dictionary, but not in the same sense as above.

M. C. R.

The word Oasis, about which your correspondent H. L.
Temple inquires, is marked in Bailey’s edition of Facciolati’s
Latin Dictionary (in the Appendix) Oăsis, making the
a short.

כ‎

Frightened out of his Seven Senses (Vol. iv., p. 233.).—A
passage containing the words “seven senses” occurs in the poem of
Taliesin called Y Byd Mawr, or the Macrocosm, of which a
translation may be found in vol. xxi. p. 30. of The British
Magazine. The writer of the paper in which it is quoted refers also
to the Mysterium Magnum of Jacob Boehmen, which teaches “how the
soul of man, or his ‘inward holy body,’ was compounded of the seven
properties under the influence of the seven planets:”—

W. Fraser.

Eagles’ Feathers (Vol. v., p. 462.).—The author quoted
alludes to Pliny, Nat. Hist. b. x. c. 4.:

“Aquilarum pennæ mixtas reliquarum alitum pennas devorant.”

K.

The allusion concerning which Arncliffe inquires is explained
by the following passage in A Thousand Notable Things of Sundarie
Sorts, &c., printed by John Haviland, MDCXXX.

“Æligus writes, that the quilles or pennes of an Eagle, mixt with the
quilles or pennes of other Fowles or Birds, doth consume or waste them
with their odour, smell or aire.”—P. 48.

Edward Peacock, Jun.

Bottesford Moors.

Arms of Thompson (Vol. v., p. 468.).—It may be
interesting perhaps to Jaytee to know that I have
a book-plate with the arms described: “Per pale, ardent and sable, a fess
embattled between three falcons, countercharged, belled or.” Underneath
is engraved, “William Thompson, of Humbleton, in Yorkshire, Esq., 1708.”
The crest, a sinister arm in armour, grasping a broken lance, on a torse
of the colours.

Spes.

Spick and Span-new (Vol. iii., p. 330.).—In Dutch,
spyker means a warehouse, a magazine: and spange (spangle)
means anything shining {522}and thus spick and span-new
means, shining new from the warehouse. (See Tooke’s Div. of
Purley, vol. i. p. 527.) This, with the guesses of Wachter and Ihre,
may be seen by your correspondent in Richardson.

Q.

Junius Rumours (Vol. v., pp. 125. 159. 474.).—”N. &
Q.” contains abundant speculation about the “Vellum-bound” to which your
correspondent refers (p. 474.). Some persons, I know, consider it
doubtful whether the printer did have a copy bound in vellum as Junius
directed, and they strengthen their doubts by, as they assert, no such
copy having ever been met with. Mr. Cramp, on the
contrary, maintains that such copies are so common that the printer must
have taken the Junius copy as a pattern. As Mr.
Cramp, I observe, is become a correspondent of “N. & Q.,” I
will take leave to direct his attention to the question asked by V. B.
(Vol. iii., p. 262.) Others, again, assuming that the printer did have a
copy specially bound for Junius, think it doubtful whether it ever
reached him. Of these differences and speculations your correspondent is
evidently unaware; and he therefore raises a question as if it were new,
which has been under discussion for thirty years. As a set-off, however,
he favours us with an entirely original anecdote, so original, that
neither the anecdote nor the tea-service were ever heard of by H. S.
Woodfall’s family. Yet it must be admitted that his story has all the
characteristics of authenticity—names, dates, places. I know,
indeed, but one objection, viz. that Mr. Woodfall never was “in prison on
account of the publication of these redoubtable letters.” He was tried,
but acquitted, under the somewhat celebrated verdict of “guilty of
printing and publishing only.”

T. S. W.

Cuddy, the Ass (Vol. v., p. 419.).—Jamieson is sometimes
very absurd; but in my edition of his Dictionary (Edinburgh,
1808), I do not find the Hindoo root for cuddy which you
attribute to him. I only find: “Cuddie, an
ass—probably a cant term;” with a reference to the Lothian
dialect.

But if it be worth while to answer such questions, I would remind the
inquirer that in Northumberland, and the adjoining districts of Scotland,
cuddie is the contraction of the very common name of
Cuthbert (teste “Cuddie Headrig”); and that as the ass is
called in other districts “Ned” and “Neddy,” and in others again “Dick”
and “Dicky,” so he is called in Northumberland Cuddie by a name
familiar in the locality. Everywhere the male is called “Jack,” and the
female “Jenny;” are these also derived from the Hindoostanee?

C.

The Authorship of the Epigram upon the Letter “H” (Vol. v., p.
258.).—I observe that a controversy has lately been carried on in
your columns upon the authorship of the celebrated enigma on the letter
H. Permit me, as one well acquainted with the circumstances, to
corroborate the statement of E. H. Y. The epigram in question was written
at the Deepdene, the seat of the late Thomas Hope, Esq., by Miss
Catharine Fanshawe, in the year 1816, as is recorded in the heading of
the original MS. of it contained in a contemporary Deepdene Album
still existing.

You may rely upon the authenticity of this information, which proceeds
from one acquainted with the volume in question and its history.

B. P.

John Rogers, Protomartyr, &c.—The reply to my
inquiry, as to the present descendants of this celebrated divine, which
appeared in “N. & Q,” Vol. v., p. 307., is scarcely sufficient for
the genealogical purpose for which I required the information; but I am
not the less obliged to E. D. for the attention given to my request; and
I should esteem it a favour to be further informed where I could procure
a complete genealogical account of the family—to what county the
martyr belonged, or if other descendants survive besides those mentioned
by E. D.? John Rogers, Gentleman, buried in the nave of St. Sepulchre’s
Church, London, 1775, was a native of Wales.

I should feel grateful for any information, either in “N. & Q.” or
directed to me.

Joseph Knight.

Aylestone Hall, Leicestershire.

“Gee-ho” (Vol. ii., p. 500.).—Ge is undoubtedly
“go;” and a-hit or hayt (common with waggoners in Notts) is
“yate,” “gyate,” or “gate.” Gang your gate.

Q.

Twises (Vol. ii., p. 327.).—”Fr. estuy; a sheath
case, or box to put things in, and more particularly a case of little
instruments, or sizzars, bodkin, penknife, &c., now commonly called
ettwee.”—Cotgrave. Shenstone enumerates, among the
temptations to drain the purse:

Q.

Ancient Timber Town-halls (Vol. v., pp. 257. 295.
470.).—During a visit to Sudbury in Suffolk in 1828, I was much
struck with the old quaint-looking timber building used for corporate
purposes, called the Moot Hall; I made a rude pen-and-ink sketch of the
principal front. On a subsequent visit I found this building was
standing, but that it had ceased to be used, a new town-hall having been
erected. Since then I hear that the Moot Hall has been pulled down and
its site thrown into the market-place. If I recollect rightly, the
principal window of twelve lights was unglazed.

C. H. Cooper.

{523}

Johnny Crapaud (Vol. v., p. 439.).—When the French took
the city of Aras from the Spaniards, under Louis XIV., after a long and a
most desperate siege, it was remembered that Nostradamus had said:

This line was then applied to that event in this very roundabout
manner. Sara is Aras backward. By the ancient toads were meant the
French: as that nation formerly had for its armorial bearings three of
those odious reptiles, instead of the three flowers de luce which it now
bears. (Seward’s Anecdotes, vol. i. p. 78.) Nostradamus died in
1566.

C. B.

Juba Issham (Vol. v., p. 435.).—The signature is two
names. The first needs no explanation; Juba, in Cato, is the lover
of Marcia: the second may merely mean that the first is assumed, or
false. We have such a surname as Isham, but it is spelt with one s
only.

C. B.

Optical Phenomenon (Vol. v., p. 441.).—The circumstance
mentioned by your correspondent is only one instance of a very familiar
fact, that sight is rendered clearer by diminishing the quantity of rays,
which might confuse one another. Some for that purpose look between two
fingers brought near. Others nearly close their eyes, &c.

C. B.

Bishop of London’s House (Vol. v., p. 371.).—In the
Wards of London, by H. Thomas, 1828, vol. i. p. 7., we are told
that—

“The great fire of London having destroyed the Palace of the Bishop of
London, which was near St. Paul’s Cathedral, this house [Peter House,
which stood on the west side, about the middle of Aldersgate Street] was
purchased for the city mansion of the prelates of the diocese, one of
whom only resided there, Bishop Henchman, who died there, and was buried
at Fulham, A.D. 1675. It was then called London
House, and, being subsequently deserted, was let out into private
tenements until 1768; when it was entirely destroyed by fire while in the
occupation of Mr. Seddon, an upholsterer and cabinet-maker.”

A large brick building now covers the site, and retains the name of
“London House.” It is occupied by Mr. H. Burton, builder.

In the work above quoted I find no mention of a residence of the
Bishops of London in Bishopsgate. I therefore conclude that the one I
have alluded to, is that respecting which your correspondent wishes to
learn.

Tee Bee.

“Inveni Portum” (Vol. v., pp. 10. 64.).—”Actum ne agas”
is generally a safe motto, and a particularly safe one when so learned a
scholar as Mr. Singer has preceded. However, it
may do no harm to mention, that since the Query occurred in the “N. &
Q.” I have met with two quotations of a very analogous kind.

The first is given as a quotation, and may be found at the end of
George Sandys’ Divine Poems, 1648,—”Jam tetigi Portum
—— valete.” The second may be found amongst the Poems
of Walter Haddon, and refers to something more ancient still:

Rt.

Warmington.

“Cane Decane,” &c. (Vol. v., p. 440).—I cannot inform
your correspondent who was the author of the punning couplet—

But I think that he has injured the spirit of the original in his
“free translation.”

Decanus means a “Dean,” not a Deacon: and the word
canis, which is both masculine and feminine, was often used
by the poets in a metaphorical sense. It seems to me that the
author was alluding to some aged dignitary of his day, who had
been in the habit of singing songs upon the ladies. I therefore
submit to you my more free translation:

Bavius.

These lines are cited by Mr. Sandys in the Introduction to his
Specimens of Macaronic Poetry, and are there attributed to
Professor Porson.

William Bates.

Birmingham.

Fides Carbonarii (Vol. iv., pp. 233. 283.).—In reply to
Querist as to this saying, E. H. D. D. states
that it originated in an anecdote told by Dr. Milner, or some other
controversial writer. A coal-porter being asked what he believed,
replied, “What the church believes:” and being asked what the church
believed, replied, “What I believe.”

Now I find the same meaning given by Henry {524}de Bellingen, in his
Etym. des Prov. Français, printed at the Hague, 1656. His words,
as quoted by Leroux de Lincy, are as follow:

“On fait un conte qui a donné l’origine à ce proverbe. Un charbonnier
estant enquis par le diable de ce qu’il croyait, luy respondit: ‘Toujours
je crois ce que l’église croit.’ De là est venu que lorsqu’on a voulu
marquer qu’un homme avait une foi ferme, mais sans science, on a dit: ‘La
foi du charbonnier.'”

Also, in P. J. Le Roux’s Dictionnaire Comique, 1750:

“La foi du charbonnier. Quand on parle d’une foi implicite, qui
fait croire à un Chrétien en général tout ce que l’église croit.”

In Landais’ Dictionary, 4to.:

“La foi du charbonnier, foi simple et aveugle qui ne raisonne
pas.”

Philip S. King.

The Book of Jasher (Vol. v., p. 415.).—I have a
translation of a work thus named. It was published by Noah and Gould,
144. Nassau Street, New York, 1840. The publisher’s preface mentions
Illive’s work as “a miserable fabrication;” claims, as the original of
his own, a book “said to have been discovered in Jerusalem at its capture
by Titus,” and preserved at Venice, 1613. It also speaks of the “owner
and translator” as resident in England. I have a vague idea that I heard
from New York, at the time I received my volume, that the Duke of Sussex
had possessed a copy of the Book of Jasher, and that some steps had been
taken towards the translation by order of His Royal Highness. I mention
this merely to lead inquiry: I cannot trust my memory as to the verbal
expression of a friend so many years ago.

I have long wished the Book of Jasher to obtain a fair hearing, and a
more critical examination than I am qualified to make; and I shall be
happy to lend it to your correspondent L. L. L. in furtherance of what I
think an act of justice.

F. C. B.

Sites of Buildings mysteriously changed (Vol. v., p.
436.).—Perhaps W. H. K. may deem the following account of the
foundation of Bideford Bridge near enough to his purpose:

“Before whose erection the breadth and roughness of the river was
such, as it put many in jeopardy: some were drowned, to the great grief
of the inhabitants, who did therefore divers times, and in sundry places,
begin to build a bridge; but no firm foundation, after often proof being
found, their attempts came to no effect. At which time Sir Richard
Gornard was priest of the place, who (as the story of that town hath it)
was admonished by a vision in his sleep, to set on the foundation of a
bridge near a rock, which he should find rowled from the higher grounds
upon the strand. This he esteemed but a dream; yet, to second the same
with some art, in the morning he found a huge rock there fixed, whose
greatness argued it the work of God; which not only bred admiration, but
incited him to set forwards so charitable a work: who eftsoons, with Sir
Theobald Grenvile, knight, lord of the land, an especial furtherer and
benefactor of that work, founded the bridge there, now to be seen, which
for length, and number of arches, equalizeth, if not excelleth, all
others in England,” &c.—Risdon’s Survey of Devon, s. v.
Bideford.

The traditions relating to St. Cuthbert and the foundation of Durham
Cathedral are too well known to find a place in “N. & Q.”

J. Sansom.

Wyned (Vol. v., pp. 321. 474.).—Read joined for
wyned: “divers parcels of joined waynescott, windowes, and other
implements of household,” i. e. wainscot of joiner’s work. I have
no doubt this is the true reading, having once made the very same mistake
myself in reading and printing an inventory of this period.

Spes.

Sweet Willy O (Vol. v., p. 466).—This song was written by
Garrick for the jubilee in honour of Shakspere, which was held at
Stratford-upon-Avon in 1769, and was sung on that occasion by Mrs.
Baddeley. It is printed in Shakespeare’s garland, 1769; in the
Poetical works of David Garrick, 1785; and in the History of
Stratford, 1806.

Bolton Corney.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

We have received from Messrs. Rivington, four volumes of their new and
complete edition of The Works and Correspondence of The Right
Honourable Edmund Burke, and we do not know that a more valuable
contribution could be made to our stores of historical and political
literature, than this handsome collection of the writings of one whom Sir
Robert Peel pronounced “the most profound of the philosophic statesmen of
modern times.” Dear to all lovers of literature as must be the memory of
Burke, the friend of Johnson, who declared, “he was the only man whose
common conversation corresponded with the fame which he had in the
world,” and of Goldsmith, who complained that—

and that he

the present aspect of the political world compels us to look at him
rather as a politician than as a man of letters. Considering, therefore,
not only the profoundly philosophical character of his political works,
but also the elevated tone of political morality which is displayed in
the writings of Edmund Burke—a wisdom and a morality rendered still
more attractive by the unrivalled eloquence with which they are
enunciated—the present handsome and cheap collection of {525}those
writings is alike creditable to the enterprise of the publishers, and
well calculated to exercise a beneficial influence upon the political
condition of the country. It would indeed be well if all who aspire to
seats in the new parliament would fit themselves for such positions by a
study of the writings of Edmund Burke.

Mr. Willis has just issued a neat reprint of what has now become a
very scarce volume, The Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin, a work which
may be regarded as a model of political satire. It is accompanied by
occasional notes elucidating allusions now become obscure through lapse
of time, and the blanks in the text have been filled up with the names of
the various persons introduced or alluded to. Some attempt has also been
made to identify the various authors by whom the several articles were
written; but we are surprised to find this so imperfectly executed, for
when the editor speaks of the authorship being in many cases mere matter
of conjecture, it is clear that he did not know of the very curious, and,
we may add, authentic list, furnished to the third volume (p. 348.) of
this journal by Mr. Hawkins of the British Museum; who has also given a
history of the work, and of the manner in which it was conducted, which
ought to have been made use of.

Books Received.—Legal Iambics in
Prose, suggested by the present Chancery Crisis, a quaint discourse,
in which there is no small learning and humour, and to which may be
applied, with some variation, Gay’s well-known Epilogue:

An Essay upon the Ghost Belief of Shakspeare, by Alfred Roffe,
is a little pamphlet well deserving perusal, in which the
author—who holds that ghost belief, rightly understood, is most
rational and salutary—endeavours to show that it must have had the
sanction of such a thinker as Shakspeare.—Rome in the Nineteenth
Century, containing a complete account of the Ruins of the Ancient City,
the Remains of the Middle Ages, and the Monuments of Modern Times, by
Charlotte A. Eaton. Fifth Edition, Vol. I., the new issue of
Bohn’s Illustrated Library, with its thirty-four engraved
illustrations, will be found a very useful and instructive guide to the
“Eternal City.”—The Heroides, the Amours, Art of Love, &c.,
of Ovid, translated (with the judicious exception of the more
questionable passages, which are left in the original Latin), forming the
new volume of Bohn’s Classical Library. In his Standard
Library we have now the fifth and concluding volume of what has been
well described as “the enthralling Biographies of Vasari.” Thus for
considerably less than one pound has the English lover of Art the means
of possessing one of the most interesting and instructive works on the
subject of his favourite study ever produced. The work deserves, and, we
trust, will meet with a very wide circulation.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Boothby’s Sorrows Sacred to the Memory of
Penelope. Cadell and Davies. 1796.

Chaucer’s Poems. Vol. I. Aldine Edition.

Biblia Sacra, Vulg. Edit., cum Commentar.
Menochii. Alost and Ghent, 1826. Vol. I.

Barante, Ducs de Bourgogne. Vols. I. and II.
1st, 2nd, or 3rd Edit. Paris. Ladvocat, 1825.

Biographia Americana, by a Gentleman of
Philadelphia.

Potgieseri de Conditione Servorum apud
Germanos. 8vo. Col. Agrip.

The British Poets. Whittingham’s edition in
100 Vols., with plates.

Repository of Patents and Inventions. Vol.
XLV. 2nd Series. 1824.

—— Vol. V. 3rd Series. 1827.

Nicholson’s Philosophical Journal. Vols. XIV.
XV. 1806.

Journal of the Royal Institution of Great
Britain. No. XI. 2nd Series.

Sorocold’s Book of Devotions.

Works of Isaac Barrow, D.D., late Master of
Trinity College, Cambridge. London, 1683. Vol. I. Folio.

Lingard’s History of England. Vols. VI. VII.
VIII. IX. XII. XIII., cloth.

Fabricii Bibliotheca Latina. Ed. Ernesti.
Leipsig, 1773. VOL. III.

The Anacalypsis. By Godfrey Higgins. 2 Vols.
4to.

Codex Diplomaticus Ævi Saxonici, opera J. M.
Kemble. Vols. I. and II. 8vo.

Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum. Vol. VIII.

Brougham’s Men of Letters. 2nd Series, royal
8vo., boards. Original edition.

Knight’s Pictorial Shakspeare. Royal 8vo,
Parts XLII. XLIII. XLIV. L. and LI.

Conder’s Analytical View of all Religions.
8vo.

Halliwell on the Dialects of
Somersetshire.

Sclopetaria, or Remarks on
Rifles, &c.

Gems from the British Poets, 4 Vols., Tyas,
may be had on application to the Publisher.

^*_*^* Letters, stating particulars and
lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr.
Bell, Publisher of “NOTES AND QUERIES,” 186. Fleet Street.

Notices to Correspondents.

Replies Received.—Newtonian
System—Portrait of Earl of
Northumberland—Solmonath—Thomas Fauconberge—Nelson
Family—Poems in the Spectator—Pardons under the Great
Seal—Cheshire Cat—Meaning of Royde—Dodo Query—Men
of Kent and Kentish Men—Swearing on a Skull—St.
Christopher—Deferred Executions—Frebord—Corrupted Names
of Places—Cane Decane—Poem on the Burning of the Houses of
Parliament—Meaning of Penkenol—Ralph Winterton—Bee
Park—Plague Stones—Lines on Woman—Ring
Finger—Sneezing—Binnacle—Rhymes on
Places—Martinique—Richard Baxter—Nashe’s Terrors of the
Night—Anthony Babington—The Miller’s Melody—Irish
Titles of Honour—Epitaphs—Emaciated Monumental
Effigies—Oasis—Sweet Woodruff—University
Hoods—Exeter Controversy.

W. B. (Birmingham) is thanked. Our columns are at present too
crowded to allow of our availing ourselves of his kind offer.

C. M. C. We do not believe that there is any published Life of the
King of the Belgians.

T. C. (Boston). Caxton’s Golden Legend was printed in 1483,
and certainly not reprinted in London in 1843. The latter date must be a
misprint for the former.

J. N. O., who inquires respecting the oft-quoted
line—

“Tempora mutantur,” &c.

is referred to our 1st Volume, pp. 234. and 419.

B. A. (Trin. Coll. Dub.), near Sheffield, shall receive answers to
his Queries.

Vox Altera. Will our Correspondent specify
the communications to which he refers? There is no charge for the
insertion of Queries.

Balliolensis. The Letter of our
Correspondent has been forwarded.

Neat Cases for holding the Numbers of “N. & Q.” until
the completion of each Volume are now ready, price 1s. 6d., and may be
had by order of all booksellers and newsmen.

“Notes and Queries” is published at noon on
Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that
night’s parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the
Saturday.

{526}

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{527}

JUST PUBLISHED

A New Edition, corrected and improved, in One Volume, royal 8vo. (pp. 1690), price 21s. cloth,

A COPIOUS AND CRITICAL

LATIN-ENGLISH LEXICON,

FOUNDED ON THE

LARGER GERMAN-LATIN LEXICON

OF

DR. WILLIAM FREUND:

WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

FROM THE

LEXICONS OF GESNER, FACCIOLATI, SCHELLER, GEORGES, &c.

BY

E. A. ANDREWS, LL.D., &c.

In reviewing this Lexicon, the Athenæum says—

“In conclusion, we are glad to have an opportunity of introducing so
excellent a work to the notice of our classical and philological readers.
It has all that true German Gründlichkeit about it which is so
highly appreciated by English scholars. Rarely, if ever, has so vast an
amount of philological information been comprised in a single volume of
this size. The knowledge which it conveys of the earlier and later Latin
is not to be gathered from ordinary Latin Dictionaries…. With regard to
the manner in which it is got up, we can speak most favourably. Every
page bears the impress of industry and care. The type is clear, neat, and
judiciously varied.”

The Literary Gazette says—

“We have examined this book with considerable attention, and have no
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