linking to the Order pages of the three major divisions of the text.
| Order | Synopsis | Color | Systematic | |
| I. | PYGOPODES. Grebes, Loons, and Auks. | 9 | 42 | 285 |
| II. | LONGIPENNES. Gulls, Terns, Jaegers, Etc. | 10 | 49 | 258 |
| III. | TUBINARES. Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, Etc. | 12 | 61 | 260 |
| IV. | STEGANOPODES. Cormorants, Pelicans, Gannets, Man-o’war Birds, and Tropic-Birds. | 13 | 67 | 261 |
| V. | ANSERES. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. | 15 | 74 | 263 |
| VI. | ODONTOGLOSSÆ. Flamingoes. | 16 | 87 | 263 |
| VII. | HERODIONES Herons, Bitterns, Ibises, and Spoonbills. | 17 | 87 | 264 |
| VIII. | PALUDICOLÆ. Cranes, Rails, Coots, Gallinules, Etc. | 19 | 95 | 64 |
| IX. | LIMICOLÆ. Snipes, Sandpipers, Curlews, Plovers, Etc. | 21 | 100 | 265 |
| X. | GALLINÆ. Grouse, Partridges, Bob-Whites, Etc. | 25 | 113 | 268 |
| XI. | COLUMBÆ. Pigeons and Doves. | 27 | 123 | 269 |
| XII. | RAPTORES. Vultures, Hawks, and Owls. | 28 | 127 | 270 |
| XIII. | PSITTACI. Paroquets and Parrots. | 30 | 144 | 30 |
| XIV. | COCCYGES. Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Etc. | 31 | 144 | 273 |
| XV. | PICI. Woodpeckers. | 32 | 148 | 273 |
| XVI. | MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, and, Hummingbirds. | 33 | 155 | 275 |
| XVII. | PASSERES. Flycatchers, Jays, Blackbirds, Finches, Swallows, Warblers, Thrushes, and Other Perching Birds. | 34 | 162 | 276 |
of Natural History
of Ornithology; how to identify birds and how to collect
and preserve birds, their nests and eggs. 20 full-page
plates and 150 cuts in the text. 12mo. Library edition.
Pocket edition.
colored plates and numerous text drawings by
Ernest Thompson Seton. Containing an Appendix, especially
designed for teachers. 12mo. Cloth.
descriptions of the largest bird colonies existing in eastern
North America. The author’s phenomenal success in
photographing birds in Nature not only lends to the illustrations
the charm of realism, but makes the book a
record of surprising achievements with the camera. 12mo. Cloth.
and least known birds.” Illustrated with colored plates
of every species and photographs of nests and eggs. Imp.
8vo. Illustrated.
the author covered over 60,000 miles in his search for
material with which to prepare a series of groups of
American birds, to exceed in beauty and scientific value
anything which had heretofore been attempted in this
line. The illustrations, over 250 in number, are from Dr.
Chapman’s photographs, and beyond question form a remarkable
series of pictures of bird-life. 8vo.
of North American birds. It is the most complete publication
of its kind, and makes an admirable introduction
to the study of birds and the literature of Ornithology
and at the same time is an authoritative work of
reference. Over 800 pictures.
that the study of Ornithology should begin with the
winter birds as they are fewer in number and easier to
approach. Divided into convenient groups such as field
birds, forest birds, home birds, etc. Illustrated. 12mo.
as travelers, why they travel, dangers by the way, night
flyers and day flyers, etc. Many illustrations from drawings.
Illustrated.
With Bibliographical Appendix
BY
CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY
IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Author of “Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,”
“Bird-Life,” Etc.
With Upward of 800 Drawings
BY
CHESTER A REED, B. S.
Revised Edition
NEW YORK
D. APPLETON & COMPANY
1912
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.
1903
COPYRIGHT,
D. APPLETON & CO.
1912
Published November 1912
Printed in the United States
To learn to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the
study of ornithology. We may propose to investigate the structure,
food, and habits of the birds of the world, or desire merely a superficial
knowledge of the species found in our garden, but in either case we are
at once confronted by this question of identification.
From the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to
identify a bird. A specimen of it should be in hand in order that its form,
color, and size may be accurately determined, when, with the aid of analytical
keys, with which most text-books are provided, it is a simple matter to ascertain
the bird’s name.
Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one dead bird
is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the living bird in nature.
This is to be expected. It is the natural outcome of the recent remarkable
interest in the study of birds which, fostered by Audubon Societies and
nature study teachers, has assumed an ethical and educational importance of
the first magnitude.
We cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird-lovers
whom we are yearly developing; indeed most of them would refuse to use it.
Specimens, therefore, are rarely available to them and we should make some
special effort to meet their peculiar wants. The present volume has been
prepared with this end in view. Identification of the bird in the bush is its
sole end; an end, however, which we trust will prove but the beginning
of a new and potent interest in nature.
American Museum of Natural History,
New York City, 1903.
In the present edition of the Color Key the body of the book, aside from
the correction of typographical errors, remains as it was in the preceding
edition. The Systematic Table has been reset and brought up to July, 1912,
the date of the publication of the latest supplement to the third edition of
the American Ornithologists’ Union’s ‘Check-List of North American Birds.’
Two Appendixes are added. The first includes all the changes in nomenclature
and descriptions of new birds which have been accepted by the A. O. U.
Committee on Classification and Nomenclature since the publication of the
Color Key in 1903; the second contains a list of faunal ornithological papers
which it is hoped will add greatly to the reference value of the book.
American Museum of Natural History,
New York City, October, 1912.
ILLUSTRATIONS
The illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in identifying
birds in their haunts by giving, in color, those markings which most
quickly catch the eye. They do not pretend to be perfect reproductions of
every shade and tint of the plumage of the species they figure, but aim to
present a bird’s characteristic colors as they appear when seen at a distance.
It was impracticable to draw all the birds to the same scale but all those on
the same page are so figured. Reference should always be made, however,
to the measurements given at the beginning at each description. The figures
are based on the male bird.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
♂. The sign of Mars, signifying male.
♀. The sign of Venus, signifying female.
Ad. Adult, a bird in fully mature plumage.
Yng. Young, a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the plumage
of the adult.L. Length, the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail. This
measurement is made from dead birds, birds in life appear somewhat
shorter.W. Wing, the distance from the ‘bend’ of the wing to the end of the longest
feather.T. Tail, the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the end of the
longest one.Tar. Tarsus, the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes, or of
the so-called ‘leg.’B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to its tip.
Note. All measurements are in inches and tenths, and a variation of about
ten per cent. from the figures given may be expected. The number before
the name of each species is that of the American Ornithologists’ Union’s
‘Check-List of North American Birds.’
“How can I learn to know the birds?” is the first question of the seeker
after bird-lore. The scientist’s reply, “By shooting them and studying their
structure and markings in detail,” may do for the few who, like himself,
desire to know the birds scientifically; but it is emphatically not the answer
to give the ninety and nine who, while they desire to secure an intimate,
accurate knowledge of birds, will not gain it at the sacrifice of bird-life.
In the present volume, therefore, an attempt has been made so to group,
figure, and describe our birds that any species may be named which has been
definitely seen. The birds are kept in their systematic Orders, a natural
arrangement, readily comprehended, but, further than this, accepted classifications
have been abandoned and the birds have been grouped according to
color and markings.
A key to the Orders gives the more prominent characters on which they
are based; telling for example, the external differences between a Duck and
a Grebe. In comparatively few instances, however, will the beginner have
much difficulty in deciding to what Order a bird belongs. Probably eight
times, out of ten the unknown bird will belong to the Order Passeres, or
Perching Birds, when one has only to select the color section in which it
should be placed, choose from among the colored figures the bird whose
identity is sought, and verify one’s selection by reading the description of the
bird’s characteristics and the outline of its range.
[Pg_2]
In the case of closely related species, and particularly subspecies, the
subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance. Most subspecies
resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified in life by color alone,
and in such cases a bird’s name is to be learned by its color in connection with
its distribution and the season in which it is seen.
During the breeding period, unless one chance to be in a region where
two races intergrade, subspecific names may be applied to the bird in nature
with some certainty, for it is a law that only one subspecies of a species can
nest in the same area; but during migrations and in the winter, when several
subspecies of one species may be found associated, it is frequently impossible
to name them with accuracy.
For example, during the summer one need have no hesitancy in calling
the Robins of the lowlands of South Carolina the Southern Robin (Planesticus
migratorius achrusterus) but later, when the Northern Robins (Planesticus
migratorius migratorius) begin to appear, it would be difficult, if not
impossible, to distinguish them in life from the resident birds.
If it were possible to impress the student, who proposes to name the bird
in the bush, with the absolute necessity for careful, definite observation he
would be saved many disappointing and discouraging experiences.
It is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly. Never be satisfied
with a superficial view and a general impression. Look at your bird, if you
can, from several points of view; study its appearance in detail, its size, bill,
crown, back, tail, wings, throat, breast, etc., and AT ONCE enter what you
see in a note-book kept for that purpose. In this way, and this way alone,
can you expect to compete with those who use the gun.
It does not follow, however, that because one does not collect specimens
of birds one cannot study them scientifically. While the student may not be
interested in the classification of birds purely from the standpoint of the
systematist, he is strongly urged to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement
of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural
characters.
[Pg_3]
To the student who desires to prepare himself for his work afield such
a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds. But
where the chief end in view is to learn a bird’s name, the more technical
side of the subject may be deferred. In any event, it should not be
neglected. This orderly arrangement of knowledge will not only be
practical benefit in one’s future labors but it will bring with it that sense
of satisfaction which accompanies the assurance that we know what we
know.
As one learns to recognize bird after bird it is an admirable plan to
classify systematically one’s list of bird acquaintances under their proper
Orders and Families. These may be learned at once from the systematic
table at the end of the book, where the numbers which precede each
species are arranged serially, and hence systematically.
In some instances, as an aid to identification in the field, descriptions
of birds’ notes have been included. It is not supposed that these descriptions
will convey an adequate idea of a bird’s song to a person who
has never heard it, but it is hoped that they may occasionally lead to
the recognition of calls or songs when they are heard.
An adequate method of transcribing bird’s notes has as yet to be devised
and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the data
here presented will appear to the student. It is hoped, however, that
they may sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life.
As has been said before, the aim of this volume is to help students to
learn the names of our birds in their haunts. But we should be doing
scant justice to the possibilities of bird study if, even by silence, we
should imply that they ended with the learning to know the bird. This
is only the beginning of the quest which may bring us into close
intimacy with the secrets of nature. The birds’ haunts and food, their
seasons and times of coming and going; their songs and habits during
courtship, their nest-building, egg-laying, incubating and care of their
young, these and a hundred other subjects connected with their lives
may claim our attention and by increasing our knowledge of bird-life,
add to our love of birds.
Birds have two kinds of names. One is a common, vernacular, or
popular name; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is
usually given to the living bird by the people of the country it inhabits.
The second is applied to specimens of birds by ornithologists who
classify them.
Common names in their origin and use know no law. Technical
names are bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by
Linnæus and their formation and application are governed by certain
definite, generally accepted rules. The Linnæan system, as it is now
employed by most American ornithologists, provides that a bird, in
addition to being grouped in a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., shall
have a generic and specific name which, together, shall not be applied
to any other animal.
Our Robin, therefore, is classified and named as follows:
CLASS AVES, Birds.
ORDER PASSERES, Perching Birds.
Suborder Oscines, Singing Perching Birds.
Family Turdidæ Thrushes.
Subfamily Turdinæ Thrushes.
Genus, Planesticus, Thrushes.
Species, migratorius American Robin.
The Robin’s distinctive scientific name, therefore, which it alone possesses,
is Planesticus migratorius. There are numerous other members
of the genus Planesticus, but not one of them is called migratorius and
this combination of names, therefore, applied to only one bird.
[Pg_5]
The questions Why use all these Latin terms? Why not call the bird
“Robin” and be done with it? are easily answered. Widely distributed
birds frequently have different names in different parts of their range. The
Flicker (Colaptes auratus), for instance, has over one hundred common or
vernacular names. Again, the same name is often applied to wholly different
birds. Our Robin (Planesticus migratorius) is not even a member of the
same family as the European Robin (Erithacus rubecola.) If, therefore,
we should write of birds or attempt to classify them only by their common
names, we should be dealing with such unfixed quantities that the result
would be inaccurate and misleading. But by using one name in a language
known to educated people of all countries, a writer may indicate, without
danger of being misunderstood, the particular animal to which he refers.
Among people speaking the same tongue, where a definite list of vernacular
names of animals has been established, they can of course be used instead of
the scientific names.
Such a list of North American birds has been prepared by the American
Ornithologists’ Union. It furnishes a common as well as scientific name for
each of our birds, and is the recognized standard of nomenclature among
American ornithologists. The names and numbers of birds employed in this
Color Key are those of the American Ornithologists’ Union’s ‘Check-List of
North American Birds.’
It will be observed that in this ‘Check-List,’ and consequently in the
following pages, many birds have three scientific names, a generic, specific,
and subspecific. The Western Robin, for example, appears as Planesticus
migratorius propinquus. What is the significance of this third name?
In the days of Linnæus, and for many years after, it was supposed that
a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied. But in
comparatively recent years, as specimens have been gathered from throughout
the country inhabited by a species, comparison frequently shows that
specimens from one part of its range differ from those taken in another
part of its range. At intervening localities, however, intermediate specimens
will be found connecting the extremes.
[Pg_6]
Generally, these geographical variations, as they are called, are the
result of climatic conditions. For instance, in regions of heavy rainfall
a bird’s colors are usually much darker than they are where the rainfall is
light. Song Sparrows, for example, are palest in the desert region of
Arizona, where the annual rainfall may not reach eight inches, and darkest
on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, where the annual rainfall may
be over one hundred inches. In going from one region, however, to the other
the gradual changes in climate are accompanied by gradual changes in the
colors of the Song Sparrows, and the wide differences between Arizona and
Alaska Song Sparrows are therefore bridged by a series of intermediates.
Variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic, racial, or subspecific
and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies. In naming
them a third name, or trinomial is employed, and the possession of such a
name indicates at once that a bird is a geographic or racial representative
of a species, with one or more representatives of which it intergrades.
Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the outer
pair of tail-feathers tipped with white and, in adults, the back is blotched
with black; while Robins from the Rocky Mountains and westward have
little or no white on the outer tail-feathers, and the back is dark gray, without
black blotches. These extremes are connected by intermediate specimens
sharing the characters; of both eastern and western birds. We do not,
therefore, treat the latter as a species, but as a subspecies, and consequently,
apply to it a subspecific name or trinomial, Planesticus migratorius propinquus,
(propinquus, meaning nearly related.)
A further study of our eastern Robin shows that in the southern parts
of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it varies from the
northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in color;
and to this second geographical variety is applied the name Planesticus
migratorius achrusterus, (achrusterus, meaning less highly colored).
After the recognition of western and southern races of the Robin under
three names (trinomial) it would obviously be inconsistent to apply only two
[Pg_7]
names (binomial) to our eastern bird, the former being no more subspecies
of the latter than the latter is of the former. In other words, to continue to
apply only generic and specific names to the Eastern Robin would imply
that it was a full species, while the use of a trinomial for the Western or the
Southern Robin shows them to be subspecies. As a matter of fact we know
that there is but one species of true Robin in the United States, consequently
in accordance with the logical and now generally accepted method, we apply
to that species the name Planesticus migratorius, and this is equally applicable
to Robins from east, south or west. When, however, we learn that the
Eastern Robin is not a species but a subspecies, we repeat the specific name
by which it was made known and call it Planesticus migratorius migratorius.
It may be asked, Why give names to these geographical races? Why
not call Eastern, Western and Southern Robins by one name, Planesticus
migratorius, without regard to their climatic variations?
In reply, two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of subspecies
by name; first, because in some cases they differ from one another
far more than do many species, when it would clearly be inadvisable to apply
the same name to what are obviously different creatures. For example, it
has lately been discovered by Mr. E. W. Nelson that the small, black-throated,
brown-breasted, Quails or Bob-whites of southern Mexico, through
a long series of intermediates inhabiting the intervening region, intergrade
with the large, white-throated, black-and-white breasted, Bob-white of our
northern states. It would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by
the same name, nor could we give a full specific name to the Mexican Bob-white
since at no place can we draw a line definitely separating it from the
northern Bob-white. Furthermore, the use of only two names would conceal
the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such strikingly different
birds; a fact of the first importance to students of the evolution of species.
For much the same reason we should name those birds which show less
pronounced variations, such as are exhibited by the Robin. Here we have
a species in the making, and in tracing the relation between cause and effect,
[Pg_8]
we learn something of the influences which create species. Thus, climate
has been definitely proven so to alter a species, both in size and color that,
as we have seen in the case of the Song Sparrows, marked climate changes
are accompanied by correspondingly marked changes in the appearance of
certain animals. In naming these animals we are, in effect, giving a ‘handle
to the fact’ of their evolution by environment.
Since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little, according to the
governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them, no fixed rule can
be laid down which shall decide just what degree of difference are deserving
a name. It follows, therefore, that in some cases ornithologists do not
agree upon a bird’s claim to subspecific rank.
In North America, however, questions of this kind are referred to a
committee of seven experts of the American Ornithologists’ Union, and
their decision establishes a nomenclature, which is accepted as the standard
by other American ornithologists and which has been adopted in this volume.
Foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence, most of which have been
found in North America but once or twice, are included in the systematic
list of North American birds, but are not described or figured in the body
of the book, where their presence would tend to convey an erroneous impression
of their North American status. Furthermore, records of the
presence of birds so rare as these can be properly based on only the capture
of specimens.
In the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have
had full access to the collections of the American Museum of Natural
History, and they are also glad to acknowledge their indebtedness to
William Brewster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Robert Ridgway, Curator
of Birds in the United States National Museum, and to C. Hart Merriam,
Chief of the Biologic Survey, for the loan of specimens for description and
illustration.
Duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed, never wider than high,
and without flutings, ‘gutters,’ or serrations on its side; wings short,
never with a bright colored patch or ‘speculum’; tail rudimentary, not
noticeable; toes webbed or lobed. Color usually blackish above, white
below; the throat often dark. The Grebes and Loons, when pursued,
dive rather than fly; the Auks usually take wing.
Toes four with lobate webs; tipped with a broad nail; tail wanting.
Toes four, webbed; toe-nails not broad and flat; tail present.
Toes three, webbed; toe-nails sharp; tail present.
Birds generally seen on the wing, as a rule, over water. Bill strong,
thick; hooked in the Gulls and Jaegers; sharply pointed in the
Terns; often colored in part yellow or red; wings very long, the outer
feathers much the longest; tail usually short and square in the Gulls,
long and forked in the Terns; toes webbed. Color usually pearly gray
above, white below in adult Gull and Terns; Jaegers and many young
Gulls are dark.
Toes four; three front ones webbed; bill with swollen, hooked tip, its base with a
scaly shield.
Toes usually four, three front ones webbed; upper mandible curved and hooked; tail
usually square (Gulls, subfamily Larinæ). Bill straight and pointed; tail often forked
(Terns, subfamily Sterninæ).
Toes four, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade like, the maxilla longer than
the mandible; tail slightly forked.
Sea-birds keeping, as a rule, well off shore, and flying low, near the
water, often skimming over the waves. Bill, with upper mandible
hooked; nostrils opening through tubes; wings long and pointed; tail
short; feet webbed; hind-toe rudimentary or absent. Color usually
gray or black and white; no bright markings.
Nostrils opening through tubes, separated and on either side of the bill.
Nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill.
and Tropic-Birds. STEGANOPODES.
Large birds, two feet or more in length, varying widely in appearance
and habits; in external structure agreeing only in having all four
toes joined by webs.
Bill pointed, somewhat tern-like; central tail feathers much elongated; chin feathered.
Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye space bare; tail pointed, its feathers not ‘fluted.’
Bill straight and slender; chin and eye space bare; tail rounded; its middle feathers fluted.
Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; plumage usually black or blackish.
Bill hooked at tip, with a large pouch; tail short, square; eye space bare.
Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered.
Birds of familiar form; bill, except in Mergansers or Saw-billed Ducks,
broad and with rows of ‘strainers’ or ‘gutters’ on either side; wings
short, in the Ducks usually with a bright colored patch or speculum;
tail generally short; legs short; feet webbed. Most species, unlike
the Grebes, take wing rather than dive when pursued.
Bill long, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides.
(Mergansers. Subfamily Merginæ.)
Bill broad, flattened, typically duck-like; tarsus or leg with transverse scales;
hind toe without a lobe. (River Ducks. Subfamily Anatinæ.)
Bill and tarsus as in preceding, but hind toe with a broad lobe or flap.
(Sea and Bay Ducks. Subfamily Fuligulinæ.)
Bill proportionately narrower than in the River or Bay Ducks; gutters on its sides
less developed; scales on front of tarsus rounded. (Geese. Subfamily Anserinæ.)
Large, usually white birds, with bare eye space. (Swans. Subfamily Cygninæ.)
Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or more in
height; side of the bill with gutters, its end bent downward; wings
rather short; legs long; feet webbed.
Characters of the Family similar to those of the Order.
Long-legged wading birds, generally found along shores or on
muddy flats; bill variable; in the Herons straight and sharply pointed;
in the Ibises, slender, rounded, and curved downward; in the Spoonbill,
flattened: wings rounded; tail short; legs long; toes all on same
level, long, slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with a
fold in the neck, the head being drawn in; Ibises and Spoonbills fly
with the neck straight, the head being extended.
Bill flattened and much broadened at the end; crown and face bare in adults; toes
partly webbed.
Bill long and curved down; its side with grooves; toes partly webbed.
Bill stout, without grooves; tarsus reticulate.[Pg_19]
Bill usually straight and sharply pointed; lores naked; head feathered; tarsus with
transverse scales; middle toe-nail pectinate or with a comblike edge.
Birds varying greatly in size and appearance, but all agreeing (and
differing from Herodiones) in having the hind-toe elevated, that is, leaving
the foot at a higher level than the front toes; tail short; legs
usually long. All fly with the neck extended, a fact by which Cranes
in flight may be known from Herons. Rails are short-winged skulkers
in grassy marshes; Gallinules frequent reedy shores; Coots, which alone
of the Order have webbed (lobate) toes, are as aquatic as Ducks, from
which they may be known by their pointed, white bill, nodding motion
of the head when swimming, and habit of pattering over the water
when alarmed.
Large birds over three feet in length; head partly bare in adults.
Bill long and slender; head wholly feathered; toes not webbed.
Bill variable; toes always long, webbed (lobed) in only one species; wings short and
rounded; tail short.
Generally long-legged, slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats,
and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot in length; none
are so large as the Ibises; wings long and pointed; tail short; toes long
and slender, usually without webs; color generally brown or blackish
above, mottled and streaked with whitish and buff. Many species
utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they take wing.
Front toes with lobes or webs; tarsus flattened; plumage thick; swimming Snipe.
Long legged, wading Snipe; in Avocets toes four, front three webbed; bill recurved;
in Stilts toes three, almost unwebbed; bill straight.
Toes usually four; tarsus with transverse scales; bill generally long, slender, and soft,
used as a probe.
Toes usually three, or when four, the fourth rudimentary; tarsus with rounded scales,
bill, as compared with that of Snipe, short and stout.
Toes four, tarsus with transverse scales; bill short, rather hard.
Toes three, webbed at base; tarsus stout, with rounded scales; bill heavy, compressed,
and said to be used for opening shells.
Toes four, with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird while walking on
aquatic vegetation; wing, with a sharp spur; bill with fleshy lobes at base and, in some species, on its sides.
Ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form; bill stout, hen-like; wings
short and rounded; tail variable; feet strong; hind-toe elevated. Color
usually mixed brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray.
Characters the same as those of the Order; tarsus naked in Partridges and
Quails; more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan.
Tarsus naked, often spurred, tail remarkably variable (for example, Turkey, Peacock);
head often with a comb, wattles, or other excrescences.
Large tree-haunting, pheasant-like birds; toes four, all on same level.
Walking birds, feeding both on the ground and in trees; bill slender,
grooved, nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane; tail variable, short and
square, or long and pointed; feet stout, often reddish. Color usually
grayish brown. Call-notes a characteristic cooing.
Characters those of the Order.
Generally large birds with hooked bill; strong, heavy feet, and long,
curved nails; wings large; tail rather long, usually square.
Bill not strongly hooked; toe-nails comparatively weak; nostrils large, piercing
the bill; head and more or less of neck, bare.
Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the bill; hook of
bill and claws well developed; plumage firm and close;
tarsus usually largely bare.
Eyes black, set in a somewhat triangular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by
feathers; nostril opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; inner edge of middle toe-nail
serrate; no ‘ears’; tarsus feathered.
Eyes yellow or black, set in a circular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by
feathers; nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; tarsus feathered.
Usually bright green birds with, a heavy hooked bill, broad scoop-shaped
lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in Parrots, generally
square; in Paroquets, pointed; feet heavy, two toes in front and two
behind.
Characters the same as those of Order.
A composite Order of several groups of birds bearing no close relation
to each other. Cuckoos have slightly curved bills, long tails, and
two toes in front and two behind. Trogons have short, rather broad,
stout bills, and soft, loose plumage, often green above, red below; moderately
long tails; small feet with two toes in front, two behind. Kingfishers
have long, rather stout, pointed bills; wings, long; tail, medium;
three toes in front and one behind; middle and outer toes joined for
half their length.
Toes two in front, two behind; bill, usually, more or less decurved; tail, long and
rounded, the outer feathers being, generally, much shorter than the middle pair.
Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible decurved and dentate;
tail square; plumage, soft, loose, and generally shining green above.
Legs short; feet small; toes, three in front, one behind; third and fourth toes joined;
bill, stout and long.
Climbing birds with stout, pointed bills, bristly nostrils, pointed,
stiffened tail feathers, strong feet and nails; two toes in front and two
behind, except in Picoides, which has two in front and one behind.
Prevailing colors, black and white, the males usually with red on the
crown.
Characters the same as those of the Order.
Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, small; mouth large; in the Hummingbirds,
bill long, slender, needle-like; wings and tail variable; feet,
in all three groups, small and weak. Color, in Goatsuckers, mixed
brown, buff and black; in Swifts, black and white; in Hummingbirds,
usually shining green above with resplendent throat-patches of varied
hues.
Feet usually small and weak; toes, three in front, one behind; middle toe-nail pectinate
or combed; bill small; mouth very large and usually beset by long bristles.
Bill small, triangular when seen from above; mouth large, no bristles; tail variable,
in Chætura with projecting spines; wings long and narrow; feet small and toes short;
plumage usually dark.
Bill long and slender; feet slender; wings large and pointed; tail exceedingly variable,
often assuming the most striking shapes.
Finches, Swallows, Warblers, Thrushes, and Other Perching Birds. PASSERES.
(18 families, about 325 species and 226 subspecies.)
Bill, wings, and tail variable; feet with four toes not connected, the
hind-toe as long as the middle one; its nail generally longer than that
of the middle toe. This Order contains more species than the remaining
sixteen Orders put together. In it will be found over 80 per
cent. of the birds commonly seen by field students. It is difficult of
definition, but almost any small perching bird may, with more or less
certainty, be referred to the Passeres.
Bill broad, flat, hooked at tip, its base with bristles; wings rather pointed, the second
to fourth primaries longest; tarsus rounded behind as well as in front; feathers of
crown generally somewhat lengthened, forming when erected, a small crest; pose, when
perching, erect; food of insects usually captured on the wing; voice generally unmusical.
Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill rounded, straight; tarsus rounded behind as well
as in front; our species with a tuft of feathers on either side of the head; outer primary
short or rudimentary; walking birds, singing while on the wing.
Large perching birds, usually twelve inches or more in length; bill stout; nostrils
covered by projecting bristles; feet heavy; outer tail-feathers usually shortest;
fourth to fifth primary longest, first about half as long.
Base of bill, between nostrils, extending back and dividing feathers on forehead;
nostrils not concealed by bristles; first three primaries of equal length.
Bill short, stout, conical; third or fourth primaries longest; first about half an inch
shorter; the majority are small birds and but few are over eight inches in length.
Bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline; the upper mandible, in
typical forms, toothed or dentate.
Bill short, broad and flat; feet small and weak; wings long and narrow; tail notched
and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding while on the wing.
Bill short, stout, and rounded, its tip notched; wings rather long; head crested.
Bill stout, its mandible hooked and hawk-like; feet truly Passerine;
pose, in perching, erect; solitary grayish birds.
Bill small, but distinctly hooked; outer primary usually very small and sometimes
apparently wanting; olive-green gleaners among the leaves.
Bill, in most of the species, slender, sharply pointed, and without a notch or hook at
the tip; in the genera Wilsonia and Setophaga, flat and flycatcher-like; in Icteria stout;
back of tarsus compressed into a thin ridge; three outer primaries of nearly equal
length.
Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill slender, nostril not covered with bristles, as in
true Larks; back of tarsus thin, not rounded; terrestrial, walking with a wagging
motion of the tail.
Thick-set birds with short wings and tail; plumage thick and water-proof; tarsus
scaled; semi-aquatic in habit, haunting mountain streams.
Tarsus scaled; tail rounded, the outer feathers being shortest; third to fourth primary
longest, the outer half as long; bill in Thrashers often decurved, its base with bristles;
In Wrens, bill without bristles; brown or grayish inhabitants of lower growth.
Bill slender and much decurved; tail usually pointed and stiffened.
Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. Chickadees (subfamily
Parinæ) have a short, stout bill, the nostrils covered with bristles; the tail is
rather long and rounded. Nuthatches (subfamily Sittinæ) have a long, slender bill,
short, square tail, and large feet.
Bill slender and Warbler-like, but first primary only one-third as long as the fourth.
Tarsus ‘booted’, without scales, (see foot of Robin under Synopsis of Order
Passeres); tail square; mandible notched and slightly hooked; outer primary an inch or
less in length; second to fourth of about equal length.
| Family 1. | GREBES. | Podicipidæ. | 6 species. |
| Family 2. | LOONS. | Gaviidæ. | 5 species. |
| Family 3. | AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS. | Alcidæ. | 21 species, 3 subspecies. |
Grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or sloughs where their nests
are made on rafts or islets of water-soaked vegetation. Their eggs
number from four to eight, are dull white in color, and are usually
covered by the bird with a portion of the nesting material when it
leaves its home. Grebes occasionally rest on the shore, but are rarely
found far from the water. When on land they may lie flat on their
breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot, or tarsus. Their
progress on land, as a rule, is awkward and they may use their wings
as fore feet to assist them. In diving, Grebes sometimes spring partly
from the water and then plunge downward head first, or they may
quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their disappearance.
Loons generally pass the summer on some large lake, and in the
winter many of them live at sea. They nest, as a rule, on the shore,
but so near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark
brown, mottled eggs into its favorite element. Like the Grebes, Loons
are expert divers, and birds of both families so often seek safety under
the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to make
them fly. The young of both Grebes and Loons are born covered with
feathers and take to the water shortly after birth, often using the back
of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they may rest
at will.
The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are sea birds which nest usually in
large colonies on isolated islets or rocky, inaccessible shores of the
northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs,
sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt
at nest-building, sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the
birds. In the latter case, the young are reared in the nest; in the former,
they sometimes enter the water at an early age.
The one egg laid by Murres is remarkable both in color and in shape.
In color it varies from bluish green to buff, and is usually heavily
scrawled with black. In outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped. When
moved it does not roll away as would a hen’s egg but revolves about
its own tip. In this manner it retains its place on the narrow
ledges often chosen by Murres for nesting-sites.
2. Holbœll Grebe (Colymbus holbœlli). L. 19. Range.—North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally 3. Horned Grebe (Colymbus auritus). L. 13.5. Range.—Northern Hemisphere; breeds largely in the interior from 4. American Eared Grebe (Colymbus nigricollis Range.—Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locally 5. Least Grebe (Colymbus dominicus brachypterus). Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Lower 6. Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps). L. 13.5. Range.—Argentine Republic; north through Mexico and West Indies |
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1. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe (Æchmophorus occidentalis). Range.—Western North America; In summer eastward to Shoal
Range.—Northern hemisphere; in North America, breeds from 8. Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsii). L. 36. Range.—”Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and northern Asia;
Range—Northern part of northern hemisphere; in America breeds 10. Pacific Loon (Gavia pacifica). Similar to Range.—Western North America; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska, 11. Red-throated Loon (Gavia lumme). L. 25. Ads., Range.—Northern part of northern hemisphere; in North America |
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12. Tufted Puffin (Lunda cirrhata). L. 15. Ads., Range.—Northern Pacific; resident locally from Santa Barbara
Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Bay of Fundy north to Greenland; 13a. Large-billed Puffin (F. a. glacialis). W. 7; Range.—Arctic Ocean from Spitzenbergen to northern Greenland. 14. Horned Puffin (Fratercula corniculata). Similar Range.—”Northern Pacific from Kuril Islands to British Columbia.” 15. Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata). L. Range.—”North Pacific: breeding south (formerly) to the Farallones; |
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16. Cassin Auklet. (Ptycoramphus aleuticus). L. Range.—”Pacific Coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to 23. Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus). Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to Aleutian 24. Kittlitz Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris). Range.—Northern Japan, Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands, east to 25. Xantus Murrelet (Brachyramphus hypoleucus). Range.—Pacific Coast from Monterey south to Cape St. Lucas; 26. Craveri Murrelet (Brachyramphus craveri). Range,—Coasts of Lower California, from Cape St. Lucas north 34. Dovekie (Alle alle). L. 8. Ads., summer. Range—North Atlantic and East Arctic; in America breeds from Lat. |
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17. Paroquet Auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus). Range.—”North Pacific, from Sitka and the Kuril Islands northward.” 18. Crested Auklet (Simorhynchus cristatellus). L. Range.—North Pacific from Kadiak and Japan northward.” (A. O. 19. Whiskered Auklet (Simorhynchus pygmæus). L. Range—”North Pacific, from Unalaska through the Aleutian chain 20. Least Auklet (Simorhynchus pusillus). L. 6.5. Range.—”North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan north to Bering 21. Ancient Murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus). Range.—North Pacific, from southern Vancouver Island and Japan |
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27. Black Guillemot (Cepphus grylle). L. 13. Ads., Range.—Coasts of northern Europe and North Atlantic; in America 28. Mandt Guillemot (Cepphus mandtii). Similar Range.—Arctic regions; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay 29. Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba). Similar Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Santa Catalina Island north to
Range.—North Atlantic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock, 30a. California Murre (U. t. californica). Similar Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Pribilof Islands south to Farallones;
Range.—North Atlantic and eastern Arctic; breeds in North America 31a. Pallas Murre (U. l. arra). Similar to Range.—North Pacific; south to Kadiak and Kamchatka. 32. Razor-billed Auk (Alca torda). L. 16.5. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, 33. Great Auk (Plautus impennis). L. 29; W. 5.7. Range.—Formerly, the coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south on |
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| Family 1. | SKUAS and JAEGERS. | Stercorariidæ. | 4 species. |
| Family 2. | GULLS and TERNS. | Laridæ. | 37 species, 1 subspecies. |
| Family 3. | SKIMMERS. | Rynchopidæ. | 1 species. |
Skuas and Jaegers are pirates among the birds of the high seas.
Bold and dashing, they pursue the swift flying Terns or much larger
Gulls with equal success, forcing them to drop the fish they have captured
and catching it ere it reaches the water.
Gulls (Subfamily Larinæ) are usually considered so characteristic of
the sea that ‘Sea Gull’ is the name popularly applied to all members of
the subfamily to which they belong. Several species, however, are
equally at home, both in the winter and when nesting, on the larger
bodies of water in the interior, and one species is rarely or never found
on our sea coasts.
Gulls nest on the ground, on drifts of marsh-grass, on cliffs, and
one species, at least, among American Gulls (the Herring Gull) has as
a result of persecution, acquired the habit of nesting in trees.
Gulls feed from the surface of the water, picking up their food with
their strongly curved bills in passing or while hovering, not by plunging
into the water, as do the Terns. They are, in fact, the scavengers
of the water, and perform a service of great value to mankind by devouring
the bodies of various forms of aquatic animals which, in dying,
come to the surface and, if cast ashore, might, in decaying, prove a
source of disease.
For this reason it was especially unfortunate that the plumage of
these birds became fashionable for millinery purposes, with the result
that thousands of them were destroyed for their wings and breasts. In
this country, however, through the efforts of the American Ornithologists’
Union and the Audubon Societies, laws have been passed prohibiting
the killing of these beautiful and useful birds, and wardens
have been placed on their nesting grounds to protect them.
Gulls often rest in great flocks on the water, sitting high up and
riding the waves buoyantly, but the Terns (Subfamily Sterninæ), after
they have acquired the power of flight, are rarely seen on the water.
They are lighter, more active birds than the Gulls, with longer wings
and tails, and sharper, more pointed bills. They feed largely on small
[Pg_50]
fish (the species called silversides being a favorite) of no value to man,
which they secure by darting from the air with great speed and directness.
When looking for food, Terns usually fly with the bill downward,
a habit which will aid in distinguishing them from the
Gulls, whose bill is carried in a line with the body.
Terns usually nest in large colonies on the beach of some isolated
islet either on our sea coasts or in the interior. The nest is generally
composed of a few wisps of sea-weed or grass, or the two or three eggs
are not infrequently laid in a slight hollow in the sand or among the
shells and pebbles.
Like the Gulls, Terns have been slaughtered in enormous numbers
for millinery purposes; but in this country, at least, effective efforts are
now being made to preserve them.
Skimmers nest in numbers on our Atlantic Coast from Virginia
southward, laying their four eggs in a slight depression in the sand.
In feeding, their mouth is held open and the longer, thin, lower mandible
is dropped beneath the surface of the water, when, flying rapidly,
they readily pick up food.
In young Skimmers, however, the two mandibles are of equal length
and the lower mandible does not become appreciably longer than the
upper one until the birds begin to fly. During the flightless period of
the bird’s life, the bill may be used to pick up food along the shore,
but when the power of flight is acquired and with it ability to feed in
the characteristic Skimmer manner, then the peculiar bill of these birds
becomes fully developed.
The young of all the Gulls and Terns are born covered with down
and can leave the nest a few hours after birth. The Noddy, however,
is said to be several weeks in its stick nest, which, unlike other members
of its group, it often builds in bushes.
The young are colored to harmonize with their usual surroundings.
Young Skimmers are pale, sandy brown, of the same color as the sand
in which they are hatched. Young Terns are darker, and young Laughing
Gulls born in nests of reeds or meadow grasses, are the darkest of
the three.
All young Gulls and Terns have the habit of squatting low near the
ground in the presence of danger and remaining motionless until actually
touched when they seem to realize that they have been seen and
trust to their legs for safety.
35. Skua (Megalestris skua). L. 22. Ads. Above Range.—North Atlantic, chiefly eastern; breeds from Shetland 36. Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus). Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds north of Lat. 70°; 37. Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus). L. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters 38. Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus). Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters |
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39. Ivory Gull (Pagophila alba). L. 17. Ads. Pure Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; winters south to Great Lakes
Range.—North Atlantic and eastern Arctic regions; breeds in America, 40a. Pacific Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla pollicaris). Range.—”North Pacific and Bering Sea; south in winter, casually 41. Red-legged Kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris). Ads. “Range.—Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea.” (A. O. U.)
Range.—North America, coast and interior; breeds from Newfoundland, 55. Short-billed Gull (Larus brachyrhynchus). L. 17; Range.—North Pacific; breeds in Alaska and interior of northern |
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Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, from Labrador 42.1. Point Barrow Gull (Larus barrovianus). Range.—”Bering Sea and contiguous waters; northeast to Point
Range.—Atlantic; breeds in Greenland; winters south in America to 44. Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens). L. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from British Columbia to Bering 45. Kumlien Gull (Larus kumlieni). W. 16.2; Range.—”North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cumberland 46. Nelson Gull (Larus nelsoni). “Wing 18.25, Range.—”Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska.” (A. O. U.) |
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47. Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus). L. Range.—North Atlantic and northern Europe; breeds in North 48. Slaty-backed Gull (Larus schistisagus). L. 26. Range.—”North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island, 49. Western Gull (Larus occidentalis). L. 24. Ads., Range.—Pacific coast; breeds and winters from Lower California to 57. Heermann Gull (Larus heermanni). L. 17. Ads., Range.—Pacific coast of North America; breeds from Mazatlan, |
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Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America from Maine, 52. Vega Gull (Larus vegæ). Similar to Range.—”Bering Sea and adjacent waters; south in winter to California 53. California Gull (Larus californicus). L. 20. Range.—Western North America; breeds chiefly in interior, from |
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58. Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla). L. 16. Ads., Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Texas and Florida to 59. Franklin Gull (Larus franklini). L. 15. Ads., Range.—Interior of North America; breeds from Iowa and Minnesota 60. Bonaparte Gull (Larus philadelphia). L. 14. Range.—North America; breeds in interior from Hudson Bay and 61. Ross Gull (Rhodostethia rosea) L. 13.5. Bill Range.—”Arctic regions; south in autumn and winter to Kamchatka, 62. Sabine Gull (Xema sabinii). L. 14. Tail Range.—Arctic regions: breeds in America from St. Michaels, |
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64. Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia). L. 21. T. 6., Range.—Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America, locally from
Range.—Middle America; breeds from southern Brazil and Peru to 66. Elegant Tern (Sterna elegans). L. 16.5; B. 2.7. Range.—”Pacific coast of America from California to Chili.” (A. 67. Cabot Tern (Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida). Range.—Tropical America; breeds on east side of Mexico north |
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63. Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica). L. Range.—Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America from Mexico to 73. Aleutian Tern (Sterna aleutica). L. 14. T. Range.—Alaska from Kadiak to Bering Strait, southwest to Japan. 74. Least Tern (Sterna antillarum). L. 9; T. 3.5, Range.—Western hemisphere; breeds locally from northern South 76. Bridled Tern (Sterna anæthetus). L. 15. Ads. Range.—Tropical regions; north in Atlantic to the Bahamas; casual |
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69. Forster Tern (Sterna forsteri). L. 15; T. 7, Range.—North America; breeds locally north to California, and
Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America, chiefly east of Plains; 71. Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisæa). L. 15.5; T. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Massachusetts north 72. Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalli). L. 15.5; T. 7.5, Range.—Temperate and tropical regions; breeds in North America |
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75. Sooty Tern (Sterna fuliginosa). L. 17. Ads., Range.—”Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In America 77. Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis). Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds in interior from 79. Noddy (Anous stolidus). L. 15. Ads. Crown Range.—”Tropical and subtropical regions; in America from Brazil 80. Black Skimmer (Rynchops nigra). L. 18. Ads. Range.—North America, chiefly eastern; breeds from southern |
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| Family 1. | ALBATROSSES. | Diomedeidæ. | 4 species. |
| Family 2. | FULMARS, SHEARWATERS, and PETRELS. | Procellariidæ. | 26 species, 1 subspecies. |
The Albatrosses, of which about ten species are known, are birds of
far southern seas, where they nest on isolated islands. After the
young are reared, several species migrate northward and are found off
our Pacific coast. The largest known species, the Wandering Albatross,
which has been made famous by Coleridge’s “Rime of the Ancient
Mariner,” measures from twelve to fourteen feet in expanse of
wing, and, like other members of this family, is a tireless ocean wanderer.
In the museum of Brown University, there is a mounted Wandering
Albatross, killed off the coast of Chili by Capt. Hiram Luther, December
20, 1847. When captured, a small bottle was found tied around the
bird’s neck, containing a slip of paper from which it was learned that
the bottle had been attached to the bird December 12, 1847, by Capt.
Edwards of the New Bedford Whaler, “Euphrates,” when about 800
miles off the coast of New Zealand, or about 3,400 miles from the point
at which, eight days later, the bird was secured.
The Fulmars, (genus Fulmarus), are northern birds and nest in immense
numbers on isolated islets, somewhat like certain Gulls.
Comparatively little is known of the nesting places of our Shearwaters,
but it is believed that most of them breed on the islands of the
South Atlantic and South Pacific, and pass their winter, (our summer)
off our coasts.
One of the Petrels, (Wilson Petrel), is known to have this habit. It
has been found nesting on Kerguelen Island, in S. Lat. 49° 54′, in
February, and in May it appears off our coasts for the summer.
Petrels nest in holes in the ground, laying one white egg. They are
never seen near their homes during the day, the bird then on the nest
waiting until night to feed, when the one which has been at sea returns
to assume its share of the task of incubation. Those birds are
therefore both diurnal and nocturnal.
81. Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes). L. Range.—North Pacific; north to Lat. 52°; south at least to Lower 82. Short-tailed Albatross (Diomedea albatrus). L. Range.—North Pacific, north to Bering Strait; south, at least, to 82.1. Laysan Albatross (Diomedea immutabilis). Range.—Laysan Island, Pacific Ocean; casual off the coast of 83. Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassogeron culminatus). Range.—”Indian and southern Pacific Oceans; casual off the 84. Sooty Albatross (Phœbetria fuliginosa). L. 35. Range.—”Oceans of southern hemisphere, north to the coast of |
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Range.—North Atlantic, breeds from Lat. 69° northward; winters 86b. Pacific Fulmar (F. g. glupischa). Similar to Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Bering Sea north; winters 86.1. Rodger Fulmar (Fulmarus rodgersii). Similar Range.—”Bering Sea and adjacent parts of North Pacific.” 87. Slender-billed Fulmar (Priocella glacialoides). L. Range.—Southern Seas; north on Pacific coast to Washington. 94. Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus fuliginosus). L. 17. Range.—”Atlantic Ocean, breeding in the southern hemisphere; a 95. Dark-bodied Shearwater (Puffinus griseus). L. Range.—South Pacific; north in summer on the American coast to 96.1. Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus cuneatus). Range.—”North Pacific Ocean, from the Hawaiian Islands north |
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88. Cory Shearwater (Puffinus borealis). L. 21. Range.—North Atlantic; recorded only off the coast from Massachusetts to Long Island. 89. Greater Shearwater (Puffinus gravis). L. 20. Range.—”Atlantic Ocean, from Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope 91. Pink-footed Shearwater (Puffinus creatopus). L. Range.—Pacific Ocean north on the American coast in summer and 92. Audubon Shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri). L. Range.—Middle Atlantic; breeds in West Indies and Bahamas;
Range.—”Pacific Ocean, chiefly southward; coast of Lower California north to Santa Cruz, Cal.” (A. O. U.) 93.1. Townsend Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis). Range.—Pacific Ocean (Clarion Island, Lower California). 96. Slender-billed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris). Range.—North Pacific, from Japan and Kotzebue Sound south on |
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98. Black-capped Petrel (Æstrelata hasitata). L. Range.—Tropical Atlantic; irregular in United States (Florida, Virginia, 103. Least Petrel (Halocyptena microsoma). L. 5.7. Range.—”Coast of Lower California south to Panama.” (A. O. U.) 105. Forked-tailed Petrel (Oceanodroma furcata). Range.—North Pacific; breeds in Aleutian Islands; recorded north 105.1. Kaeding Petrel (Oceanodroma kaedingi). Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Islands, Lower California.)
Range.—”Coast of California; breeds on the Santa Barbara and |
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104. Stormy Petrel; Mother Carey’s Chicken (Procellaria Range.—North Atlantic; winters south to western Africa and New
Range.—North Atlantic and North Pacific; breeds from Maine to 106.1. Guadalupe Petrel (Oceanodroma macrodactyla). Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.) 107. Black Petrel (Oceanodroma melania.) L. 9. Range.—South Pacific, north to Santa Barbara Islands; breeds on 108.1 Socorro Petrel (Oceanodroma socorroensis). Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Island, southern California.) 109. Wilson Petrel; Stormy Petrel (Oceanites Range.—Atlantic Ocean; breeds in Southern seas, (Kerguelen Island |
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| Family 1. | TROPIC BIRDS. | Phaëthontidæ. | 2 species. |
| Family 2. | GANNETS. | Sulidæ. | 6 species. |
| Family 3. | DARTERS. | Anhingidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 4. | CORMORANTS. | Phalacrocoracidæ. | 6 species, 5 subspecies. |
| Family 5. | PELICANS. | Pelecanidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 6. | MAN-O’-WAR-BIRDS. | Fregatidæ. | 1 Species. |
The members of this Order agree in having all four toes connected
by webs, but in other respects they differ widely in structure and, consequently,
in habit. The young of all the Steganopodes are born
naked, unlike the young of most of the other water birds, which, as a
rule, are hatched covered with feathers and can swim or run about soon
after birth. The nests of the Steganopodes are, of necessity, therefore,
more complex structures than those of birds whose nests are merely
incubators and not cradles as well.
Tropic Birds resemble the larger Terns, when in the air, but their
wing strokes are more rapid. They usually nest in holes in the face of
cliffs, and lay one whitish egg, marked with chocolate.
Gannets are true sea birds, but, as a rule, do not live very far from
the land. When breeding, Gannets are usually associated in great
numbers. Their nests, as a rule, are placed on the ground or on cliffs,
and one or two chalky white eggs are laid. At this season the birds
are exceedingly tame and in localities
where they have not been much molested, one may walk about among the
sitting birds without their taking flight. Gannets are powerful birds
on the wing. Their vigorous wing strokes are interrupted at intervals
by short sails. They feed on fish which they capture by diving from
the air.
The Darters or Anhingas number four species, distributed throughout
the tropical parts of the globe, only one species inhabiting America.
This is generally called the Snakebird or Water Turkey in Florida,
where it is a common species on the more isolated rivers and lakes.
[Pg_68]
The name Snakebird is derived from the bird’s habit of swimming with
the body submerged, when the long, sinuous neck, appearing above the
water, readily suggests a snake. At other times Snakebirds mount high
in the air and sail about, like Hawks, in wide circles. They build a
large, well-made nest in a bush or tree, generally over the water, and
lay four bluish white, chalky eggs.
Cormorants nest in large colonies, generally on isolated islets, but
sometimes in remote swamps. The nests are placed closely together
on the ground, in bushes, and less frequently in trees, according to
the nature of the bird’s haunts.
Cormorants feed on fish which they catch by pursuing them under
the water. They dive from the surface of the water like Ducks, or
from a low perch, but not from the air, as do the Gannets.
Pelicans nest in colonies, generally on some small island, building
their nests on the ground or in bushes, and laying two or three large,
white, chalky eggs.
Brown Pelicans secure their food by plunging on it from the air, generally
from about twenty feet above the water. The sides of the bill
are then bowed outward, the opening widened, forming, with the pouch,
an effective net in which fish, twelve and fourteen inches long, are captured.
White Pelicans, on the contrary, feed from the water, scooping up
fishes as they swim. At times a flock of these birds may surround a
school of small fish in shallow water and drive them shoreward, at the
same time actively filling their pouches.
Young Pelicans are fed on fish which they take from the pouch of
the parent bird by thrusting their bills and heads well into it and prodding
actively about for the food to be found there. Young Cormorants
secure their food in a similar manner.
Frigate Birds, of which only two species are known, have a greater
expanse of wing in proportion to the weight of their body than any
other bird. Their power of flight is consequently unexcelled and they
may spend days in the air without tiring. Their feet are as weak as
their wings are strong, and are of use only in perching.
The food of Frigate Birds consists chiefly of fish, which they catch
from near the surface of the water, or rob from Gulls and Terns by
pursuing them, forcing them to disgorge their prey, and catching it ere
it reaches the water.
112. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird (Phaëthon americanus). Range.—Tropical coasts; breeds in West Indies, Bahamas and Bermudas; 113. Red-billed Tropic Bird (Phaëthon æthereus). Range.—”Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to 117. Gannet (Sula bassana). L. 35. Ads. White; Range.—North Atlantic; breeds, in America, only on Bird Rock and |
 |
114. Blue-faced Booby (Sula cyanops). L. 28. Ads. Range.—Tropical seas; north in America to Lower California and 114.1. Blue-footed Booby (Sula nebouxii). L. 33. Range:—Pacific coast of America, from Gulf of California to Galapagos
Range.—”Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north 115.1. Brewster Booby (Sula brewsteri). L. Range,—”Coasts and Islands of the eastern south Pacific Ocean, 116. Red-footed Booby (Sula piscator). L. 28. Range.—Tropical seas, except Pacific coast of America (Cat. B. |
 |
119. Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). L. 36; T. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Nova Scotia to Greenland;
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally from Bay of Fundy, 120a. Florida Cormorant (P. d. floridanus). Similar Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to North
Range.—Pacific coasts; breeds in Alaska; winters south to California. 120c. Farallone Cormorant (P. d. albociliatus). Range.—Breeds on California coast and in interior, south to Socorro 121. Mexican Cormorant (Phalacrocorax mexicanus). Range.—Breeds In West Indies and Central America to west Gulf |
 |
122. Brandt Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus). Range.—Pacific coast from Cape St. Lucas to Washington; resident.
Range.—”Aleutian and Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka, south to 123a. Violet-green Cormorant (P. p. robustus). Range.—”Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound south to Washington.” 123b. Baird Cormorant (P. p. resplendens). Similar Range.—Pacific coast from Washington south to Mazatlan, Mexico. 124. Red-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile). Range.—”Pribilof, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, and coast of Kamchatka. |
 |
118. Anhinga; Snakebird; Water Turkey (Anhinga Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to southern 125. American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). Range:—North America; breeds in interior from eastern California,
Range:—Atlantic and Gulf coast of tropical and subtropical America; 127. California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus californicus). Range.—Pacific coast from Galapagos north to British Columbia; 128. Man-o’-War Bird; Frigate Bird (Fregata Range:—Tropical and subtropical coasts; in America north to |
 |
| Family 1. | DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS. | Anatidæ. | 49 species, 6 subspecies. |
The Anatidæ of North America are placed in five well-marked subfamilies,
the Mergansers (Merginæ), River Ducks (Anatinæ), Sea Ducks
(Fuligulinæ), Geese (Anserinæ), and Swans (Cygninæ).
The Mergansers, Saw-bills, or Shelldrakes are fish-eating Ducks and
their rounded bills, set with tooth-like projections along the sides, are
of evident use to them in holding their prey.
The River Ducks include such well-known species as the Mallard,
Black Duck, and Widgeon. They differ from the Bay or Sea Ducks
in not having a well-developed web or flap on the hind-toe. As a
rule they feed in shallow water by tipping, standing on their heads, as
it were, while reaching the bottom for food.
The Bay or Sea Ducks have the hind-toe webbed. They feed, as a
rule, in deeper water than the River Ducks, sometimes descending to
the bottom in water over one hundred feet deep. During the winter
they gather in flocks often of several thousand individuals, and frequent
the larger bodies of water.
With both the River and Bay Ducks the sides of the broad, flat bill
are set with gutters which serve as strainers, retaining the mollusks,
seeds and roots of aquatic plants on which these Ducks feed, while the
mud or water taken in with the food is forced out the sides of the bill
as it closes.
Geese are more terrestrial than Ducks and often visit the land to nip
the grass. This is particularly true in the west where large flocks of,
Geese, especially Snow Geese, may be seen feeding on the prairies.
On the water they feed over shallows by tipping and probing the
bottoms.
Swans also feed from the surface of the water either by simply immersing
the head and neck or by half submerging the body, when, with
the tail pointed to the zenith, the length of their reach is greatly increased.
In spite of their comparatively short wings the large muscles attached
to them give to the Anatidæ great power of flight. Not only do
they make extended journeys, when migrating, without a rest, but they
attain a speed which is surpassed by but few birds. Some of the
smaller species, when alarmed, doubtless flying at the rate of one
hundred miles an hour.
In common with other diving water birds the Ducks, when molting,
lose most of their wing feathers all at once, and for a time are therefore
unable to fly. During this comparatively helpless period the
brightly colored males assume in part the plumage of the females and
[Pg_75]
are thereby rendered less conspicuous. With the return of the power
of flight, however, they regain their distinctive, male plumage, which
is usually brighter than that of the female. With our Geese and Swans
there is no sexual difference in color.
Most of our Ducks and Geese breed in the north, some within the
Arctic Circle, and winter from the southern limit of frozen water southward.
The American Merganser, Hooded Merganser, Wood Duck,
Buffle-head, Golden-Eyes, Tree Ducks, and possibly Harlequin Duck
nest in hollow trees, at times some distance from the water. The
young of the American Golden-eye and of the Wood Duck have been
seen to reach the water by jumping from the nest-hole and fluttering
down in response to the calls of the parent below. It is said that they
are also brought down in the bill of the old bird, but this statement
apparently lacks confirmation.
The remaining species of our Ducks, Geese, and Swans, nest as a
rule, on the ground generally near water. From five to fifteen and, in
the case of the Fulvous Tree Duck, possibly as many as thirty eggs are
laid. In color they vary from white to buffy and pale olive and are always
uniformly colored. Incubation is performed by the female alone.
The males at this period among most Ducks deserting their mate to undergo
the partial molt before mentioned. While incubating the females
surround their nest with soft down plucked from their bodies and when
leaving the nest to feed, this down is drawn over the eggs with the
double object, doubtless, of concealing them and of keeping them
warm.
With Eider Ducks this down constitutes the larger part of, if not
the entire nest. Saunders states that in Iceland the down in each nest
weighs about one-sixth of a pound. This is gathered by the natives,
who, however, are careful to afford the sitting bird an opportunity to
raise her brood without further molestation.
The collection of Eider down thus furnishes an admirable illustration
of proper economic relations between man and birds. The down
is an important source of income to the natives of the comparatively
barren, northern countries in which the Eiders nest. So long as man
can remember it has been gathered annually. Still the Ducks continue
to return in numbers year after year to the same region, perhaps
the exact spot in which they nested the year before.
Less intelligent methods would perhaps rob the bird of its second, as
well as of its first nest and, unable to reproduce its kind, the species
would become extinct within a comparatively short period.
The evils which would follow such a course are, however, thoroughly
understood. The Ducks, in the first place, are encouraged in every
way. It is said that should one walk into a peasant’s cabin and preempt
his cot as a nesting-site, the peasant would gladly give up his bed
to so valuable a visitor.
129. American Merganser (Merganser americanus). Range.—North America; breeds from New Brunswick, rarely 130. Red-breasted Merganser (Merganser serrator). Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Brunswick 131. Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus). Range.—North America from Cuba and Lower California north to 132. Mallard (Anas boschas). L. 23. Speculum Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from Labrador, 143. Pintail (Dafila acuta). L. ♂, 28; ♀, 22. Ad. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Brunswick, |
 |
Range.—Eastern North America; chiefly east of Mississippi; breeds 133a. Red-legged Black Duck (A. o. rubripes). Range.—Summer range not definitely known, but breeding specimens
Range.—Florida to coast of Louisiana; resident. 134a. Mottled Duck (A. f. maculosa). Similar to Range.—Eastern Texas; breeds (at least) from Corpus Christi 135. Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus), L. 19.5. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in the interior 136. Widgeon (Mareca penelope). L. 18.5. Ad. ♂. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, only in the 137. Baldpate (Mareca americana). L. 19. No Range.—North America; breeds in the interior from Minnesota and |
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Range.—North America; breeds from New Brunswick, Minnesota,
Range.—North America; chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from New 141. Cinnamon Teal (Querquedula cyanoptera). Ad. Range.—Western North America from British Columbia south to 142. Shoveller (Spatula clypeata). L. 20. Bill Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America chiefly in interior; breeds 144. Wood Duck (Aix sponsa). L. 18.5. Ad. ♂. Range.—North America; breeds locally from Florida to Labrador |
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Range.—North America; breeds chiefly in interior from Maine, 147. Canvas-back (Aythya vallisneria). L. 21. Ad. Range.—North America; breeds only in interior from Minnesota 148. American Scaup Duck (Aythya marila). L. Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in 149. Lesser Scaup Duck (Aythya affinis). L. ♂ 17; Range.—North America; breeds only in interior from Iowa rarely, 150. Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris). L. 16.5. Range.—North America: breeding only in the interior from Minnesota |
 |
151. American Golden-eye (Clangula clangula Range.—North America; breeds from Maine, northern Minnesota, 152. Barrow Golden-eye (Clangula islandica). L. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence, 153. Buffle-head (Charitonetta albeola). L. 14.7. Range.—North America; breeds from Maine, Iowa, and British 167. Ruddy Duck (Erismatura jamaicensis). L. 15. Range.—Western hemisphere from northern South America to 168. Masked Duck (Nomonyx dominicus). L. 14. Range—Tropical America north to Lower Rio Grande; accidental in |
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154. Old-squaw (Harelda hyemalis). L. ♂, 21; ♀, Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from northern Labrador and 155. Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). L. Range.—”Northern North America, breeding from Newfoundland, 156. Labrador Duck (Camptolaimus labradorius). Range.—Formerly North Atlantic coast; bred from Labrador northward; 157. Steller Eider (Eniconetta stelleri). L. 18. Range.—”Arctic and subarctic coasts of the northern hemisphere, |
 |
158. Spectacled Eider (Arctonetta fischeri). L. 21. Range.—”Alaskan coast of Bering Sea and north to Point Barrow.”
Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from Labrador to
Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from Isle au Haut, 161. Pacific Eider (Somateria v-nigra). Similar Range.—North Pacific from Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean 162. King Eider (Somateria spectabilis). L. 23. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and St. |
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163. American Scoter (Oidemia americana). L. 19. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and Alaskan 166. Surf Scoter (Oidemia perspicillata). L. 20. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland 165. White-winged Scoter (Oidemia deglandi). Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and North 177. Black-bellied Tree Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis). Range.—Tropical America north to southern Texas. 178. Fulvous Tree Duck (Dendrocygna fulva). Range.—Tropical America, north in summer to Texas, Louisiana, |
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Range.—”Pacific coast to the Mississippi Valley, breeding in Alaska; 169a. Greater Snow Goose (C. h. nivalis). Similar Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters 170. Ross Snow Goose (Chen rossii). L. 21; B. Range.—Arctic America in summer; Pacific coast to southern 180. Whistling Swan (Olor columbianus). L. 55. Range.—North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; winters 181. Trumpeter Swan (Clor buccinator). L. 65. Range.—”Chiefly the Interior of North America, from the Gulf Coast |
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169.1. Blue Goose (Chen cærulescens). L. 28. Ads. Range.—North America; breeds in Hudson Bay region; winters on 171a. American White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters on Gulf 176. Emperor Goose (Philacte canagica). L. 26. Range.—”Coast and islands of Alaska north of the Peninsula; |
 |
Geese
Range.—North America; breeds from Labrador, Minnesota and 172a. Hutchins Goose (B. c. hutchinsii). Similar Range.—Western North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
Range.—”Pacific coast region, from Sitka, south in winter to California.” 172c. Cackling Goose (B. c. minima). Similar to Range.—Western North America; breeds in Alaska; winters from 173. Brant (Branta bernicla glaucogastra). L. 26. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in 174. Black Brant (Branta nigricans). L. 26. Ads. Range.—Western North America; breeds in northern Alaska and |
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| Family 1. | FLAMINGOES. | Phœnicopteridæ. | 1 species. |
Flamingoes might be called long-legged Ducks. Their feet are
webbed, and their bill is set with ridges, which serve as sieves or
strainers, as do the ‘gutters’ on a Duck’s bill. They are, however,
wading birds and their webbed feet are of use in supporting them on
the soft mud of shallow lagoons or bays where they search for the favorite
food of small mollusks. In feeding the flat top of the bill is
pressed into the mud when its tip points upward toward the bird’s
body. Flamingoes fly with the neck and legs stretched to the utmost
presenting on the wing a picturesque, but by no means so graceful an
appearance as do the Herons. Their voice is a vibrant honking like
that of a Goose.
| Family 1. | SPOONBILLS. | Plataleidæ | 1 species. |
| Family 2. | IBISES. | Ibididæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 3. | STORKS and WOOD IBISES. | Ciconiidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 4. | BITTERNS, HERONS, ETC. | Ardhidæ. | 14 species, 3 subspecies. |
The Roseate Spoonbill was formerly a common bird in Florida and
along the Gulf coast, but so many have been killed for their plumage
that in the United States the species is now exceedingly rare except in
the most remote parts of southern Florida.
Spoonbills build a rude nest of sticks in mangrove bushes or small
trees and lay three to five whitish eggs speckled with shades of brown.
Ibises are usually found in flocks along the shore of lagoons, lakes,
etc., or in marshy places. They fly with the neck outstretched and are
generally silent. Their nests of reeds, weed stalks, etc., are sometimes
[Pg_88]
placed in low bushes, at others in grassy marshes. The eggs
number from three to five. They are plain blue in the Glossy Ibis,
greenish white with chocolate markings, in the White Ibis.
The Storks are largely Old World birds, only three of the some
twenty known species inhabiting the Western Hemisphere. But one
of these is found regularly north of the Rio Grande, the so-called Wood
Ibis which is abundant in southern Florida. It lives in flocks and
builds a nest of sticks usually in cypress trees, often forty feet from
the ground, laying two or three white eggs. When flying the neck is
extended. It progresses by alternate flapping and sailing and occasionally
soars high overhead in circles, like a Vulture.
The Bitterns and Herons unlike our other long-legged wading birds,
fly with a fold in the neck. They belong in two subfamilies, the
Botaurinæ and Ardeinæ, respectively. The Bitterns are usually solitary
birds inhabiting grassy or reedy marshes where their colors harmonize
with their surroundings and render them difficult to see. The
American Bittern nests on the ground and lays three to five pale
brownish eggs. The Least Bittern usually weaves a platform nest
of reeds among rushes growing in the water and lays four or five bluish
white eggs.
Herons feed along the shore and are consequently more often
seen than Bitterns. With the exception of the Green Heron and the
Yellow-crowned Night Heron, which usually nest in isolated pairs, our
species gather in colonies to nest. Several hundred pairs occupying
a limited area in some wooded or bushy swamp to which, when undisturbed,
they return year after year.
Herons build a rude platform nest of sticks, sometimes placing it in
bushes, sometimes in the tallest trees, and at others on the ground or
beds of reeds in marshes. The eggs are greenish blue in color and
usually four in number. It is among those Herons, which in nesting
time are adorned with delicate plumes or aigrettes, that the greatest
ravages of the millinery hunter have been made. Attacking these
birds when they have gathered on the nesting ground, they are not
permitted to rear their young and the species is thus exterminated
branch and root.
The voice of Herons is a harsh squawk varying in depth of tone with
the size of the bird.
182. Flamingo (Phœnicopterus ruber). L. 45; from Range.—Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America; resident 183. Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja). L. 32. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; north to Gulf States. 185. Scarlet Ibis (Guara rubra). L. 24. Ads. Range.—”Florida, Louisiana and Texas, southward to the West |
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184. White Ibis (Guara alba). L. 25. Ads. Range.—Tropical America; breeds north to Lower California,
Range.—Tropical and subtropical regions in America; rare or local 187. White-faced Glossy Ibis (Plegadis guarauna). Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; north to California, 188. Wood Ibis (Tantalus loculator). L. 40. Ads. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds In Gulf States, |
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190. American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus). Range.—North America north to Labrador and British Columbia, 191. Least Bittern (Ardetta exilis). L. 13. Ad. Range.—North America; breeds from Gulf States to New Brunswick 191.1. Cory Bittern (Ardetta neoxena). L. 13. Range.—Eastern North America; recorded from Florida, Ontario, |
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192. Great White Heron (Ardea occidentalis). Ads. Range.—Southern Florida, Cuba and Jamaica. 196. American Egret (Herodias egretta). L. 41. Range.—Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia, 197. Snowy Heron (Egretta candidissima). L. 24. Range.—Tropical and temperate America; bred formerly north to |
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Range—Northern South America north to Arctic regions; breeds 194a. Northwest Coast Heron (A. h. fannini). Range.—Pacific coast from Vancouver to Sitka. 194b. Ward Heron (A. h. wardi). Similar to Range.—Florida; coast of Texas. 202. Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax Range.—Western hemisphere; breeds in North America north to 203. Yellow-crowned Night Heron (Nyctanassa Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to South |
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198. Reddish Egret (Dichromanassa rufescens). L. Range.—West Indies and Central America north to coasts of Gulf 199. Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis). Range.—West Indies and Central America north to Gulf States, 200. Little Blue Heron (Florida cœrulea). L. 22. Range.—Tropical America and eastern United States; breeds north
Range.—Tropical and temperate North America; breeds from Gulf 201a. Frazar Green Heron (B. v. frazari). Similar Range.—Lower Califorinia. 201b. Anthony Green Heron (B. v. anthonyi). Range.—Arid portions of southwestern United States, south into |
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| Family 1. | CRANES. | Gruidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 2. | COURLANS. | Aramidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 3. | RAILS, GALLINULES, and COOTS. | Rallidæ. | 12 species, 3 subspecies. |
Cranes bear a general resemblance to Herons in that they are long-legged,
long-necked birds, but when on the wing, they carry the neck
fully extended, a habit which will readily distinguish them from the
curved neck Herons. Cranes are less aquatic than Herons and are
often found feeding on the prairies or pine-barrens where worms, grasshoppers,
lizards, roots, etc., form their fare. They nest on the ground
laying two buffy eggs thickly marked with brown. The young, unlike
the nearly naked, helpless young of Herons, are born covered with
down and can soon follow their parents. The Cranes have loud sonorous
voices; the Herons raucous croaks.
The Limpkin is a singular inhabitant of the more retired Florida
swamps. It feeds upon the ground largely upon a kind of land shell,
but also perches in trees. Its nest of twigs is placed in a small tree or
bush, and it lays from four to seven pale buffy eggs stained and
speckled with cinnamon brown.
The Rails (Subfamily Rallinæ) are inhabitants of grassy marshes
where, trusting to their long legs, they more often escape observation
by running than by flying. One may hear their characteristic notes
coming from the dense growth only a few yards distant and still be
unable to catch a glimpse of their maker.
Rails nest on the ground laying six to twelve or fifteen buffy eggs
spotted with reddish brown. The young of all our species are born
covered with a shining black down.
The Gallinules (Subfamily Gallinulinæ) are more aquatic than the
Rails and are consequently less difficult to observe.
The Coots (Subfamily Fulicinæ) are still more aquatic than the Gallinules,
as might be supposed from their lobed toes, in fact are as
much at home in the water as though they were Ducks. Both Gallinules
and Coots lay eight to sixteen buffy, thickly speckled eggs in a
nest of reeds often built on a pile of rushes in the reeds.
204. Whooping Crane (Grus americana). L. 50. Range.—Interior of North America: breeds from northern Mississippi
Range.—”Northern North America from Hudson Bay to Alaska, 206. Sandhill Crane (Grus mexicana). Similar to Range.—North America; breeds locally from Texas, Cuba, Florida 207. Limpkin (Aramus giganteus). L. 28. Ads. Range.—Central America and West Indies north to southern Texas |
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Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida north to Connecticut 209. Belding Rail (Rallus beldingi). Similar to Range.—Lower California. 210. California Clapper Rail (Rallus obsoletus). Range.—Salt Marshes of Pacific coast north to Washington. 212. Virginia Rail (Rallus virginianus). L. 9.5; Range.—North America; breeds from Pennsylvania, Long Island, 215. Yellow Rail. (Porzana noveboracensis). L. 7; Range.—Eastern North America north to New Brunswick, Quebec, |
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Range.—Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast; breeds from North 211a. Louisiana Clapper Rail (R. c. saturatus). Range.—Coast of Louisiana. 211b. Scott Clapper Rail (R. c. scotti). Similar Range.—Gulf coast of Florida. 211c. Wayne Clapper Rail (R. c. waynei). Similar Range.—Atlantic coast, North Carolina to eastern Florida. 211.2. Caribbean Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris Range.—West Indies; coast of southeastern Texas (and northeastern 214. Carolina Rail (Porzana carolina). L. 8.5; B. 8. Range.—North America; breeds from Long Island, Illinois, Kansas, 216. Little Black Rail (Porzana jamaicensis): L. 5; Range.—”Temperate North America north to Massachusetts, northern |
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218. Purple Gallinule (Ionornis martinica). L. 13. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds only in eastern 219. Florida Gallinule (Gallinula galeata). L. Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds locally north to 221. American Coot (Fulica americana). L. 15. Range.—North America; breeds in the interior (chiefly northward) |
 |
| Family 1. | PHALAROPES. | Phalaropodidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 2. | AVOCETS AND STILTS. | Recurvirostridæ | 2 species. |
| Family 3. | SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. | Scolopacidæ | 33 species, 2 subspecies. |
| Family 4. | PLOVERS. | Charadriidæ. | 9 species, 2 subspecies. |
| Family 5. | SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. | Aphrizidæ. | 4 species. |
| Family 6. | OYSTER-CATCHERS. | Hæmatopodidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 7. | JACANAS. | Jacanidæ. | 1 species. |
The Phalaropes are swimming Snipes. The Northern and Red
Phalaropes, both of which have well-developed lobes or scalloped webs
on their toes, except when nesting, live at sea a hundred miles or more
off shore, where they find an abundance of food in small forms of marine
life. The Wilson Phalarope is a bird of the interior and consequently,
is far less aquatic than the remaining species of the family;
nevertheless it readily takes to water, swimming buoyantly and gracefully.
Contrary to the general rule, the female Phalarope is larger and
more brightly colored than the male and this difference in size and
plumage is accompanied by similarly unusual habits; the female taking
the place of the male in the Phalarope household. The female of
necessity lays the eggs, but they are hatched by the male alone, who it
is said, cares for the young, also without the assistance of his mate.
The Avocets and Stilts are wading Snipes. The Stilts secure their
food by quick thrusts of the bill, but the Avocets use their singular, upturned
member in a more interesting manner. When in water two or
three inches deep, the bill is dropped below the surface, until the
curved lower mandible evidently touches the bottom; then walking
rapidly, or even running, the bill is swung from side to side and the
bird thus explores the mud in its search for food, which, when it is felt,
is picked up in the usual way.
Many of the members of the family Scolopacidæ are probing Snipe.
The Woodcock, Wilson Snipe, and Dowitcher are good examples.
[Pg_101]
Their bill is long and sensitive and they can curve or move its tip
without opening it at the base. When the bill is thrust into the mud
the tip may therefore grasp a worm and it thus becomes a finger as
well as a probe.
Though not ranked as song birds, many of the Snipes and Plovers have
pleasing calls and whistles and in the breeding season they become
highly musical or indulge in singular vocal performances.
The song of the Bartramian Sandpiper would attract the attention of
the least observant and the singular aërial evolutions of the Snipe and
Woodcock lend an unusual interest to the study of these birds in the
spring. The Pectoral Sandpiper was observed by Nelson in Alaska, in
May, to fill its œsophagus with air dilating the skin of the neck and
breast and forming a sack as large as the body. Then in the air or on
the ground the bird produced a series of hollow booming notes, constituting
its love song.
The Plovers have shorter, harder bills than the true Snipe and several
of our species frequent the uplands rather than muddy shore or
tidal flats.
The Turnstones are true shore birds. Their home with us is on the
seacoast where they feed along the beach turning over shells and
pebbles in their search for food.
The Oyster-catchers are also strictly maritime. They frequent bars
left bare by the tide and, it is said, use their stout bills to force open
mussels; oysters, or other bivalves left exposed by the water. This
belief, however, does not appear to rest on careful, definite observation.
The Jacana belongs to a small family of birds with representatives
throughout the tropics. All its members are remarkable for the length
of their toes, the wide extent of which enable these birds to walk over
aquatic vegetation. So, for instance, I have seen them running over
small lily leaves which, sinking slightly beneath the surface, made the
birds appear to be walking on the water.
The Limicolæ, as a rule, nest on the ground. The Phalaropes,
Snipes, and Plovers lay four eggs, the Oyster-catcher three, the Jacanas,
it is said, four in some species to ten in others. The eggs of all are
proportionately large and pointed or pear-shaped and are usually thickly
marked with dark spots. The young are born covered with down
and leave the nest just after hatching.
222. Red Phalarope (Crymophilus fulicarius). L. Range.—”Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding in the 223. Northern Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus). Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and northern 224. Wilson Phalarope (Steganopus tricolor). Range.—North America, chiefly in the interior; breeds from northern 283. Turnstone (Arenaria interpres). Similar to Range.—Eastern hemisphere, in America, only in Greenland and
Range.—Nearly cosmopolitan; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in 288. Mexican Jacana (Jacana spinosa). L. 8. Range.—Central America and Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande |
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225. American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana). Range.—North America west of Mississippi; breeds from northern
Range.—North America; breeds on Atlantic coast from Florida to 265. Hudsonian Curlew (Numenius hudsonicus). Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters south of 266. Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis). L. 13.5; Range.—Eastern North America; breeds In Arctic regions; winters |
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226. Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus). Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds north to Gulf
Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds on sea coasts 286.1. Frazar Oyster-catcher (Hæmatopus frazari). Range.—”Lower California (both coasts), north to Los Coronados 287. Black Oyster-catcher (Hæmatopus bachmani). Range.—”Pacific coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to |
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228. American Woodcock (Philohela minor). L. 11. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally from Florida to 230. Wilson Snipe (Gallinago delicata). L. 11.2. Range.—North America; breeds from northern New England (rarely 261. Bartramian Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda). Range.—North America chiefly interior; breeds locally from Kansas 262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis). Range.-“North America especially in the interior; breeds in the 281. Mountain Plover (Podasocys montana). L. 9. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Kansas to North |
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231. Dowitcher (Macrorhamphus griseus) L. 10.5; Range.—Eastern North America; breeds chiefly north and northwest 232. Long-billed Dowitcher (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus). Range.—”Western North America, breeding in Alaska to the Arctic 233. Stilt Sandpiper (Micropalama himantopus). Range.—Eastern North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; winters 234. Knot (Tringa canutus). L. 10.5; B. 1.3. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds within Arctic circle; winters 244. Curlew Sandpiper (Erolia ferruginea). L. 8; Range.—”Old World in general; occasional in Eastern North |
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Range.—”Northern portions of the northern hemisphere; in North
Range.—”Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to Kowak
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Northern States 256a. Western Solitary Sandpiper (H. s. cinnamomeus). Range.—Western North America; breeds in British Columbia (exact 263. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia). L. Range.—North America, north to Hudson Bay; breeds throughout 284. Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala). Range.—”Pacific coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alaska |
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237. Pribilof Sandpiper (Arquatella ptilocnemis). Range.—”Breeding in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, and migrating 243a. Red-backed Sandpiper (Pelidna alpina pacifica). Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic regions and winters from 246. Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus). Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters 247. Western Sandpiper (Ereunetes occidentalis). Range.—North America, chiefly west of Mississippi Valley; breeds 248. Sanderling (Calidris arenaria). L. 8. Three Range.—”Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in Arctic and Sub-Arctic |
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238. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Actodromas acuminata). Range.—”Eastern Asia, and coast of Alaska, migrating south to 239. Pectoral Sandpiper (Actodromas maculata). Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters south of 240. White-rumped Sandpiper (Actodromas fuscicollis). Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in the interior north of 241. Baird Sandpiper (Actodromas bairdii). Range.—Interior of North America; breeds in the Arctic regions and 242. Least Sandpiper (Actodromas minutilla). L. 6. Range.—North America; breeds from Sable Island and Magdalens |
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249. Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa). L. 18; B. 4; Range.—North America; breeds in the interior from western Minnesota, 250. Pacific Godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri). L. 16. Range.—”Shores and Islands of the Pacific Ocean, from New Zealand 251. Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa hæmastica). Range.—Eastern North America chiefly interior; breeds in Arctic 270. Black-bellied Plover (Squatarola squatarola). Range.—Northern Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions, winters in
Range.—Western Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions; winters 272a. Pacific Golden Plover (C. d. fulvus). Similar Range.—”Breeding from northern Asia to the Pribilof Islands |
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254. Greater Yellow-legs (Totanus melanoleucus). Range.—North America; breeds from Minnesota, rarely northern 255. Yellow-legs (Totanus flavipes). L. 10.7; Range.—North America; breeds rarely in upper Mississippi Valley
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to southern 258a. Western Willet (S. s. inornata). Similar to Range.—Western United States; breeds from Texas to Manitoba; 259. Wandering Tattler (Heteractitis incanus). L. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from British Columbia northward; 282. Surf Bird (Aphriza virgata). L. 10; B. 1. Range.—”Pacific coast of America, from Alaska to Chili.” (A. O. U.) |
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273. Killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus). L. 10.5. Rump Range.—North America, north to Newfoundland, Manitoba and
Range.—Breeds from Labrador northward; winters from Gulf 275. Ring Plover (Ægialitis hiaticula). L. 7.5. Range.—”Northern parts of Old World and portions of Arctic America,
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia to Newfoundland; 277a. Belted Piping Plover (Æ. m. circumcincta). Range.—Mississippi Valley; breeds from northern Illinois and Nebraska 278. Snowy Plover (Ægialitis nivosa). L. 6.5. Range.—Western United States east to Texas and Kansas; breeds 280. Wilson Plover (Ochthodromus wilsonius). Range.—Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia, |
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| Family 1. | GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, etc. | Tetraonidæ. | 21 species, 22 subspecies. |
| Family 2. | TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, etc. | Phasianidæ. | 1 species. 3 subspecies. |
| Family 3. | CURASSOWS and GUANS. | Cracidæ. | 1 species. |
The members of the family Tetraonidæ are usually placed in three
subfamilies as follows: (1.) Perdicinæ, containing the true Quails
and Partridges of the Old World and with no species in America. (2.)
Odontophorinæ, including the Bob-whites and so-called ‘Quails’ and
‘Partridges’ of the New World, and with no species in the eastern
hemisphere. (3.) Tetraoninæ, the Grouse, with representatives in
the northern parts of both hemispheres. All the members of the first
two families have the legs bare, while the Grouse have the legs, and
often even the toes, more or less feathered.
The application of different names to the members of this family, in
various parts of the country, often make it uncertain just what species
is referred to under a given title. Our Bob-white, for example, is a
‘Quail’ at the north and a ‘Partridge’ at the south. As a matter of fact
it is, strictly speaking, neither a true Quail nor Partridge but a member
of a family restricted to America.
Again, the Ruffed Grouse is a ‘Partridge’ at the north and a
‘Pheasant’ at the south, whereas in truth it is neither one nor the
other. So far as the application of these local names goes, it is to
be noted that where the Bob-white is called ‘Quail’ the Grouse is
called ‘Partridge’ and that where it is called ‘Partridge’ the Grouse is
known as ‘Pheasant’.
All the Tetraonidæ are ground-inhabiting birds, and their plumage
of blended browns, buffs and grays brings them into such close harmony
with their surroundings that, as a rule, we are unaware of the
presence of one of these birds until, with a whirring of short, stiff,
rounded wings it springs from the ground at our feet. It is this habit
of ‘lying close,’ as sportsmen term it, in connection with their excellent
flesh, which makes the members of this family the favorites of the
hunter and epicure and only the most stringent protective measures
will prevent their extinction as their haunts become settled.
[Pg_114]
With the Ptarmigan this harmony in color is carried to a remarkable
extreme, the birds being white in winter and brown, buff and black in
summer; while during the early fall they assume a grayish, neutral
tinted plumage to bridge over the period from the end of the nesting
season, in July, to the coming of the snow in September.
The Tetraonidæ all nest on the ground, laying usually from ten to
twenty eggs. The young, like those of their relative, the domestic
fowl, are born covered with downy feathers and can run about shortly
after birth.
The Turkey is the only wild member of the Phasianidæ in
this country, but the family
is well-represented in the domesticated
Chickens, Peacocks, and Pheasants, all of which have descended from Old
World ancestors. Our domesticated Turkey is derived from the Wild
Turkey of Mexico, which was introduced into Europe shortly after the
Conquest and was thence brought to eastern North America. It differs
from the Wild Turkey of the eastern United States chiefly in the color of
the tips of the upper tail-coverts. These are whitish in the domesticated
Turkey, as they are in the Mexican race from which, it has descended,
and rusty brown in the Eastern Wild Turkey.
Besides the five races of Wild Turkey described beyond, another
species of Turkey is found in America. This is the Honduras or Yucatan
Turkey, now largely confined to the peninsula of Yucatan. It is
not so large as our bird, but is even more beautifully colored, its plumage
being a harmonious combination of blue, gray and copper.
Ring-necked and ‘English’ Pheasants have been introduced into
various parts of the United States, and in Oregon and Washington and
in the east, on various private game preserves, they have become
naturalized. The true English Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is believed
to have been introduced into England from Asia Minor probably
by the Romans. Unlike the Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus)
it has no white collar. The last named species, however, has also
been introduced into England where it freely interbreeds with the earlier
established English Pheasant and individuals without at least a
trace of white on the neck are now comparatively rare.
The Curassows and Guans are tropical American birds, only one
species reaching the southern border of the United States. They are
arboreal in habit and form an interesting link between the Partridges,
etc. and the Pigeons.
Range.—Eastern North America, resident from southern Dakota, 289a. Florida Bob-white (C. v. floridanus). Similar Range.—Florida; typical only in southern half of peninsula, 289b. Texan Bob-white (C. v. texanus). Similar Range.—Texas, except western part, rarely to western Kansas, 291. Masked Bob-white (Colinus ridgwayi). L. 9. Range.—Northern Sonora, Mexico, north to Pima County, Arizona. 296. Mearns Partridge (Cyrtonyx montezumæ Range.—Northern Mexico, western Texas, southern New Mexico |
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292. Mountain Partridge (Oreortyx pictus). L. 11. Range.—Pacific coast from Santa Barbara, California, north to southern
Range.—Sierra Nevada (both slopes), east to Panamint Mountains; 292b. San Pedro Partridge (O. p. confinis). Similar Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.
Range.—”Tableland of Mexico, from the Valley of Mexico, north to 293a. Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge (C. s. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley, northwest to Eagle Pass, Texas;
Range.—”Coast region of California south to Monterey, introduced 294a. Valley Partridge (L. c. vallicola). Similar to Range.—”From western and southern Oregon, except near the 295. Gambel Partridge (Lophortyx gambelii). Range.—”Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah, |
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Range.—”Rocky Mountains, from central Montana and southeastern
Range.—”Northwest Coast Mountains, from California to Sitka, east 297b. Richardson Grouse (D. o. richardsonii). Range.—”Rocky Mountains, especially on the eastern slopes, from
Range.—Labrador and Hudson Bay region. 298b. Alaska Spruce Grouse (C. c. osgoodi). Ad. Range.—Alaska.
Range.—Northern New England, northern New York, New Brunswick, 299. Franklin Grouse (Canachites franklinii). Resembles Range.—”Northern Rocky Mountains, from northwestern Montana to |
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Range.—Eastern United States from Minnesota, southern Ontario,
Range.—Spruce forests of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine 300b. Gray Ruffed Grouse (B. u. umbelloides). Range.—Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to latitude 65° in 300c. Oregon Ruffed Grouse (B. u. sabini). Similar Range.—Pacific coast ranges from Cape Mendocino, California, |
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Range.—Arctic Regions; in America breeding south to Lat. 55° 301a. Allen Ptarmigan (L. l. alleni). Similar to Range.—Newfoundland.
Range.—North America from Gulf of St. Lawrence and higher 302a. Reinhardt Ptarmigan (L. r. reinhardti). Range.—Northern Labrador north to Greenland. 302b. Nelson Ptarmigan (L. r. nelsoni). Ad. ♂, Range.—Unalaska, Aleutian Islands. |
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302c. Turner Ptarmigan (L. r. atkhensis). Lighter Range.—Atka, Aleutian Islands. 302d. Townsend Ptarmigan (L. r. townsendi). Ad. Range.—Kyska and Adak, Aleutian Islands. 302.1. Evermann Ptarmigan (Lagopus evermanni). Range.—Attu, Aleutian Islands. 303. Welch Ptarmigan (Lagopus welchi). L. about Range.—Newfoundland.
Range.—”Alpine summits of Rocky Mountains; south to New 304a.? Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan (L. l. peninsularis). Range.—Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. |
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Range.—”Prairies of Mississippi Valley; south to Louisiana and 305a. Attwater Prairie Hen (T. a. attwateri). Range.—Southwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas. 306. Heath Hen (Tympanuchus cupido). Similar to Range.—Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. 307. Lesser Prairie Hen (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus). Range.—Southwestern parts of Kansas and western Indian Territory,
Range—Interior of British America, east to Rocky Mountains,
Range.—”Northwest United States; south to northeastern California, 308b. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse (P. p. campestris). Range—”Plains and prairies of United States, north to Manitoba; |
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309. Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Ad. Range.—”Sage regions of the Rocky Mountain Plateau, and west Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus × P. colchicus). An
Range.—Eastern United States from Pennsylvania south to central
Range.—”Mountains of southern Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona 310b. Florida Wild Turkey (M. g. osceola). Similar Range.—Southern Florida. 310c. Rio Grande Turkey (M. g. intermedia). Tips Range.—”Lowlands of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico.” 311. Chachalaca (Ortalis vetula maccalli). L. 21. Range.—Tropical portions of eastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north |
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| Family 1. | PIGEONS and DOVES. | Columbidæ. | 13 species, 3 subspecies. |
Pigeons are distributed throughout the greater part of the globe, but
their center of abundance appears to be in the Malay Archipelago,
where about one hundred and twenty of the some three hundred
known species are found. One hundred or more species have been
described from the New World but only twelve of these inhabit North
America.
The various races of domestic Pigeons, ‘Pouters,’ ‘Fantails,’ etc. are
descendants of the Rock Dove of Europe, modified in form and habit
through the selection by the breeder or ‘fancier.’
Pigeons build a flimsy, platform nest of twigs and lay two white
eggs. Both sexes incubate, one relieving the other at certain hours
each day. The young are born naked and are fed by regurgitation,
on ‘Pigeons’ milk,’ the parent thrusting its bill into the mouth of its
young and discharging therein food which has been softened in its own
crop.
Some species of Pigeons nest in isolated pairs, others in large colonies,
but it is the habit of many species to gather in large flocks after
the nesting season.
The Wild or Passenger Pigeon, once so abundant in this county, was
found in flocks throughout the year. Alexander Wilson, the ‘father of
American Ornithology’ writing about 1808, estimated that a flock of
Wild Pigeons seen by him near Frankfort, Kentucky, contained at
least 2,230,272,000 individuals. Audubon writes that in 1805 he saw
schooners at the wharves in New York city loaded in bulk with Wild
Pigeons caught up the Hudson River, which were sold at one cent each.
As late as 1876 or 1877 there was a colony of nesting Wild Pigeons
in Michigan, which was twenty-eight miles long and averaged three or
four miles in width, and in 1881 the birds were still so abundant in
parts of the Mississippi Valley that the writer saw thousands of birds,
trapped in that region, used in a Pigeon match near New York City.
Today, however, as a result of constant persecution, the Wild Pigeon
is so rare that the observation of a single individual is noteworthy.
Range.—”Western United States from Rocky Mountains to the 312a. Viosca Pigeon (C. f. vioscæ). Similar to Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 313. Red-billed Pigeon (Columba flavirostris). L. Range.—Costa Rica migrating north to southern Texas, New Mexico 314. White-crowned Pigeon (Columba leucocephala). Range.—Greater Antilles and Islands about Anegada Channel, |
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315. Passenger Pigeon, Wild Pigeon (Ectopistes Range.—Formerly eastern North America north to Hudson Bay;
Range.—North America, breeding from West Indies and Mexico 317. Zenaida Dove (Zenaida zenaida). L. 10. Range.—Greater Antilles, coast of Yucatan and Bahamas, north in 318. White-fronted Dove (Leptotila fulviventris Range.—Central America and Mexico, north in February to valley |
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319. White-winged Dove (Melopelia leucoptera). Range.—Southern border of United States from Texas to Arizona
Range.—Atlantic and Gulf States north to northern North Carolina,
Range.—Texas to southern California and south to Central America. 320b. Bermuda Ground Dove (C. p. bermudiana). Range.—Bermuda. 321. Inca Dove (Scardafella inca). L. 8. Ads. Range.—Southern Texas (San Antonio), southern Mexico and 322. Key West Quail-Dove (Geotrygon chrysia). Range.—Cuba, Hayti, Bahamas and, rarely, Florida Keys. 322.1. Ruddy Quail-Dove (Geotrygon montana). Range.—Mexico south to Brazil; West Indies; casual at Key West 323. Blue-headed Quail Dove (Starnœnas cyanocephala). Range.—Cuba, and rarely Florida Keys. |
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| Family 1. | AMERICAN VULTURES. | Cathartidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 2. | FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, etc. | Falconidæ. | 33 species, 13 subspecies. |
| Family 3. | BARN OWLS. | Strigidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 4. | HORNED OWLS. | Bubonidæ. | 19 species, 20 subspecies. |
In the Raptores we have a group of birds of great value to man but
whose services for the most part, are so little appreciated that, far from
protecting these birds, we have actually persecuted them.
The Vultures, it is true, are given credit for their good work as
scavengers and they are protected both by law and by public sentiment.
Every one knows that a living Vulture is infinitely more useful than a
dead one. As a result throughout countries inhabited by these birds
they are usually both abundant and tame, entering the cities to feed
in the streets with an assurance born of years of immunity from harm.
But how differently their kin of the family Falconidæ act in their
relations to man! ‘Wild as a Hawk’ has become an adage. These
birds are universally condemned. To kill one is a commendable act.
Every ones hand is raised against them. In some localities a price
has actually been set upon their heads.
A fondness for chickens, it is alleged, is the chief crime of Hawks,
and in popular parlance all Hawks are ‘Chicken Hawks’ and as such
are to be killed on sight.
Naturalists have long been aware that only one of our common
Hawks habitually preys upon poultry while most of our species, by
feeding largely on meadow mice, are actually beneficial. It was not,
however, until this matter received the attention of the Biological
Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, that the
economic status of Hawks, as well as of Owls, was placed on a sound
scientific basis. In Dr. A. K. Fisher’s report on the food of Hawks
and Owls, issued by the Biologic Survey in 1893, the results of
the examination of the contents of several thousands stomachs of these
birds is tabulated. It is stated, for example, that only three out of
two hundred and twenty stomachs of the so-called ‘Chicken’ or Red-shouldered
[Pg_128]
Hawk contained the remains of poultry, while mice were
found in no less than one hundred and two, and insects in ninety-two.
That the Sparrow Hawk is also wrongly named is clear from a study
of its food, only fifty-four out of three hundred and twenty stomachs
examined containing remains of birds, while insects were found in two
hundred and fifteen.
As a matter of fact, among our commoner Hawks, the Cooper and
Sharp-shinned are the only ones feeding largely on birds and poultry,
and if the farmer will take the pains to ascertain what kind of Hawk it
is that pays unwelcome visits to his barn-yard, he will be spared the
injustice of condemning all Hawks for the sins of one or two.
Feeding after sunset, when the small mammals are most active,
Owls are even more beneficial than Hawks. The Great Horned Owl,
it is true, has an undue fondness for poultry, but the bird is generally
so rare near thickly populated regions that on the whole it does comparatively
little harm.
Fortunately, it is those Owls which are most common in settled
regions which are of most value to man. Thus, our little Screech Owl
feeds chiefly on mice and insects. Only one of the two hundred and
fifty-five stomachs examined by Dr. Fisher contained the remains of
poultry while mice were found in ninety-one and insects in one hundred.
Of the Short-eared or Marsh Owl, seventy-seven out of one hundred
and one stomachs contained mice remains, and the same injurious
little rodents were found in eighty-four out of one hundred and seven
stomachs of the Long-eared Owl.
The bones and hair of the small mammals eaten by Owls are rolled
into oblong pellets in the stomach and are ejected at the mouth.
These pellets may often be found in large numbers beneath the roosts
in which Owls pass the day. In 200 such castings of the Barn Owl Dr.
Fisher found the remains of 454 small mammals of which no less than
225 were meadow mice.
Hawks build large-bulky nests of sticks placing them usually well up
in large trees, and lay, as a rule, four eggs which are generally whitish,
blotched with brown. The Marsh Hawk is an exception. Its nest
built largely of grasses, is placed on the ground in marshes and the
eggs, often numbering six and rarely eight, are bluish white unmarked.
The Owls nest in holes in trees or banks, or, in some instances, an
old Hawk or Crow nest may be occupied. The eggs usually number
three to five and are always pure white.
324. California Vulture (Gymnogyps californianus). Range.—”Coast ranges of southern California from Monterey Bay, 325. Turkey Vulture; Turkey Buzzard (Cathartes Range—Western Hemisphere from central and northeast New 326. Black Vulture; Carrion Crow (Catharista Range.—Tropical America, north, as a resident to North Carolina, 364. American Osprey; Fish Hawk (Pandion haliaëtus Range.—America; breeds from Florida, Texas and Lower California, |
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327. Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus). L. Range.—Middle America; summers north to Virginia, central Illinois, 328. White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus). L. 15.5. Range.—Middle America north to South Carolina, southern Illinois, 329. Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis). L. Range.—Middle America; breeds north to South Carolina, southern 330. Everglade Kite; Snail Hawk (Rostrhamus sociabilis). Range.—Tropical America north to southern Florida and eastern 331. Marsh Hawk; Harrier (Circus hudsonius). Range.—North America; breeds locally north to about latitude 60°; |
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Range.—North America; breeds throughout its range but chiefly 333. Cooper Hawk (Accipiter cooperii). L. ♂, Range.—North America; breeds from southern Mexico north to
Range.—North America; breeds chiefly north of United States; 334a. Western Goshawk (A. a. striatulus). Similar Range.—”Western North America; north to Sitka, Alaska; south to 346. Mexican Goshawk (Asturina plagiata). L. Range.—Middle America, from Panama north, in March, to Mexican |
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335. Harris Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi). Range.—Middle America from Panama north to southern Texas,
Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Great Plains, north to 337a. Krider Hawk (B. b. kriderii). Similar to Range.—”Great Plains of United States from Minnesota to Texas;, 337b. Western Red-tail (B. b. calurus). Very Range.—Western North America from Rocky Mountains to Pacific; 337d. Harlan Hawk (B. b. harlani). Ads. Above Range.—”Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley, north (casually) |
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Range.—Eastern United States to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, 339a. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk (B. l. alleni). Range.—Florida north along coast to South Carolina; west along 339b. Red-bellied Hawk (B. l. elegans). Similar Range.—Pacific coast from Lower California north to British 342. Swainson Hawk (Buteo swainsoni). L. ♂, 20. Range.—”Western North America from Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas 343. Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus). L. Range.—Eastern North America, breeds west to Plains, north to |
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340. Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo abbreviatus). L. ♂, Range.—Tropical America north to southern Texas, southern Arizona 344. Short-tailed Hawk (Buteo brachyurus). L. Range.—Tropical America, north to eastern Mexico; rare in Florida. 345. Mexican Black Hawk (Urubitinga anthracina). Range.—”Tropical America in general, north to central Arizona,
Range.—Northern South America, north to southern Texas, southern 363. Guadalupe Caracara (Polyborus lutosus). Range.—Guadalupe Island, west of Lower California. |
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341. Sennett White-tailed Hawk (Buteo albicaudatus Range.—”From southern Texas and Arizona south to Mexico.”
Range.—North America; breeds north of United States; winters
Range.—”Western North America from the Plains (east North Dakota 355. Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus). L. ♂, Range.—”United States from the eastern border of the Plains to the |
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349. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaëtos). L. ♂, 30-35; Range—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America south
Range.—North America breeding locally throughout its range, more 352a. Alaska Bald Eagle (H. l. alascanus). Similar Range.—Alaska. 353. White Gyrfalcon (Falco islandus). L. ♂, 22; Range.—Arctic regions, in America south in winter casually to
Range.—Arctic regions; south in winter to the northern border of 354a. Gyrfalcon (F. r. gyrfalco). Similar to Range.—”Northern Europe and Arctic America, from northern Labrador 354b. Black Gyrfalcon (F. r. obsoletus). Similar Range.—Labrador: south in winter to northern New England; casually |
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356. Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum). L. Range.—Western Hemisphere; breeds locally from Southern States 356a. Peale Falcon (F. p. pealei). Ads. Crown Range.—”Pacific coast region of North America from Oregon to the
Range.—North America; breeds chiefly north of United States from 357a. Black Merlin (F. c. suckleyi). Similar to Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka; east to 358. Richardson Merlin (Falco richardsonii). Resembles Range.—Interior of North America from eastern border of Great 359. Aplomado Falcon (Falco fusco-cærulescens). Range.—South and Central America north to southern border of the
Range.—Eastern North America west to Rocky Mountains; breeds |
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Range.—”Western United States, north to western British Columbia 360b. St. Lucas Sparrow Hawk (F. s. peninsularis). Range—Lower California (Cape Region only?) 365. Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl (Strix pratincola). Range.—United States north to Long Island, (rarely Massachusetts), 366. American Long-eared Owl (Asio wilsonianus). Range.—North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and 367. Short-eared Owl (Asio accipitrinus). L. 15.5. Range.—”Nearly cosmopolitan;” in America breeds locally from
Range.—Western North America from humid coast region east to 378a. Florida Burrowing Owl (S. c. floridana). Range.—Interior of southern Florida. |
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Range.—Eastern North America except Gulf Coast; north to Nova
Range.—Florida; north along coast to South Carolina; west along 368b. Texas Barred Owl (S. v. helveolum). Similar Range.—Southern Texas.
Range.—Western United States from southern Colorado and New 369a. Northern Spotted Owl (S. o. caurinum). Range.—Western Washington and British Columbia. 370. Great Gray Owl (Scotiaptex nebulosa). L. 27. Range.—North America; breeds north of Lat. 55°; winters south to 371. Richardson Owl (Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni). Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence |
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Range.—North America; breeds from mountains of Pennsylvania, 372a. Northwest Saw-whet Owl (N. a. scotæa). Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.
Range.—”Timbered regions of western North America, from southern
Range.—Humid coast region from Monterey, California, north to 379.1. Hoskin Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium hoskinsii). Range.—Southern Lower California. 380. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium phalænoides). Range.—Tropical America; from Brazil north to Mexican border of 381. Elf Owl (Micropallas whitneyi). L. 6. Smallest Range.—Tableland of Mexico from Puebla north to Mexican border |
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Range.—Eastern North America from Florida north to New Brunswick, 373a. Florida Screech Owl (M. a. floridanus). Range.—Florida, north along coast to South Carolina; west along
Range.—”From western and southern Texas across east border of 373c. California Screech Owl (M. a. bendirei). W. 6.6. A gray Range.—California and southern Oregon. 373d. Kennicott Screech Owl (M. a. kennicottii). Range.—Pacific coast from Oregon to Sitka. 373e. Rocky Mountain Screech Owl (M. a. maxwelliæ). Range.—”Foothills and adjacent plains of the east Rocky Mountains |
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Range.—”New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and western
Range.—”Plains, El Paso County, Colorado, south probably to 373h. MacFarlane Screech Owl (M. a. macfarlanei). Range.—”Eastern Washington and Oregon to western Montana 373.1. Spotted Screech Owl (Megascops trichopsis). Range.—Southern Arizona and southward into northern Mexico. 373.2. Xantus Screech Owl (Megascops xantusi). Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.
Range.—Mountains of Guatemala north to Colorado (11 specimens, 374a. Dwarf Screech Owl (M. f. idahoensis). Similar Range.—Idaho, eastern Oregon and California (San Bernardino |
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Range.—Eastern North America; north to Labrador, south to Central 375a. Western Horned Owl (B. v. pallescens). Range.—Western United States, except Pacific coast region, east
Range.—Interior of Arctic America, from Rocky Mountains east to
Range.—”Pacific coast region from Monterey Bay, California, 375d. Pacific Horned Owl (B. v. pacificus). Somewhat Range.—California, except humid coast region; east to Arizona. 375e. Dwarf Horned Owl (B. v. elachistus). Similar Range.—Lower California. 376. Snowy Owl (Nyctea nyctea). L. 25. Ad. ♂. Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America breeds 377a. American Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula caparoch). Range.—Northern North America: breeds from Newfoundland and |
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| Family 1. | PARROTS and PAROQUETS. | Psittacidæ. | 2 species. |
Parrots are found throughout the warmer parts of the earth. About
one hundred and fifty of the some five hundred known species inhabit
America. The Carolina Paroquet, practically the only member
of this family found in the United States, since the Thick-billed Parrot
barely reaches our border in Arizona, was once an abundant bird
in the Southern States, but it is now restricted to a few localities in
Florida and possibly Indian Territory.
| Family 1. | CUCKOOS, ANIS, etc. | Cuculidæ. | 5 species 2 subspecies. |
| Family 2. | TROGONS. | Trogonidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 3. | KINGFISHERS. | Alcedinidæ. | 2 species. |
The Cuckoos are a group of world-wide distribution, but are more
numerous in the eastern than in the western hemisphere where only
thirty-five of the some one hundred and seventy-five species are found.
The habit of the European Cuckoo in placing its eggs in the nest of
other birds is well known. The American species, however, build
nests of their own though it is true they are far from well made structures.
With the Anis one nest serves for several females who may deposit
as many as thirty eggs, incubation and the care of the young
being subsequently shared by the members of this singular family.
Trogons are found in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds.
They are quiet, sedentary birds inhabiting forests and feeding largely
on fruit. So far as is known they nest in hollow trees.
Only eight of the one hundred and eighty or more known Kingfishers
are found in America, the remaining species being confined to
the Old World where they are most numerous in the Malay Archipelago.
382.1. Thick-billed Parrot (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha). Range—Central Mexico north rarely to southern Arizona. 382. Carolina Paroquet (Conurus carolinensis). L. Range.—Formerly eastern United States, north to Maryland, Great |
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383. Ani (Crotophaga ani). Resembling No. 384 Range eastern South America; north to West Indies and Bahamas,
Range.—Northwestern South America, north through Mexico to 385. Road-runner (Geococcyx californianus). L. 23. Range central Mexico north, rarely to southwestern Kansas,
Range.—Northern South America, north through Central America, 386a. Maynard Cuckoo (C. m. maynardi). Similar Range.—Bahamas and (eastern?) Florida Keys.
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to New 387a. California Cuckoo (C. a. occidentalis). Similar Range.—Western North America; north to southern British Columbia; 388. Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythrophthalmus). Range.—Eastern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds |
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389. Coppery-tailed Trogon (Trogon ambiguus). Range.—Southern Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande and Arizona. 390. Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). L. 13. Range.—North America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and California 391. Texas Kingfisher (Ceryle americana septentrionalis). Range.—Tropical America, from Panama north to southern Texas. |
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| Family 1. | WOODPECKERS. | Picidæ. | 24 species, 22 subspecies. |
The some three hundred and fifty known species of Woodpeckers are
distributed throughout the wooded parts of the world, except in Australia
and Madagascar, nearly one half of this number being found in
the New World. Feeding largely upon the eggs and larvæ of insects,
which they can obtain at all seasons, most of the North American
species are not highly migratory but are represented in the more northern
parts of their range at all times of the year.
Woodpeckers nest in holes in trees generally excavated by themselves.
The eggs, four to eight or nine in number, like those of most
birds that lay in covered situations, are pure white. The young are
born naked and are reared in the nest.
In few birds is the close relation between structure and habit more
strikingly illustrated than in the Woodpeckers. Their lengthened toes
placed two before and two behind (except in one genus) and armed
with strong nails enable them readily to grasp the bark of trees up
which they climb. Their stiffened, pointed tail-feathers are also of
assistance to them in retaining their position on tree trunks, serving as
a prop on which they may rest while chiseling out their homes or laying
bare the tunnels of the grubs of wood boring beetles. For this
purpose they use their bill, a marvellously effective tool with which
some of the large Woodpeckers perform astonishing feats. I have
seen an opening made by a Pileated Woodpecker in a white pine tree,
twelve inches long, four inches wide, and eight inches deep, through
perfectly sound wood to reach the larvæ at work in the heart of the
tree. The bill is also used as a musical instrument, the ‘song’ of
Woodpeckers being a rolling tattoo produced by rapid tappings on
some resonant limb.
As might be supposed the Woodpeckers are great of economic value.
Professor Beal states that at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the
food of our common Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers consists chiefly
of noxious insects.
392. Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis). Range.—Florida west to eastern Texas; north to southern Missouri 400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus). Range.—”Northern North America, from the Arctic regions south to
Range.—Northern North America; west to Rocky Mountains;
Range.—”Alaska Territory; casually? south through western 401 b. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a. dorsalis). Range.—”Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia and
Range.—Southern United States, north to South Carolina. 405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker (C. p. abieticola). Range.—Locally distributed throughout more heavily wooded |
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Range.—Eastern United States from North Carolina to Canada.
Range.—British America north to Alaska. 393b. Southern Hairy Woodpecker (D. v. audubonii). Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to South Carolina.
Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia. 393d. Cabanis Woodpecker (D. v. hyloscopus). Range.—California, east to Arizona. 393e. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker (D. v. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from northern New Mexico north 393f. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker (D. v. picoideus) Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.
Range.—South Carolina, Georgia, and Gulf States to Texas.
Range.—Pacific coast from northern California north to British
Range.—”Rocky Mountain region of the United States.” (A. O.
Range.—Eastern North America south to South Carolina. 394d. Alaskan Downy Woodpecker (D. p. nelsoni). Range.—Alaska. |
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394e. Willow Woodpecker (D. p. turati). Similar Range.—”California, except: desert ranges and eastern slope of 395. Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Dryobates borealis). Range.—Southern United States; west to eastern Texas; north to
Range.—Northern Mexico, north to Texas boundary, New Mexico, 396a. Saint Lucas Woodpecker (D. s. lucasanus). Range.—Lower California, north, rarely to Colorado Desert, California. 397. Nuttall Woodpecker (Dryobates nuttallii). Range.—Northern Lower California, north locally, to southern 398. Arizona Woodpecker (Dryobates arizonæ). Range.—Northwestern Mexico north to southern Arizona and 399. White-headed Woodpecker (Xenopicus albolarvatus). Range.—Mountains of western United States from southern California |
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Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts and 402a. Red-naped Sapsucker (S. v. nuchalis). Similar Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from Colorado and northeastern
Range.—Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north 403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker (S. r. Range.—Pacific coast region from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, 404. Williamson Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus). Range.—Higher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds 408. Lewis Woodpecker (Asyndesmus torquatus). Range.—Western United States; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, |
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406. Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). Range.—Eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains: breeds
Range.—Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona. 407a. Californian Woodpecker (M. f. bairdi). Range.—Pacific coast region from northern California to southern 407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker (M. f. angustifrons). Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 409. Red-bellied Woodpecker (Centurus carolinus). Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from 410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Centurus aurifrons). Range.—Mexico, north to central Texas. 411. Gila Woodpecker (Centurus uropygialis). L. Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico, |
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Range.—Southeastern United States north to South Carolina.
Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains and
Range.—Western United States, except northwest coast region; 413a. Northwestern Flicker (C. c. saturatior). Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from Oregon north to southern
Range.—”Central and southern Arizona from Lat. 34° to southern 414a. Brown Flicker (C. c. brunnescens). Similar Range.—Lower California north of Lat. 30°. 415. Guadalupe Flicker (Colaptes rufipileus). Similar Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. |
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| Family 1. | GOATSUCKERS. | Caprimulgidæ. | 6 species, 6 subspecies. |
| Family 2. | SWIFTS. | Micropodidæ. | 4 species. |
| Family 3. | HUMMINGBIRDS. | Trochilidæ. | 17 species. |
The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning. They
live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous
mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting. Our
species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare ground
or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can follow
their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight. Goatsuckers
are noted for their singular calls, most of the species uttering
loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are especially effective.
Swifts are birds of world-wide distribution; about half the seventy-five
known species being found in America. They are pre-eminently
birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds can surpass
them in power of flight, but with feet so weak and small that
many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when resting, cling to
a vertical surface and use their tail to aid their feet in supporting
themselves. Their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and
constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in number, are white.
Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from
Patagonia to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five hundred
known species are found in the Andean region of Columbia and Ecuador.
Only one species is found east of the Mississippi, and nine
of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our Mexican
border.
Hummingbirds nests are the most exquisite of birds’ homes.
Their eggs, so far as is known, number two, and are pure white. The
young are born naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least,
spend about three weeks in the nest.
The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to
be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and excited
chipperings.
416. Chuck-will’s-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis). Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to Virginia
Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from 417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will (A. v. macromystax). Range.—”Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south
Range.—Western United States; breeds from Kansas, Nebraska, 418a. Frosted Poor-will (P. n. nitidus). Similar Range.—”Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas south to 418b. California Poor-will (P. n. californicus). Range.—Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte County; |
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419. Merrill Parauque (Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli). Range.—Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of
Range.—Eastern United States, chiefly, breeds from Florida to 420a. Western Nighthawk (C. v. henryi). Similar Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, wintering south
Range.—Florida, west along Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south in 420c. Sennett Nighthawk (C. v. sennetti). Similar Range.—Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the 421. Texan Nighthawk (Chordeiles acutipennis texensis). Range.—Central America; breeding north to southern Texas, southern |
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422. Black Swift (Cypseloides niger borealis). L. 7; Range.—Breeds from Central America north, in mountains of
Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from 424. Vaux Swift (Chætura vauxii). L. 4.5; W. 4.4. Range.—Western United States; breeds on Pacific coast, locally, 425. White-throated Swift (Aëronautes melanoleucus). Range.—Western United States; east to western Nebraska and |
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426. Rivoli Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens). L. Range.—Nicaragua, north in mountains to mountains of southeastern 429. Black-chinned Hummingbird (Trochilus alexandri). Range.—Western United States; breeds from San Antonio, Texas, 430. Costa Hummingbird (Calypte costæ). L. 3.1. Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeds north throughout Lower 437. Lucifer Hummingbird (Calothorax lucifer). Range.—”From western Texas and southern Arizona south to the 440. Xantus Hummingbird (Basilinna xantusi). Range.—Lower California, north to Lat. 29°; most common in |
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427. Blue-throated Hummingbird (Cœligena clemenciæ). Range.—Southern Mexico north. In mountains to mountains of
Range.—Northern South America; north, rarely, to Lower Rio 439. Buff-bellied Hummingbird (Amazilis cerviniventris Range.—Central America, north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande 440.1. White-eared Hummingbird (Basilinna leucotis). Range.—Nicaragua 441. Broad-billed Hummingbird (Iache latirostris). Range.—Southern Mexico; breeds north through mountains to 428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Trochilus colubris). Range.—Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds |
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431. Anna Hummingbird (Calypte annæ). L. 3.6. Range.—Western United States, from northern Lower California 432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus). Range.—Rocky Mountains: west, rarely to eastern California;
Range.—Western United States; breeds from the higher mountains 434. Allen Hummingbird (Selasphorus alleni). L. Range.—Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British 435. Morcom Hummingbird (Atthis morcomi). Range.—Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (known from one 436. Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope). Range.—Mountains of western United States; breeds north to |
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| Family 1. | FLYCATCHERS. | Tyrannidæ. | 32 species, 7 subspecies. |
| Family 2. | LARKS. | Alaudidæ. | 1 species, 13 subspecies. |
| Family 3. | CROWS AND JAYS. | Corvidæ. | 21 species, 14 subspecies. |
| Family 4. | BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. | Icteridæ. | 18 species, 14 subspecies. |
| Family 5. | FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. | Fringillidæ. | 87 species, 92 subspecies. |
| Family 6. | TANAGERS. | Tanagridæ. | 4 species, 1 subspecies. |
| Family 7. | SWALLOWS. | Hirundinidæ. | 9 species, 2 subspecies. |
| Family 8. | WAXWINGS. | Ampelidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 9. | SHRIKES. | Laniidæ. | 2 species, 3 subspecies. |
| Family 10. | VIREOS. | Vireonidæ. | 13 species, 10 subspecies. |
| Family 11. | WARBLERS. | Mniotiltidæ. | 55 species, 18 subspecies. |
| Family 12. | WAGTAILS. | Motacillidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 13. | DIPPERS. | Cinclidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 14. | WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. | Troglodytidæ. | 26 species, 24 subspecies. |
| Family 15. | CREEPERS. | Certhiidæ. | 1 species, 4 subspecies. |
| Family 16. | NUTHATCHES AND TITS. | Paridæ. | 21 species, 20 subspecies. |
| Family 17. | KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. | Sylviidæ. | 7 species, 3 subspecies. |
| Family 18. | THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. | Turdidæ. | 13 species, 14 subspecies. |
The North American members of the Order PASSERES are placed
in two Suborders, the Clamatores, or so-called Songless Perching Birds,
which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder Oscines, or Singing
Perching Birds, which includes all our remaining Perching Birds.
While the Flycatchers are therefore technically classed as songless
birds, it does not follow that they have no songs. Sing they do, but
because of the less developed condition of their voice-producing organ,
they cannot give utterance to the longer and more musical songs of
the Oscines, which are supplied with a better musical instrument.
The Flycatchers, (Family Tyrannidæ) number somewhat over
three hundred and fifty species, and are found only in America, where
they are most abundant in the tropics. Feeding almost exclusively on
insects, those species which visit the United States are of necessity
migratory, not more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest
with us, remaining in the United States during the winter, and these
are found only on our southern borders.
Flycatchers as a rule, capture their prey on the wing. When perching,
their pose is usually erect and hawk-like. They often raise their
crown feathers, which in many species are somewhat lengthened, a
habit giving them a certain big-headed appearance.
Flycatchers are most useful birds. The food of the Kingbird, for
example, a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey bees,
has been found to consist of 90 per cent. insects, mostly injurious species,
while only fourteen out of two hundred and eighty-one stomachs
contained the remains of honey bees; forty of the fifty bees found being
drones.
The true Larks, (Family Alaudidæ) are chiefly Old World birds, the
Skylark being the best known member of the Family. In America we
have only the Horned or Shore Larks, one species of which shows so
much climatic variation in color throughout its wide range, that no less
than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in
the United States.
The Horned Lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less
common in the Atlantic States than westward. Like the Skylark it
sings in the air, but its vocal powers are limited and not to be compared
with those of its famous relative.
The Crows and Jays, (Family Corvidæ) number about two hundred
species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere.
To this family belong the Raven, Rook, Magpie and Jackdaw, all birds
of marked intelligence; and our Crows and Jays are fully worthy of
being classed with these widely known and distinguished members of
their family.
The Crows and Jays, by varying their food with the season, are rarely
at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are represented
throughout their ranges at all times of the year. In the more
northern parts of their homes, however, some of these birds are
[Pg_164]
migratory, and Crows, as is well known, gather in great flocks during
the winter, returning each night to a roost frequented, in some
instances, by two or three hundred thousand Crows.
While the Crows and Jays are technically ‘Song Birds’ their voices
are far from musical. Nevertheless they possess much range of
expression and several species learn to enunciate words with more
or less ease.
The Starlings, (Family Sturnidæ) are Old World birds represented
in America only by the European Starling which was introduced into
Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now common in the surrounding
country.
The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks, (Family Icteridæ) number
about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New
World. The Blackbirds are most numerous in North America, where,
migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies, they become
among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds.
The Orioles are most numerous in the tropics, where some thirty
species are known. Apparently all of them are remarkable as nest
builders, the large Cassiques, nearly related, great yellow and black
birds, weaving pouches three and four feet long, several dozen of
which, all occupied, may be seen swinging from the branches of a
single tree.
The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, etc., (Family Fringillidæ) number
nearly six hundred species, a greater number than is contained in any
other family of birds. They are distributed throughout the world,
except in the Australian region, some ninety odd species inhabiting
North America.
Varying widely in color, the Fringillidæ all agree in possessing
stout, conical bills, which are of service to them in crushing the seeds
on which they feed so largely.
The streaked, brownish Sparrows, often so difficult of identification,
are usually inhabitants of plains, fields, or marshes, where they are
rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors. The more gayly attired
Grosbeaks, Buntings, Cardinals etc., frequent trees or bushy growths,
where their plumage either harmonizes with their surroundings or
where they have the protection afforded by the vegetation.
Most of the members of this family are good singers, some of them
[Pg_165]
indeed being noted for their powers of song. They are less migratory
than insect-eating birds and some species are with us at all seasons.
Their abundance, musical gifts, and constant presence render them,
from the field student’s point of view, highly important members of
the great class Aves.
From an economic standpoint the Fringillidæ are no less deserving
of our esteem. Some species are of incalculable
value as destroyers of the seeds of noxious weeds. Fifteen hundred seeds have been
found in the stomach of one Snowflake or Snowbunting, and it has
been estimated by Professor Beal, of the Biological Survey of the
United States Department of Agriculture, that during the winter
season, in the single State of Iowa, where his studies were made,
Tree Sparrows devour no less than 875 tons of weed seeds, chiefly
of the ragweed.
The Tanagers, (Family Tanagridæ) are found only in the New
World, where they are most numerously represented in the tropics.
As a family they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors; the
common, but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad
being in no small part due to the abundance of Tanagers and beauty of
their plumage.
Only five of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach
the United States and these are migratory, coming to us in the spring
and returning to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers, as a rule, are not
possessed of much vocal ability, our species ranking high in their family
as songsters, the notes of many species being far less musical.
Like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many Tanagers undergo
striking changes in color with age and season. The male of our
Scarlet Tanager, for example, is olive-green with black wing-coverts
during his first winter, the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the
following spring. It is worn, however, only during the nesting season
after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired,
the wings and tail, however, remaining black.
Swallows, (Family Hirundinidæ) are of world-wide distribution, and
as might be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of
flight, many of the species have unusually extended ranges. Our Barn
Swallow, for example, is found throughout North America in summer,
and in the winter it migrates as far south as southern Brazil.
Birds of the air, the aërial habits of Swallows are reflected in their
[Pg_166]
long wings and small, weak feet; while their small bills and broad,
widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding.
In spite of their poor equipment of tools, Swallows take high rank
as nest builders, and it is interesting to observe that although the birds
are structurally much alike, their nests often differ widely in character.
Compare for instance, the mud-made dwellings of the Barn and Cliff
Swallows with the tunneled hole of the Bank Swallow and one realizes
how little the character of a bird’s home may depend on the structure
of it’s builder.
The food of Swallows, remarks Professor Beal, “consists of many
small species of beetles which are much on the wing, many species of
diptera (mosquitoes and their allies), with large quantities of flying
ants and a few insects of similar kinds. Most of them are either injurious
or annoying, and the numbers destroyed by Swallows are not
only beyond calculation, but almost beyond imagination.”
The true Waxwings, (Family Ampelidæ) number only three species
with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. Their
notes, as a rule are limited to a few unmusical calls, which, with our
Cedar Waxwing, are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly.
Waxwings are found in small flocks during the greater part of the
year and roam about the country as though they were quite as much at
home in one place as in another, provided food be plenty. Small fruits,
chiefly wild ones, constitute their usual fare, but they also feed on
insects, the injurious elm beetle being among their victims.
The Shrikes, (Family Laniidæ) are represented in America by only
two species, the remaining two hundred or more members of this family
being found in the Old World. Shrikes are noted for their singular habit
of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed growths,
or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch of a limb. This proceeding
enables them to tear it to pieces more readily, for it will be observed
that while Shrikes have a hawk-like bill, their feet are comparatively
weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance to them in dissecting
their food.
Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, feeds chiefly on small birds
and mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a great destroyer
of grasshoppers and he also eats lizards and small snakes.
The Vireos, (Family Vireonidæ) number fifty species, all American.
[Pg_167]
They search the foliage carefully for leaf-eating insects and their
eggs, and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious
wood-boring insects. They are therefore unusually beneficial birds.
Bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the
Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family.
They are, however, as a rule, more deliberate in their motions and not
such active flutterers as are many of the Warblers. They are also
more musical, all the Vireos having characteristic songs, which if not
always highly musical, are generally noticeable, pronounced and unmistakable.
The nests of all our Vireos are pendant, deeply cup-shaped structures
usually hung between the forks of a crotch, to the arms of which
they are most skilfully woven.
The Warblers, (Family Mniotiltidæ) like the Vireos are distinctly
American birds, indeed they may be called characteristic North American
birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found north of
Mexico. Between thirty and forty species of these active, beautiful
little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a single locality
in the Eastern States and they therefore constitute an exceedingly
important element in our bird-life. Most of them come in May at the
height of the spring migration; when the woods often swarm with them
as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect food. The larger
number of them pass onward to their northern homes and in September
they return to us in increased numbers.
The beauty of their plumage, the briefness but regularity of their
visits, the rarity of certain species, combine to make the Warblers especially
attractive to the field student and their charms are heightened
by the difficulty with which many of them are identified. Study them
as we may there are still species which have escaped us.
By far the larger number of Warblers may be described as flutterers
that feed agilely about the terminal branches, (genera Dendroica and
Helminthophila); others are true flycatchers, so far as feeding habit is
concerned, (genera Setophaga and Wilsonia,) while others still feed in
the undergrowth or on the ground, (genera Geothlypis and Seiurus).
Insects constitute almost their entire fare and they are among our
most beneficial birds.
Most of the Wagtails (Family Motacillidæ), are inhabitants of the
[Pg_168]
Old World, only three of the sixty odd species being found in this
country. Our Pipit or Titlark is our best known, most widely distributed
species.
Like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging or tipping
its tail both when walking (for it should be noted that these birds
are ground-inhabiting and walkers) and at rest.
The Dippers (Family Cinclidæ) though numbering only twelve
species are distributed throughout the larger part of the world from
the Andes of South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia
and Africa.
Everywhere they are haunters of streams, usually dashing mountain
torrents, over and under which they seem equally at home. Darting
into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the
bottom with perfect ease, their thick, dense plumage evidently forming
a water-proof covering. Their nests are great balls of moss often
placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of
spray. The opening, however, is at the side, and the eggs and young
are well protected by an effective roof.
The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds, (Family Troglodytidæ)
form two well defined subfamilies. The Wrens, (Subfamily Troglodytinæ)
number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of
which are confined to America. The Thrashers and Mockingbirds,
(Subfamily Miminæ) number some fifty species, all of which are confined
to America.
As their dull, neutral colors would lead us to suppose, both Wrens
and Thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the
tree-tops, and while they may seek an elevated perch whence to deliver
their song, their food is secured and their time consequently largely
passed near or on the ground.
Few families of birds contain so many noted musicians, nearly every
member of this family being a singer of more than usual ability.
The Creepers, (Family Certhiidæ) number twelve species, only
one of which is found in America. This, however has a wide range
and, presenting more or less climatic variation in color, is recognized
under several subspecific names. Its habits, nevertheless, are much
the same everywhere. It climbs the trees of the mountains of Mexico
or of California with the same ceaseless energy it shows in Maine.
The sharply-pointed, stiffened tail-feathers of the Creeper are of
evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here and there to pick
[Pg_169]
out an insect’s egg from the bark. The same type of tail feather is
shown by Woodpeckers, an excellent illustration of similar structure
accompanying similar habits in birds not at all closely related.
The Nuthatches and Titmice, (Family Paridæ), like the Wrens and
Thrashers, belong in two well marked Subfamilies; The Nuthatches,
(Subfamily Sittinæ) number about twenty species, only four of which
inhabit America; the Titmice, (Subfamily Parinæ) number some seventy-five
species, of which thirteen are American.
Nuthatches are tree-creepers, but climbing up or down with equal
ease, their tail is not employed as a prop, and consequently shows no
special development of pointed or stiffened feathers. Their toes,
however, are long, and their nails large and strong, evidently giving
them a firm grip on the bark of trees.
The Chickadees are generally resident birds and, as a rule, whatever
species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the
year. We therefore become better acquainted with some of these
lairds than with others which are with us only a short season. This is
especially true of our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which comes
familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts and
suet which we spread for him at that season.
Feeding largely on the eggs or larvæ of insects particularly injurious
to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are of great value to man.
The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers, (Family Sylviidæ)
number about one hundred and twenty-five species, which are
divided among the following well-defined subfamilies: The Kinglets,
(Subfamily Regulinæ) seven species, three of which are American; the
Gnatcatchers, (Subfamily Polioptilinæ) some fifteen species, all American;
the Old World Warblers, (Subfamily Sylviinæ) about one hundred
species, all Old World except one which inhabits the Bering Sea coast
of Alaska.
The Kinglets are small, olive green birds which may be mistaken for
Warblers but, aside from structural differences not evident in the field,
they may be known by their smaller size, greater tameness, and habit
of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals. One of our
species, the Ruby-crown, possesses a remarkably loud, clear, and musical
song, a surprising performance for so tiny a songster. Kinglets
build large nests of moss and feathers and lay as many as ten eggs.
The Gnatcatchers are small, slender, grayish birds which once well
seen will not be confused with other species. The Gnatcatchers, like
the Kinglets, are architects of more than usual ability, building a nest
beautifully covered with lichens.
[Pg_170]
The Thrushes, (Family Turdidæ) are variously classified by different
ornithologists, but under the ruling of the American Ornithologists’
Union they are grouped in the same family with the Bluebird, Solitaires,
and Stonechats. This family numbers about three hundred species,
of which about one-half are true Thrushes (Subfamily Turdinæ). The
members of this subfamily are, as a rule, fine singers, many of them
being among the best known song birds, and from a musical point of
view the group, as a whole, is usually given the first place among birds.
If, however, all the fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well
as the four species it has been my privilege to hear, I am assured that
no one would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be
awarded singing birds.
In the succeeding pages, the five hundred and fifty odd species and
subspecies included in the preceding families of the Order Passeres are
grouped according to some obvious color character in order to facilitate
their identification in life. A satisfactory arrangement of this kind is
out of the question. Lines sharply separating the groups proposed do not
exist and some species appear to fit in one section as well as in
another. Nevertheless, it is hoped that in most instances, the system
will be found to serve the purpose intended. Under its ruling our
Perching Birds are grouped as follows:
- With red markings.
- With blue markings.
- With orange or yellow markings.
- With reddish brown or chestnut markings, chiefly in the form of
patches or uniformly colored areas. - Brownish, generally streaked birds.
- Dull, inconspicuously colored birds, without prominent markings.
- Gray, black, or black and white birds.
While the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds I
would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement
of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural
characters. (see page 2.)
Having identified a bird, its family may always be determined by referring
to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the
book; and the more important characters of its Order and Family will
be found in the synopsis of Orders and Families beginning on page 9.
607. Louisiana Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana). Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific;
Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains: breeds from 609. Hepatic Tanager (Piranga hepatica). L. 7.8. Range.—From Guatemala north in spring to New Mexico and Arizona;
Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from 610a. Cooper Tanager (P. r. cooperi). Similar Range.—”Breeds from southwestern Texas to the Colorado Valley, |
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Range.—Eastern United States; resident from northern Florida and
Range.—Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico. 593b. Saint Lucas Cardinal (C. c. igneus). Similar Range.—Southern Lower California.
Range.—Texas, except western and northeastern parts, and northeastern
Range.—Southern half of Florida.
Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to western Texas, southwestern 594a. Texas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. texana). Similar 594b. Saint Lucas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. peninsulæ). Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. |
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Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick 515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak (P. e. montana). Range.—”Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and
Range.—Higher parts of “Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer 515c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak (P. e. alascensis). Range.—”Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breeding 515d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak (P. e. flammula). Range.—”Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska.”
Range.—Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from 521a. Mexican Crossbill (L. c. stricklandi). Similar to Range.—”Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra |
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522. White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera). Range.—Northern North America; breeds from northern New
Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds in the mountains of California; |
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518. Cassin Purple Finch (Carpodacus cassini). L. Range.—Western United States, east to the eastern base of the
Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the 519b. St. Lucas House Finch (C. m. ruberrimus). Range.—Southern Lower California. 519c. San Clemente House Finch (C. m. clementis). Range.—Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island, 520. Guadalupe House Finch (Carpodacus amplus). Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 520.1 San Benito House Finch (Carpodacus mcgregori). Range.—San Benito Island, Lower California. |
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Range.—Breeds in Greenland; winters south to Labrador. 527a. Hoary Redpoll (A. h. exilipes). Similar to Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; in America, winters south irregularly
Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, 528a. Holbœll Redpoll (A. l. holbœllii). Similar Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, 528b. Greater Redpoll (A. l. rostrata). Similar to Range.—”Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south in
Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the 749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelli). Similar to Range.—Pacific coast; breeds In southern Alaska; winters southward |
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750. Dusky Kinglet (Regulus obscurus). Similar to Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. —European Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis). L. 5.50. Range.—Introduced in this country near Hoboken, N. J., in 1878; 443. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). Range.—Central America and Mexico; breeds through Texas north 471. Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubineus Range.—Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern 688. Painted Redstart (Setophaga picta). L. 5.4. Range—Mexican Plateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona. 690. Red-faced Warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons). Range.—From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to southern |
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Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north
Range.—Lower Colorado Valley in California and Arizona, southern 498b. Bahaman Red-wing (A. p. bryanti). Similar Range.—Bahamas and southern Florida. 498c. Florida Red-wing (A. p. floridanus). Similar Range.—Florida, except extreme southern portion; west along 498d. Thick-billed Red-wing (A. p. fortis). Similar Range.—Breeds on Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interior 498e. San Diego Red-wing (A. p. neutralis). Similar Range.—Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south 498f. Northwestern Red-wing (A. p. caurinum). Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia; |
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499. Bicolored Blackbird (Agelaius gubernator Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California 500. Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor). Range.—Northern Lower California north to southern Oregon; local 523. Aleutian Leucosticte (Leucosticte griseonucha). Range.—Islands of Bering Sea (resident); in winter, Shumagin
Range.—Western United States; breeds in higher parts of Sierra
Range.—Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia; 525. Black Leucosticte (Leucosticte atrata). Similar Range.—Breeds on higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming; 526. Brown-capped Leucosticte (Leucosticte australis). Range.—Breeds in mountains of Colorado at about 12000 feet altitude, |
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599. Lazuli Bunting (Cyanospiza amœna). L. 5.5. Range.—Western United States, east to western Kansas; breeds
Range.—Mexico; breeding north to southern Texas and southern 600a. Beautiful Bunting (C. v. pulchra). Similar to Range.—Southern Lower California. 601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil (Cyanospiza Range.—Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolina,
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut, 654a. Cairns Warbler (D. c. cairnsi). Similar to Range.—Breeds in higher portions of southern Alleghanies; winters |
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658. Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea). L. 5. Range.—Mississippi Valley, breeding north to Minnesota and east
Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf north to 597a. Western Blue Grosbeak (G. c. lazula). Similar Range.—Western United States; breeds from Mexico north to
Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains, casually to Colorado; |
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Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to 766a. Azure Bluebird (S. s. azurea). Similar to Range.—Mountains of eastern Mexico north to southern Arizona.
Range.—Pacific coast region from northern Lower California north 767a. Chestnut-backed Bluebird (S. m. bairdi). Range.—Rocky Mountain region from Wyoming south into Mexico. 767b. San Pedro Bluebird (S. m. anabelæ). Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. 768. Mountain Bluebird (Sialia arctica). L. 7.5. Range.—Western United States, except Pacific coast; breeds from |
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Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from 477a. Florida Blue Jay (C. c. florincola). Similar Range.—Florida and Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas.
Range.—Northern Mexico, north to southern New Mexico and 482a. Couch Jay (A. s. couchi). Similar to Range.—”Eastern Mexico, extending to western Texas in the Chisos 492. Pinon Jay (Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus). L. Range.—Western North America, from New Mexico and Lower |
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Range.—Florida; confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of
Range.—Western United States (chiefly Great Basin region), from
Range.—”Mexican tableland north casually to Sutton County, 480.2. Texan Jay (Aphelocoma texana). Similar to Range.—”Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Counties
Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to 481a. Xantus Jay (A. c. hypoleuca). Similar to Range.—Lower California, north to Lat. 28°. 481b. Belding Jay (A. c. obscura). Similar to Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. 481.1. Santa Cruz Jay (Aphelocoma insularis). Range.—Santa Cruz Island, California. |
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Range.—Pacific coast from Monterey, California, north to near
Range.—”Southern coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of California
Range.—”Southern Rocky Mountains; north to southern Wyoming; 478c. Black-headed Jay (C. s. annectens). Between Range.—Northern Rocky Mountain region from northern Utah and 478d. Queen Charlotte Jay (C. s. carlottæ). Similar Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 483. Green Jay (Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens). Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south into northeastern |
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503. Audubon Oriole (Icterus audubonii). L. 9.5. Range.—Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande; casually as far as 504. Scott Oriole (Icterus parisorum). L. 8; B. .95; Range.—Mexican tableland, migrating north to western Texas,
Range.—Mexico; migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters 505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole (I. c. nelsoni). Similar Range.—Northwestern Mexico and Lower California, migrating
Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; 508. Bullock Oriole (Icterus bullocki). L. 7.5. Range.—Western North America, from Mexico north to Assiniboia |
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637. Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea). Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north 651. Olive Warbler (Dendroica olivacea). L. 5.2. Range.—Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico north to mountains of 662. Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica blackburniæ). Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England 687. Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). L. 5.4. Ad. Range.—North America; rare on the Pacific coast; breeds from
Range.—North America; breeds from northern United States northward, 748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet (R. s. Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from the higher Sierra Nevada |
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666. Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). Range.—Western central and southern Texas and south through
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut and 668. Townsend Warbler (Dendroica townsendi). Range.—Western North America; breeds from mountains of southern 669. Hermit Warbler (Dendroica occidentalis). L. Range.—Western United States; breeds in high mountains 684. Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia mitrata). L. 5.7. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, |
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531. Lawrence Goldfinch (Astragalinus lawrencei). Range—California, west of the Sierra; breeds from northern Lower
Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey 678. Connecticut Warbler (Geothlypis agilis). L. Range.—Eastern North America, north to Maine and Manitoba;
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England,
Range.—Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the |
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Range.—Western United States; breeding in higher mountains 656a. Black-fronted Warbler (D. a. nigrifrons). Range.—Mountains of northern Mexico north to southern Arizona. 657. Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica maculosa). L. Range.—Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies;
Range.—Southeastern United States; breeds from Florida north to 663a. Sycamore Warbler (D. d. albilora). Similar to Range.—Mississippi Valley; breeds from Texas north to 664. Grace Warbler (Dendroica graciæ). L. 5. Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to New Mexico, southwestern |
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686. Canadian Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis). Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, central 640. Bachman Warbler (Helminthophila bachmanii). Range.—Southeastern United States, west to Louisiana, north to
Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut 670. Kirtland Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandi). L. Range.—Eastern United States; has been found from April to October 671. Pine Warbler (Dendroica vigorsii). L. 5.5. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf States north to |
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696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail (Budytes flavus leucostriatus). Range.—China, Eastern Siberia, and Bering Sea portion of eastern
Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rockies; breeds from 529a. Western Goldfinch (A. t. pallidus). Similar to Range.—Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico north to 529b. California Goldfinch (A. t. salicamans). Range.—California, west of the Sierra, south to Lower California,
Range.—Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific; 530b. Mexican Goldfinch (A. p. mexicanus). Resembles Range.—Mexico, north to southern Texas. |
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Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, northeastern
Range.—Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky 685b. Golden Pileolated Warbler (W. p. chryseola). Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to 677. Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa). L. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to
Range.—”Atlantic Coast district of United States; breeding in Virginia,
Range.—Arid western United States; east to western portions of |
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681b. Florida Yellow-throat (G. t. ignota). Similar Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf Coast districts of United States
Range.—”Pacific Coast district, from British Columbia southward;
Range.—Northeastern United States from northern New Jersey to 681e. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat (G. t. sinuosa). Range.—Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. 682. Belding Yellow-throat (Geothlypis beldingi). Range.—Lower California. 682.1. Rio Grande Yellow-throat (Geothlypis poliocephala). Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into |
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Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York, 645a. Calaveras Warbler (H. r. gutturalis). Similar Range.—Western United States; breeds on high mountains, from
Range.—Breeds in south Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas 648a. Northern Parula Warbler (C. a. usneæ). Range.—Breeds in New England, New York and west along the 649. Sennett Warbler (Compsothlypis nigrilora). Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley south into eastern Mexico.
Range.—Southern border of the United States and northern Mexico 746a. Baird Verdin (A. f. lamprocephalus). Similar Range.—Lower California. |
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650. Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina). L. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England,
Range.—North America, except Alaska, Pacific coast from Vancouver 652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler (D. æ. sonorana). Range—Northern Mexico; breeding north to western Texas and 652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler (D. æ. rubiginosa). Range.—Breeds on Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and in 653. Mangrove Warbler (Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps). Range.—Cape Region of Lower California and Pacific coast of Central
Range—Eastern North America; breeds in interior of British America |
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672a. Yellow Palm Warbler (D. p. hypochrysea). Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Nova Scotia northward, 673. * Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor). L. 4.7. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Massachusetts, Lawrence Warbler (Helminthophila lawrencei). Resembles 641. Brewster Warbler (Helminthophila leucobronchialis). 644. Virginia Warbler (Helminthophila virginiæ). Range.—Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely
Range.—Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies; |
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659. Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica). Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey 604. Dickcissel (Spiza americana). L. 6.2. Ad. Range.—Middle United States east of the Rockies, west of Alleghanies, 618. Bohemian Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus). L. Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; breeds in far 619. Cedar Waxwing (Ampelis cedrorum). L. 7. Range.—North America: breeds from Virginia and the highlands of 628. Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons). L. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to 683. Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens). L. 7.5; Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico 683a. Long-tailed Chat (I. v. longicauda). Similar Range.—Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexico |
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497. Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus Range.—Western North America, east to Kansas, northern Illinois,
Range.—Eastern North America west to about Long. 100°, north to 501a. Texas Meadowlark (S. m. hoopesi). Similar Range.—Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas,
501c. Florida Meadowlark (S. m. argutula). Similar to Range.—Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana.
Range.—Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in winter, 514a. Western Evening Grosbeak (H. v. montana). Range.—Mountains of western United States from New Mexico |
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EASTERN HORNED LARKS.
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east
Range.—Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois 474d. Texan Horned Lark (O. a. giraudi). W. ♂ Range.—Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande. NORTHERN HORNED LARKS. 474a. Pallid Horned Lark (O. a. arcticola). W. Range.—”In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior) with the Valley 474k. Hoyt Horned Lark (O. a. hoyti). W. ♂, Range.—”In summer, British America from the west shore of Hudson |
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WESTERN HORNED LARKS.
Range.—”In summer, western United States from central Dakota,
Range.—Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra,
Range.—Sacramento County, California.
Range—”In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west
Range.—”In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona; 474i. Dusky Horned Lark (O. a. merrilli). W. ♂, Range.—”In summer, northwestern United States, and southern |
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474j. Sonoran Horned Lark (O. a. pallida). W. Range,—”Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of
Range.—In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona; 474m. Island Horned Lark (O. a. insularis). Similar Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California.
Range.—Guatemala, north in spring as far as Lower Rio Grande,
Range.—Western United States; breeds east to about Long. 100°, 448. Cassin Kingbird (Tyrannus vociferans). L. Range.—Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north 449. Derby Flycatcher (Pitangus derbianus). L. Range.—Northern South America; breeds north as far as Lower |
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451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher (Myiodynastes luteiventris). Range.—Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona.
Range.—Eastern North America; west to the Plains; breeds from
Range.—Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, 453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher (M. m. magister). Range.—”Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and southwest
Range.—Western United States: breeds from western Texas and
Range.—Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters 454b. Lower California Flycatcher (M. c. pertinax). Range.—Lower California. 455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher (Myiarchus lawrencei Range.—Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona; |
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Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from 587a. White-eyed Towhee (P. e. alleni). Similar Range.—Florida, north along coast to South Carolina.
Range.—Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and western
Range.—Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds
Range.—Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; 588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. clementæ). Range.—”San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina 588d. San Diego Towhee (P. m. atratus). Similar Range.—The southern coast district of southern California, south 588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. magnirostris). Similar Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 589. Guadalupe Towhee (Pipilo consobrinus). Similar Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. |
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457. Say Phoebe (Sayornis saya). L. 7.5. Ads. Range.—Western North America, east to about Long. 100°: breeds
Range.—Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley, 591a. St. Lucas Towhee (P. f. albigula). W. 3.3. Range.—Southern Lower California.
Range.—California, west of the Sierra. 591c. Anthony Towhee (P. f. senicula). W. 3.7. Range.—Northern Lower California north to southern California. 592. Abert Towhee (Pipilo aberti). L. 9. Ads. Range.—Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New |
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506. Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius) L. 7.3. Ad. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from 592.1. Green-tailed Townee (Oreospiza chlorura). Range.—Mountains of western United States, from more eastern 643. Lucy Warbler (Helminthophila luciæ). L. 4.2. Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and 660. Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea). Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England |
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596. Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melanocephala). Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from
Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to 761a. Western Robin (M. m. propinqua). Similar Range.—Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky 761b. Southern Robin (M. m. achrustera). Similar Range.—Carolinas and Georgia, except mountainous districts, 762. St. Lucas Robin (Merula confinis). Resembling Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.
Range.—Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California 763a. Pale Varied Thrush (I. n. meruloides). Similar Range.—- Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south |
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456. Phœbe (Sayornis phœbe). L. 7. Ads. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from 459. Olive-sided Flycatcher (Nuttalornis borealis). Range.—North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely), 460. Coues Flycatcher (Contopus pertinax pallidiventris). Range.—Western Mexico, north to central Arizona; winters south
Range.—Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds
Range.—Western United States, east to about Long. 100°; breeds 462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee (C. r. peninsulæ). Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. |
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Range.—Western United States; breeds from western Texas and
Range.—Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from
Range.—Eastern North America, west to western Texas and eastern
Range.—Western North America; breeds from the mountains of 469. Wright Flycatcher (Empidonax wrightii). Range.—Western United States, east to eastern slope of Rockies; 469.1. Gray Flycatcher (Empidonax griseus). L. Range.—Western Mexico and Lower California north to southern |
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Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Range.—Western North America; east to about Long. 100°; breeds 464.1. St. Lucas Flycatcher (Empidonax cineritius). Range.—Lower California, from Cape Region north, rarely, to 464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher (Empidonax insulicola). Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California. 465. Green-crested Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens). Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the
Range.—Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and
Range.—Pacific coast; breeding in mountains from southern California 646b. Dusky Warbler (H. c. sordida). Similar to Range.—Breeds in Santa Barbara Islands, California; later occurs |
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Range.—Central America; north in spring to Lower Rio Grande 472a. Ridgway Flycatcher (O. i. ridgwayi). Similar Range.—Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to 616. Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia). L. 5.2. Ads. Range.—Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds from northern 617. Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis). Range.—United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts, |
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623. Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo calidris barbatulus). Range.—Breeds in Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters
Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Rockies and British
Range.—California, west of Sierra; resident. 632a. Stephen Vireo (V. h. stephensi). Similar to Range.—Mexican boundary from western Texas to southeastern 632c. Anthony Vireo (V. h. obscurus). Similar to Range.—”Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia; 647. Tennessee Warbler (Helminthophila peregrina). Range:—Eastern North America, west in migrations to the Rocky 747. Kennicott Willow Warbler (Phyllopseustes Range.—Asia, east to western Alaska. |
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625. Yellow-green Vireo (Vireo flavoviridis). L. Range.—Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande. 626. Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus). L. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Maine,
Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from 627a. Western Warbling Vireo (V. g. swainsoni). Range.—Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from
Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas 631a. Key West Vireo (V. n. maynardi). Similar Range.—Southern Florida; resident. 621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo (V. n. bermudianus). Range.—Resident in Bermudas. 631c. Small White-eyed Vireo (V. n. micrus). Range.—Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas. |
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Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and
Range.—”Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pacific 629b. Plumbeous Vireo (V. s. plumbeus). Above Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico
Range.—Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia; 629d. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo (V. s. lucasanus). Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 633. Bell Vireo (Vireo bellii). L. 5. Above olive-green, Range.—Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from 633.1. Least Vireo (Vireo pusillus). L. 4.8. Ads. Range.—Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California; 634. Gray Vireo (Vireo vicinior). L. 5.5. Above Range.—Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastern |
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Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the 749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelli). Similar to Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters southward 470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher (Empidonax fulvifrons Range.—Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New 586. Texas Sparrow (Arremonops rufivirgata). L. Range.—Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to 638. Swainson Warbler (Helinaia swainsonii). L. 5. Range.—Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States 639. Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus). Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut,
Range.—”Interior of California, including the western slope of the |
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742a. Coast Wren-tit (C. f. phæa). Similar to Range.—Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, north to
Range.—Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south 707a. Palmer Thrasher (T. c. palmeri). Similar to Range.—”Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of 708. Bendire Thrasher (Toxostoma bendirei). L. Range.—Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora,
Range.—Southern Lower California. 709a. Mearns Thrasher (T. c. mearnsi). Differs Range.—Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30° 30′. |
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Range.—California west of the Sierra Nevada, north of about Lat. 710a. Pasadena Thrasher (T. r. pasadenense). Similar Range.—Southern California.
Range.—”Desert region of southern California, Nevada, and extreme 711a. Desert Thrasher (T. l. arenicola). Differing Range.—Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.) 712. Crissal Thrasher (Toxostoma crissalis). L. Range.—”Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the |
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538. Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus). Range.—Great Plains: breeds from central Kansas and eastern 539. McCown Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii). Range.—Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Montana
Range.—Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois; 552a. Western Lark Sparrow (C. g. strigatus). Range.—Western United States from the Plains to Pacific; breeds |
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Range.—Breeds in northern Europe and northeast North America 536a. Alaskan Longspur (C. l. alascensis). Similar Range.—Breeds in Alaska, Aleutian and Pribilof Islands east to Fort 553. Harris Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula). L. Range.—Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dakotas; 565. Black-chinned Sparrow (Spizella atrogularis). Range.—Mexico and southwestern United States; breeds from —English Sparrow (Passer domesticus). L. 6.3. Range.—Introduced into America from Europe in 1851 and later |
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537. Smith Longspur (Calcarius pictus). L. 6.6. Range.—Middle western United States; breeds in northern British. 579. Rufous-winged Sparrow (Aimophila carpalis). Range.—Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell and
Range.—Northern Lower California north to Marin County and
Range.—Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent 580b. Rook Sparrow (A. r. eremœca). L. 6. Range.—Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and 580c. Laguna Sparrow (A. r. sororia). Similar Range.—Southern Lower California. |
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Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Illinois and
Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra; 540b. Oregon Vesper Sparrow (P. g. affinis). Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in western Oregon (and north?);
Range.—Florida and southern Georgia; winters in southern Florida. 575a. Bachman Sparrow (T. æ. bachmanii). Similar Range.—Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and 576. Botteri Sparrow (Peucæa botteri). L. 6; T. Range.—Entire plateau of Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Valley 578. Cassin Sparrow (Peucæa cassini). L. 6; T. Range.—Texas and southern Kansas west to southern Nevada and |
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Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds in 559a. Western Tree Sparrow (S. m. ochracea). Range.—Western North America east to the Plains; breeds in
Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from 560a. Western Chipping Sparrow (S. s. arizonæ). Range.—Western North America; breeds from Mexican border
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina,
Range.—Great Plains of interior; breeds from Nebraska and South 584. Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana). L. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from |
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Range.—Northwest coast; breeds in western Alaska; winters south
Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Range.—Western North America from the Plains west to the Sierra;
Range.—Resident in salt marshes about San Francisco and Monterey 543. Belding Sparrow (Passerculus beldingi). L. 5; Range.—Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todos Santos Island,
Range.—Coast of southern California north to Santa Barbara; winters
Range.—Cape Region of Lower California in winter; breeding |
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544b. Lagoon Sparrow (P. r. halophilus). Similar Range.—Salt marshes, Abreojos Point, Lower California.
Range.—Breeds on San Benito Island, Lower California; in winter 545. Baird Sparrow (Coturniculus bairdii). L. 5.7. Range.—Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North
Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from 546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. bimaculatus). Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; 546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. floridanus). Range.—Kissimmee Prairies, Florida.
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and 547a. Western Henslow Sparrow (A. h. occidentalis). Range.—Central western states; breeding, so far as known, in South |
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548. Leconte Sparrow (Ammodramus lecontei), Range.—”Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from 533. Pine Finch (Spinus pinus). L. 5. Bill sharply Range.—North America; breeds from northern boundary states to 541. Ipswich Sparrow (Passerculus princeps). L. Range.—Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, winters south along
Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds from South Carolina to New Hampshire;
Range.—Breeds in interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and 549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow (A. n. subvirgatus). Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine, |
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Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina
Range.—Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Carolina; 550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow (A. m. sennetti). Range.—Coast of Texas.
Range.—Coast of Louisiana, south in winter, at least as far as 550d. Macgillivray Seaside Sparrow (A. m. macgillivraii). Range.—Local on coast of South Carolina. 551. Dusky Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus nigrescens). Range.—Marshes at head of Indian River, Florida, from Banana
Range.—North America; breeds from northern New York, northern 583a. Forbush Sparrow (M. l. striata). Similar Range.—Pacific coast from British Columbia to California; breeding |
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554. White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys). Range.—North America; breeds from northern New England and
Range.—Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern 554b. Nuttall Sparrow (Z. l. nuttalli). Similar to Range.—”Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, California, 557. Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia coronata). Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon
Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the |
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Range.—Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies; 562. Brewer Sparrow (Spizella breweri). L. 5.4. Range.—Western United States, from the Rockies to central California;
Range.—Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of 574a. Sage Sparrow (A. b. nevadensis). Similar Range.—Great Basin region; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, 574b. Gray Sage Sparrow (A. b. cinerea). Similar Range.—Lower California. 564. Worthen Sparrow (Spizella wortheni). Resembles Range.—Southern New Mexico (Silver City), southward over eastern |
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EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP.
Range.—Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from
Range.—Rocky Mountain district of United States west to, and including 581k. Merrill Song Sparrow (M. c. merrilli). Similar Range.—Breeds from northern California (Shasta County) in 581j. Dakota Song Sparrow (M. c. juddi). Similar Range.—”Turtle Mountains and vicinity, North Dakota.” (A. O. DESERT SONG SPARROWS.
Range.—Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Nevada, 581g. Brown Song Sparrow (M. c. rivularis). Similar Range.—Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.) CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
Range.—Central valleys of California including lower levels of |
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CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
Range.—Southern coast district of California north to Monterey 581d. Samuels Song Sparrow (M. c. samuelis). Range.—Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of 581l. Alameda Song Sparrow (M. c. pusillula). Range.—Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.)
Range.—San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands, 581h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow (M. c. graminea). Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter. NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWS. 581e. Rusty Song Sparrow (M. c. morphna). W. Range.—Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Columbia;
Range.—Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to southern 581n. Yukutat Song Sparrow (M. c. caurina). Range.—Coast of Mt. St. Elias district of Alaska, from Yakutat
Range.—Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook
Range.—Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.)
Range.—”Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay, |
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Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Magdalen Islands and
Range.—Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook —Kadiak Fox Sparrow (P. i. insularis). Similar Range.—”Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer; in winter south along —Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. i. fuliginosa). Ads. Range.—Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington; —Townsend Fox Sparrow (P. i. townsendi). Similar Range.—Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south in winter to —Yakutat Fox Sparrow (P. i. annectens). Similar Range.—Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William
Range.—Breeding in the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt. 585c. Slate-colored Sparrow (P. i. schistacea). Range.—Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Columbia; 585d. Stephens Sparrow (P. i. stephensi). Similar Range.—Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; |
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674. Oven-bird (Seiurus aurocapillus). L. 6.1. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England 675a. Grinnell Water-Thrush (S. n. notabilis). Range.—Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western 676. Louisiana Water-Thrush (Seiurus motacilla). Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States to 697. American Pipit: Titlark (Anthus pensilvanicus). Range.—North America breeding in Arctic regions and in the higher 700. Sprague Pipit (Anthus spraguei). L. 6.2. Range.—”Interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of |
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702. Sage Thrasher (Oroscoptes montanus). L. Range.—”Western United States from western South Dakota, western
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north 706. Sennett Thrasher (Toxostoma longirostre sennetti). Range.—Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christi south into northeastern
Range.—”Rio Grande region of Texas and adjoining Mexican 713a. Bryant Cactus Wren (H. b. bryanti). Differs Range.—”Northern Lower California and southern California, west
Range.—Southern Lower California.
Range.—Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south 755. Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). L. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas |
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Range.—”Western United States, from the western border of the 716. Guadalupe Rock Wren (Salpinctes guadeloupensis). Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California.
Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into
Range.—”Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Sierra 717b. Dotted Canon Wren (C. m. punctulatus). Range.—Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resident.
Range—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States north 718a. Florida Wren (T. l. miamensis). Similar to Range.—Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward. 718b. Lomita Wren (T. l. lomitensis). Similar to Range.—Southeastern Texas. |
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Range.—Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Lat. 40°,
Range.—California, west of Sierra Nevada and south to Santa
Range.—”Western Texas to southeastern California, and from
Range.—”Texas, except the extreme western corner, states of Nuevo
Range.—Coast region of southern California, north to about Pasadena, 729e. Northwest Bewick Wren (T. b. calophonus). Range.—Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver 719.1. San Clemente Wren (Thryomanes leucophrys) Range.—San Clemente Island, California. 720. Guadalupe Wren (Thryomanes brevicauda). Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. |
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Range.—Eastern North America; breeds north to Maine, Montreal, 721a. Parkman Wren (T. a. parkmanii). Similar Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to
Range.—Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England
Range.—Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California north 722b. Kadiak Winter Wren (O. h. helleri). Slightly Range.—Kadiak Island, Alaska.
Range—Breeds on Kadiak Island, Alaska; winter range unknown. 723.1. Aleutian Wren (Olbiorchilus meligerus). Similar Range.—”Westernmost part of the Aleutian group, Alaska.” (Oberholser.) 724. Short-billed Marsh Wren (Cistothorus stellaris). Range.—Eastern North America, ranging west to Utah; breeds |
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Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains;
Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California to British 725b. Worthington Marsh Wren (T. p. griseus). Range.—Coast of South Carolina and Georgia. 725c. Interior Tule Wren (T. p. plesius). Similar Range.—”Western United States, except the Pacific coast; north to 725.1. Marian Marsh Wren (Telmatodytes marianæ). Range.—Gulf coast of Florida.
Range.—Eastern North America: breeds from Maine and Minnesota 726a. Mexican Creeper (C. f. albescens). Similar Range.—Mexican plateau region north to southern Arizona.
Range.—Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona northward
Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, |
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726d. Sierra Creeper (C. f. zelotes). Similar to Range.—”Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey, 756a. Willow Thrush (H. f. salicicola). Similar to Range.—Rocky Mountains north to British Columbia, east to
Range.—Breeds in northwest coast region from British Columbia 759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush (H. g. auduboni). Range.—Rocky Mountain region of United States south to Guatemala. 759b. Hermit Thrush (H. g. pallasii). Similar to Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, Alleghanies 759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush (H. g. nana). Similar Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through |
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Range.—Breeds in Labrador and west to Alaska: migrates through
Range.—Breeds in the high parts of the
Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon to Alaska; winters
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Alleghanies from Pennsylvania 758b. California Olive-backed Thrush (H. u. Range.—California, except north coast; north in interior to southern 758c. Alma Thrush (H. u. almæ). Similar to Range.—Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south in Rocky Mountain |
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GRAY-HEADED JUNCOS. 566. White-winged Junco (Junco aikeni). L. 6.5; Range.—Breeds in Wyoming and western North Dakota; winters in
Range.—Eastern North America, breeds from northern New England, 567e. Carolina Junco (J. h. carolinensis). Similar Range.—Alleghanies from Virginia to Georgia.
Range.—Breeds in southern Idaho and south-central Montana;
Range.—Breeding from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho 571. Baird Junco (Junco bairdi). Back and sides Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 572. Guadalupe Junco (Junco insularis). Similar Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 571.1. Townsend Junco (Junco townsendi). Similar Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Lower California. |
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GRAY-HEADED, BROWN-BACKED JUNCOS. 569. Gray-headed Junco (Junco caniceps). L. 6.5; Range.—Breeds in mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado, 570. Arizona Junco (Junco phæonotus palliatus). Range.—Breeds in mountains of southern Arizona and southward. 570a. Red-backed Junco (Junco dorsalis) L. 6.7; Range.—Breeds on high mountains of New Mexico and central BLACK-HEADED JUNCOS.
Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from northern British Columbia to —Shufeldt Junco (J. o. shufeldti). Similar to Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon north to British Columbia 567b. Coues Junco (J. o. connectens). Similar to Range.—Breeds in the interior of British Columbia and probably in
Range.—Breeds in mountains from southern Oregon south to 567d. Point Pinos Junco (J. o. pinosus). Similar Range.—Santa Cruz district of California; breeds from King |
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Range.—California, west of the Sierra; north to Oregon.
Range.—Southwestern United States: from southeastern California 733b. Ashy Titmouse (B. i. cineraceus). Similar Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.
Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Washington. 743a. California Bush-Tit (P. m. californicus). Similar Range.—California, except the north coast region. 743b. Grinda Bush-Tit (P. m. grindæ). Similar Range.—Cape Region of Lower California.
Range.—Western United States from eastern Oregon and eastern 744.1. Santa Rita Bush-Tit (Psaltriparus santaritæ). Range.—Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona.
Range.—”Mountains of western Texas, between the Pecos and Rio |
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Range.—Eastern United States; resident from the Gulf States north 731a. Texan Tufted Titmouse (B. b. texensis). Range.—Southeastern Texas. 732. Black-crested Titmouse (Bæolophus atricristatus). Range.—”From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, south to eastern 751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cærulea). Range.—Eastern United States, west to Colorado; breeds from the 751a. Western Gnatcatcher (P. c. obscura). Similar Range.—Western United States from western Texas west to California
Range.—Mexican boundary region, from western Texas to southeastern 753. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica). Range.—Pacific coast region of southern California and northern |
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734. Bridled Titmouse (Bæolophus wollweberi). Range.—Tableland of Mexico north to western Texas and southern 738. Mountain Chickadee (Parus gambeli). L. 5.5. Range.—”Mountainous portions of the western United States from
Range.—British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay northwestward 740a. Kowak Chickadee (P. h. stoneyi). Similar Range.—Kowak River region, Alaska. 740b. Columbian Chickadee (P. h. columbianus). Range.—Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; Kenai Peninsula, —Canadian Chickadee (P. h. littoralis). Similar to Range.—British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern 739. Alaskan Chickadee (Parus cinctus alascensis). Range.—”Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia.” (A. O. U.)
Range.—Pacific coast from Oregon to southern Alaska.
Range.—”Coast of California from Monterey County northward.” 741b. Barlow Chickadee (P. r. barlowi). Similar Range.—Vicinity of Monterey, California. |
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Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from southern Illinois and 735a. Long-tailed Chickadee (P. a. septentrionalis). Range.—Rocky Mountain region north to British Columbia; east to 735b. Oregon Chickadee (P. a. occidentalis). Similar Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka.
Range.—Southeastern United States north to middle New Jersey, 736a. Plumbeous Chickadee (P. c. agilis). Similar Range.—”Eastern and central Texas (Bee, Victoria, Cook, and 737. Mexican Chickadee (Parus sclateri). Similar Range.—Mountainous portions of the Mexican tableland north to 630. Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapillus). L. Range.—Breeds in central and western Texas; north to southern |
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Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains,
Range.—Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from 727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch (S. c. Range.—Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina. 727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch (S. c. nelsoni). Range.—Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonora, 727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch (S. c. lagunæ). Similar Range.—Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California. 728. Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). Range.—North America, breeding from the northern portions of the 729. Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla). L. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States north to Delaware, accidentally
Range.—Western North America, east to the Rocky Mountains; |
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730a. White-naped Nuthatch (S. p. leuconucha). Range.—Lower California. 444. Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). L. 8.5. Tail Range.—North America, breeds from Florida north to New Brunswick 445. Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus dominicensis). L. Range.—West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the 701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel (Cinclus mexicanus). Range.—”The mountainous parts of central and western North 704. Catbird (Galeoscoptes carolinensis). L. 8.9. Range.—North America; west to British Columbia and rarely Pacific 754. Townsend Solitaire (Myadestes townsendii). L. Range.—”Western United States, from the Plains westward to the |
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621. Northern Shrike (Lanius borealis). L. 10.2. Range.—North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters
Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Virginia; 622a. White-rumped Shrike (L. l. excubitorides). Range.—”Western North America, from eastern border of the Plains
Range.—Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia. 622c. Island Shrike (L. l. anthonyi). Similar to Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California.
Range.—Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to northeastern 703a. Western Mockingbird (M. p. leucopterus). Range.—Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from
Range.—Asia; migrating in summer to Alaska. 765a. Greenland Wheatear (S. œ. leucorhoa). Similar Range.—Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on adjoining |
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Range.—Middle and eastern Texas (except along coast?), north to 573a. Desert Sparrow (A. b. deserticola). Similar Range.—Western United States and northern Mexico, from western 602. Morellet Seed-eater (Sporophila morelleti). Range.—Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas. 636. Black and White Warbler (Mniotilta varia). Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana, 661. Black-poll Warbler (Dendroica striata). L. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from 665. Black-throated Gray Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens). Range.—Western United States; breeds in mountains from Arizona |
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Range.—North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to Newfoundland 611a. Western Martin (P. s. hesperia). ♂ similar Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washington 611.1. Cuban Martin (Progne cryptoleuca). W. 5.50. Range.—Cuba, north in spring to southern Florida.
Range.—”North America, north to the limit of trees, breeding 612.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon melanogastra). Range.—Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 613. Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra). L. Range.—North America, north to Greenland and Alaska; breeds 614. Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor). L. 6. Range.—North America; breeds locally from Lat. 41° on Atlantic
Range.—Western United States, from eastern base of Rockies to |
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615a. St. Lucas Swallow (T. t. brachyptera). Range.—Lower California.
Range.—Mexico, except Yucatan and Pacific coast from Colima 458a. Western Black Phœbe (S. n. semiatra). Range—Pacific coast of Mexico and United States, from Colima to 494. Bobolink; Reed bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). Range.—Eastern North America, west to Utah; breeds from northern
Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in winter 534a. Pribilof Snowflake (P. n. townsendi). Similar Range.—Aleutian and Commander Islands, Pribilof Islands, Shumagin 535. McKay Snowflake (Passerina hyperborea). Range.—Breeds on Hall and St. Mathews Islands, Bering Sea; in |
 |
605. Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). L. Range.—Western United States, chiefly east of Rockies; breeds
Range.—Eastern North America; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 484a. Rocky Mountain Jay (P. c. capitalis). Similar Range.—Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico and Arizona 484b. Alaskan Jay (P. c. fumifrons). Very near to Range.—Alaska; interior and west to Cook Inlet, north of southern 484c. Labrador Jay (P. c. nigricapillus). Similar Range.—Labrador.
Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to southern British 485a. Gray Jay (P. o. griseus). Similar to Range.—British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern
Range.—Mountains of western North America, from northern Lower |
 |
Range.—Western North America, east to the Plains, west to Cascade 476. Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli). Similar Range.—California, west of Sierra Nevada, “north to Red Bluff 493. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). L. 8.5; T. 2.5. Range.—Europe and northern Asia; accidental in Greenland; introduced
Range.—United States: rare west of Rockies; breeds from Florida 495a. Dwarf Cowbird (M. a. obscurus). Similar to Range.—Southwestern United States; from Gulf Coast of Texas 496. Red-eyed Cowbird (Callothrus robustus). Range.—Southern and eastern Mexico north, in spring, to Lower 620. Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens). L. 7.5. Range.—Mexico north to western Texas, southern Utah and southern |
 |
509. Rusty Blackbird (Scolecophagus carolinus). Range.—Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from 510. Brewer Blackbird (Scolecophagus cyanocephalus). Range.—Western North America from the Plains to the Pacific;
Range.—Eastern United States; breeds in lower Mississippi Valley 511a. Florida Grackle (Q. q. aglæus). Similar to Range.—Florida, north on the Atlantic coast to Virginia, west on the 511b. Bronzed Grackle (Q. q. æneus). Head as in Range.—Eastern United States west to the Rockies; breeds from
Range.—Florida, north along the coast to Virginia; west along 513a. Great-tailed Grackle (M. m. macrourus). Similar Range.—Eastern Texas and south into Mexico. |
 |
Range.—Western North America, from Guatemala north to British 486a. Northern Raven (C. c. principalis). Similar Range.—Eastern North America, from mountains of northern 487. White-necked Raven (Corvus cryptoleucus). L. Range.—Northern Mexico, north to western Kansas, eastern Colorado
Range.—North America, north to Arctic Circle; winters from northern 488a. Florida Crow (C. a. pascuus). Similar to Range.—Florida. 489. Northwest Crow (Corvus caurinus). Similar Range.—Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kadiak Island, Alaska. 490. Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus). L. 16; W. Range.—Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (casually Massachusetts), |
 |
Of the Birds of America north of Mexico, arranged according
to the American Ornithologists’ Union’s ‘Check-List
of North American Birds’, Third Edition
1910, and Supplement
[B], July, 1912.
(The presence of brackets, [ ], indicates that the species is an accidental visitant).
[B] The Auk, xxix, 1912, pp. 380-387.
[C] Note that trinomials are now employed for all the races of a species including
the first one described. Hence in place of No. 13, Puffin, Fratercula
arctica, we now have No. 13, Puffin, Fratercula arctica arctica.
(See pages 6 and 7 for an explanation of this method.)
[D] Note also that in accordance with a ruling of the A. O. U., the apostrophe
is used with the names of birds named after individuals. Thus in place of No.
16, Cassin Auklet, we have No. 16, Cassin’s Auklet. These changes affect all
similar cases throughout the Color Key. After identifying a species, therefore,
the student should turn to its number in the Systematic Table to learn whether
any change has been made in its name. All alterations other than those of
mere nomenclature are given beyond in Appendix I.
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 1 | Western Grebe | Æchmophorus occidentalis | 44 |
| 2 | Holbœll’s Grebe | Colymbus holbœlli | 43 |
| 3 | Horned Grebe | ” auritus | 43 |
| 4 | Eared Grebe | ” nigricollis californicus | 43 |
| 5 | Mexican Grebe | ” dominicus brachypterus | 43 |
| 6 | Pied-bill Grebe | Podilymbus podiceps | 43 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 7 | Loon | Gavia immer | 44 |
| 8 | Yellow-billed Loon | ” adamsi | 44 |
| 9 | Black-throated Loon | ” arctica | 44 |
| 10 | Pacific Loon | ” pacifica | 44 |
| 11 | Red-throated Loon | ” stellata | 44 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 12 | Tufted Puffin | Lunda cirrhata | 45 |
| 13 | Puffin | Fratercula arctica arctica [C] | 45 |
| 13a | Large-billed Puffin | ” ” naumanni | 45 |
| 14 | Horned Puffin | ” corniculata | 45 |
| 15 | Rhinoceros Auklet | Cerorhinca monocerata | 45 |
| 16 | Cassin’s Auklet[D] | Ptychoramphus aleuticus | 46 |
| 17 | Paroquet Auklet | Phaleris psittacula | 47 |
| 18 | Crested Auklet | Æthia cristatella | 47 |
| 19 | Whiskered Auklet | ” pygmæa | 47 |
| 20 | Least Auklet | ” pusilla | 47 |
| 21 | Ancient Murrelet | Synthliboramphus antiquus | 47 |
| 23 | Marbled Murrelet | Brachyramphus marmoratus | 46 |
| 24 | Kittlitz’s Murrelet | ” brevirostris | 46 |
| 25 | Xantus’s Murrelet | ” hypoleucus | 46 |
| 26 | Craveri’s Murrelet | ” craverii | 46 |
| 27 | Black Guillemot | Cepphus grylle | 48 |
| 28 | Mandt’s Guillemot | ” mandti | 48 |
| 29 | Pigeon Guillemot | ” columba | 48 |
| 30 | Murre | Uria troile troile | 48 |
| 30a | California Murre | ” ” californica | 48 |
| 31 | Brunnich’s Murre | ” lomvia lomvia | 48 |
| 31a | Pallas’s Murre | ” ” arra | 48 |
| 32 | Razor-billed Auk | Alca torda | 48 |
| 33 | Great Auk | Plautus impennis | 48 |
| 34 | Dovekie | Alle alle | 46 |
Skuas and Jaegers
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 35 | Skua | Megalestris skua | 51 |
| 36 | Pomarine Jaeger | Stercorarius pomarinus | 51 |
| 37 | Parasitic Jaeger | ” parasiticus | 51 |
| 38 | Long-tailed Jaeger | ” longicaudus | 51 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 39 | Ivory Gull | Pagophila alba | 52 |
| 40 | Kittiwake | Rissa tridactyla tridactyla | 52 |
| 40a | Pacific Kittiwake | ” ” pollicaris | 52 |
| 41 | Red-legged Kittiwake | Rissa brevirostris | 52 [Pg_259] |
| 42 | Glaucous Gull | Larus hyperboreus | 53 |
| 43 | Iceland Gull | ” leucopterus | 53 |
| 44 | Glaucous-winged Gull | ” glaucescens | 53 |
| 45 | Kumlien’s Gull | ” kumlieni | 53 |
| 46 | Nelson’s Gull | ” nelsoni | 53 |
| 47 | Great Black-backed Gull | ” marinus | 54 |
| 48 | Slaty-backed Gull | ” schistisagus | 54 |
| 49 | Western Gull | ” occidentalis | 54 |
| [50] | Siberian Gull | ” affinis | A.V. |
| 51 | Herring Gull | ” argentatus | 55 |
| [52] | Vega Gull | ” vegæ | A.V. |
| 53 | California Gull | ” californicus | 55 |
| 54 | Ring-billed Gull | ” delawarensis | 52 |
| 55 | Short-billed Gull | ” brachyrhynchus | 52 |
| [56] | Mew Gull | ” canus | A.V. |
| 57 | Heermann’s Gull | ” heermanni | 54 |
| 58 | Laughing Gull | ” atricilla | 56 |
| 59 | Franklin’s Gull | ” franklini | 56 |
| 60 | Bonaparte’s Gull | ” philadelphia | 56 |
| [60.1] | Little Gull | ” minutus | A.V. |
| 61 | Ross’s Gull | Rhodostethia rosea | 56 |
| 62 | Sabine’s Gull | Xema sabini | 56 |
| 63 | Gull-billed Tern | Gelochelidon nilotica | 58 |
| 64 | Caspian Tern | Sterna caspia | 57 |
| 65 | Royal Tern | ” maxima | 57 |
| 66 | Elegant Tern | ” elegans | 57 |
| 67 | Cabot’s Tern | ” sandvicensis acuflavida | 57 |
| [68] | Trudeau’s Tern | ” trudeaui | A.V. |
| 69 | Forster’s Tern | ” forsteri | 59 |
| 70 | Common Tern | ” hirundo | 59 |
| 71 | Arctic Tern | ” paradisæa | 59 |
| 72 | Roseate Tern | ” dougalli | 59 |
| 73 | Aleutian Tern | ” aleutica | 58 |
| 74 | Least Tern | ” antillarum | 58 |
| 75 | Sooty Tern | ” fuscata | 60 |
| [76] | Bridled Tern | ” anætheta | 58 |
| 77 | Black Tern | Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis | 60 |
| [78] | White-winged Black Tern | ” leucoptera | A.V. |
| 79 | Noddy | Anoüs stolidus | 60 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 80 | Black Skimmer | Rynchops nigra | 60 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 81 | Black-footed Albatross | Diomedea nigripes | 62 |
| 82 | Short-tailed Albatross | ” albatrus | 62 |
| 82.1 | Laysan Albatross | ” immutabilis | 62 |
| [83] | Yellow-nosed Albatross | Thalassogeron culminatus | 62 |
| [84] | Sooty Albatross | Phœbetria palpebrata | 62 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [85] | Giant Fulmar | Macronectes giganteus | A.V. |
| 86 | Fulmar | Fulmarus glacialis glacialis | 63 |
| 86b | Pacific Fulmar | ” ” glupischa | 63 |
| 86.1 | Rodger’s Fulmar | ” rodgersi | 63 |
| 87 | Slender-billed Fulmar | Priocella glacialoides | 63 |
| [102] | Pintado Petrel | Daption capense | A.V. |
| 88 | Cory’s Shearwater | Puffinus borealis | 64 |
| 89 | Greater Shearwater | ” gravis | 64 |
| [90] | Manx Shearwater | ” puffinus | A.V. |
| 91 | Pink-footed Shearwater | ” creatopus | 64 |
| 92 | Audubon’s Shearwater | Puffinus lherminieri | 64 |
| [92.1] | Allied Shearwater | ” assimilis | A.V. |
| 93 | Black-vented Shearwater | ” opisthomelas | 64 |
| 93.1 | Townsend’s Shearwater | ” auricularis | 64 |
| 95 | Sooty Shearwater | ” griseus | 63 |
| 96 | Slender-billed Shearwater | ” tenuirostris | 64 |
| 96.1 | Wedge-tailed Shearwater | ” cuneatus | 63 |
| [96.2] | New Zealand Shearwater | ” bulleri | A.V. |
| [97] | Black-tailed Shearwater | Priofinus cinereus | A.V. |
| [98] | Black-capped Petrel | Æstrelata hasitata | 65 |
| [99] | Scaled Petrel | ” scalaris | A.V. |
| 100 | Fisher’s Petrel | ” fisheri | A.V. |
| [101] | Bulwer’s Petrel | Bulweria bulweri | A.V. |
| 103 | Least Petrel | Halocyptena microsoma | 65 |
| 104 | Stormy Petrel | Thalassidroma pelagica | 66 |
| 105 | Forked-tailed Petrel | Oceanodroma furcata | 65 |
| 105.2 | Kaeding’s Petrel | Oceanodroma kaedingi | 65[Pg_261] |
| 106 | Leach’s Petrel | ” leucorhoa | 66 |
| 106.1 | Guadalupe Petrel | ” macrodactyla | 66 |
| [106.2] | Hawaiian Petrel | ” castro | A.V. |
| 107 | Black Petrel | ” melania | 66 |
| 108 | Ashy Petrel | ” homochroa | 65 |
| 108.1 | Socorro Petrel | ” socorroensis | 66 |
| 109 | Wilson’s Petrel | Oceanites oceanicus | 66 |
| [110] | White-bellied Petrel | Fregetta grallaria | A.V. |
| [111] | White-faced Petrel | Pelagodroma marina | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 112 | Yellow-billed Tropic-bird | Phaëthon americanus | 69 |
| 113 | Red-billed Tropic-bird | ” æthereus | 69 |
| [113.1] | Red-tailed Tropic-bird | ” rubricaudus | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [114] | Blue-faced Booby | Sula cyanops | 70 |
| 114.1 | Blue-footed Booby | ” nebouxi | 70 |
| 115 | Booby | ” leucogastra | 70 |
| 115.1 | Brewster’s Booby | ” brewsteri | 70 |
| [116] | Red-footed Booby | ” piscator | 70 |
| 117 | Gannet | ” bassana | 69 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 118 | Water-Turkey | Anhinga anhinga | 73 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 119 | Cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | 70 |
| 120 | Double-crested Cormorant | ” auritus auritus | 71 |
| 120a | Florida Cormorant | ” ” floridanus | 71 |
| 120b | White-crested Cormorant | ” ” cincinatus | 71 |
| 120c | Farallon Cormorant | ” ” albociliatus | 71 |
| 121 | Mexican Cormorant | ” vigua mexicanus | 71 |
| 122 | Brandt’s Cormorant | ” penicillatus | 72 |
| 123 | Pelagic Cormorant | ” pelagicus pelagicus | 72 |
| 123a | Violet-green Cormorant | ” ” robustus | 72 |
| 123b | Baird’s Cormorant | ” ” resplendens | 72 |
| 124 | Red-faced Cormorant | ” urile | 72 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 125 | White Pelican | Pelecanus erythrorhynchos | 73 |
| 126 | Brown Pelican | ” occidentalis | 73 |
| 127 | California Brown Pelican | ” californicus | 73 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 128 | Man-o’-war-bird | Fregata aquila | 73 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 129 | American Merganser | Mergus americanus | 76 |
| 130 | Red-breasted Merganser | ” serrator | 76 |
| 131 | Hooded Merganser | Lophodytes cucullatus | 76 |
| [131.1] | Smew | Mergellus albellus | A.V. |
| 132 | Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos | 76 |
| 133 | Black Duck | ” rubripes | 77 |
| 134 | Florida Duck | ” fulvigula fulvigula | 77 |
| 134a | Mottled Duck | ” ” maculosa | 77 |
| 135 | Gadwall | Chaulelasmus streperus | 77 |
| 136 | European Widgeon | Mareca penelope | 77 |
| 137 | Baldpate | ” americana | 77 |
| [138] | European Teal | Nettion crecca | A.V. |
| 139 | Green-winged Teal | ” carolinense | 78 |
| 140 | Blue-winged Teal | Querquedula discors | 78 |
| 141 | Cinnamon Teal | ” cyanoptera | 78 |
| [141.1] | Ruddy Sheldrake | Casarca ferruginea | A.V. |
| 142 | Shoveller | Spatula clypeata | 78 |
| 143 | Pintail | Dafila acuta | 76 |
| 144 | Wood Duck | Aix sponsa | 78 |
| [145] | Rufous-crested Duck | Netta rufina | A.V. |
| 146 | Redhead | Marila americana | 79 |
| 147 | Canvas-back | ” valisineria | 79 |
| 148 | American Scaup Duck | ” marila | 79 |
| 149 | Lesser Scaup Duck | ” affinis | 79 |
| 150 | Ring-necked Duck | ” collaris | 79 |
| 151 | American Golden-eye | Clangula clangula americana | 80 |
| 152 | Barrow’s Golden-eye | ” islandica | 80 |
| 153 | Buffle-head | Charitonetta albeola | 80 |
| 154 | Old-squaw | Harelda hyemalis | 81 |
| 155 | Harlequin Duck | Histrionicus histrionicus | 81[Pg_263] |
| 156 | Labrador Duck | Camptorhynchus labradorius | 81 |
| 157 | Steller’s Eider | Polysticta stelleri | 81 |
| 158 | Spectacled Eider | Arctonetta fischeri | 82 |
| 159 | Northern Eider | Somateria mollissima borealis | 82 |
| 160 | American Eider | ” dresseri | 82 |
| 161 | Pacific Eider | ” v-nigra | 82 |
| 162 | King Eider | ” spectabilis | 82 |
| 163 | American Scoter | Oidemia americana | 83 |
| [164] | Velvet Scoter | ” fusca | A.V. |
| 165 | White-winged Scoter | ” deglandi | 83 |
| 166 | Surf Scoter | ” perspicillata | 83 |
| 167 | Ruddy Duck | Erismatura jamaicensis | 80 |
| [168] | Masked Duck | Nomonyx dominicus | 80 |
| 169 | Lesser Snow Goose | Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus | 84 |
| 169a | Greater Snow Goose | ” ” nivalis | 84 |
| 169.1 | Blue Goose | ” cærulescens | 85 |
| 170 | Ross’s Goose | ” rossi | 84 |
| [171] | European White-fronted Goose | Anser albifrons albifrons | A.V. |
| 171a | White-fronted Goose | ” ” gambeli | 85 |
| [171.1] | Bean Goose | ” fabalis | A.V. |
| [171.2] | Pink-footed Goose | ” brachyrhynchus | A.V. |
| 172 | Canada Goose | Branta canadensis canadensis | 86 |
| 172a | Hutchins’s Goose | ” ” hutchinsi | 86 |
| 172b | White-cheeked Goose | ” ” occidentalis | 86 |
| 172c | Cackling Goose | ” ” minima | 86 |
| 173a | Brant | ” bernicla glaucogastra | 86 |
| 174 | Black Brant | ” nigricans | 86 |
| [175] | Barnacle Goose | ” leucopsis | A.V. |
| 176 | Emperor Goose | Philacte canagica | 85 |
| 177 | Black-bellied Tree-duck | Dendrocygna autumnalis | 83 |
| 178 | Fulvous Tree-duck | ” bicolor | 83 |
| [179] | Whooper Swan | Olor cygnus | A.V. |
| 180 | Whistling Swan | ” columbianus | 84 |
| 181 | Trumpeter Swan | ” buccinator | 84 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 182 | Flamingo | Phœnicopterus ruber | 89 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 183 | Roseate Spoonbill | Ajaia ajaja | 89 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 184 | White Ibis | Guara alba | 90 |
| [185] | Scarlet Ibis | ” rubra | 89 |
| 186 | Glossy Ibis | Plegadis autumnalis | 90 |
| 187 | White-faced Glossy Ibis | ” guarauna | 90 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 188 | Wood Ibis | Mycteria americana | 90 |
| [189] | Jabiru | Jabiru mycteria | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 190 | American Bittern | Botaurus lentiginosus | 91 |
| 191 | Least Bittern | Ixobrychus exilis | 91 |
| 191.1 | Cory’s Least Bittern | ” neoxenus | 91 |
| 192 | Great White Heron | Ardea occidentalis | 92 |
| 194 | Great Blue Heron | ” herodias herodias | 93 |
| 194a | Northwestern Coast Heron | ” ” fannini | 93 |
| 194b | Ward’s Heron | ” ” wardi | 93 |
| [195] | European Heron | ” cinerea | A.V. |
| 196 | American Egret | Herodias egretta | 92 |
| 197 | Snowy Egret | Egretta candidissima candidissima | 92 |
| 197a | Brewster’s Egret | ” ” brewsteri | class=”text_rt”>94 |
| 198 | Reddish Egret | Dichromanassa rufescens | 94 |
| 199 | Louisiana Heron | Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis | 94 |
| 200 | Little Blue Heron | Florida cærulea | 94 |
| 201 | Green Heron | Butorides virescens virescens | 94 |
| 201a | Frazar’s Green Heron | ” ” frazari | 94 |
| 201b | Anthony’s Green Heron | ” ” anthonyi | 94 |
| 202 | Black-crowned Night Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax nævius | 93 |
| 203 | Yellow-crowned Night Heron | Nyctanassa violacea | 93 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 204 | Whooping Crane | Grus americana | 96 |
| 205 | Little Brown Crane | ” canadensis | 96 |
| 206 | Sandhill Crane | ” mexicana | 96 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 207 | Limpkin | Aramus vociferus | 96 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 208 | King Rail | Rallus elegans | 97 |
| 209 | Belding’s Rail | ” beldingi | 97 |
| 210 | California Clapper Rail | ” obsoletus | 97 |
| 210.1 | Light-footed Rail | ” levipes | 294 |
| 211 | Clapper Rail | ” crepitans crepitans | 98 |
| 211a | Louisiana Clapper Rail | ” ” saturatus | 98 |
| 211b | Florida Clapper Rail | ” ” scotti | 98 |
| 211c | Wayne’s Clapper Rail | ” ” waynei | 98 |
| 211.2 | Caribbean Clapper Rail | ” longirostris caribæus | 98 |
| 212 | Virginia Rail | ” virginianus | 97 |
| [213] | Spotted Crake | Porzana porzana | A.V. |
| 214 | Sora | ” carolina | 98 |
| 215 | Yellow Rail | Coturnicops noveboracensis | 97 |
| 216 | Black Rail | Creciscus jamaicensis | 98 |
| 216.1 | Farallon Rail | ” coturniculus | 294 |
| [217] | Corn Crake | Crex crex | A.V. |
| 218 | Purple Gallinule | Ionornis martinicus | 99 |
| 219 | Florida Gallinule | Gallinula galeata | 99 |
| [220] | European Coot | Fulica atra | A.V. |
| 221 | Coot | ” americana | 99 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 222 | Red Phalarope | Phalaropus fulicarius | 102 |
| 223 | Northern Phalarope | Lobipes lobatus | 102 |
| 224 | Wilson’s Phalarope | Steganopus tricolor | 102 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 225 | Avocet | Recurvirostra americana | 103 |
| 226 | Black-necked Stilt | Himantopus mexicanus | 105 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [227] | European Woodcock | Scolopax rusticola | A.V. |
| 228 | Woodcock | Philohela minor | 105 |
| [229] | European Snipe | Gallinago gallinago | A.V. |
| 230 | Wilson’s Snipe | ” delicata | 105[Pg_266] |
| [230.1] | Great Snipe | ” media | A.V. |
| 231 | Dowitcher | Macrorhamphus griseus griseus | 106 |
| 232 | Long-billed Dowitcher | ” ” scolopaceus | 106 |
| 233 | Stilt Sandpiper | Micropalama himantopus | 106 |
| 234 | Knot | Tringa canutus | 106 |
| 235 | Purple Sandpiper | Arquatella maritima maritima | 107 |
| 235a | Aleutian Sandpiper | ” ” couesi | 107 |
| 235b | Pribilof Sandpiper | ” ” ptilocnemis | 108 |
| 238 | Sharp-tailed Sandpiper | Pisobia aurita | 109 |
| 239 | Pectoral Sandpiper | ” maculata | 109 |
| 240 | White-rumped Sandpiper | ” fuscicollis | 109 |
| 241 | Baird’s Sandpiper | ” bairdi | 109 |
| 242 | Least Sandpiper | ” minutilla | 109 |
| [242.1] | Long-toed Stint | ” damacensis | A.V. |
| [243] | Dunlin | Pelidna alpina alpina | A.V. |
| 243a | Red-backed Sandpiper | ” ” sakhalina | 108 |
| 244 | Curlew Sandpiper | Erolia ferruginea | 106 |
| [245] | Spoonbill Sandpiper | Eurynorhynchus pygmæus | A.V. |
| 246 | Semipalmated Sandpiper | Ereunetes pusillus | 108 |
| 247 | Western Sandpiper | ” mauri | 108 |
| 248 | Sanderling | Calidris leucophæa | 108 |
| 249 | Marbled Godwit | Limosa fedoa | 110 |
| 250 | Pacific Godwit | ” lapponica baueri | 110 |
| 251 | Hudsonian Godwit | ” hæmastica | 110 |
| [252] | Black-tailed Godwit | ” limosa | A.V. |
| [253] | Green-shank | Glottis nebularia | A.V. |
| [253.1] | Red-shank | Totanus totanus | A.V. |
| 254 | Greater Yellow-legs | ” melanoleucus | 111 |
| 255 | Yellow-legs | ” flavipes | 111 |
| 256 | Solitary Sandpiper | Helodromas solitarius solitarius | 107 |
| 256a | Western Solitary Sandpiper | ” ” cinnamomeus | 107 |
| [257] | Green Sandpiper | ” ocrophus | A.V. |
| 258 | Willet | Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus | 111 |
| 258a | Western Willet | Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus | 111 |
| 259 | Wandering Tattler | Heteractitis incanus | 111 |
| [260] | Ruff | Machetes pugnax | A.V. |
| 261 | Upland Plover | Bartramia longicauda | 105 |
| 262 | Buff-breasted Sandpiper | Tryngites subruficollis | 105 |
| 263 | Spotted Sandpiper | Actitis macularia | 107 |
| 264 | Long-billed Curlew | Numenius americanus | 103[Pg_267] |
| 265 | Hudsonian Curlew | Numenius hudsonicus | 103 |
| 266 | Eskimo Curlew | ” borealis | 103 |
| [267] | Whimbrel | ” phæopus | A.V. |
| 268 | Bristle-thighed Curlew | ” tahitiensis | 295 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [269] | Lapwing | Vanellus vanellus | A.V. |
| [269.1] | Dotterel | Eudromias morinellus | A.V. |
| 270 | Black-bellied Plover | Squatarola squatarola | 110 |
| [271] | European Golden Plover | Charadrius apricarius | A.V. |
| 272 | Golden Plover | ” dominicus dominicus | 110 |
| 272a | Pacific Golden Plover | ” ” fulvus | 110 |
| 273 | Killdeer | Oxyechus vociferus | 112 |
| 274 | Semipalmated Plover | Ægialitis semipalmata | 112 |
| 275 | Ringed Plover | ” hiaticula | 112 |
| [276] | Little Ringed Plover | ” dubia | A.V. |
| 277 | Piping Plover | ” meloda | 112 |
| 278 | Snowy Plover | ” nivosa | 112 |
| [279] | Mongolian Plover | ” mongola | A.V. |
| 280 | Wilson’s Plover | Ochthodromus wilsonius | 112 |
| 281 | Mountain Plover | Podasocys montanus | 105 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 282 | Surf-bird | Aphriza virgata | 111 |
| 283 | Turnstone | Arenaria interpres interpres | 102 |
| 283a | Ruddy Turnstone | ” ” morinella | 102 |
| 284 | Black Turnstone | ” melanocephala | 107 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [285] | European Oyster-catcher | Hæmatopus ostralegus | A.V. |
| 286 | Oyster-catcher | ” palliatus | 104 |
| 286.1 | Frazar’s Oyster-catcher | ” frazari | 104 |
| 287 | Black Oyster-catcher | ” bachmani | 104 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [288] | Mexican Jacana | Jacana spinosa | 102 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 289 | Bob-white | Colinus virginianus virginianus | 115 |
| 289a | Florida Bob-white | ” ” floridanus | 115 |
| 289b | Texas Bob-white | ” ” texanus | 115 |
| 291 | Masked Bob-white | ” ridgwayi | 115 |
| 292 | Mountain Quail | Oreortyx picta picta | 116 |
| 292a | Plumed Quail | ” ” plumifera | 116 |
| 292b | San Pedro Quail | ” ” confinis | 116 |
| 293 | Scaled Quail | Callipepla squamata squamata | 116 |
| 293a | Chestnut-bellied Scaled Quail | ” ” castanogastris | 116 |
| 294 | California Quail | Lophortyx californica californica | 116 |
| 294a | Valley Quail | ” ” vallicola | 116 |
| 295 | Gambel’s Quail | ” gambeli | 116 |
| 296 | Mearns’s Quail | Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi | 115 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 297 | Dusky Grouse | Dendragapus obscurus obscurus | 117 |
| 297a | Sooty Grouse | ” ” fuliginosus | 117 |
| 297b | Richardson’s Grouse | ” ” richardsoni | 117 |
| 297c | Sierra Grouse | ” ” sierræ | 295 |
| 298 | Hudsonian Spruce Partridge | Canachites canadensis canadensis | 117 |
| 298b | Alaska Spruce Partridge | ” ” osgoodi | 117 |
| 298c | Canada Spruce Partridge | ” ” canace | 117 |
| 299 | Franklin’s Grouse | ” franklini | 117 |
| 300 | Ruffed Grouse | Bonasa umbellus umbellus | 118 |
| 300a | Canada Ruffed Grouse | ” ” togata | 118 |
| 300b | Gray Ruffed Grouse | ” ” umbelloides | 118 |
| 300c | Oregon Ruffed Grouse | ” ” sabini | 118 |
| 301 | Willow Ptarmigan | Lagopus lagopus lagopus | 119 |
| 301a | Allen’s Ptarmigan | ” ” alleni | 119 |
| 301b | Alexander’s Ptarmigan | ” ” alexandræ | 295 |
| 301c | Ungava Ptarmigan | ” ” ungavus | 295 |
| 302 | Rock Ptarmigan | ” rupestris rupestris | 119 |
| 302a | Reinhardt’s Ptarmigan | ” ” reinhardi | 119 |
| 302b | Nelson’s Ptarmigan | ” ” nelsoni | 119 |
| 302c | Turner’s Ptarmigan | ” ” atkhensis | 120 |
| 302d | Townsend’s Ptarmigan | ” ” townsendi | 120 |
| 302e | Adak Ptarmigan | ” ” chamberlaini | 296 |
| 302f | Dixon’s Ptarmigan | ” ” dixoni | 296 |
| 302.1 | Evermann’s Ptarmigan | ” evermanni | 120 |
| 303 | Welch’s Ptarmigan | ” welchi | 120[Pg_269] |
| 304 | White-tailed Ptarmigan | Lagopus leucurus leucurus | 118 |
| 304a | Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan | ” ” peninsularis | 118 |
| 305 | Prairie Chicken | Tympanuchus americanus americanus | 121 |
| 305a | Attwater’s Prairie Chicken | ” ” attwateri | 121 |
| 306 | Heath Hen | ” cupido | 121 |
| 307 | Lesser Prairie Chicken | ” pallidicinctus | 121 |
| 308 | Sharp-tailed Grouse | Pediœcetes phasianellus phasianellus | 121 |
| 308a | Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse | Pediœcetes phasianellus columbianus | 121 |
| 308b | Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse | ” ” campestris | 121 |
| 309 | Sage Hen | Centrocercus urophasianus | 122 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 310 | Merriam’s Turkey | Meleagris gallopavo merriami | 122 |
| 310a | Wild Turkey | ” ” silvestris | 122 |
| 310b | Florida Turkey | ” ” osceola | 122 |
| 310c | Rio Grande Turkey | ” ” intermedia | 122 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 311 | Chachalaca | Ortalis vetula mccalli | 122 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 312 | Band-tailed Pigeon | Columba fasciata fasciata | 124 |
| 312a | Viosca’s Pigeon | ” ” vioscæ | 124 |
| 313 | Red-billed Pigeon | ” flavirostris | 124 |
| 314 | White-crowned Pigeon | ” leucocephala | 124 |
| [314.1] | Scaled Pigeon | ” squamosa | A.V. |
| 315 | Passenger Pigeon | Ectopistes migratorius | 125 |
| 316 | Mourning Dove | Zenaidura macroura carolinensis | 125 |
| 316i | Western Mourning Dove | ” ” marginella | 296 |
| 317 | Zenaida Dove | Zenaida zenaida | 125 |
| 318 | White-fronted Dove | Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera | 125 |
| 319 | West Indian White-winged Dove | Melopelia asiatica asiatica | 126 |
| 319a | White-winged Dove | ” ” trudeaui | 296 |
| 320 | Ground Dove | Chæmepelia passerina terrestris | 126 |
| 320a | Mexican Ground Dove | ” ” pallescens | 126 |
| 320b | Bermuda Ground Dove | ” ” bermudiana | 126[Pg_270] |
| 321 | Inca Dove | Scardafella inca | 126 |
| [322] | Key West Quail-dove | Geotrygon chrysia | 126 |
| [322.1] | Ruddy Quail-dove | ” montana | 126 |
| [323] | Blue-headed Quail-dove | Starnœnas cyanocephala | 126 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 324 | California Vulture | Gymnogyps californianus | 129 |
| 325 | Turkey Vulture | Cathartes aura septentrionalis | 129 |
| 326 | Black Vulture | Catharista urubu | 129 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 327 | Swallow-tailed Kite | Elanoides forficatus | 130 |
| 328 | White-tailed Kite | Elanus leucurus | 130 |
| 329 | Mississippi Kite | Ictinia mississippiensis | 130 |
| 330 | Everglade Kite | Rostrhamus sociabilis | 130 |
| 331 | Marsh Hawk | Circus hudsonius | 130 |
| 332 | Sharp-shinned Hawk | Accipiter velox | 131 |
| 333 | Cooper’s Hawk | ” cooperi | 131 |
| 334 | Goshawk | ” atricapillus atricapillus | 131 |
| 334a | Western Goshawk | ” ” striatulus | 131 |
| 335 | Harris’s Hawk | Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi | 132 |
| 337 | Red-tailed Hawk | Buteo borealis borealis | 132 |
| 337a | Krider’s Hawk | ” ” krideri | 132 |
| 337b | Western Red-tail | ” ” calurus | 132 |
| 337d | Harlan’s Hawk | ” ” harlani | 132 |
| 337e | Alaska Red-tail | ” ” alascensis | 296 |
| 339 | Red-shouldered Hawk | ” lineatus lineatus | 133 |
| 339a | Florida Red-shouldered Hawk | ” ” alleni | 133 |
| 339b | Red-bellied Hawk | ” ” elegans | 133 |
| 340 | Zone-tailed Hawk | ” abbreviatus | 134 |
| 341 | Sennett’s White-tailed Hawk | ” albicaudatus sennetti | 135 |
| 342 | Swainson’s Hawk | ” swainsoni | 133 |
| 343 | Broad-winged Hawk | ” platypterus | 133 |
| 344 | Short-tailed Hawk | ” brachyurus | 135 |
| 345 | Mexican Black Hawk | Urubitinga anthracina | 134 |
| 346 | Mexican Goshawk | Asturina plagiata | 131 |
| 347a | Rough-legged Hawk | Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis | 135 |
| 348 | Ferruginous Rough-leg | ” ferrugineus | 135 |
| 349 | Golden Eagle | Aquila chrysaëtos | 136[Pg_271] |
| [351] | Gray Sea Eagle | Haliæetus albicilla | A.V. |
| 352 | Bald Eagle | ” leucocephalus leucocephalus | 136 |
| 352a | Northern Bald Eagle | ” ” alascanus | 136 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 353 | White Gyrfalcon | Falco islandus | 136 |
| 354 | Gray Gyrfalcon | ” rusticolus rusticolus | 136 |
| 354a | Gyrfalcon | ” ” gyrfalco | 136 |
| 354b | Black Gyrfalcon | ” ” obsoletus | 137 |
| 355 | Prairie Falcon | ” mexicanus | 135 |
| [356] | Peregrine Falcon | Falco peregrinus peregrinus | A.V. |
| 356a | Duck Hawk | ” ” anatum | 137 |
| 356b | Peale’s Falcon | ” ” pealei | 137 |
| 357 | Pigeon Hawk | Falco columbarius columbarius | 137 |
| 357a | Black Pigeon Hawk | ” ” suckleyi | 137 |
| 358 | Richardson’s Pigeon Hawk | ” ” richardsoni | 137 |
| [358.1] | Merlin | ” æsalon | A.V. |
| 359 | Aplomado Falcon | ” fusco-cærulescens | 137 |
| [359.1] | Kestrel | ” tinnunculus | A.V. |
| 360 | Sparrow Hawk | ” sparverius sparverius | 137 |
| 360a | Desert Sparrow Hawk | ” ” phalæna | 138 |
| 360b | San Lucas Sparrow Hawk | ” ” peninsularis | 138 |
| 360c | Little Sparrow Hawk | ” ” paulus | 296 |
| [361] | Cuban Sparrow Hawk | ” sparveroides | A.V. |
| 362 | Audubon’s Caracara | Polyborus cheriway | 134 |
| 363 | Guadalupe Caracara | ” lutosus | 134 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 364 | Osprey | Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis | 129 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 365 | Barn Owl | Aluco pratincola | 138 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 366 | Long-eared Owl | Asio wilsonianus | 138 |
| 367 | Short-eared Owl | ” flammeus | 138 |
| 368 | Barred Owl | Strix varia varia | 139 |
| 368a | Florida Barred Owl | ” ” alleni | 139 |
| 368b | Texas Barred Owl | ” ” albogilva | 139[Pg_272] |
| 369 | Spotted Owl | Strix occidentalis occidentalis | 139 |
| 369a | Northern Spotted Owl | ” ” caurina | 139 |
| 370 | Great Gray Owl | Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa | 139 |
| [370a] | Lapp Owl | ” ” lapponica | A.V. |
| 371 | Richardson’s Owl | Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni | 139 |
| 372 | Saw-whet Owl | ” ” acadica acadica | 140 |
| 372a | Northwestern Saw-whet Owl | ” ” scotæa | 140 |
| 373 | Screech Owl | Otus asio asio | 141 |
| 373a | Florida Screech Owl | ” ” floridanus | 141 |
| 373b | Texas Screech Owl | ” ” mccalli | 141 |
| 373c | California Screech Owl | ” ” bendirei | 141 |
| 373d | Kennicott’s Screech Owl | ” ” kennicotti | 141 |
| 373e | Rocky Mountain Screech Owl | ” ” maxwelliæ | 141 |
| 373f | Mexican Screech Owl | ” ” cineraceus | 142 |
| 373g | Aiken’s Screech Owl | ” ” aikeni | 142 |
| 373h | MacFarlane’s Screech Owl | ” ” macfarlanei | 142 |
| 373i | Sahuaro Screech Owl | ” ” gilmani | 297 |
| 373.1 | Spotted Screech Owl | ” ” trichopsis | 142 |
| 373.2 | Xantus’s Screech Owl | ” xantusi | 142 |
| 374 | Flammulated Screech Owl | ” flammeolus flammeolus | 142 |
| 374a | Dwarf Screech Owl | ” ” idahoensis | 142 |
| 375 | Great Horned Owl | Bubo virginianus virginianus | 143 |
| 375a | Western Horned Owl | ” ” pallescens | 143 |
| 375b | Arctic Horned Owl | ” ” subarcticus | 143 |
| 375c | Dusky Horned Owl | ” ” saturatus | 143 |
| 375d | Pacific Horned Owl | ” ” pacificus | 143 |
| 375e | Dwarf Horned Owl | ” ” elachistus | 143 |
| 375f | Labrador Horned Owl | ” ” heterocnemis | 297 |
| 375g | Saint Michael Horned Owl | ” ” algistus | 297 |
| 376 | Snowy Owl | Nyctea nyctea | 143 |
| [377] | European Hawk Owl | Surnia ulula ulula | A.V. |
| 377a | Hawk Owl | ” ” caparoch | 143 |
| 378 | Burrowing Owl | Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa | 138 |
| 378a | Florida Burrowing Owl | ” ” floridana | 138 |
| 379 | Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl | Glaucidium gnoma pinicola | 140 |
| 379a | California Pygmy Owl | ” ” californicum | 140 |
| 379.1 | Hoskins’s Pygmy Owl | ” hoskinsi | 140 |
| 380 | Ferruginous Pygmy Owl | ” phalænoides | 140 |
| 381 | Elf Owl | Micropallas whitneyi | 140 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 382 | Carolina Paroquet | Conuropsis carolinensis | 145 |
| 382.1 | Thick-billed Parrot | Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha | 145 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [383] | Ani | Crotophaga ani | 146 |
| 384 | Groove-billed Ani | ” sulcirostris | 146 |
| 385 | Road-runner | Geococcyx californianus | 146 |
| 386 | Mangrove Cuckoo | Coccyzus minor minor | 146 |
| [386a] | Maynard’s Cuckoo | ” ” maynardi | 146 |
| 387 | Yellow-billed Cuckoo | ” americanus americanus | 146 |
| 387a | California Cuckoo | ” ” occidentalis | 146 |
| 388 | Black-billed Cuckoo | ” erythrophthalmus | 146 |
| [388.1] | Kamchatka Cuckoo | Cuculus canorus telephonus | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 389 | Coppery-tailed Trogon | Trogon ambiguus | 147 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 390 | Belted Kingfisher | Ceryle alcyon alcyon | 147 |
| 390a | Northwestern Belted Kingfisher | ” ” caurina | 297 |
| [390.1] | Ringed Kingfisher | ” torquata | A.V. |
| 391 | Texas Kingfisher | ” americana septentrionalis | 147 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 392 | Ivory-billed Woodpecker | Campephilus principalis | 149 |
| 393 | Hairy Woodpecker | Dryobates villosus villosus | 150 |
| 393a | Northern Hairy Woodpecker | ” ” leucomelas | 150 |
| 393b | Southern Hairy Woodpecker | ” ” auduboni | 150 |
| 393c | Harris’s Woodpecker | ” ” harrisi | 150 |
| 393d | Cabanis’s Woodpecker | ” ” hyloscopus | 150 |
| 393e | Rocky Mt. Hairy Woodpecker | ” ” monticola | 150 |
| 393f | Queen Charlotte Woodpecker | ” ” picoideus | 150 |
| 393g | Newfoundland Woodpecker | ” ” terrænovæ | 297[Pg_274] |
| 393h | White-breasted Woodpecker | Dryobates villosus leucothorectis | 297 |
| 394 | Southern Downy Woodpecker | ” pubescens pubescens | 150 |
| 394a | Gairdner’s Woodpecker | ” ” gairdneri | 150 |
| 394b | Batchelder’s Woodpecker | ” ” homorus | 150 |
| 394c | Downy Woodpecker | ” ” medianus | 150 |
| 394d | Nelson’s Downy Woodpecker | ” ” nelsoni | 150 |
| 394e | Willow Woodpecker | ” ” turati | 151 |
| 395 | Red-cockaded Woodpecker | ” borealis | 151 |
| 396 | Cactus Woodpecker | ” scalaris cactophilus | 151 |
| 396a | San Lucas Woodpecker | ” ” lucasanus | 151 |
| 396b | San Fernando Woodpecker | ” ” eremicus | 297 |
| 397 | Nuttall’s Woodpecker | ” nuttalli | 151 |
| 398 | Arizona Woodpecker | ” arizonæ | 141 |
| 399 | White-headed Woodpecker | Xenopicus albolarvatus | 151 |
| 400 | Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker | Picoides arcticus | 149 |
| 401 | Amer. Three-toed Woodpecker | ” americanus americanus | 149 |
| 401a | Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker | ” ” fasciatus | 149 |
| 401b | Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker | ” ” dorsalis | 149 |
| 402 | Yellow-bellied Sapsucker | Sphyrapicus varius varius | 152 |
| 402a | Red-naped Sapsucker | ” ” nuchalis | 152 |
| 403 | Red-breasted Sapsucker | ” ruber ruber | 152 |
| 403a | Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker | ” ” notkensis | 152 |
| 404 | Williamson’s Sapsucker | ” thyroideus | 152 |
| 405 | Pileated Woodpecker | Ceophlœus pileatus pileatus | 149 |
| 405a | Northern Pileated Woodpecker | ” ” abieticola | 149 |
| 406 | Red-headed Woodpecker | Melanerpes erythrocephalus | 153 |
| 407 | Ant-eating Woodpecker | ” formicivorus formicivorus | 153 |
| 407a | Californian Woodpecker | ” ” bairdi | 153 |
| 407b | Narrow-fronted Woodpecker | ” ” angustifrons | 153 |
| 408 | Lewis’s Woodpecker | Asyndesmus lewisi | 152 |
| 409 | Red-bellied Woodpecker | Centurus carolinus | 153 |
| 410 | Golden-fronted Woodpecker | ” aurifrons | 153 |
| 411 | Gila Woodpecker | ” uropygialis | 153 |
| 412 | Southern Flicker | Colaptes auratus auratus | 154 |
| 412a | Northern Flicker | ” ” luteus | 154 |
| 413 | Red-shafted Flicker | ” cafer collaris | 154 |
| 413a | Northwestern Flicker | ” ” saturatior | 154 |
| 414 | Gilded Flicker | ” chrysoides chrysoides | 154 |
| 414a | San Fernando Flicker | ” ” brunnescens | 154 |
| 414b | Mearns’s Gilded Flicker | ” ” mearnsi | 298 |
| 415 | Guadalupe Flicker | ” rufipileus | 154 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 416 | Chuck-will’s-widow | Antrostomus carolinensis | 156 |
| 417 | Whip-poor-will | ” vociferus vociferus | 156 |
| 417a | Stephen’s Whip-poor-will | ” ” macromystax | 156 |
| 418 | Poor-will | Phalænoptilus nuttalli nuttalli | 156 |
| 418a | Frosted Poor-will | ” ” nitidus | 156 |
| 418b | Dusky Poor-will | ” ” californicus | 156 |
| 419 | Merrill’s Parauque | Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli | 157 |
| 420 | Nighthawk | Chordeiles virginianus virginianus | 157 |
| 420a | Western Nighthawk | ” ” henryi | 157 |
| 420b | Florida Nighthawk | ” ” chapmani | 157 |
| 420c | Sennett’s Nighthawk | ” ” sennetti | 157 |
| 421 | Texas Nighthawk | ” acutipennis texensis | 157 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 422 | Black Swift | Cypseloides niger borealis | 158 |
| 423 | Chimney Swift | Chætura pelagica | 158 |
| 424 | Vaux’s Swift | ” vauxi | 158 |
| 425 | White-throated Swift | Aëronautes melanoleucus | 158 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 426 | Rivoli’s Hummingbird | Eugenes fulgens | 159 |
| 427 | Blue-throated Hummingbird | Cyanolæmus clemenciæ | 160 |
| 428 | Ruby-throated Hummingbird | Archilochus colubris | 160 |
| 429 | Black-chinned Hummingbird | ” alexandri | 159 |
| 430 | Costa’s Hummingbird | Calypte costæ | 159 |
| 431 | Anna’s Hummingbird | ” anna | 161 |
| 432 | Broad-tailed Hummingbird | Selasphorus platycercus | 161 |
| 433 | Rufous Hummingbird | ” rufus | 161 |
| 434 | Allen’s Hummingbird | Selasphorus alleni | 161 |
| 435 | Morcom’s Hummingbird | Atthis morcomi | 161 |
| 436 | Calliope Hummingbird | Stellula calliope | 161 |
| 437 | Lucifer Hummingbird | Calothorax lucifer | 159 |
| 438 | Rieffer’s Hummingbird | Amizilis tzacatl | 169 |
| 439 | Buff-bellied Hummingbird | ” cerviniventris chalconota | 160 |
| 439.1 | Salvin’s Hummingbird | Uranomitra salvini | 298 |
| 440 | Xantus’s Hummingbird | Basilinna xantusi | 159 |
| 440.1 | White-eared Hummingbird | ” leucotis | 160 |
| 441 | Broad-billed Hummingbird | Cynanthus latirostris | 160 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [441.1] | Xantus’s Becard | Platypsaris aglaiæ albiventris | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [442] | Fork-tailed Flycatcher | Muscivora tyrannus | A.V. |
| 443 | Scissor-tailed Flycatcher | ” forficata | 177 |
| 444 | Kingbird | Tyrannus tyrannus | 247 |
| 445 | Gray Kingbird | ” dominicensis | 247 |
| 446 | Couch’s Kingbird | ” melancholicus couchi | 202 |
| 447 | Arkansas Kingbird | ” verticalis | 202 |
| 448 | Cassin’s Kingbird | ” vociferans | 202 |
| 449 | Derby Flycatcher | Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus | 202 |
| 451 | Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher | Myiodynastes luteiventris | 203 |
| 452 | Crested Flycatcher | Myiarchus crinitus | 203 |
| 453 | Arizona Crested Flycatcher | ” magister magister | 203 |
| 453a | Mexican Crested Flycatcher | ” ” nelsoni | 203 |
| 454 | Ash-throated Flycatcher | ” cinerascens cinerascens | 203 |
| 454b | Lower California Flycatcher | ” ” pertinax | 203 |
| 455a | Olivaceous Flycatcher | ” lawrencei olivascens | 203 |
| 456 | Phœbe | Sayornis phœbe | 208 |
| 457 | Say’s Phœbe | ” sayus | 205 |
| 458 | Black Phœbe | ” nigricans | 251 |
| 459 | Olive-sided Flycatcher | Nuttallornis borealis | 208 |
| 460 | Coues’s Flycatcher | Myiochanes pertinax pallidiventris | 208 |
| 461 | Wood Pewee | ” virens | 208 |
| 462 | Western Wood Pewee | ” richardsoni richardsoni | 208 |
| 462a | Large-billed Wood Pewee | ” richardsoni peninsulæ | 208 |
| 463 | Yellow-bellied Flycatcher | Empidonax flaviventris | 211 |
| 464 | Western Flycatcher | ” difficilis difficilis | 210 |
| 464.1 | San Lucas Flycatcher | ” ” cineritius | 210 |
| 465 | Acadian Flycatcher | ” virescens | 210 |
| 466 | Traill’s Flycatcher | ” trailli trailli | 209 |
| 466a | Alder Flycatcher | ” ” alnorum | 209 |
| 467 | Least Flycatcher | ” minimus | 209 |
| 468 | Hammond’s Flycatcher | ” hammondi | 209 |
| 469 | Wright’s Flycatcher | ” wrighti | 209 |
| 469.1 | Gray Flycatcher | ” griseus | 209 |
| 470a | Buff-breasted Flycatcher | ” fulvifrons pygmæus | 215 |
| 471 | Vermilion Flycatcher | Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus | 177 |
| 472 | Beardless Flycatcher | Camptostoma imberbe | 211 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [473] | Skylark | Alauda arvensis | A.V. |
| 474 | Horned Lark | Octocoris alpestris alpestris | 200 |
| 474a | Pallid Horned Lark | ” ” articola | 200 |
| 474b | Prairie Horned Lark | ” ” praticola | 200 |
| 474c | Desert Horned Lark | ” ” leucolæma | 201 |
| 474d | Texas Horned Lark | ” ” giraudi | 200 |
| 474e | California Horned Lark | ” ” actia | 201 |
| 474f | Ruddy Horned Lark | ” ” rubea | 201 |
| 474g | Streaked Horned Lark | ” ” strigata | 201 |
| 474h | Scorched Horned Lark | ” ” adusta | 201 |
| 474i | Dusky Horned Lark | ” ” merrilli | 201 |
| 474j | Sonora Horned Lark | ” ” pallida | 201 |
| 474k | Hoyt’s Horned Lark | ” ” hoyti | 200 |
| 474l | Montezuma Horned Lark | ” ” occidentalis | 201 |
| 474m | Island Horned Lark | ” ” insularis | 201 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 475 | Magpie | Pica pica hudsonia | 253 |
| 476 | Yellow-billed Magpie | ” nuttalli | 253 |
| 477 | Blue Jay | Cyanocitta cristata cristata | 183 |
| 477a | Florida Blue Jay | ” ” florincola | 183 |
| 478 | Steller’s Jay | ” stelleri stelleri | 185 |
| 478a | Blue-fronted Jay | ” ” frontalis | 185 |
| 478b | Long-crested Jay | ” ” diademata | 185 |
| 478c | Black-headed Jay | ” ” annectens | 185 |
| 478d | Queen Charlotte Jay | ” ” carlottæ | 185 |
| 478e | Coast Jay | ” ” carbonacea | 298 |
| 479 | Florida Jay | Aphelocoma cyanea | 184 |
| 480 | Woodhouse’s Jay | ” woodhousei | 184 |
| 480.1 | Blue-eared Jay | ” cyanotis | 184 |
| 480.2 | Texas Jay | ” texana | 184 |
| 481 | California Jay | ” californica californica | 184 |
| 481a | Xantus’s Jay | ” ” hypoleuca | 184 |
| 481b | Belding’s Jay | ” ” obscura | 184 |
| 481.1 | Santa Cruz Jay | ” insularis | 184 |
| 482 | Arizona Jay | ” sieberi arizonæ | 183 |
| 482a | Couch’s Jay | ” ” couchi | 183 |
| 483 | Green Jay | Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens | 185[Pg_278] |
| 484 | Canada Jay | Perisoreus canadensis canadensis | 252 |
| 484a | Rocky Mountain Jay | ” ” capitalis | 252 |
| 484b | Alaska Jay | ” ” fumifrons | 252 |
| 484c | Labrador Jay | ” ” nigricapillus | 252 |
| 485 | Oregon Jay | ” ” obscurus obscurus | 252 |
| 485a | Gray Jay | ” ” griseus | 252 |
| 486 | American Raven | Corvus corax sinuatus | 255 |
| 486a | Northern Raven | ” ” principalis | 255 |
| 487 | White-necked Raven | ” cryptoleucus | 255 |
| 488 | American Crow | ” brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos | 255 |
| 488a | Florida Crow | ” brachyrhnchos pascuus | 255 |
| 488b | Western Crow | ” ” hesperis | 304 |
| 489 | Northwestern Crow | ” caurinus | 255 |
| 490 | Fish Crow | ” ossifragus | 255 |
| [490.1] | Rook | ” frugilegus | A.V. |
| [490.2] | Hooded Crow | ” cornix | A.V. |
| 491 | Clarke’s Crow | Nucifraga columbiana | 252 |
| 492 | Piñon Jay | Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus | 183 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [493] | Starling | Sturnus vulgaris | 253 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 494 | Bobolink | Dolichonyx oryzivorus | 251 |
| 495 | Cowbird | Molothrus ater ater | 253 |
| 495a | Dwarf Cowbird | ” ” obscurus | 253 |
| 496 | Red-eyed Cowbird | Tangavius æneus involucratus | 253 |
| 496a | Bronzed Cowbird | ” ” æneus | 304 |
| 497 | Yellow-headed Blackbird | Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus | 199 |
| 498 | Red-winged Blackbird | Agelaius phœniceus phœniceus | 178 |
| 498a | Sonora Red-wing | ” ” sonoriensis | 178 |
| 498b | Bahama Red-wing | ” ” bryanti | 178 |
| 498c | Florida Red-wing | ” ” floridanus | 178 |
| 498d | Thick-billed Red-wing | ” ” fortis | 178 |
| 498e | San Diego Red-wing | ” ” neutralis | 178 |
| 498f | Northwestern Red-wing | ” ” caurinus | 178 |
| 498g | Vera Cruz Red-wing | ” ” richmondi | 298 |
| 499 | Bicolored Blackbird | ” gubernator californicus | 179 |
| 500 | Tricolored Blackbird | ” tricolor | 179[Pg_279] |
| 501 | Meadowlark | Sturnella magna magna | 199 |
| 501a | Rio Grande Meadowlark | ” ” hoopesi | 199 |
| 501c | Southern Meadowlark | ” ” argutula | 199 |
| 501.1 | Western Meadowlark | ” neglecta | 199 |
| 503 | Audubon’s Oriole | Icterus melanocephalus auduboni | 180 |
| 504 | Scott’s Oriole | ” parisorum | 186 |
| 505 | Sennett’s Oriole | ” cucullatus sennetti | 186 |
| 505a | Arizona Hooded Oriole | ” ” nelsoni | 186 |
| 506 | Orchard Oriole | ” spurius | 206 |
| 507 | Baltimore Oriole | ” galbula | 186 |
| 508 | Bullock’s Oriole | ” bullocki | 186 |
| 509 | Rusty Blackbird | Euphagus carolinus | 254 |
| 510 | Brewer’s Blackbird | ” cyanocephalus | 254 |
| 511 | Purple Grackle | Quiscalus quiscula quiscula | 254 |
| 511a | Florida Grackle | ” ” aglæus | 254 |
| 511b | Bronzed Grackle | ” ” æneus | 254 |
| 513 | Boat-tailed Grackle | Megaquiscalus major major | 254 |
| 513a | Great-tailed Grackle | ” ” macrourus | 254 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 514 | Evening Grosbeak | Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina | 199 |
| 514a | Western Evening Grosbeak | ” ” montana | 199 |
| 515 | Pine Grosbeak | Pinicola enucleator leucura | 171 |
| 515a | Rocky Mt. Pine Grosbeak | ” ” montana | 171 |
| 515b | California Pine Grosbeak | ” ” californica | 171 |
| 515c | Alaska Pine Grosbeak | ” ” alascensis | 171 |
| 515d | Kadiak Pine Grosbeak | ” ” flammula | 171 |
| [516] | Cassin’s Bullfinch | Pyrrhula cassini | A.V. |
| 517 | Purple Finch | Carpodacus purpureus purpureus | 171 |
| 517a | California Purple Finch | ” ” californicus | 171 |
| 518 | Cassin’s Purple Finch | ” cassini | 175 |
| 519 | House Finch | ” mexicanus frontalis | 175 |
| 519b | San Lucas House Finch | ” ” ruberrimus | 175 |
| 519c | San Clemente House Finch | ” ” clementis | 175 |
| 520 | Guadalupe House Finch | ” amplus | 175 |
| 520.1 | McGregor’s House Finch | ” mcgregori | 175 |
| 521 | American Crossbill | Loxia curvirostra minor | 173 |
| 521a | Mexican Crossbill | ” ” stricklandi | 173 |
| 522 | White-winged Crossbill | ” leucoptera | 171 |
| 523 | Aleutian Rosy Finch | Leucosticte griseonucha | 179 [Pg_280] |
| 524 | Gray-crowned Rosy Finch | ” tephrocotis tephrocotis | 179 |
| 524a | Hepburn’s Rosy Finch | ” ” littoralis | 179 |
| 525 | Black Rosy Finch | ” atrata | 179 |
| 526 | Brown-capped Rosy Finch | ” australis | 179 |
| 527 | Greenland Redpoll | Acanthis hornemanni hornemanni | 176 |
| 527a | Hoary Redpoll | ” ” exilipes | 176 |
| 528 | Redpoll | ” linaria linaria | 176 |
| 528a | Holbœll’s Redpoll | ” ” holbœlli | 176 |
| 528b | Greater Redpoll | ” ” rostrata | 176 |
| 529 | Goldfinch | Astragalinus tristis tristis | 192 |
| 529a | Pale Goldfinch | ” ” pallidus | 192 |
| 529b | Willow Goldfinch | ” ” salicamans | 192 |
| 530 | Arkansas Goldfinch | ” psaltria psaltria | 192 |
| 530a | Green-backed Goldfinch | ” ” hesperophilus | 299 |
| 531 | Lawrence’s Goldfinch | ” lawrencei | 189 |
| [532] | Black-headed Goldfinch | Spinus notatus | A.V. |
| 533 | Pine Siskin | ” pinus pinus | 225 |
| 534 | Snow Bunting | Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis | 211 |
| 534a | Pribilof Snow Bunting | ” ” townsendi | 211 |
| 535 | McKay’s Snow Bunting | ” hyperboreus | 211 |
| 536 | Lapland Longspur | Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus | 219 |
| 536a | Alaska Longspur | ” ” alascensis | 219 |
| 537 | Smith’s Longspur | ” pictus | 220 |
| 538 | Chestnut-collared Longspur | ” ornatus | 218 |
| 539 | McCown’s Longspur | Rhynchophanes mccowni | 218 |
| 540 | Vesper Sparrow | Poœcetes gramineus gramineus | 221 |
| 540a | Western Vesper Sparrow | ” ” confinis | 221 |
| 540b | Oregon Vesper Sparrow | ” ” affinis | 221 |
| 541 | Ipswich Sparrow | Passerculus princeps | 225 |
| 542 | Aleutian Savannah Sparrow | ” sandwichensis sandwichensis | 223 |
| 542a | Savannah Sparrow | ” sandwichensis savanna | 223 |
| 542b | Western Savannah Sparrow | ” ” alaudinus | 223 |
| 542c | Bryant’s Sparrow | ” ” bryanti | 223 |
| 542d | Nevada Savannah Sparrow | ” ” nevadensis | 300 |
| 543 | Belding’s Sparrow | ” beldingi | 223 |
| 544 | Large-billed Sparrow | ” rostratus rostratus | 223 |
| 544a | San Lucas Sparrow | ” ” guttatus | 223 |
| 544c | San Benito Sparrow | ” ” sanctorum | 224 |
| 545 | Baird’s Sparrow | Ammodramus bairdi | 224 |
| 546 | Grasshopper Sparrow | ” savannarum australis | 224 |
| 546a | Western Grasshopper Sparrow | Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus | 224 [Pg_281] |
| 546b | Florida Grasshopper Sparrow | ” ” floridanus | 224 |
| 547 | Henslow’s Sparrow | Passerherbulus henslowi henslowi | 224 |
| 547a | Western Henslow’s Sparrow | ” ” occidentalis | 224 |
| 548 | Leconte’s Sparrow | ” lecontei | 225 |
| 549 | Sharp-tailed Sparrow | ” caudacutus | 225 |
| 549.1 | Nelson’s Sparrow | ” nelsoni nelsoni | 225 |
| 549.1a | Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow | ” ” subvirgatus | 225 |
| 550 | Seaside Sparrow | ” maritimus maritimus | 226 |
| 550a | Scott’s Seaside Sparrow | ” ” peninsulæ | 226 |
| 550b | Texas Seaside Sparrow | ” ” sennetti | 226 |
| 550c | Fisher’s Seaside Sparrow | ” ” fisheri | 226 |
| 550d | Macgillivray’s Seaside Sparrow | ” ” macgillivraii | 226 |
| 551 | Dusky Seaside Sparrow | ” nigrescens | 226 |
| 552 | Lark Sparrow | Chondestes grammacus grammacus | 228 |
| 552a | Western Lark Sparrow | ” ” strigatus | 228 |
| 553 | Harris’s Sparrow | Zonotrichia querula | 229 |
| 554 | White-crowned Sparrow | ” leucophrys leucophrys | 227 |
| 554a | Gambel’s Sparrow | ” ” gambeli | 227 |
| 554b | Nuttall’s Sparrow | ” ” nuttalli | 227 |
| 557 | Golden-crowned Sparrow | ” coronata | 227 |
| 558 | White-throated Sparrow | ” albicollis | 227 |
| 559 | Tree Sparrow | Spizella monticola monticola | 222 |
| 559a | Western Tree Sparrow | ” ” ochracea | 222 |
| 560 | Chipping Sparrow | ” passerina passerina | 222 |
| 560a | Western Chipping Sparrow | ” ” arizonæ | 222 |
| 561 | Clay-colored Sparrow | ” pallida | 228 |
| 562 | Brewer’s Sparrow | ” breweri | 228 |
| 563 | Field Sparrow | ” pusilla pusilla | 222 |
| 563a | Western Field Sparrow | ” ” arenacea | 222 |
| 564 | Worthen’s Sparrow | ” wortheni | 228 |
| 565 | Black-chinned Sparrow | ” atrogularis | 219 |
| 566 | White-winged Junco | Junco aikeni | 240 |
| 567 | Slate-Colored Junco | ” hyemalis hyemalis | 240 |
| 567a | Oregon Junco | ” ” oreganus | 241 |
| 567b | Shufeldt’s Junco | ” ” connectens | 241 |
| 567c | Thurber’s Junco | ” ” thurberi | 241 |
| 567d | Point Pinos Junco | ” ” pinosus | 241 |
| 567e | Carolina Junco | ” ” carolinensis | 240 |
| 567f | Montana Junco | ” ” montanus | 240 |
| 567g | Pink-sided Junco | Junco hyemalis mearnsi | 240 [Pg_282] |
| 567h | Ridgway’s Junco | ” ” annectens | 303 |
| 567i | Townsend’s Junco | ” ” townsendi | 240 |
| 570 | Arizona Junco | ” phæonotus palliatus | 241 |
| 570a | Red-backed Junco | ” ” dorsalis | 241 |
| 570b | Gray-headed Junco | ” ” caniceps | 241 |
| 571 | Baird’s Junco | ” bairdi | 240 |
| 572 | Guadalupe Junco | ” insularis | 240 |
| 573 | Black-throated Sparrow | Amphispiza bilineata bilineata | 249 |
| 573a | Desert Black-throated Sparrow | ” ” deserticola | 249 |
| 574 | Bell’s Sparrow | ” belli | 228 |
| 574.1 | Sage Sparrow | ” nevadensis nevadensis | 228 |
| 574.1a | Gray Sage Sparrow | ” ” cinerea | 228 |
| 574.1b | California Sage Sparrow | ” ” canescens | 300 |
| 575 | Pine-woods Sparrow | Peucæa æstivalis | 221 |
| 575a | Bachman’s Sparrow | ” ” bachmani | 221 |
| 576 | Botteri’s Sparrow | ” botterii | 221 |
| 578 | Cassin’s Sparrow | ” cassini | 221 |
| 579 | Rufous-winged Sparrow | Aimophila carpalis | 220 |
| 580 | Rufous-crowned Sparrow | ” ruficeps ruficeps | 220 |
| 580a | Scott’s Sparrow | ” ” scotti | 220 |
| 580b | Rock Sparrow | ” ” eremœca | 220 |
| 580c | Laguna Sparrow | ” ” sororia | 220 |
| 581 | Song Sparrow | Melospiza melodia melodia | 229 |
| 581a | Desert Song Sparrow | ” ” fallax | 229 |
| 581b | Mountain Song Sparrow | ” ” montana | 229 |
| 581c | Heermann’s Song Sparrow | ” ” heermanni | 229 |
| 581d | Samuel’s Song Sparrow | ” ” samuelis | 230 |
| 581e | Rusty Song Sparrow | ” ” morphna | 230 |
| 581f | Sooty Song Sparrow | ” ” rufina | 230 |
| 581g | Brown’s Song Sparrow | ” ” rivularis | 229 |
| 581h | Santa Barbara Song Sparrow | ” ” graminea | 230 |
| 581i | San Clemente Song Sparrow | ” ” clementæ | 230 |
| 581j | Dakota Song Sparrow | ” ” juddi | 229 |
| 581k | Merrill’s Song Sparrow | ” ” merrilli | 229 |
| 581l | Alameda Song Sparrow | ” ” pusillula | 230 |
| 581m | San Diego Song Sparrow | ” ” cooperi | 230 |
| 581n | Yakutat Song Sparrow | ” ” caurina | 230 |
| 581o | Kenai Song Sparrow | ” ” kenaiensis | 230 |
| 581p | Mendocino Song Sparrow | ” ” cleonensis | 301 |
| 581q | Kadiak Song Sparrow | ” ” insignis | 230 |
| 581r | Aleutian Song Sparrow | Melospiza melodia sanaka | 230 [Pg_283] |
| 581s | Suisun Song Sparrow | ” ” maxillaris | 300 |
| 583 | Lincoln’s Sparrow | ” lincolni lincolni | 226 |
| 583a | Forbush’s Sparrow | ” ” striata | 226 |
| 584 | Swamp Sparrow | ” georgiana | 222 |
| 585 | Fox Sparrow | Passerella iliaca iliaca | 231 |
| 585a | Shumagin Sparrow | ” ” unalaschcensis | 231 |
| 585b | Thick-billed Sparrow | ” ” megarhyncha | 231 |
| 585c | Slate-colored Sparrow | ” ” schistacea | 231 |
| 585d | Stephen’s Sparrow | ” ” stephensi | 231 |
| 585e | Sooty Fox Sparrow | ” ” fuliginosa | 301 |
| 585f | Kadiak Fox Sparrow | ” ” insularis | 301 |
| 586 | Texas Sparrow | Arremonops rufivirgatus | 215 |
| 587 | Towhee | Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus | 204 |
| 587a | White-eyed Towhee | ” erythrophthalmus alleni | 204 |
| 588 | Arctic Towhee | ” maculatus arcticus | 204 |
| 588a | Spurred Towhee | ” ” montanus | 204 |
| 588b | Oregon Towhee | ” ” oregonus | 204 |
| 588c | San Clemente Towhee | ” ” clementæ | 204 |
| 588d | San Diego Towhee | ” ” megalonyx | 204 |
| 588e | Large-billed Towhee | ” ” magnirostris | 204 |
| 589 | Guadalupe Towhee | ” consobrinus | 204 |
| 591 | Cañon Towhee | ” fuscus mesoleucus | 205 |
| 591a | San Lucas Towhee | ” ” albigula | 205 |
| 591.1 | California Towhee | ” crissalis crissalis | 205 |
| 591.1a | Anthony’s Towhee | ” ” senicula | 205 |
| 592 | Abert’s Towhee | ” aberti | 205 |
| 592.1 | Green-tailed Towhee | Oreospiza chlorura | 206 |
| 593 | Cardinal | Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis | 177 |
| 593a | Arizona Cardinal | ” ” superbus | 172 |
| 593b | San Lucas Cardinal | ” ” igneus | 172 |
| 593c | Gray-tailed Cardinal | ” ” canicaudus | 172 |
| 593d | Florida Cardinal | ” ” floridanus | 172 |
| 594 | Arizona Pyrrhuloxia | Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata | 172 |
| 594a | Texas Pyrrhuloxia | ” ” texana | 172 |
| 594b | San Lucas Pyrrhuloxia | ” ” peninsulæ | 172 |
| 595 | Rose-breasted Grosbeak | Zamelodia ludoviciana | 174 |
| 596 | Black-headed Grosbeak | ” melanocephala | 207 |
| 597 | Blue Grosbeak | Guiraca cærulea cærulea | 181 |
| 597a | Western Blue Grosbeak | Guiraca cærulea lazula | 181 [Pg_284] |
| 598 | Indigo Bunting | Passerina cyanea | 181 |
| 599 | Lazuli Bunting | ” amœna | 180 |
| 600 | Varied Bunting | ” versicolor versicolor | 180 |
| 600a | Beautiful Bunting | ” ” pulchra | 180 |
| 601 | Painted Bunting | ” ciris | 180 |
| 602 | Sharpe’s Seed-eater | Sporophila morelleti sharpei | 249 |
| [603] | Grassquit | Tiaris bicolor | A.V. |
| [603.1] | Melodious Grassquit | ” canora | A.V. |
| 604 | Dickcissel | Spiza americana | 198 |
| 605 | Lark Bunting | Calamospiza melanocorys | 252 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 607 | Western Tanager | Piranga ludoviciana | 171 |
| 608 | Scarlet Tanager | ” erythromelas | 171 |
| 609 | Hepatic Tanager | ” hepatica | 171 |
| 610 | Summer Tanager | ” rubra rubra | 171 |
| 610a | Cooper’s Tanager | ” ” cooperi | 171 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 611 | Purple Martin | Progne subis subis | 250 |
| 611a | Western Martin | ” ” hesperia | 250 |
| 611.1 | Cuban Martin | ” cryptoleuca | 250 |
| 611.2 | Gray-breasted Martin | ” chalybea | 304 |
| 612 | Cliff Swallow | Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons | 250 |
| 612a | Lesser Cliff Swallow | ” ” tachina | 304 |
| 612b | Mexican Cliff Swallow | ” ” melanogastra | 250 |
| [612.1] | Cuban Cliff Swallow | ” fulva | A.V. |
| 613 | Barn Swallow | Hirundo erythrogastra | 250 |
| [613.1] | European Swallow | ” rustica | A.V. |
| 614 | Tree Swallow | Iridoprocne bicolor | 250 |
| 615 | Northern Violet-green Swallow | Tachycineta thalassina lepida | 250 |
| 615a | San Lucas Swallow | ” ” brachyptera | 250 |
| [615.1] | Bahama Swallow | Callichelidon cyanoviridis | A.V. |
| [615.2] | European Martin | Chelidonaria urbica | A.V. |
| 616 | Bank Swallow | Riparia riparia | A.V. |
| 617 | Rough-winged Swallow | Stelgidopteryx serripennis | 211 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 618 | Bohemian Waxwing | Bombycilla garrula | 198 |
| 619 | Cedar Waxwing | ” cedrorum | 198 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 620 | Phainopepla | Phainopepla nitens | 253 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 621 | Northern Shrike | Lanius borealis | 248 |
| 622 | Loggerhead Shrike | ” ludovicianus ludovicianus | 248 |
| 622a | White-rumped Shrike | ” ” excubitorides | 248 |
| 622b | California Shrike | ” ” gambeli | 248 |
| 622c | Island Shrike | ” ” anthonyi | 248 |
| 622e | Migrant Shrike | ” ” migrans | 304 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 623 | Black-whiskered Vireo | Vireosylva calidris barbatula | 212 |
| 624 | Red-eyed Vireo | ” olivacea | 212 |
| [625] | Yellow-green Vireo | ” viridis | 233 |
| 626 | Philadelphia Vireo | ” philadelphica | 213 |
| 627 | Warbling Vireo | ” gilva gilva | 213 |
| 627a | Western Warbling Vireo | ” ” swainsoni | 213 |
| 628 | Yellow-throated Vireo | Lanivireo flavifrons | 198 |
| 629 | Blue-headed Vireo | ” solitarius solitarius | 213 |
| 629a | Cassin’s Vireo | ” ” cassini | 213 |
| 629b | Plumbeous Vireo | ” ” plumbeus | 213 |
| 629c | Mountain Solitary Vireo | ” ” alticola | 213 |
| 629d | San Lucas Solitary Vireo | ” ” lucasanus | 213 |
| 630 | Black-capped Vireo | Vireo atricapillus | 245 |
| 631 | White-eyed Vireo | ” griseus griseus | 213 |
| 631a | Key West Vireo | ” ” griseus maynardi | 213 |
| 631b | Bermuda Vireo | ” ” bermudianus | 213 |
| 631c | Small White-eyed Vireo | ” ” micrus | 213 |
| 632 | Hutton’s Vireo | ” huttoni huttoni | 212 |
| 632a | Stephens’s Vireo | ” ” stephensi | 212 |
| 632c | Anthony’s Vireo | ” ” obscurus | 212 |
| 632d | Frazar’s Vireo | ” ” cognatus | 299 |
| 633 | Bell’s Vireo | ” ” belli belli | 214 |
| 633a | Least Vireo | ” ” pusillus | 214 |
| 633b | Texas Vireo | ” ” medius | 299 |
| 634 | Gray Vireo | ” vicinior | 214 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [635] | Bahama Honey Creeper | Cœreba bahamensis | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 636 | Black and White Warbler | Mniotilta varia | 249 |
| 637 | Prothonotary Warbler | Protonotaria citrea | 187 |
| 638 | Swainson’s Warbler | Helinaia swainsoni | 215 |
| 639 | Worm-eating Warbler | Helmitheros vermivorus | 215 |
| 640 | Bachman’s Warbler | Vermivora bachmani | 191 |
| 641 | Blue-winged Warbler | ” pinus | 191 |
| 642 | Golden-winged Warbler | ” chrysoptera | 189 |
| 643 | Lucy’s Warbler | ” luciæ | 206 |
| 644 | Virginia’s Warbler | ” virginiæ | 197 |
| 645 | Nashville Warbler | ” rubricapilla rubricapilla | 195 |
| 645a | Calaveras Warbler | ” ” gutturalis | 195 |
| 646 | Orange-crowned Warbler | ” celata celata | 219 |
| 646a | Lutescent Warbler | ” ” lutescens | 210 |
| 646b | Dusky Warbler | ” ” sordida | 212 |
| 647 | Tennessee Warbler | ” peregrina | 212 |
| 648 | Parula Warbler | Compsothlypis americana americana | 195 |
| 648a | Northern Parula Warbler | ” americana usneæ | 195 |
| 649 | Sennett’s Warbler | ” pitiayumi nigrilora | 195 |
| 651 | Olive Warbler | Peucedramus olivaceus | 187 |
| 650 | Cape May Warbler | Dendroica tigrina | 196 |
| 652 | Yellow Warbler | ” æstiva æstiva | 196 |
| 652a | Sonora Yellow Warbler | Dendroica æstiva sonorana | 196 |
| 652b | Alaska Yellow Warbler | ” ” rubiginosa | 196 |
| 652c | California Yellow Warbler | ” ” brewsteri | 299 |
| 653 | Mangrove Warbler | ” bryanti castaneiceps | 196 |
| 654 | Black-throated Blue Warbler | ” cærulescens cærulescens | 180 |
| 654a | Cairns’s Warbler | ” ” cairnsi | 180 |
| 655 | Myrtle Warbler | ” coronata | 197 |
| 656 | Audubon’s Warbler | ” auduboni auduboni | 190 |
| 656a | Black-fronted Warbler | ” ” nigrifrons | 190 |
| 657 | Magnolia Warbler | ” magnolia | 190 |
| 658 | Cerulean Warbler | ” cerulea | 181 |
| 659 | Chestnut-sided Warbler | ” pensylvania | 198 |
| 660 | Bay-breasted Warbler | ” castanea | 206 |
| 661 | Black-poll Warbler | ” striata | 249 |
| 662 | Blackburnian Warbler | ” fusca | 187 |
| 663 | Yellow-throated Warbler | ” dominica dominica | 190 |
| 663a | Sycamore Warbler | ” ” albilora | 190[Pg_287] |
| 664 | Grace’s Warbler | Dendroica graciæ | 190 |
| 665 | Black-throated Gray Warbler | ” nigrescens | 249 |
| 666 | Golden-cheeked Warbler | ” chrysoparia | 188 |
| 667 | Black-throated Green Warbler | ” virens | 188 |
| 668 | Townsend’s Warbler | ” townsendi | 188 |
| 669 | Hermit Warbler | ” occidentalis | 188 |
| 670 | Kirtland’s Warbler | ” kirtlandi | 191 |
| 671 | Pine Warbler | ” vigorsi vigorsi | 191 |
| 672 | Palm Warbler | ” palmarum palmarum | 196 |
| 672a | Yellow Palm Warbler | ” ” hypochrysea | 197 |
| 673 | Prairie Warbler | ” discolor | 197 |
| 674 | Oven-bird | Seiurus aurocapillus | 232 |
| 675 | Water-Thrush | ” noveboracensis noveboracensis | 232 |
| 675a | Grinnell’s Water-Thrush | ” noveboracensis notabilis | 232 |
| 676 | Louisiana Water-Thrush | ” motacilla | 232 |
| 677 | Kentucky Warbler | Oporornis formosus | 193 |
| 678 | Connecticut Warbler | ” agilis | 189 |
| 679 | Mourning Warbler | ” philadelphia | 189 |
| 680 | Macgillivray’s Warbler | ” tolmiei | 189 |
| 681 | Maryland Yellow-throat | Geothlypis trichas trichas | 193 |
| 681a | Western Yellow-throat | ” ” occidentalis | 193 |
| 681b | Florida Yellow-throat | ” ” ignota | 194 |
| 681c | Pacific Yellow-throat | ” ” arizela | 194 |
| 681e | Salt Marsh Yellow-throat | ” ” sinuosa | 194 |
| 682 | Belding’s Yellow-throat | ” beldingi | 194 |
| 682.1 | Rio Grande Yellow-throat | Chamæthlypis poliocephala | 194 |
| 683 | Yellow-breasted Chat | Icteria virens virens | 198 |
| 683a | Long-tailed Chat | ” ” longicauda | 198 |
| 684 | Hooded Warbler | Wilsonia citrina | 188 |
| 685 | Wilson’s Warbler | ” pusilla pusilla | 193 |
| 685a | Pileolated Warbler | ” ” pileolata | 193 |
| 685b | Golden Pileolated Warbler | ” ” chryseola | 193 |
| 686 | Canadian Warbler | ” canadensis | 191 |
| 687 | American Redstart | Setophaga ruticilla | 187 |
| 688 | Painted Redstart | ” picta | 177 |
| 690 | Red-faced Warbler | Cardellina rubrifrons | 177 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [694] | White Wagtail | Motacilla alba | A.V. |
| [695] | Swinhoe Wagtail | ” ocularis | A.V. |
| 696 | Alaska Yellow Wagtail | Budytes flavus alascensis | 192 |
| 697 | Pipit | Anthus rubescens | 232 |
| [698] | Meadow Pipit | ” pratensis | A.V. |
| [699] | Red-throated Pipit | ” cervinus | A.V. |
| 700 | Sprague’s Pipit | ” spraguei | 232 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 701 | Dipper | Cinclus mexicanus unicolor | 247 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 702 | Sage Thrasher | Oreoscoptes montanus | 233 |
| 703 | Mockingbird | Mimus polyglottos polyglottos | 248 |
| 703a | Western Mockingbird | ” ” leucopterus | 248 |
| 704 | Catbird | Dumtella carolinensis | 247 |
| 705 | Brown Thrasher | Toxostoma rufum | 233 |
| 706 | Sennett’s Thrasher | ” longirostre sennetti | 233 |
| 707 | Curve-billed Thrasher | ” curvirostre curvirostre | 216 |
| 707a | Palmer’s Thrasher | ” ” palmeri | 216 |
| 708 | Bendire’s Thrasher | ” bendirei | 216 |
| 709 | San Lucas Thrasher | ” cinereum cinereum | 216 |
| 709a | Mearns’s Thrasher | ” ” mearnsi | 216 |
| 710 | California Thrasher | ” ” redivivum redivivum | 217 |
| 711 | Leconte’s Thrasher | ” lecontei lecontei | 217 |
| 711a | Desert Thrasher | ” ” arenicola | 217 |
| 712 | Crissal Thrasher | ” crissale | 217 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 713 | Cactus Wren | Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi | 233 |
| 713a | Bryant’s Cactus Wren | ” ” bryanti | 233 |
| 713b | San Lucas Cactus Wren | ” ” affinis | 233 |
| 715 | Rock Wren | Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus | 234 |
| 715a | San Nicolas Rock Wren | ” ” pulverius | 301 |
| 716 | Guadalupe Rock Wren | ” ” guadeloupensis | 234 |
| 717 | White-throated Wren | Catherpes mexicanus albifrons | 234 |
| 717a | Cañon Wren | ” ” conspersus | 234 |
| 717b | Dotted Cañon Wren | ” ” punctulatus | 234[Pg_289] |
| 718 | Carolina Wren | Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus | 234 |
| 718a | Florida Wren | ” ” miamensis | 234 |
| 718b | Lomita Wren | ” ” lomitensis | 234 |
| 719 | Bewick’s Wren | Thryomanes bewicki bewicki | 235 |
| 719a | Vigor’s Wren | ” spilurus | 235 |
| 719b | Baird’s Wren | ” ” bairdi | 235 |
| 719c | Texas Bewick’s Wren | ” ” cryptus | 235 |
| 719d | San Diego Bewick’s Wren | ” ” charienturus | 235 |
| 719e | Seattle Bewick’s Wren | ” calophonus | 235 |
| 719.1 | San Clemente Wren | ” leucophrys | 235 |
| 720 | Guadalupe Wren | ” brevicauda | 235 |
| 721 | House Wren | Troglodytes aëdon aëdon | 236 |
| 721a | Western House Wren | ” ” parkmani | 236 |
| 722 | Winter Wren | Nannus hiemalis hiemalis | 236 |
| 722a | Western Winter Wren | ” pacificus | 236 |
| 722b | Kadiak Winter Wren | ” ” helleri | 236 |
| 723 | Alaska Wren | ” alascensis | 236 |
| 723.1 | Aleutian Wren | ” meliger | 236 |
| 724 | Short-billed Marsh Wren | Cistothorus stellaris | 236 |
| 725 | Long-billed Marsh Wren | Telmatodytes palustris palustris | 237 |
| 725 | Tulé Wren | ” paludicola | 237 |
| 725b | Worthington’s Marsh Wren | ” ” griseus | 237 |
| 725c | Western Tule Wren | ” plesius | 237 |
| 725d | Prairie Marsh Wren | ” iliacus | 301 |
| 725e | Marian’s Marsh Wren | ” ” mariannæ | 237 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 726 | Brown Creeper | Certhia familiaris americana | 237 |
| 726a | Mexican Creeper | ” ” albescens | 237 |
| 726b | Rocky Mountain Creeper | ” ” montana | 237 |
| 726c | California Creeper | ” ” occidentalis | 237 |
| 726d | Sierra Creeper | ” ” zelotes | 237 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 727 | White-breasted Nuthatch | Sitta carolinensis carolinensis | 246 |
| 727a | Slender-billed Nuthatch | ” ” aculeata | 246 |
| 727b | Florida White-breasted Nuthatch | ” ” atkinsi | 246 |
| 727c | Rocky Mountain Nuthatch | ” ” nelsoni | 246 |
| 727d | San Lucas Nuthatch | ” ” lagunæ | 246[Pg_290] |
| 728 | Red-breasted Nuthatch | Sitta canadensis | 246 |
| 729 | Brown-headed Nuthatch | ” pusilla | 246 |
| 730 | Pygmy Nuthatch | ” pygmæa pygmæa | 246 |
| 730a | White-naped Nuthatch | ” ” leuconucha | 247 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 731 | Tufted Titmouse | Bæolophus bicolor | 243 |
| 732 | Black-crested Titmouse | ” atricristatus atricristatus | 242 |
| 732a | Sennett’s Titmouse | ” ” sennetti | 303 |
| 733 | Plain Titmouse | Bæolophus inornatus inornatus | 242 |
| 733a | Gray Titmouse | ” ” griseus | 242 |
| 733b | Ashy Titmouse | ” ” cineraceus | 242 |
| 734 | Bridled Titmouse | ” wollweberi | 244 |
| 735 | Chickadee | Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus | 245 |
| 735a | Long-tailed Chickadee | ” ” septentrionalis | 245 |
| 735b | Oregon Chickadee | ” ” occidentalis | 245 |
| 735c | Yukon Chickadee | ” ” turneri | 303 |
| 736 | Carolina Chickadee | ” carolinensis carolinensis | 245 |
| 736a | Plumbeous Chickadee | ” ” agilis | 245 |
| 736b | Florida Chickadee | ” ” impiger | 303 |
| 737 | Mexican Chickadee | ” sclateri | 245 |
| 738 | Mountain Chickadee | ” gambeli gambeli | 244 |
| 738a | Bailey’s Mountain Chickadee | ” ” baileyæ | 303 |
| 739 | Alaska Chickadee | ” cinctus alascensis | 244 |
| 740 | Hudsonian Chickadee | ” hudsonicus hudsonicus | 244 |
| 740a | Acadian Chickadee | ” ” littoralis | 244 |
| 741 | Chestnut-backed Chickadee | ” rufescens rufescens | 244 |
| 741a | California Chickadee | ” ” neglectus | 244 |
| 741b | Barlow’s Chickadee | ” ” barlowi | 244 |
| 741c | Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee | ” ” vivax | 303 |
| 743 | Bush-Tit | Psaltriparus minimus minimus | 242 |
| 743a | California Bush-Tit | ” ” californicus | 242 |
| 743b | Grinda’s Bush-Tit | ” ” grindæ | 242 |
| 744 | Lead-colored Bush-Tit | ” plumbeus | 242 |
| 745 | Lloyd’s Bush-Tit | ” melanotis lloydi | 242 |
| 746 | Verdin | Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps | 195 |
| 746a | Cape Verdin | ” ” lamprocephalus | 195 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 742 | Wren-Tit | Chamæa fasciata fasciata | 215 |
| 742a | Pallid Wren-Tit | ” ” henshawi | 215 |
| 742b | Coast Wren-Tit | ” ” phæa | 300 |
| 742c | Ruddy Wren-Tit | ” ” rufula | 300 |
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 747 | Kennicott’s Willow Warbler | Acanthopneuste borealis | 212 |
| 748 | Golden-crowned Kinglet | Regulus satrapa satrapa | 187 |
| 748a | Western Golden-crowned Kinglet | ” ” olivaceus | 187 |
| 749 | Ruby-crowned Kinglet | ” calendula calendula | 176 |
| 749a | Sitkan Kinglet | ” ” grinnelli | 176 |
| 750 | Dusky Kinglet | ” ” obscurus | 177 |
| 751 | Blue-gray Gnatcatcher | Polioptila cærulea cærulea | 243 |
| 751a | Western Gnatcatcher | ” ” obscura | 243 |
| 752 | Plumbeous Gnatcatcher | ” plumbea | 243 |
| 753 | Black-tailed Gnatcatcher | ” californica | 243 |
Bluebirds, etc.
| A.O.U. No. | COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 754 | Townsend’s Solitaire | Myadestes townsendi | 247 |
| 755 | Wood Thrush | Hylocichla mustelina | 233 |
| 756 | Veery | ” fuscescens fuscescens | 238 |
| 756a | Willow Thrush | ” ” salicicola | 238 |
| 757 | Gray-cheeked Thrush | ” aliciæ aliciæ | 239 |
| 757a | Bicknell’s Thrush | ” ” bicknelli | 239 |
| 758 | Russet-backed Thrush | ” ustulata ustulata | 239 |
| 758a | Olive-backed Thrush | ” ” swainsoni | 239 |
| 759 | Alaska Hermit Thrush | ” guttata guttata | 238 |
| 759a | Audubon’s Hermit Thrush | ” ” auduboni | 238 |
| 759b | Hermit Thrush | ” ” pallasi | 238 |
| 759c | Dwarf Hermit Thrush | ” ” nana | 238 |
| 759d | Monterey Hermit Thrush | ” ” slevini | 302 |
| 759e | Sierra Hermit Thrush | ” ” sequoiensis | 302 |
| [760] | Red-winged Thrush | Turdus musicus | A.V. |
| 761 | Robin | Planesticus migratorius migratorius | 207 |
| 761a | Western Robin | ” ” propinquus | 207 |
| 761b | Southern Robin | ” ” achrusterus | 207 |
| 762 | San Lucas Robin | ” confinis | 207 [Pg_292] |
| 763 | Varied Thrush | Ixoreus nævius nævius | 207 |
| 763a | Northern Varied Thrush | ” ” meruloides | 207 |
| [764] | Siberian Red-spotted Bluethroat | Cyanosylvia suecica robusta | A.V. |
| [764.1] | Greater Kamchatkan Nightingale | Calliope calliope camtschatkensis | A.V. |
| 765 | Wheatear | Saxicola œnanthe œnanthe | 248 |
| 765a | Greenland Wheatear | ” ” leucorhoa | 248 |
| 766 | Bluebird | Sialia sialis sialis | 182 |
| 766a | Azure Bluebird | ” ” fulva | 182 |
| 767 | Western Bluebird | ” mexicana occidentalis | 182 |
| 767a | Chestnut-backed Bluebird | ” ” bairdi | 182 |
| 767b | San Pedro Bluebird | ” ” annabelæ | 182 |
| 768 | Mountain Bluebird | ” currucoides | 182 |
Since the publication of the first edition of the ‘Color Key’ in 1903, the
American Ornithologists’ Union has issued the Third Edition (1910) of its
‘Check-List of North American Birds.’ This includes all approved additions to
and changes in the preceding edition made since 1903 as well as rulings on a
number of cases which were in abeyance at the time the first edition of the
‘Color Key’ appeared.
Mere changes in nomenclature not affecting the status of a species are
given without comment in the preceding Systematic Table, which has been fully
revised and brought up to date. To ascertain the correct, current name of any
species or subspecies of North American bird the student, after determining
its identity in the ‘Color Key,’ has only to refer to its number in the Systematic
Table to learn whether any change has been made in nomenclature. In
addition to actual changes in nomenclature due to the detection of errors in
earlier names, it should be noted that a third name or trinomial is now employed
for each race of a species, and also that an apostrophe is used in connection
with the names of birds named for individuals. Throughout the ‘Color
Key,’ therefore, alterations should be made when required by these two changes
in method.
All other changes than these simple ones of names are included, with explanations,
in this appendix, and the student is urged to make manuscript
cross-references on the pages where such changes occur to avoid their being
overlooked.
As far as possible the language of the original describer of the new subspecies
of birds is here quoted, while the Ranges are mainly from the A. O. U.
Check-List.
References to original sources of publication are given only with cases included
in the first supplement to the Third Edition (1910) of the Check List.
In all other instances reference to the original place of description, etc., is
contained in the ‘Check-List.’
Pages 29, 127. The North American Kites, Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, etc., are
now placed in three families instead of one, as follows: BUTEONIDÆ, containing
the Kites, Hawks and Eagles (Nos. 327-352a); FALCONIDÆ containing
the Falcons and Caracaras (Nos. 353-363), and PANDIONIDÆ, containing the
Osprey (No. 364).
Pages 39, 162, 168. The subfamilies Troglodytinæ and Miminæ are now
elevated to full family rank. The Mockingbirds and Thrashers (Nos. 702-712)
are therefore the North American members of the Family MIMIDÆ; and the
Wrens (Nos. 713-725e) the North American members of the Family TROGLODYTIDÆ.
Pages 39, 162, 168. The subfamilies Sittinæ and Parinæ are now elevated
to full family rank. The Nuthatches (Nos. 727 to 730a) are therefore the North
American members of the Family SITTIDÆ; and the Titmice (Nos. 732 to 746a,
except Nos. 742 to 742c now placed in the Family CHAMÆIDÆ, see beyond)
the North American members of the Family PARIDÆ.
Page 63. Cancel No. 94, Puffinus fuliginosus, which proves to be the same
as No. 95, Puffinus griseus. The common name, however, is retained and the
species stands 95, Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus). Characters as given.
Range—Oceans of Southern Hemisphere; occurs in summer on the Pacific
coast from southern Alaska to Lower California, and on the Atlantic coast from
Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina.
Page 77. But one form of the Black Duck is recognized by the A. O. U.
It stands as No. 133. Black Duck (Anas rubripes), which name, therefore,
includes both Nos. 133 and 133a.
Page 92. After No. 197 add: 197a. Brewster’s Egret (Egretta candidissima
brewsteri). Similar to No. 197 “but larger, bill longer, tarsus longer, and whole
leg very much heavier or thicker.” ♂. Tar. 4.36; B. 3.60. ♀. Tar. 4.00;
B. 3.42. (Thayer and Bangs).
Range—”Southern Lower California.” (A. O. U.).
Page 97. After No. 210 add: 210.1. Light-footed rail. (Rallus levipes)
“Much smaller than either R. obsoletus or R. beldingi, bill much more slender,
tarsus and foot smaller than in either; superciliary white instead of rusty….”
W. 5.70; T. 2.24; Tar. 1.81; B. 2.24. (Bangs).
Range—”Marshes of southern California, from Santa Barbara south to San
Quintin Bay, Lower California; accidental in Arizona.” (A. O. U.)
Page 98. After No. 216 add: 216.1. Farallon Rail (Creciscus coturniculus).
“Smaller [than No. 216] with much slenderer bill; the plumbeous of the under
parts deeper, the chestnut-brown of the upper parts brighter and more extended,
forming a broader patch on the nape and tinging more or less strongly and generally
much of the top of the head where there is often no pure unmixed
plumbeous or slaty save on the forehead.” (Brewster).
Range—”Pacific coast of United States. Breeds in coast marshes of California;
casual in Washington, Oregon and Lower California.” (A. O. U.)
Page 103. After 266 add: 268. Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis).
Somewhat like N. hudsonicus, but thighs with long bristle-like feathers;
tail pale rusty, barred with black; markings of back and wings pale rusty.
Range—”Alaska and Pacific Islands. Breeding range unknown; has been
taken in summer in western Alaska from Kowak River to Kenai Peninsula; also
on Laysan and Phoenix Islands; winters in islands of the South Pacific from
Hawaii to New Caledonia” (A. O. U.). Classed with Accidental Visitants in first
edition of ‘Color Key.’
Page 112. Cancel No. 277a, Belted Piping Plover, which proves to be the
same as No. 277, Piping Plover.
Page 117. After No. 297b add: 297c. Sierra Grouse (D. o. sierræ). Male
resembles male of No. 297, but back less black and more heavily vermiculated
with brown and gray; terminal tail-band narrower and more speckled with
blackish; medium tail-feathers more heavily marked with gray or brownish;
white neck-tufts practically absent; feathers of sides, flanks and under tail-coverts
with less white. Much paler and more heavily vermiculated above than
No. 297b.
Range—Ft. Klamath, Oregon south through the Sierras to Mount Pinos in
South California.
Page 117. The ranges of the races of this bird (now known as Spruce
Partridge, rather than Spruce Grouse) are given in the A. O. U. ‘Check-List’ as
follows:
298. Hudsonian Spruce Partridge (Canachites canadensis canadensis).
Range—”Boreal forest region from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains
west of Edmonton, Alberta, east to Labrador Peninsula; also a disconnected area
in Alaska from Bristol Bay to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound.”
298b. Alaska Spruce Partridge (C. c. osgoodi).
Range—”Mt. McKinley and the Yukon region east to Great Slave and
Athabasca lakes.”
298c. Canada Spruce Partridge (C. c. canace).
Range—”Manitoba, southern Ontario, and New Brunswick south to northern
parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New England.”
Page 119. After No. 301a add: 301b. Alexander’s Ptarmigan (L. l. alexandræ).
Similar to L. l. lagopus in corresponding plumage, “but coloration darker
throughout, especially dorsally; bill smaller and relatively much narrower.”
(Grinnell).
Range—Baranof and adjacent islands west to Shumagin Islands (A. O. U.).
Page 119. After No. 301b. add; 301c. Ungava Ptarmigan (L. l. ungavus).
Like No. 301 but with a heavier bill. Culmen, .82; depth of bill at base, .57
(Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1911, p. 233).
Range—Ungava and probably the eastern shore of Hudson Bay.
Page 120. Remove the interrogation points from before Nos. 304 and 304a,
the distinctions between which there presented having been accepted by the
[Pg_296]
A. O. U., and amend Range of No. 304a. to read: “Alpine summits from central
Alaska, northern Yukon, and northwestern Mackenzie south to Cook Inlet
region, Kenai Peninsula and southern Yukon.” (A. O. U.).
Page 120. After No. 302e. add: 302f. Dixon’s Ptarmigan (L. r. dixoni).
Resembling L. r. nelsoni in corresponding plumage, “but much darker; in
extreme blackness of coloration nearly like Lagopus evermanni, but feathers of
chest and back more or less finely vermiculated with hazel.” (Grinnell).
Range—Islands near Sitka.
Page 120. After No. 302d. add: 302e. Adak Ptarmigan (L. r. chamberlaini).
Nearest L. r. towsendi but with finer vermiculations above, and with black bars
on neck and upper back reduced to very narrow bars or vermiculations. Grayest
of the Aleutian Ptarmigan. (Clark).
Range—Island of Adak, Aleutian Chain.
Page 122. A change here in enumeration makes Merriam’s Turkey No.
310, while the Wild Turkey (M. g. silvestris) becomes 310a.
Page 125. After No. 316 add: 316a. Western Mourning Dove (Z. m. marginella).
Similar to Z. m. carolinensis but paler. (Mearns, Auk, 1911, p. 490).
Range—”Pacific Coast and San Clemente Island east to Mississippi Valley”
(A. O. U.). The range of No. 316 should be correspondingly restricted.
Page 126. After No. 319 add: 319a. White-winged Dove (M. a. trudeaui).
Similar to M. a. asiatica but “slightly larger, with a much longer bill and much
paler coloration” (Mearns, Auk. 1911, p. 489).
Range—”Lower California, southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and
southern Texas, south to Costa Rica. Casual in southeastern California and
Colorado; accidental in Washington” (A. O. U.).
Page 126. No. 319 becomes West Indian White-winged Dove (Melopelia
asiatica asiatica). Its Range includes Cuba and Jamaica, and it is of casual
occurrence in the Bahamas and Florida.
Page 132. After No. 337d. add 337e. Alaska Red-tail (B. b. alascensis).
Resembling B. b. calurus “but smaller throughout, and, keeping in consideration
the stage of plumage, dark areas blacker and more extended.” ♂ W.
13.5; T. 7.67; ♀ W. 14.44; T. 8.69 (Grinnell).
Range—”Southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay to Admiralty Island and the
Sitka Islands” (A. O. U.).
Page 138. After No. 360b. add: 360c. Little Sparrow Hawk (F. S. paulus).
Similar to No. 360 but smaller. ♂ W. 6.80; T. 4.12 ♀ W. 6.96; T. 4.00 (Howe).
Range—Southern half of Florida.
Page 140. No. 379 proves to be separable into southern and northern races.
The former retains the name Glaucidium gnoma gnoma, while the race of northern
Mexico and Western United States, heretofore known by that name, becomes
[Pg_297]
G. g. pinicola, the Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl. (Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
XXIII, 1910, p. 103).
Page 142. After No. 373h. add: 373i. Sahauro Screech Owl (O. a. gilmani).
Nearest No. 373f but smaller and paler and with black markings more restricted
(Swarth, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., VII, 1910, p. 1).
Range—”Lower Sonoran Life zone of southeastern California, Arizona, and
probably New Mexico; and northwestern Mexico” (A. O. U.).
Page 143. After No. 375f. add: 375g. Saint Michael Horned Owl (B. v.
algistus). Similar to No. 375d. but larger; face less ochraceous, upper surface
paler ochraceous. W. 14.60 (Oberholser).
Range—”Coast Region of northern Alaska from Bristol Bay and the Yukon
northward” (A. O. U.).
Page 143. After No. 275e. add: 375f. Labrador Horned Owl (B. v. heterocnemis).
Similar to No. 375c. “but bill larger; posterior lower parts paler; feet
lighter colored and less heavily spotted; upper parts with usually less ochraceous.”
(Oberholser).
Range—”Northern Ungava and Labrador” (A. O. U.).
Page 147. After No. 390 add: 390a. Northwestern Belted Kingfisher (C. a.
caurina). Similar to No. 370 “but size greater, especially measurements of
flight-feathers.” W. 6.54 (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., V. 1910, p. 388).
Range—Northwestern America, south along the Pacific coast in winter.
Status of California breeding birds still undetermined. (Grinnell, Univ. Cal. Pub.
Zool., V, 1910, p. 289).
Page 150. After No. 393f. add: 393g. Newfoundland Woodpecker (D. v. terrænoræ).
Similar to D. V. villosus, “but slightly larger, the black areas of the
upperparts increased, the white areas reduced both in number and in size, especially
in the remiges and wing-coverts,” (Batchelder).
Range—Newfoundland.
Page 150. After No. 393e. add: 393h. White-breasted Woodpecker (D. v.
leucothorectis). “Much like No. 393e. but decidedly smaller; wing-coverts practically
always without white spots.” W. 4.83; T. 3.07; B. 1.10 (Oberholser,
Proc. U. S. N. M. 40, 1908, p. 608).
Range—”Canadian and Transition Zones, from southern Utah, northwestern
and central New Mexico and extreme southwestern Texas, south to the mountains
of western Zacatecas, Mexico.” (A. O. U.).
Page 151. After No. 396a. add: 396b. San Fernando Woodpecker (D. s.
eremicus). Similar to No. 396a, but larger; lower surface darker; upperparts
darker, the white bars on back averaging narrower and less regular, the neck
bars wider; black bars on posterior lower parts averaging somewhat wider.”
♂ W. 4.16; T. 2.67; B. 1.02. (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M. 41, 1911, P. 151).
Range—Lower California, north of Ukai and Plaia Maria Bay, except extreme
northeastern portion” (A. O. U.). The Range of No. 396a is thus restricted to the
southern half of Lower California.
Page 151.
Dryobates scalaris bairdi proves to be restricted to Mexico; No.
396, its representative in the southwestern United States, has been named
[Pg_298]
Cactus Woodpecker (D. s. cactophilus). (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M., 41, 1911,
p. 152).
Page 154. After No. 414a. add: 414b. Mearns’s Gilded Flicker (C. c.
mearnsi). Similar to C. c. chrysoides but decidedly larger and paler, with pileum
more strongly cinnamomeus, black bars on back, etc., narrower, spots on outer
web of primaries more conspicuous primary coverts also sometimes spotted,
gray of throat, etc. lighter, and spots on underparts usually smaller. W. 5.74;
T. 3.77; B. 1.39 (Ridgway).
Range.—”Extreme southwestern California, northern Lower California, and
southern Arizona south to southern Sonora” (A. O. U.). The Range of No. 414 is
now restricted to “southern Lower California,” that of No. 414 to “middle Lower
California.”
Page 160. After No. 439 add: 391.1 Salvin’s Hummingbird (Uranomitra
salvini). Ad. ♂. Head glittering blue; back dark shining green; tail dark
glossy green, outer pair of feathers broadly tipped with drab; below soiled
white; throat tinged with clayey white, sides of throat spotted with blue;
sides of breast greenish blue; sides of body brilliant green. W. 2.07; T. 1.27;
B. 1.02 (Brewster). Yng ♀. Similar but duller, rump edged with rusty; sides of
body brownish gray (Bishop).
Range.—”Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, and eastern Sonora (only
two specimens known)” (A. O. U.).
Pages 162 and 166. The Waxwings alone now compose the Family BOMBYCILLIDÆ
(formerly AMPELIDÆ) while the Phainopepla is placed in the Family
PTILOGONATIDÆ.
Pages 162 and 169. The subfamily Chamæinæ is now elevated to full family
rank and stands as Family CHAMÆIDÆ, Wren-Tits. It contains solely the
Wren-Tits, (Nos. 742 to 742c) the only family of birds restricted to North
America.
Page 178. After No. 498f. add: 498g. Vera Cruz Red-wing (A. p. richmondi).
Similar to A. p. floridanus but slightly smaller; adult female much lighter
colored (resembling female of A. p. sonoriensis), about intermediate in color
between females of A. p. floridanus and A. p. bryanti. ♂ W. 4.40; T. 3.22; B.
90; depth of B. at base, .44. ♀. W. 3.61; T. 2.67; B. .77; depth of B. at base, 39.
Range.—”Southern coast and Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas south
through eastern Mexico to Yucatan and eastern Guatemala; winters south to
eastern Nicaragua and Costa Rica.” (A. O. U.).
Page 185. After No. 478d. add: 478e. Coast Jay (C. s. carbonacea). “Intermediate
in size and coloration between C. s. stelleri and C. stelleri frontalis.
Dorsal surface sooty black as in stelleri, but with blue on forehead nearly
as extended as in frontalis. Tint of blue of posterior lower parts paler than in
stelleri, and extending further forward into pectoral region as in frontalis”
(Grinnell).
Range.—”Breeds in the humid Pacific coast strip from southern Oregon to the
Santa Lucia mountains, California and east to the mountains on the west side
of Napa Valley; in winter east to the Gabilan and Mt. Diablo ranges” (A. O. U).
Page 192. Cancel No. 530b, United States specimens of which prove to be
merely adults of No. 530. Further west, however, black-backed birds are not
found, and this western bird has been described as new. (Consequently after No.
530, add: 530a). Green-backed Goldfinch (A. p. hesperophilus). Similar to A. p.
psaltria “but ear-coverts, sides of neck with back, nape, and rump, in fully adult
plumage, olive-green instead of black” (Oberholser). Fig. 530 represents this
area.
Range.—”Southwestern United States. Breeds from southern Oregon and
Utah to southern Lower California, Sonora and extreme southwestern New Mexico;
winters from central California to Cape San Lucas” (A. O. U.).
The Range of A. g. psaltria is therefore restricted to “northern Colorado to
central northern Texas and south throughout Mexico, except in northwestern
and extreme southern portions; casual in Wyoming.” (A. O. U.).
Page 194. Cancel No. 618d, Northern Yellow-throat, which proves to be the
same as No. 681, Maryland Yellow-throat.
Page 196. After No. 652b. add: 652c. California Yellow Warbler (D. æ.
brewsteri). Differs from D. æ. æstiva in smaller size, paler (or less brightly
yellow) coloration and, in the male, narrower streaking on under surface.”
Differs from D. æ. rubiginosa “in much smaller size and yellower coloration,”
and “from D. æ. sonorana in smaller size and darker coloration.” ♂ W. 2.45;
T. 1.96. ♀. W. 2.33; T. 1.93 (Grinnell).
Range.—Pacific Coast, west of the Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada from
Washington to southern California. (The range of D. æ. æstiva is correspondingly
restricted).
Page 210. Cancel No. 464.2, Santa Barbara Flycatcher, which proves to be
the same as No. 464, Western Flycatcher.
Page 211. Cancel No. 472a, Ridgway’s Flycatcher, which proves to be the
same as No. 472, Beardless Flycatcher.
Page 212. After No. 632c. add: 632a. Fraser’s Vireo (V. h. cognatus). Similar
to V. h. stephensi, but wing averaging decidedly shorter, tarsus longer, and
coloration paler. Wing, 2.48; Tar. .74 (Ridgway).
Range.—”Cape San Lucas district of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna;
Victoria Mountains); resident” (Ridgway).
Page 214. After No. 633a. add: 633b. Texas Vireo (V. b. medius). “Similar
to V. b. belli, but coloration paler and tail averaging longer; pileum and hindneck
brownish gray instead of grayish brown; olive of back, etc. grayer; underparts
whiter with olive-yellow of sides and flanks much paler; under tail-coverts
and axillars white, yellowish white, or very pale sulphur yellow”
(Ridgway).
Range.—”Southwestern Texas (Presidio, Brewster and Kinney Counties) south
to Coahuila and Guanajuato, central Mexico” (A. O. U.).
Pages 215, 216. The Wren-Tits have been revised and their ranges more
correctly defined, and to the two forms given two more have been added. The
four races now recognized stand as follows: 742. Wren-Tit (Chamæa fasciata
fasciata). Characters as described and figured.
Range.—”Upper Sonoran zone on the eastern and southern shores of San
Francisco Bay and adjacent Santa Clara Valley” (A. O. U.).
742a. Pallid Wren-Tit (C. f. henshawi). Similar to C. f. fasciata, “but
decidedly paler, the back, scapulars, rump, etc. grayish brown (deep hair-brown),
the pileum and hindneck brownish gray (nearly mouse-gray or deep
smoke-gray), and general color of underparts varying from very pale grayish
buff to buffy ecru-drab, or pale, vinaceous-buff, fading to nearly white on lower
abdomen” (Ridgway).
Range.—”Upper Sonoran Zone of foothills and valleys of interior and southern
California from Shasta County south to northern Lower California, and along
the coast from Monterey Bay southward” (A. O. U.).
742b. Coast Wren-Tit (C. f. phæa). Characters as stated on page 216.
Range.—”Humid Transition Zone of Pacific Coast of Oregon and northern
California (from Columbia River to Humboldt Bay)” (A. O. U.).
742c. Ruddy Wren-Tit (C. f. rufula). Intermediate in color between No.
742 and No. 742b. More richly colored than the former, but not so dark as the
latter.
Range.—”Humid Transition coast strip of California from southern Humboldt
County to Santa Cruz” (A. O. U.).
Page 217. Cancel No. 710a. Pasadena Thrasher, which proves to be the
same as No. 710 California Thrasher.
Page 223. After No. 542b, add: 542d. Nevada Savannah Sparrow (P. s.
nevadensis). Resembles P. s. alaudinus “but much paler throughout in all plumages;
white replacing buff, black streaks thus more conspicuously contrasted,
there being a minimum amount of hazel marginings; size slightly less.” Differs
from P. s. savanna “as above, but in greater degree” (Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool. V, 1910, p. 312).
Range.—”Humboldt and Washoe Counties, Nevada, and probably throughout
Great Basin, south in winter to the Colorado Desert and Los Angeles Co., California”
(A. O. U.).
Page 228, after No. 574b (which, as shown in the Systematic Table, now
becomes 574.1a) add: 574.1b. California Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza nevadensis
canescens). Similar to Amphispiza belli but size somewhat greater, and coloration
throughout very much paler; resembles Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis,
but size very much less, and coloration slightly darker. ♂ W. 2.79; T. 3.03.
♀ W. 2.63; T. 2.87 (Grinnell).
Range.—”Upper Sonoran Zone in Owens Valley and adjacent areas in eastern
California and extreme western Nevada” (A. O. U.).
Page 229. After No. 581c. add 581s. Suisun Song Sparrow (M. m. maxillaris).
[Pg_301]
Size of M. m. heermanni; but black streakings everywhere broader, and
the general tone of coloration darker; larger than M. m. samuelis and with
brown more extended and deeper in tone (bay rather than hazel); unique in
having the base of the maxilla inflated or swollen with “lateral bulbosities”
(Grinnell).
Range.—Marshes bordering Suisun Bay, Solano Co., California.
Page 230. After No. 581d. add: 581p. Mendocino Song Sparrow (M. m.
cleonsis). Size of M. m. samuelis but lighter and more rusty; black markings
of back more restricted; spots of breast broadly edged with rusty; black on
side of head and neck almost entirely replaced by rusty or reddish brown”
(McGregor).
Range.—”Coast strip of southern Oregon and northern California from
Yaquina Bay, Oregon, to Tomales Bay, California” (A. O. U.).
Page 231. After No. 585d. add: 585e. Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. i. fuliginosa).
“Similar to P. i. townsendi but darker and less rufescent, the upperparts, sides of
head and neck and lateral underparts sepia or sooty brown, the upper tail-coverts
and tail slightly more castaneous; spots on underparts dark sooty
brown, larger and more confluent than in other forms” (Ridgway).
Range.—”Northwest coast strip. Breeds on the coast of British Columbia,
Vancouver Island and northwestern Washington; winters south along the coast
to San Francisco, California” (A. O. U.).
No. 585f. Kadiak Fox Sparrow (P. i. insularis). “Similar to P. i. unalaschensis
but much browner and more uniform above (back warm sepia), spots on
chest, etc., larger and much deeper brown and under tail-coverts more strongly
tinged with buff” (Ridgway).
Range.—”Alaska coast strip. Breeds on Kadiak Island and on the coast from
Prince William Sound south to Cross Sound; winters along the coast to southern
California” (A. O. U.).
Page 234. After No. 715 add: 715a. San Nicolas Rock Wren (S. o.
pulverius). Similar to S. o. obsoletus “but entire plumage, especially the upperparts,
suffused with ochraceous or dust color, almost identical with the tint
of the soil on San Nicholas Island” (Grinnell).
Range.—San Nicholas Island, California.
Page 236. Cancel No. 821b, Troglodytes aëdon aztecus, which proves to be the
same as No. 721a, T. a. parkmani. The common name, Western House Wren,
however, is retained in place of the common name Parkman’s Wren.
Page 237. After No. 725c add: 725d. Prairie Marsh Wren (T. p. iliacus).
“Similar to T. p. palustris, but slightly larger and with the coloration more
rufescent, the brown of the upperparts russet-brown to cinnamon-brown or
russet, the flanks conspicuously deep cinnamon-buff or cinnamon” (Ridgway).
Range.—Plains and prairies of central North America. Breeds from central
Alberta and southwestern Keewatin south to central Mississippi Valley and east to
[Pg_302]
Indiana; winters southward into Mexico and along the Gulf coast to western
Florida (A. O. U.).
Page 238. After No. 759c add: 759d. Monterey Hermit Thrush (H. g.
slevini). General color extremely pale and ashy, nearly as much so as in H. g.
sequoiensis; above hair-brown, slightly browner on top of head; upper tail-coverts
and tail isabella color; spots on breast sepia, small in size and few in
numbers. (Grinnell).
Range.—”Breeds in Transition Zone of the coast belt in California from
northern Trinity County to southern Monterey County; south in migration to
Lower California and Sonora” (A. O. U.).
759e. Sierra Hermit Thrush (H. g. sequoiensis). Similar in coloration to
H. g. slevini, but decidedly larger and slightly darker or browner; similar to
H. g. guttata, but larger, paler, and grayer; decidedly smaller.” W. 3.65; T. 2.82.
(Ridgway).
Range.—”Breeds in Boreal Zones from southern British Columbia to high
mountains in southern California; south in migration and in winter to Lower
California, western Texas, and northern Mexico” (A. O. U.).
Page 239. Cancel 758b, Monterey Thrush, and No. 758c, Alma Thrush, which
are now considered to be the same as No. 758, Russet-backed Thrush.
Pages 240 and 241. The decisions of the A. O. U. Committee on numerous
proposed changes in the standing of our Juncos were not published until after
the first edition of the Color Key appeared. One new form (No. 567h) has
been added to those therein given one (J. o. shufeldti) has been omitted and the
following changes have been made in nomenclature:
No. 568. Junco mearnsi, becomes No. 567g, Junco hyemalis mearnsi, and the
Range of this form is now given as “Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from
southwestern Saskatchewan to southern Idaho and northern Wyoming and
Colorado to southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and northeastern Sonora”
(A. O. U.).
No. 567.1 Junco montanus, becomes No. 567f. Junco hyemalis montanus.
No. 571.1 Junco townsendi, becomes No. 567i, Junco hyemalis townsendi.
No. 569 Junco caniceps, becomes No. 570b. Junco phæonotus caniceps.
No. 570a. Junco dorsalis, becomes Junco phæonotus dorsalis.
No. 567a. Junco oreganus, becomes Junco hyemalis oreganus.
No. 567c. Junco oreganus thurberi, becomes Junco hyemalis thurberi.
No. 567d. Junco oreganus pinosus, becomes Junco hyemalis pinosus.
The common names of all the preceding species remain unchanged.
No. 567b. Coues’ Junco (Junco oreganus connectens) becomes Shufeldt’s
Junco (Junco hyemalis connectens), and this form also includes J. o. shufeldti of
the ‘Color Key,’ which is therefore cancelled. The Range of 567b, thus stands
as follows:
Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from the coast of southern British Columbia
east to west, central Alberta and south to northern Oregon; winters over entire
Rocky Mountain tableland to eastern Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, western
Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora; casual in northern Lower California” (A. O. U.).
The one new form added follows No. 568. after which insert 567h, Ridgway’s
Junco (J. h. annectens). Back with a reddish brown patch as in J. p. caniceps,
but sides washed with pinkish brown, as in J. h. mearnsi.
Range.—”Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico” (A. O. U.).
Page 242. Cancel No. 744.1, Santa Rita Bush-Tit, which proves to be the
same as No. 745, Lloyd’s Bush-Tit.
Page 243. Cancel No. 731a, Texan Tufted Titmouse, which proves to be the
same as No. 731, Tufted Titmouse.
Page 243. After No. 732 add: 732a. Sennett’s Titmouse (B. a. sennetti).
“Similar to B. a. atricistatus, but decidedly larger;
upper parts much clearer gray, with little, if any olive tinge; adult female with crest feathers more often
and more extensively tipped with gray, and both sexes with the forehead more
often tinged with brown or rusty, sometimes deeply so” (Ridgway).
Range.—Central Texas, “from Tom Green and Concho Counties east to the
Brazos River, and from Young County south to Nueces and Bee Counties” (A. O. U.).
Page 244. After No. 741b. add: 741c. Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee (P.
r. vivax). Like P. r. rufescens in coloration but larger, tail proportionately
longer and bill bulkier. W. 2.48; T. 2.32 (Grinnell).
Range.—Prince William Sound Region, Alaska.
Page 244. Cancel 740a. Kowak Chickadee, and No. 740b, Columbian
Chickadee, which prove to be the same as No. 740, Hudsonian Chickadee.
Parus h. littoralis becomes No. 740a, Acadian Chickadee.
Page 244. After No. 738 add: 738a. Bailey’s Mountain Chickadee (P. g.
baileyæ). Similar to P. g. gambeli, “but coloration dorsally and laterally more
plumbeous, less brownish, and bill larger.” B. 41 (Grinnell).
Range.—”Mountains of Great Basin region and northern Lower California.
Breeds in Canadian and Transition Zones from the Maury Mountains, Oregon,
south over Nevada and eastern California to the San Pedro Martir Mountains,
Lower California” (A. O. U.).
Page 245. After No. 736a add: 736b. Florida Chickadee (P. c. impiger).
Similar to P. c. carolinensis but darker and decidedly smaller (except bill).
W. 2.08; T. 1.81; B. .31 (Ridgway).
Range.—East central Florida.
Page 245. After No. 735b add: 735c. Yukon Chickadee (P. a. turneri).
“Similar to P. a. septentrionalis but slightly smaller, coloration grayer above and
more extensively or purely white beneath, and white edgings of greater wing-coverts,
secondaries, and outermost rectrices broader, more purely white”
(Ridgway).
Range.—Alaska, north and west of Cook Inlet.
Page 248. After No. 622c add the northeastern form of the Loggerhead
Shrike, which is intermediate between L. l. ludovicianus and L. l. excubitorides
[Pg_304]
and has been separated as 622e. Migrant Shrike (L. l. migrans). Similar to
L. l. ludovicianus but bill smaller and colors averaging paler. Not so pale as,
and lacking the whitish upper tail-coverts of L. l. excubitorides.
Range.—”Eastern North America. Breeds chiefly in Transition and Upper
Austral Zones from northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario,
southern Quebec, Maine, and New Brunswick, south to eastern Kansas, southern
Illinois, Kentucky, western North Carolina and interior of Virginia (locally in the
east); winters from Middle States and southern New England to Texas, Louisiana,
and Mississippi” (A. O. U.).
The Range of the Loggerhead Shrike (No. 622) is therefore restricted to the
South Atlantic and Gulf States from southern North Carolina south through
Florida and west to Louisiana.
Page 250. After No. 612 add: 612a. Lesser Cliff Swallow (P. l. tachina).
Similar to P. l. lunifrons but decidedly smaller, the forehead ochraceous instead
of cream color. W. 4.08; T. 1.77 (Oberholser).
Range.—”Texas and Mexico. Breeds in western Texas, the Rio Grande
Valley, and through eastern Mexico to Vera Cruz” (A. O. U.).
Page 250. No. 612.2. Petrochelidon melanogastra, becomes No. 612b, Petrochelidon
lunifrons melanogastra.
Page 250. After No. 611.1 (which is now believed to be of only occasional
occurrence in southern Florida) add: 611.2. Gray-breasted Martin (Progne
chalybea). Male much like the female of P. subis but brighter, more uniformly
steel-blue above. Female like female of P. subis but brighter, more uniformly
gray, the belly whiter, without black shaft streaks; the nape without sign of a
collar in either sex. W. 5.2.
Range.—Breeds from Lower Rio Grande in Texas south to southern Brazil.
Page 253. After No. 496 (which has become Tangavius æneus involucratus)
add: 496a. Bronzed Cowbird (T. w. æneus). Similar to T. æ. involucratus but
plumage of the male smoother and more glossy; the female much grayer, more
like female of M. ater.
Range.—”San Antonio, Texas, south through eastern Mexico, Yucatan and
central America to Panama” (A. O. U.).
The Range of No. 496 is hence restricted to the region from northwestern
Mexico to southern Arizona.
Page 255. After No. 488a. add: 488b. Western Crow (C. b. hesperis).
Similar to No. 488 “but decidedly smaller, with bill relatively smaller and more
slender.” ♂ W. 11.88; T. 6.72; B. 1.87; depth of B. at nostril .62 (Ridgway).
Range.—”Western North America, from east central British Columbia and
Montana south to southern California, Arizona, and western Texas” (A. O. U.).
When one is engaged in a study of the birds of a certain region or locality
it is of the first importance to learn what has been published about them by
previous workers. Such information may appear in general works on the
bird-life of a large area, but more frequently it is found in ‘local lists’ of the
birds of a limited district. These lists constitute one of the most characteristic
and numerous types of ornithological publication. They are of value to
the student of distribution and migration, in the broader phases of these
subjects, and they are of especial interest and assistance to students living
in the region to which they relate.
The appended titles of works of this nature have been selected from a
card catalogue of faunal publications which the author began to prepare
some twenty years ago, in part with regard to their historic importance, but
mainly on the basis of their present working value.
Unfortunately many of these papers are now out of print or are hidden
in scientific publications of but limited circulation and are therefore correspondingly
inaccessible. When, however, other means to secure them fail,
the Librarian of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York
City, may be consulted with a view to securing, at cost, a type written copy
of any list desired.
1875-1895. SHARPE, B., and others. Catalogue of Birds in the British
Museum. 27 vols. with descriptions of the birds of the world, ills.—1885. STEJNEGER,
L., and others. Riverside Natural History. Vol. IV, Birds, 4to, 558
pp., ills. (Houghton, Mifflin). Classification, structure, habits, distribution.—1893-1836.
NEWTON, A., and others. A Dictionary of Birds. Pop. Ed., 8vo, 1088
pp., ills. (Macmillan).—1894-95. LYDEKKER, R., and others. Royal Nat. Hist.,
Birds, 4to, Vols. III, 584 pp., and IV, 576 pp., ills., General account.—1899.
EVANS, A. H., Birds. Vol. IX, Cambridge Natural History (Macmillan). 8vo,
635 pp. ills. Classification, habits, distribution.—1899-1909. SHARPE, B. A
Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. 8vo, 5 vols. Published by British
Museum. Names and Ranges.—1909. KNOWLTON, F. H., and others.
Birds of the World, sm. 4to, 873 pp., ills. (Holt). Habits, distribution.
1804-14, WILSON, A. American Ornithology. 9 vols., 4to Many subsequent
editions, the last, in one volume, by Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, is
crude, but at least places Wilson’s text within reach of every one.—1831-39. AUDUBON,
J. J. Ornithological Biography. 5 vols., 8vo of text to accompany the
4 elephant folios of plates (1827-38). Republished in 8 vols., 8vo, 1840-44 and
later editions. The elephant folios with the 5 volumes of text sell for $2500-$3000;
the text can sometimes be purchased at $5 per volume; the first 8vo edition
brings about $350.—1832-34. NUTTALL, T. Manual of the Ornithology of
the United States and Canada. 2 vols. Several later editions, the last revised
by Montague Chamberlain (Little, Brown & Co.), 1903, 2 vols. in one, 473 and
431 pp.—1858. BAIRD, S. F., CASSIN, J., and LAWRENCE, G. N. Pacific R. R.
Reports. Vol. IX. Birds (of North America). 4to. pp. LVI+1005—1872. COUES,
E. Key to North American Birds. 1903, 5th and last ed., 2 vols., roy. 8vo. 1152
pp. The introduction, of 233 pages, treats of general ornithology and the anatomy
of birds.—1874-1884. BAIRD, S. F., BREWER, T. M., and RIDGWAY, R.
History of North American Birds. Land birds, 3 vols.: water birds, 2 vols., 4to.
The volumes on land birds republished in 8vo size but from same plates, 1905,
596, 590, 560 pp. (Little, Brown & Co).—1886. American Ornithologists’ Union
Check-List of North American Birds. New York, Rev. Ed. 1910, 8vo, 430 pp.—1887.
RIDGWAY, R. A Manual of North American Birds. 2d Ed. 1896, 653 pp.
(Lippincott).—1892-5. BENDIRE, C. Life Histories of North American Birds.
I, 414 pp., Gallinaceous birds, Pigeons, Hawks, and Owls; II, 1895, 508 pp.,
Parrots, Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, Goatsuckers, Swifts,
Hummingbirds, Cotingas, Flycatchers, Larks, Crows and Jays, Blackbirds and
Orioles. (Pub. by U. S. Nat. Mus.)—1893. NEHRLING, H. Our Native Birds
of Song and Beauty. Vol. I, 371 pp.; Vol. II, 1896, 452 pp. Biographical.—1898.
DAVIE, O. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. 5th Ed., 8vo, 509 pp.
(Columbus, Ohio).—1901-1911. RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of North and Middle
America. Bull. 50, U. S. Nat. Mus. Part I, 1901, Fringillidæ; Part II, 1902, Tanagridæ,
Icteridæ, Cœrebidæ, Mniotiltidæ; Part III, 1904, Motacillidæ, Hirundinidæ,
Ampelidæ, Ptilogonatidæ, Dulidæ, Vireonidæ, Laniidæ, Corvidæ, Paridæ,
Sittidæ, Certhiidæ, Troglodytidæ, Cinclidæ, Chameidæ, Sylviidæ; Part IV, 1907,
Turdidæ, Zeledoniidæe, Mimidæe, Sturnidæ, Ploceidæ, Alaudidaæ, Oxyruncidæ,
Tyrannidæ, Pipridæ, Cotingidæ. Part V, 1912, Pteroptochidæ, Formicariidæ,
Furnariidæ, Dendrocolaptidæ, Trochilidæ, Micropodidæ, Trogonidæ. Other volumes
to follow. The standard work.—1903. CHAPMAN, F. M. Color Key to
North American Birds. 312 pp., upward 800 col. ills.—1904. REED, C. S.
North American Birds’ Eggs. 355 pp., many ills.—1910. American Ornithologists’
[Pg_307]
Union Abridged Check-List of North American Birds. Pocket Edition, 77
printed + 77 blank pp. (New York).
1872-1881. MAYNARD, C. J. Birds of Eastern North America; 1896, Rev.
Ed., 4to, 721 pp., ills. (West Newton, Mass.).—1884. LANGILLE, J. H…. Our
Birds in Their Haunts. 12mo, 624 pp. (Cassino).—1889. MERRIAM, F. A.
Birds Through an Opera-glass. 12mo, 223 pp. (Houghton).—1895. WRIGHT,
M. O. Birdcraft, 12mo, 317 pp., ills. (Macmillan).—1895. CHAPMAN, F. M.
Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North America, 421 pp., ills.; 1912. Rev. Ed.
(Appleton’s).—1897. CHAPMAN, F. M. Bird-Life. A Guide to the Study of our
Common Birds. 12mo. 269 pp. 75 plls.; 1901, Rev. Ed., with col. plls. (Appleton’s).—1897.
WRIGHT, M. O., and COUES, E. Citizen Bird, 12mo, 430 pp. ills.
(Macmillan).—1898. BLANCHAN, N. Bird Neighbors, 234 pp., col. Plls.
(Doubleday).—1898. MERRIAM, F. A. Birds of Village and Field. 12mo. 406
pp., ills. (Houghton).—1898. SCOTT, W. E. D. Bird Studies, an Account of the
Land Birds of Eastern North America. 4to, 363 pp. Many half-tones (Putnam’s).—1898.
APGAR, A. C. Birds of the United States East of the Rockies.
12mo, 415 pp. ills. (Am. Book Co.).—1899. CORY, C. B. The Birds of Eastern
North America. 8vo, 387 pp., ills. (Field Museum).—1905-6. REED, C. A.
Bird-Guide. Oblong, 32mo, Part I, 254 pp.; Part II, 197 pp.; many ills. (Doubleday).
1861. REINHARDT, J. List of Birds Hitherto Observed in Greenland;
Ibis, III, pp. 1-19, 118 species.—1875. NEWTON, A. Notes on Birds Which
Have Been Found in Greenland, … London, 8vo pamphlet, pp. 94-115 (Author’s
extra from Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland). 63+62 species; bibliography.—1889.
HAGERUP, A. Some Account of the Birds of Southern Greenland, from
the MSS.. of A. Hagerup, edited by Montague Chamberlain. Auk, VI, pp. 211-218,
219-297, 39 species.—1891. HAGERUP, A. T. The Birds of Greenland, translated
from the Danish by Fremann B. Arngrimson, edited by Montague Chamberlain,
Boston (Little, Brown & Co.), 8vo, 62 pp.; 139 species.—1892. STONE, W. Birds
Collected by the West Greenland Expedition. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1892,
pp. 145-152; 147 species.—1895. STONE, W. List of Birds Collected by the
Peary Expd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895, pp. 502-505; 28 species.—1895.
SCHALOW, H. VON. Ueber eine Voglesammlung aus Westgrönland. Jour. für
Orn., 1895, pp. 457-481; 35 species.—1899. CHAPMAN, F. M. Report on Birds
Received Through the Peary Expeditions to Greenland. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., XII, pp. 219-244; 48 pages.—1904. SCHALOW, H. Die Vögel der Arktis,
Band IV, Leiferung, I, pp. 81-288; Gustav Fischer, Jena. A detailed synopsis of
Arctic bird-life.
1869. DALL, W. H., and BANNISTER, H. M. List of the Birds of Alaska,
with Biographical Notes. Trans. Chic. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, pp. 267-310, pll.
XXVII-XXXIV; 212 species.—1873. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the
Aleutian Islands, from Unalashka, eastward. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 25-35; 53
species.—1874. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, especially
those west of Unalashka. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 270-281; 45 species.—1875.
COUES, E. A Report upon the Condition of Affairs in the Territory of
Alaska. By H. W. Elliot. 8vo. pp. 277. Chapter IX. Ornithology of the Prybilov
Islands, pp. 166-212; 39 species.—1882. BEAN, T. H. Notes on Birds Collected
during the Summer of 1880 in Alaska and Siberia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V,
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pp. 144-173; 77 species.—1885. MURDOCH, J. Bird Migration at Point Barrow,
Arctic Alaska. Auk, II, p. 63; 50 species.—1883. HARTLAUB, G. Beitrag
zur Ornithologie von Alaska, nach dem Sammlungen und Noten von Dr.
Arthur Krause und Dr. Aurel Krause. Journ für Orn. pp. 257-286; 83 species.—1883.
NELSON, E. W. Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Cruise of
the Revenue steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N. W. Arctic Ocean in 1881.
Washington.—1885. MURDOCH, J. Report of the International Polar Expedition
to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington. Birds, pp. 104-128; 54 species.—1885.
TURNER, L. M. Notes on the Birds of the Nearer Islands, Alaska.
Auk, II, pp. 154-159; 69 species.—1887. TOWNSEND, C. H. List of the Midsummer
Birds of the Kowak River, Northern Alaska. Auk, IV, pp. 11-13; 52
species.—1888. NELSON, E. W. Report upon Natural History Collections
made in Alaska Between the Years 1877 and 1881. Edited by Henry W. Henshaw.
4to. pp. 337. Birds, pp. 19-230, pll. I-XII, colored; 260 species; important.—1888.
TURNER, L. M. Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska.
Results of Investigations made chiefly in the Yukon District and the Aleutian
Islands. 4to, pp. 226; birds, pp. 115-191, pll. I-X, colored; 168 species.—1898.
GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Sitka, Alaska. Auk, XV, pp. 122-131; 66 species.—1899.
PALMER, W. The Avifauna of the Pribilov Islands. The Fur
Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, Part III, pp., 355-431; 68
species; bibliography.—1900. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Kotzebue Sound Region,
Alaska. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 1. Cooper Orn. Club, Los Angeles,
Calif. 80 pp. 1 map; 113 species.—1900. STONE, W. Report on Birds and
Mammals obtained by the McIlhenny Expedition to Pt. Barrow, Alaska, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, birds, pp. 4-33; 69 species.—1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Natural
History of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska. North American Fauna, No. 21;
birds, pp. 72-81; 78 species.—1902. McGREGOR, R. C. A List of Birds Collected
in Norton Sound, Alaska. The Condor, IV, pp. 135-144; 63 species.—1904.
OSGOOD, W. H. A Biological Reconnaissance of the Base of the Alaska Peninsula.
North American Fauna, No. 24; birds, pp. 51-81; 134 species.—1906.
McGREGOR, R. C. Birds Observed in the Krenitzin Islands, Alaska. The Condor,
VIII, pp. 114-122; 44 species.—1909. GRINNELL, J. Birds and Mammals
of the 1907 Alexander Expedition to Southeastern Alaska. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool.
V, 2 pp. 171-264; 99 species.—1909. OSGOOD, W. H. Biological Investigations
in Alaska and Yukon Territory. North American Fauna, No. 30; 96 pp. 6 plls.
I. East Central Alaska, 76 species; II. Ogilvie Range, Yukon, 43 species; III.
The Macmillan River, Yukon, 55 species.—1909. SHELDON, C. List of Birds
Observed on the Upper Toklat River near Mt. McKinley, Alaska, 1907-1908.
The Auk, XXVI, pp. 66-70; 63 species.—1910. CLARK, A. H. The Birds Collected
and Observed in the North Pacific Ocean, and in Bering, Okhotsk, Japan,
and Eastern Seas, from April to December, 1906. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
1727, pp. 25-74; 175 species.—1910. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the 1908 Alexander
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William Sound District, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. V, 12, pp. 361-428; 2 plls; 89 species.—1911.
SWARTH, H. S. Birds and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alaska
Expedition. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. VII, 2, pp. 9-172; 6 plls. Birds, pp. 23-112;
137 species.—1912. BENT, A. C. Notes on Birds Observed during a Brief
visit to the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea in 1911. Smiths. Miscell. Colls.
Vol. 56 No. 32; pp. 29; 60+22 species.
1859, BAIRD, S. F. Notes on a collection of Birds made by Mr. John
Xantus, at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI,
pp. 299-306; 42 species.—1876. RIDGWAY, R. Ornithology of Guadeloupe
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Island based on notes and collections made by Dr. Edward Palmer. Bull. U. S.
Geol. Surv. Terr. Vol. II, pp. 183-195; 10 species.—1877. STREETS, T. H., M. D.
Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and
Lower California. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p 172; birds, pp. 9-33.—1883.
BELDING, L. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made near the Southern Extremity
of the Peninsula of Lower California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, pp. 532-550; 154 species (See also Ibid., pp. 527-532; VI,
pp. 344-352).—1888. BRYANT, W. E. Cerros Island. Forest and Stream, XXVII,
pp. 62-64; 27 species.—1887. BRYANT, W. E. Additions to the Ornithology of
Guadeloupe Island. Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. II, 6, pp. 269-318; 35 species.—1888. GOSS,
N. S. New and Rare Birds found Breeding on the San Pedro Martir Isle. Auk,
V, pp. 240-224; 5 species.—1890. BRYANT, W. E. A catalogue of the Birds of
Lower California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. II, pp. 237-320, with
map; 320 species; bibliography.—1890. TOWNSEND, C. H. Birds from the
Coasts of Western North America and adjacent Islands Collected in 1888-89,
with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 131-142.
Clarion Islands, 10 species; Socorro Island, 9 species; San Benedicte Island, 6
species; Lower California, 23 species; Mouth of Rio Colorado, Sonora, 3 species;
Cerros Island, 2 species; Guadeloupe Island, Lower California, 3 species; Santa
Barbara Island, California, 4 species; San Clemente Island, California, 9 species;
San Nicolas Island, California, 1 species; Santa Rosa Island, California, 5
species; Santa Cruz Island, California, 10 species.—1895. ANTHONY, A. W.
Birds of San Fernando, Lower California. Auk, XII, pp. 134-143; 65 species.—1898.
ANTHONY, A. W. Avifauna of Revillagigedo Islands. The Auk, XV, pp.
311-318. San Benedicte Island, 11 species; Socorro Island, 24 species; Clarion
Island, 17 species.—1902. BREWSTER, W. Birds of the Cape Region of Lower
California. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. No. 1, XLI, 241 pp., 1 map; 255 species; bibliography.—1903.
GRINNELL, J. and DAGGETT, F. S. An Ornithological Visit
to Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Auk, XX, pp. 27-37; 22 species;
bibliography.—1904. BRENINGER, G. F. San Clemente Island and its
Birds. The Auk, XXI, pp. 218-223.—1905. KAEDING, H. B. Birds from the
West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands. The Condor, VII, pp.
105-111; 168 species.—1905. STONE, W. and RHOADS, S. N. On a Collection
of Birds and Mammals from the Colorado Delta, Lower California. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci Phila., pp. 676-690; 50 species.—1907. THAYER, J. E. and BANGS, O.
Birds Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros, San Benito and Natividad
Islands in the spring of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands. The Condor,
IX, pp. 77-81. Cerros, 29; Natividad, 9; San Benito, 7 species.—1907.
THAYER, J. E., and BANGS, O. Catalogue of Birds Collected in Middle Lower
California. The Condor IX, pp. 135-140; 73 species.—1908. THAYER, J. E. and
BANGS, O. The Present State of the Ornis of Guadeloupe Island. The Condor,
X, pp. 101-106; 20 species.—1909. OSBORN, P. I. Notes on the Birds of Los
Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Condor XI, pp. 134-138; 34 species.
1859. JONES, J. M., WEDDERBURN, J. W., and HURDIS, J. L.. The Naturalist
in Bermuda. Birds, pp. 23-97.—1884. REID, S. G. List of the Birds of
Bermuda. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 25., pp. 165-279; 186 species. (See also,
MERRIAM, C. H., Ibid., 283, 284).—1901. BANGS, O. and BRADLEE, T. S.
The Resident Land Birds of Bermuda. Auk, XVIII, pp. 249-257; 10 species.
1831. SWAINSON, W., and RICHARDSON, J. Fauna Boreali-Americana.
Part Second, 4to, pp. lxvi-524, pll. 24-73, woodct. 41; 238 species; important.—1863.
BLAKISTON, T. On the Birds of the Interior of British America.
Ibis., V, pp. 39-87, 121-155; 250 species.—1887. CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue
of Canadian Birds with Notes on the Distribution of the Species. 8vo, pp.
143. St. John, N. B.—1898. RUSSELL, F. Explorations in the Far North, (Lake
Winnipeg, Crow Nest Pass, Alberta, Fort Chippewayan, Fort Rae, Herschel Island.)
Published by University of Iowa. Birds, pp. 253-270; 122 species.—1909.
MACOUN, J. and J. M. Catalogue of Canadian Birds. 8vo, XVIII+761 pp.
Government Ptg. Bureau, Ottawa. Distribution and nesting; important.
1892. RAINE, W. (See Saskatchewan.)—1909. STANSELL, S. S. S.,
Birds of Central Alberta. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 391-400; 157 species.
1868. BROWN, R. Synopsis of the Birds of Vancouver Island. Ibis, 2nd
Ser., IV, pp. 414-428; 153 species.—1890. CHAPMAN, F. M. On a Collection of
Birds made by Mr. Clark P. Streator in British Columbia with Field Notes by
the Collector. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, pp. 123-158; 160 species, from Westminister,
Mt. Lehman, Ducks, and Ashcroft, B. C., Duncan’s Station, Vancouver
Island, and Kalama, Washington.—1891. FANNIN, J. Check-List of British Columbia
Birds. 8vo. pp. XIV+49. Victoria, B. C.; 307 species.—1893. RHOADS,
S. N. The Birds observed in British Columbia and Washington during spring
and summer of 1892. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 21-65; 260 species.—1901.
OSGOOD, W. H. Natural History of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British
Columbia. North American Fauna, No. 21, Birds, pp. 38-50; 98 species.—1903.
BROOKS, A. Notes on the Birds of the Cariboo District, British Columbia.
The Auk, XX, pp. 277-284; 94 species.—1912. SWARTH, H. S. Report on
a Collection of Birds and Mammals from Vancouver Island, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool. X, 1, pp. 124; 111 species.
1879. KUMLIEN, L. Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America,
made in Connection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78. Bull. U.
S. Nat. Mus., No. 15. Birds, pp. 69-105; 84 species.—1886. GREELEY, A. W.
Three years of Arctic Service. Roy 8vo, 2 vols, Birds, Vol. II, App. VIII, pp.
372-385; 35+5 species.
1902. PREBLE, E. A. Birds of Keewatin, N. A. Fauna, No. 22, pp. 75-131;
260 species.—1905. EIFRIG, C. W. G. Ornithological Results of the Canadian
Neptune Expedition to Hudson Bay and Northward, 1903-1904. Auk, pp. 233-241;
51 species.
1861. COUES, E. Notes on the Ornithology of Labrador. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., XIII, pp. 215-257; 82 species.—1885. TURNER, L. M. List of the
Birds of Labrador, including Ungava, East Main, Moose, and Gulf Districts of
the Hudson Bay Company, together with the Island of Anticosti. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., VIII, pp. 233-254; 207 species. (See also PACKARD, A. S. The Labrador
Coast, 1891).—1887. FRAZAR, M. A. An Ornithologist’s Summer in
Labrador. Orn. and Oöl., XII, pp. 1-3, 17-20, 33-35; 62 species.—1902. BIGELOW,
H. B. Birds of the Northwestern Coast of Labrador. Auk, XIX, 1902,
pp. 24-31; 85 species.—1907. TOWNSEND, C. W., and ALLEN, G. M. Birds of
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Labrador. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, pp. 277-428, map; 213 species.
(See also TOWNSEND, C. W., and BENT, A. C. The Auk, 1910, pp. 1-18; 93 species.)
1862. ROSS, B. R. List of Mammals, Birds, and Eggs, observed in the
Mackenzie’s River District with notices. Canad. Nat. and Geol., VII, pp. 137-155.
Birds, pp. 142-155; 192 species. (See also Nat. Hist. Rev. 2nd Ser. II, pp. 269-290).—1891.
MACFARLANE, R. Notes on and List of Birds and Eggs Collected
in Arctic America, 1861-1866. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, pp. 413-446; 131
species. (See also Hist. & Sci. Soc. of Man., Trans. 39).—1908. MACFARLANE,
R. List of Birds and Eggs Observed and Collected in the North-West Territories
of Canada, between 1880 and 1894. pp. 285-447 of Mair’s “Through the
Mackenzie Basin,” Toronto. William Briggs. 220 species.—1908. PREBLE,
E. A. A Biological Investigation of the Athabasca-Mackenzie
Region, N. A. Fauna, No. 27, 574 pp. Birds, pp. 251-500; 296 species; bibliography;
important.—1908. SETON, E. T. Bird Records from Great Slave Lake Region. The
Auk, XXV, pp. 68-74; 88 species.
1886. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Western Manitoba. Auk, III, pp. 145-156,
320-329, 453; 258 species.—1891. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Manitoba.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, pp. 457-643, 1 pl.; 266 species. (See also 14 additions.
Auk, 1893, p. 49.)—1909. SETON, E. T. Fauna of Manitoba. British Assc.
Handbook. Winnipeg, pp. 1-47; 273 species.
1857. BRYANT, H. A List of Birds Observed at Grand Menan and at Yarmouth,
N. S., from June 16 to July 8. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 114-123; 55
species.—1873. HERRICK, H. A Partial Catalogue of the Birds of Grand Menan,
N. B., Bull. Essex. Inst., V. pp. 28-41; 194 species.—1879. PEARSALL, R. F.
Grand Menan Notes; Summers of 1877 and 1878. Forest and Stream, XIII, p.
524; 43 species.—1882. BATCHELDER, C. F. Notes on the Summer Birds of
the Upper St. John. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 106-111, 147-152; 105 species.—1882,
CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue of the Birds of New Brunswick. Bull. Nat.
Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, No. I, pp. 23-68, 269 species.—1912. TOWNSEND, C.
W. Notes on the Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, New Brunswick. The
Auk, XXIX, pp. 16-23; 81 species.
1869. REEKS, H. Notes on the Zoölogy of Newfoundland. Zoölogist,
2nd ser., IV, pp. 1609-1614, 1698-1695, 1741-1759, 1849-1858; 212 species. See
also Canad. Nat. and Quart. Journ. Sci., V. 1870-71, pp. 38-47, 151-159, 289-304,
406-416; and HARVEY M. Forest and Stream, III, pp. 53, 196, 341.—1900.
PORTER, L. H. Newfoundland Notes. Auk, XVII, pp. 71-73; 50 species summer
birds.—1912. ARNOLD, E. A Short Summer Outing in Newfoundland.
The Auk, XXIX, pp. 72-79; 68 species.
1857. BRYANT, H. (See New Brunswick.)—1858. BLAKISTON, R. A.,
BLAND, R. E., and WILLIS, J. R. List of Birds of Nova Scotia. Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., pp. 280-286; 206 species.—1879. JONES, J. MATTHEW.
List of the Birds of Nova Scotia—Land Birds. Forest and Stream, XII, pp. 65,
66, 105, 106, 205, 245; 128 species.—1887. DWIGHT, J., Jr. Summer Birds of
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the Bras d’Or Region of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Auk, IV, 1887, pp.
13-16; 59 species. (See also ALLEN, F. H., Ibid., 1891.)—1888. DOWNS, A.
Birds of Nova Scotia, edited by Harry Piers, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst.
Nat. Sci., VII, ii, pp. 142-178; 240 species.
1860. McILWRAITH, T. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Hamilton.
Canad. Journ., V. pp. 387-396. (See also Proc. Essex. Inst., V. 1866, pp.
79-96), 241 species.—1882. MORDEN, J. A., and SAUNDERS, W. E. List of the
Birds of Western Ontario. Canad. Sportsm, and Nat. II, pp. 183-187, 192-194, also
III, pp. 218, 219, 243; 236 species.—1891. FARLEY, W. L. A List of the
Birds of Elgin County, Ontario. The Oölogist, VIII, pp. 81-87; 190 species.—1891.
Ottawa Field Nat. Club. The Birds of Ottawa. Ottawa Nat. V. pp. 31-47;
224 species.—1894. McILWRAITH, T. The Birds of Ontario, 8vo. X+426 pp.
Wm. Briggs, Toronto; 317 species.—1897-8. NASH, C. W. Birds of Ontario in
Relation to Agriculture. Rep. Farmers’ Inst. of Ont. 8vo, 32 pp.—1900. NASH,
C. W. Check List of the Birds of Ontario. Warwick Bros, and Rutter, Toronto.
8vo. 58 pp.; 302 species.—1901. FLEMING, J. H. A list of the Birds of the
Districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka, Ont. Auk, XVIII, 1901, pp. 33-45; 196
species. (See also Ibid., XIX, p. 403.)—1905. NASH, C. W. Check List of the
Birds of Ontario. L. K. Cameron, Printer, Toronto, Ont. 82 pp; 324 species.—1906.
SWALES, B. H., and TAVERNER, P. A. Remarks on the Summer Birds
of Lake Muskoka, Ont. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. 60-68; 59 species.—1906-7.
FLEMING, J. H. Birds of Toronto, Ont. Auk, XXIII, pp. 437-453; XXIV, pp.
71-89; 290 species.—1907. HUBEL, F. C. Preliminary List of the Summer
Birds of the Cobalt Mining Region, Nipissing District, Ont. Auk XXIV, pp. 48-52;
76 species.—1907-8. TAVERNER, P. A. and SWALES, B. H. The Birds of
Point Pelee, Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 37-53; 82-99, 133-153; XX, pp. 79-96, 107-129;
209 species. See also WOOD, N. A., Ibid., 1910, pp. 63-78.—1910. EIFRIG, G. A.
Winter of Rare Birds at Ottawa. Auk, XXVII, pp. 53-59.
1878. CORY, C. B. A Naturalist in the Magdalen Islands (Boston). Part II,
pp. 33-83, list of birds; 109 species.—1882. WINTLE, E. D. Ornithology of the Island
of Montreal. Canad. Sportsm. and Nat., II, pp. 108-110, 116, 117; 168 species.—1882-5.
MERRIAM, C. H. List of Birds Ascertained to Occur within Ten Miles
of Point des Monts, Province of Quebec, Canada; based chiefly upon the notes
of Napoleon A. Comeau. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 233-242, and Addenda, VIII, pp.
244, 245; Auk, I, 1884, p. 295; II, 1885, pp. 113, 315; 180 species.—1884. BREWSTER,
W. Notes on the Birds Observed During a Summer Cruise on the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXII, pp. 364-412; 92 species.—1889.
BISHOP, L. B. Notes on the Birds of the Magdalen Islands. Auk, VI,
pp. 144-150; 66 species.—1889. DIONNE, C. E. Catalogue des Oiseaux de la
Province de Quebec avec des Notes sur leur Distribution Geographique….
Quebec des Presses a Vapeur de J. Dussault, Port Dauphin, 8vo, 119 pp.; 273
species.—1891. PALMER, WILLIAM. Notes on the Birds Observed During
the Cruise of the United States Fish Commission Schooner Grampus in the Summer
of 1887. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp 249-265; 78 species.—1893.
DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of Prince Edward Island. Auk, X, 1893, pp.
1-15; 81 species.—1896. WINTLE, E. D. The Birds of Montreal. W. Drysdale
& Co., Montreal. 8vo, xiv+181 pp.; 254 species.—1908. MACSWAIN, J. A
Catalogue of the Birds of Prince Edward Island. Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia
Inst. of Science. XI, pp, 570-592; 220 species.
1892. RAINE, W. Bird-nesting in North-West Canada. 8vo. pp. 197; ills.
Toronto.—1907-8. BENT, A. C. Summer Birds of Southern Saskatchewan. The
Auk, XXIV, pp. 407-430; XXV, pp. 25-35; 153 species.—1910. FERRY, J. F.
Birds Observed in Saskatchewan During the Summer of 1909. The Auk,
XXVII, pp. 185-204; 118 species.
1856. CASSIN, J. Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon,
British, and Russian America. Intended to Contain descriptions and figures of
all North American Birds not given by former American authors, and a General
Synopsis of North American Ornithology. 1 Vol. large 8vo. pp. viii+298; pll. 50.—1870.
COOPER, J. G. Geological Survey of California. Ornithology. Volume
I. Land Birds. Edited by S. F. Baird. Published by authority of the Legislature.
Vol. I large 8vo, pp. xi+591; ills.—1872. ALLEN, J. A. Notes of an
Ornithological Reconnaissance of Portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and
Utah. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. III, pp. 113-183. Annotated lists of birds observed
at Leavenworth, Topeka, Fort Hays and in Northwestern Kansas; between Colorado
City and Denver, at South Park near Mount Lincoln, Colorado; at Cheyenne,
Wyoming, and near Ogden, Utah.—1874. COUES, E. Birds of the Northwest:
A Handbook of the Ornithology of the Region drained by the Missouri
River and its Tributaries. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Territories. Miscellaneous
Publications, No. 3. Washington, 1 Vol. 8vo, pp. xii+791; important.—1874.
YARROW, H. C. and HENSHAW, H. W. Geog. and Geol. Explorations and
Surveys West of the one hundredth Meridian. Reports upon Ornithological
Specimens Collected in the years 1871, 1872, and 1873. 8vo, pp. 1-148. Observations
made in Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona.—1875. HENSHAW,
H. W. Report upon Geograph. and Geol. Explorations and Surveys West
of the One Hundredth Meridian. Vol. V, Zoology. Chap. III, Report upon the
Ornithological Collections made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California,
Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874.
4to, pp. 184-508; pll. xv; 296 species.—1878. COUES, E. Birds of the Colorado
Valley. A Repository of Scientific and Popular Information Concerning North
American Ornithology. Part First. Passeres to Laniidæ. Bibliographical
Appendix. Seventy illustrations.—1890. BELDING, L. Land Birds of the
Pacific District. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences,
II, 8vo, pp. 1-274; 295 species.—1902. BAILEY, F. M. Handbook of Birds of
Western United States. 12mo, pp. xc-512; many ills. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Important.
1888. COOKE, W. W. Reports on Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley
in the year 1884 and 1885. Edited and revised by C. Hart Herriam. Bull. No.
2, Div. Economic Ornithology [= Biological Survey]. 313 pp., 1 map.
1877. MINOT, H. D. The Land and Game Birds of New England. Second
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1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. Report of an Expedition down the Zuni and
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Vicinity of Monterey in May and Early June, Ibid., pp. 349-363; 36 species.—1900.
MAILLARD, J. Land Birds of Marin County, Cal. The Condor, II, pp. 62-68;
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A List of the Land Birds of the Placerville-Lake Tahoe Stage Road. The Condor,
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Birds of the Western United States, pp. li-lvi; 147 species.—1902. GRINNELL,
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looked for in the Vicinity of Pasadena. Bailey’s Handbook of Birds of the Western
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United States, pp. lviii-1; 91 species.—1903. ANDERSON, M. P., and GRINNELL,
J. Birds of the Siskiyou Mountains, California: A Problem in Distribution.
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B. Bird-Life on the Farallones. The Condor, V, pp. 121-127; 17 species.—1903.
RAY, M. S. A List of Land Birds of Lake Valley, Central Sierra Nevada Mountains,
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75-78; 100-105; 119 species.—1904. EMERSON, W. O. The Farallones Revisited,
1887-1903. The Condor, VI, pp. 61-67.—1904. RAY, M. S. A Fortnight on
the Farallones. The Auk, XXI, pp. 425-442; 14 species.—1904. WHEELOCK, J.
G. Birds of California: An Introduction to more than Three Hundred Common
Birds of the State and Adjacent Islands. 12mo. xxviii+578 pp.; ills. A. C.
McClurg & Co.—1905. GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Mount Pinos, California.
The Auk, XXII, pp. 378-391; 73 species.—1906. DIXON, J. Land Birds
of San Onofre, California. The Condor, VIII, pp. 91-98; 63 species.—1906. RAY.
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pp. 42-44; 44 species.—1907. BEAL, F. E. L. Birds of California in Relation to
the Fruit Industry. Bull. No. 30, Biological Survey, pp. 100.—1908. GOLDMAN,
E. A. Summer Birds of the Tulare Lake Region. The Condor, X, pp. 200-205;
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HOLLISTER, N. Birds of the Region about Needles, California. The
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Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, pp. 57-72;
94 species.—1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from San Clemente Island. The Condor,
X, pp. 82-86; 58 species.—1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from Santa Cruz
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DAWSON, W. L. Another Fortnight on the Farallones. The Condor,
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1872. AIKEN, C. E., and HOLDEN, C. H. Jr. (See Wyoming).—1873.
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YARROW, H. C., and HENSHAW, H. W. (See Utah).—1881. DREW,
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March, April, and May, 1882. Bull. N. O. C. VIII, pp. 151-161; 189-198; 134
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KEYSER, L. S. Birds of the Rockies. With a Complete Check-List of Colorado
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south to the first sectional line below the Fortieth Parallel. The Auk, XXVI, pp.
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in Estes Park, Colorado, from June 10, to July 18, 1910. The Auk,
XXVIII, pp. 304-319; 90 species.—1912. COOKE, W. W. The Present Status of
the Colorado Check-List of Birds. The Condor, XIV, pp. 147-153. Admits 403
species.—1912. SCLATER, W. L. A History of the Birds of Colorado. Witherby
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1843. LINSLEY, J. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut. Am.
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pp. 50, 51.—1877. MERRIAM, C. H. A Review of the Birds of Connecticut,
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F. M. (See New York).—1908. COMMITTEE. A List of the Birds
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1875. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of
Dakota, made in the summer of 1874. By William Ludlow. Chapter II. Birds,
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Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVIII, pp. 169-175; 79 species.—1877. McCHESNEY,
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1905. RHOADS, S. N., and PENNOCK, C. J. Birds of Delaware: A Preliminary
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1883. COUES, E. and PRENTISS, D. W. Avifauna Columbiana, Second
Edition. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 26, 8vo, pp. 1-133, many woodcuts, 4 maps,
248 species.—1888. RICHMOND, C. W. An Annotated List of Birds Breeding
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HUGH M., and PALMER, WILLIAM. Additions to the Avifauna of Washington,
D. C., and Vicinity. Auk, V, pp. 147, 148. Adds 12 species to Coues’ and Prentiss’
list of 1883.—1898. MAYNARD, L. W. Birds of Washington and Vicinity,
with Introduction by Florence A. Merriam. 12mo. 204 pp. Washington, D. C.
291 species.
1883. BAILEY, H. B. Memoranda of a Collection of Eggs from Georgia.
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De Kalb Co., Ga. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 49-59; 125 species.—1909. HOWELL,
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1871. ALLEN, J. A. On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., II, pp. 161-450, pll. ix-xiii; 181 species.—1888. CHAPMAN,
F. M. A List of Birds Observed at Gainesville, Florida. Auk, V, pp. 267-277;
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species.—1896. CORY, C. B. Hunting and Fishing in Florida with a Key to
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1891. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Reconnaissance of Idaho,
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summer of 1890. N. A. Fauna, No. 5. Annotated List of Birds Observed in
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1855. KENNICOTT, R. Catalogue of Animals Observed in Cook County.
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ALLEN, J. A. (See Iowa).—1874. RIDGWAY, R. Catalogue of
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Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, pp. 90-155; 316 species.—1877. NELSON, E. W. Notes
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Revised Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ills. State
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Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, Southern Illinois. Forest and Stream,
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1882, and January 1883.—1887. RIDGWAY, R. List of the Birds Found Breeding
Within the Corporate Limits of Mt. Carmel, Illinois. Bull. No. 2, Ridgway Orn.
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Roy. 8vo, Vol. I, 1890, 520 pp., 32 plls. Land-birds to Gallinæ; Vol. II, 1895, 282
pp., 33 plls. Gallinæ and Water-birds; 363 species.—1891. LOUCKS, W. E. List
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1869. HAYMOND, R. Birds of Franklin County, Indiana. Cox’s Geol.
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A List of the Birds Observed in Franklin Co., Ind. Bull. Brookville Soc. Nat.
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The Birds of Indiana, a descriptive Catalogue of the Birds that have been observed
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1868. ALLEN, J. A. Notes on Birds Observed in Western Iowa, in the
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Illinois, in May and June, and at Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, between
June third and tenth. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, I. pt. IV, pp. 488-526. Ogle
County, Ills., 84 species; Cook County, Ills., 94 species; Richmond, Ind., 72 species;
Western Iowa, 108 species.—1873. TRIPPE, F. M. Notes on the Birds of
Southern Iowa. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 229-242; 162 species.—1888.
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species.—1890. COONE, JOHN V. Summer Residents of Buena Vista County,
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R. M. An Annotated List of the Birds of Winnebago and Hancock
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1-11; 166 species.—1907. ANDERSON, R. M. The Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport
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1875. SNOW, F. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Contributed to
the Kansas Academy of Science. 8vo, 14 pp. Third Edition. 295 species.—1886.
GOSS, N. S. A Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, with Descriptive
Notes of the Nests and Eggs of the Birds Known to Breed in the State.
Topeka. 8vo, vi+76 pp.; 335 species. (See also review in Auk, III, 1886, p.
399.)—1891. GOSS, N. S. History of the Birds of Kansas. Illustrating 529
Birds. Topeka, Kansas. Geo. W. Crane & Co., Royal 8vo, 692 pp., 35 photogravure
plates; 343 species.—1899. LANTZ, D. E. A Review of Kansas Ornithology.
Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 1896-7, pp. 224-276; 351 species.—1903. SNOW,
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Sciences, XVIII, 23 pp.; 342 species.—1909. WETMORE, A. Fall Notes from
Eastern Kansas. The Condor, XI, pp. 154-164; 74 species.—1912. ISELEY, D.
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1882. BECKHAM, C. W. A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Nelson County,
Kentucky. Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 136-147; 167 species.—1885.
BECKHAM, C. W. List of the Birds of Nelson County. Kentucky Geol. Surv.,
John R. Proctor, Director. Author’s Edition, 4to, pp. 1-58; 171 species.—1887.
PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of Fulton County, Kentucky. Orn. and Oöl.
XII, pp. 54, 55, 84, 85; 122 species.—1889. PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of
Fulton County, Kentucky. Auk, VI, pp. 310-316, 183 species.—1910. HOWELL,
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1900. BEYER, G. E. The Avifauna of Louisiana. Proc. La. Soc. Nat. 45
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HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 119-124 pp.; 70 species.
1862. BOARDMAN, G. A. Catalogue of the Birds Found in the Vicinity
of Calais, Maine, and about the Islands of the Mouth of the Bay of Fundy.
Edited by A. E. Verrill. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, pp. 122-132; 236 + 4 species.
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Catalogue of the Birds Found at Norway, Oxford Co., Maine. Proc. Essex.
Inst., III, pp. 136-160; 159 species.—1872. MAYNARD, C. J. A Catalogue of
the Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Maine. With notes by Wm. Brewster,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1871, pp. 356-385; 164 species.—1882.
BROWN, N. C. A Catalogue of the Birds Known to Occur in Portland, Maine.
Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., Dec. 14, 1882, pp, 1-37; 250 species. (See also Proc.
Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889, pp. 37-40).—1900. HOWE, R. H., JR. Summer Birds
near Isleboro and the Fox Islands. Journ. Maine Orn. Soc. II, pp. 28-32, III, pp.
14, 15; IV, p. 18; 100 species.—1908. KNIGHT, O. W. The Birds of Maine, Pub.
by Author, Bangor 8vo, 693 pp., 30 ills.; 327 species.
1895. KIRKWOOD, F. C. A List of the Birds of Maryland. Trans. Md.
Acad. Sci., 1895, pp. 241-382; 290 species.—1900. MERRIAM, C. H., and
PREBLE, E. A. The Summer Birds of Western Maryland. Maryland Geol.
Surv., pp. 291-307; 100 species.—1904. EIFRIG, G. Birds of Allegany and Garrett
Counties, Western Maryland. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 234-250; 180 species.
1870. MAYNARD, C. J. Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts.
The Naturalist’s Guide, Part II, pp. 81-170; 299 species.—1886. ALLEN, J. A.
A Revised List of the Birds of Massachusetts. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., I, pp.
221-271; 349 species.—1887. CLARK, H. L. The Birds of Amherst and Vicinity,
Including Nearly the Whole of Hampshire County, Mass. 8vo. 55 pp.; 177 species—1888.
BREWSTER, W. Notes on the Birds of Winchendon, Worcester
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of Berkshire County, Mass. Auk, VI, pp. 39-46, 99-107. Southern Berkshire, 76
species; Graylock Mountain, 80 species.—1889. INGALLS, C. E. Birds of Templeton
and the Adjoining Towns. Gardner News, XX, June; 155 species. Not
seen; title from Howe and Allen.—1891. COLBURN, W. W., and MORRIS, R. O.
The Birds of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. 16mo, 24 pp. Springfield.
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W. The Birds of the Cambridge Region of Massachusetts. Memoirs Nutt. Orn.
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Boston Public Garden. (Houghton, Mifflin), 16mo, 238 pp.; 166 species.—1912.
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reference to Essex County. Pp. 92. Peabody Academy Science, Salem.
1857. KNEELAND, S. On the Birds of Keeweenan Point, Lake Superior,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, VI, 231-241 pp.; 147 species.—1875. BOIES, A. H.
Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Southern Michigan. 8vo, 12 pp.;
211 species.—1876. COVERT, A. B. Birds of Lower Michigan. Forest and
Stream, VI, pp. 99, 132, 163, 214, 318, 354, 402; VII, pp. 147, 164, 276. (See also VI,
p. 197.) 213 species.—1879. GIBBS, M. Annotated List of the Birds of Michigan.
Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, V, 3 pp. 481-497;
310 species.—1880. STEERE, J. B. A List of the Mammals and Birds of Ann
Arbor and Vicinity. 8vo. 8pp.; 111 species of birds.—1884. ATKINS, H. A.
Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., IX, pp. 43-45; 80 species.—1884.
ATKINS, H. A. Winter Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., IX, pp.
31, 32; 31 species.—1885. ATKINS, H. A. Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan.
Orn and Oöl., X, p. 3; 82 species.—1885. GIBBS, M. A Catalogue of the Birds
of Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., X, pp. 6, 7, 38, 39, 54, 55, 68-70,
86, 87, 118, 119, 133-135, 149-151, 166, 167, 189, 190; 230 species—1885-7. GIBBS,
M. The Birds of Michigan. Forest and Stream, XXIII, pp. 483, 484; XXIV, pp.
5, 6, 26, 27, 44, 45, 65, 84, 104, 105, 124, 125, 144, 145, 184,
224, 267, 268, 288, 289, 307, 347, 387, 388, 427; XXV, pp. 4, 5. 304, 305, 365, 366;
XXVI, pp. 305, 306; XXVII, pp. 123, 124, 223, 224; 68 species—1890. WHITE, T. G.
Birds of Mackinac Island, Michigan. The Oölogist, VII, pp 48, 49; 101 species.—1893.
COOK, A. J. Birds of Michigan. Bull. 94, State Agricultural College.
8vo, 148 pp.; 332 species.—1893. WHITE, S. E. Birds Observed on Mackinac
Island, Michigan, During the Summers of 1889, 1890, and 1891. The Auk, X,
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Wilson Bull., XIV, pp. 20-24; XV, 1904, p. 82; 71 species.—1903. SWALES, B. H.
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pp. 14-17, 35-40; V, pp. 37-43; 165 species. (See also Wilson Bull. XVII, 1905, pp.
108-114; Auk, XXV, pp. 230-232).—1905. WOOD, N. A., and FROTHINGHAM,
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Ibid., pp. 56-57.—1909. BLACKWELDER, E. Summer Birds of Iron County.
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Birds of the Season 1908-9 in Wayne County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 36-41.—1910.
WOOD, N. A., and TINKER, A. D. Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Washtenaw
County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 129-141; 34 species.—1910. CHANEY, R. W.
Summer and Fall Birds of the Hamlin Lake Region, Mason County. Auk,
XXVII, pp. 271-279; 119 species.—1911. WOOD, N. A. Expedition to Charity
Islands, Lake Huron. Wilson Bull., XXIII, pp. 78-112; 162 species.—1912. BARROWS,
W. B. Michigan Bird Life. Special Bull. of Mich. Agric. College. 8vo,
pp. xiv + 822; many ills., bibliography; important.
1871. TRIPPE, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Essex Inst.,
VI, pp. 113-119; 138 species.—1874. HATCH, P. L. Report on the Birds of
Minnesota. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 43-68; 230 species.—1876. ROBERTS,
T. S. A List of Some Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Minneapolis,
Minn., not Enumerated in Dr. Hatch’s List. The Scientific Monthly (Toledo,
Ohio), I, 5, p. 231.—1880. ROBERTS, T. S., and BENNER, F. A Contribution
to the Ornithology of Minnesota. Bull. N. O. C., V, pp. 11-20; 86 species.—1881.
HATCH, P. L. A List of the Birds of Minnesota. Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. and
Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., for 1880, 1881, pp. 361-372; 281 species.—1881. ROBERTS,
T. S. The Winter Birds of Minnesota. 9th Ann. Rep. Geol. and N. H.
Surv. Minn., for 1880-1881, pp 373-383; 52 species.—1883. BRACKETT, F. H.
Ornithological Notes from Minnesota. Quart. Journ. Bost. Zoöl. Soc. II, pp. 47-49;
III, pp. 7-16; 134 species.—1890. CANTWELL, G. C. A List of the Birds
of Minnesota. Orn. and Oöl., XV, p, 129-139. (See also p. 156 and XVI,
p. 157); 295 species.—1892. HATCH, P. L. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota.
Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. 8vo, 487 pp.; 302 species.—1904. CURRIER,
E. S. Summer Birds of the Leech Lake Region, Minn. Auk, XXI, pp.
29-44; 117 species.—1907. ROBERTS, T. S. List of Birds of Becker Co., Minn.,
Pioneer Hist. of Becker Co. (Pioneer Press, St. Paul), pp. 159-190; 262 species.—1911.
HONYWILL, A. W. JR.—Notes on some Summer and Fall Birds of the
Crooked Lake Region. Cass and Crow, Wing Counties, Minn. The Auk, XXVIII,
pp. 229-237; 86 species.
1905. STOCKARD, C. R. Nesting Habits of Birds in Mississippi. Auk, XXII,
1905, pp. 146-158, 273-285; 83 species.—1906. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Winter
Birds of Hancock Co., Miss., Auk, XXIII, 1906, pp. 44-47; 51 species. Also
Ibid., p. 232.—1907. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Spring Birds of Tishomingo
County, Miss. Auk, XXIV, pp. 12-25.
1879. SCOTT, W. E. D. Notes on Birds Observed During the Spring Migration
in Western Missouri. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 139-147; 148 species.—1884.
HURTER J. List of Birds Collected in the Neighborhood of St. Louis, Mo.
Orn. and Oöl., IX, pp. 85-87, 95-97. (see also p. 128); 265 species.—1896. WIDMANN,
O. The Peninsula of Missouri as a Winter Home for Birds. Auk,
XIII, 1896, pp. 216-222.—1907. WIDMANN, O. A Preliminary Catalogue of the
Birds of Missouri. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XVIII, pp. 1-288; 383 species—1908.
WOODRUFF, E. S. Birds of Shannon and Carter Counties, Missouri,
Auk, XXV, pp. 191-213; 172 species.
1876. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance from Carroll Montana
Territory on the Upper Missouri, to the Yellowstone National Park, and
Return, made in the summer of 1875 by William Ludlow…. Birds, pp. 72-92; 139
species.—1894. RICHMOND, C. W., and KNOWLTON, F. H. Auk, XI, pp. 298-308;
111 species.—1895. THORNE, P. M. List of Birds observed in the Vicinity
of Fort Keogh, Montana, from July 1888, to September 1892. The Auk, XII,
pp. 211-219; 139 species.—1901. CARY, M. Birds of the Black Hills. The Auk,
XVIII, pp. 231-238; 91 species.—1901. SILLOWAY, P. M. Summer Birds of
Flathead Lake. Bull, No. 3 Univ. Mont. 8vo. 83 pp., 16 plls.; 123 species (see
also, Ibid, No. 6, pp. 289-308).—1903. SILLOWAY, P. M. The Birds of Fergus
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77 pp., 17 ppls.; 179 species.—1907-8. CAMERON, E. S. The Birds of Custer
and Dawson Counties, Montana. The Auk, XXIV, pp. 241-270; 389-406; XXV,
pp. 34-56; 192 species.—1911. SAUNDERS, A. A…. A Preliminary List of
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SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of Southwestern Montana. The
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1878. AUGHEY, S. Notes on the Nature of the Food of the Birds of Nebraska.
First Ann. Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. for the year 1877. Appendix II, pp.
13-62; 252 species.—1883. HALL, A. Spring Birds of Nebraska. Forest and
Stream, XX, pp. 265, 266, 284; 114 species.—1888. TAYLOR, W. EDGAR. A
Catalogue of Nebraska Birds … Ann. Rep. Nebr. State Board of Agric., for
the year 1887, pp. 111-118; 314 species.—1888-89. TAYLOR, E. W., and VAN
VLEET, A. H. Notes on Nebraska Birds. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 49-51, 169-172;
XIV, pp. 163-165; 137 species.—1896. BRUNER., L. Notes on Nebraska
Birds. Rep. Neb. State Hort. Soc., 1896, pp. 48-178; 415 species.—1901. BRUNER,
L. Birds that Nest in Nebraska. Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, 1901, pp. 48-61;
212 species.—1904. BRUNER, L., WALCOTT, R. H., and SWENK, M. H. A
Preliminary Review of the Birds of Nebraska, 1-116+5 p.; 406 species. Klopp
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Bird Fauna. Proc. Neb. Orn. Union, IV, pp. 25-55.
1877. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report upon the Survey West of the
One-Hundredth Meridian. Being Appendix N N of the Annual Report of Engineers
for 1877. Report on the Ornithology of Portions of Nevada and California,
pp. 1303-1322.—1877. RIDGWAY, R. Report of Geological Exploration
of the Fortieth Parallel. Clarence King, Geologist, in charge. Vol. IV, Part III,
Ornithology, 4to, pp. 303-670. Mainly limited to that portion of the Great Basin
included between the thirty-ninth and forty-second parallels and extending from
the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Mountains; 262 species.—1880. HENSHAW,
H. W. Annual Report upon the Geog. Surv. of the Terr. west of the 100th
Meridian … App. O. O. of the Ann. Rep. of the Chief of Engineers for 1879.
App. L. Ornithological Report from Observations and Collections made in portions
of California, Nevada, and Oregon; pp. 282-335; 184 species.—1881. HOFFMAN,
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Geograph. Survey of the Territories, VI, 2, pp. 203-256; 250 species.—1903.
HANFORD, F. S. The Summer Birds of Washoe Lake, Nevada. The Condor, V,
pp. 49-52; 48 species.—1912. TAYLOR, W. P. Field Notes on Amphibians,
Reptiles and Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada. Univ. Pub. Zool.
VII, 10, pp. 319-436; 103 species.
1877. GOODHUE, C. F. The Birds of Webster and Adjoining Towns.
Forest and Stream, VIII, pp. 33, 49, 96, 113, 146; 151 species.—1872. MAYNARD,
C. J. See Maine.—1887. CHADBOURNE, A. P. A List of the Summer Birds of
the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, N. H. Auk, IV, pp. 100-108;
47 species.—1888. FAXON, W., and ALLEN, J. A. Notes on the Summer Birds
of Holderness [65 species], Bethlehem [50 species], and Franconia, N. H. [87
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N. H. Auk, VI, pp. 76-79.—1882. KNOWLTON, F. H. A Revised List of
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of Manchester, N. H. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts and Sci., I, pp. 123-138;
132 species. (See also Proc. for 1901, 1902.)—1900 DEARBORN, N. The Birds
of Durham and Vicinity. Cont. Zoöl. Lab. N. H. College Agric. and Mech. Arts,
VI, 121 pp., map.—1904. ALLEN, G. M. The Birds of New Hampshire. Proc.
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A. C. A Partial List of the Summer Birds of Holderness, N. H. Wilson Bull.,
XVI, 5-9 pp.; 94 species.
1885. BARRELL, H. F. Birds of the Upper Passaic Valley, New Jersey.
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1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. (See Arizona)—1859. HENRY, T. C. Catalogue
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MITCHELL, W. I. The Summer Birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico. The
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1844. GIRAUD, J. P., JR. The Birds of Long Island … New York, vol. V,
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H. G. Birds of Central New York. Forest and Stream, VI, pp. 180, 233, 284, 337,
402; VII, pp. 36, 52, 84, 230. Also Additions Ibid., p. 180; 170 species.—1877.
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43-52, 154-168, 189-204; XII, pp. 11-25, 109-128; XIII, pp. 75-93. (See also Auk,
VII, 1890, pp. 55, 56); 214 species.—1880. GREGG, W. H. Revised Catalogue of
the Birds of Chemung County, New York, Elmira, N. Y., O. H. Wheeler; 217
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Occur in the Adirondack Region, Northeastern New York. Bull. N. O. C., VI, pp.
225-235; and Addenda VII, 1882, pp. 128, 256, 257. Auk, I, 1884, pp. 58, 59;
211 species.—1882. BICKNELL, E. P. A Review of the Summer Birds of a part
of the Catskill Mountains, with prefatory remarks on the faunal and floral
features of the region. Trans. of the Linn. Soc. of New York, I, pp. 115-168; 90
species.—1885 … HOLLICK, A. Preliminary List of the Birds Known to Breed
on Staten Island. Proc. Nat. Sci. Assc. Staten Island. Extra No. 4, December.
67 species.—1886…. BARNUM, M. K. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Onondaga
County, N. Y. Bull. of the Biol. Lab. of Syracuse. 8vo, pp. 1-34; 204
species.—1886. RALPH, W. L., and BAGG, E. An Annotated List of the
Birds of Oneida County, N. Y., and Its Immediate Vicinity. Trans. Oneida Hist.
Soc., III, pp. 101-147; 224 species. (See also Ibid., VII, 1890, pp. 2, 29-232.) Orn.
and Col. XIII, 1888, pp. 58, 59. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 162-164.—1886. WOODRUFF,
L. B., and PAINE, A. G., JR. Birds of Central Park, New York City. A Preliminary
List. Forest and Stream, XXVI, pp. 386, 387, 487; 121 species.—1889.
BERGTOLD, W. H. A List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bull. Buffalo
Nat. Field Club, 1, 7, pp. 1-21; 237 species.—1889. DAVISON, J. L. Birds of
Niagara County, New York, Forest and Stream, XXXIII, pp. 164, 183, 303; 190
species.—1892. CLUTE, W. N. The Avifauna of Broome Co., N. Y. Wilson
Quart., pp. 59-64; 106 species.—1896. SHORT, E. H. Birds of Western New
York. F. H. Lattin, Albion, N. Y. 20 pp.; 229 species.—1901. EATON, E. H.
Birds of Western New York. Proc. Roch. Acad. IV, 64 pp.; 299 species.—1901.
EMBODY, G. O. Birds of Madison County, N. Y. Bull. Dep’t. Geol. and Nat.
Hist., Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y. 8vo, 36 pp.; 191 species. (See also
Maxon, Auk, XX, p. 263.)—1904. CHAPMAN, F. M. An Annotated
List of the Birds Known to Breed within 50 Miles of New York City. Guide Leaflet, No. 14,
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31 pp., 13 ills.—1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. The Birds of the
Vicinity of New York City. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Guide Leaflet, No. 22, Rev. Ed.,
96 pp. Numerous ills.; 353 species.—1907. BRAISLIN, W. C. A List of the
Birds of Long Island, N. Y. Abst. Proc. Linnæan Society, N. Y., 1907, pp. 31-123;
364 species. (See also Auk, 1909, pp. 314-316.)—1910. REED, H. D., and
WRIGHT, A. H. Vertebrates of the Cayuga Lake Basin. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.,
XLVIII, pp. 370-459; 257 species.—1910. WRIGHT, A. H. and ALLEN, A. A.
The Increase of Austral Birds at Ithaca. Auk, XXVII, pp. 63-66.—1910. EATON,
E. H. Birds of New York. I, Water and Game Birds. 4to, pp. 1-501, col. plls.
[by Fuertes] 42. Important.—1912. BAGG, E. Annotated List of the Birds of
Oneida County, N. Y., and of the West Canada Creek Valley. Trans. Oneida
Hist. Soc. XII, pp. 16-85; 257 species.
1871. COUES, E. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C. and
Vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XXIII, Birds, pp. 18-47. Also Ibid., 1878,
pp. 22-24; 133 species.—1885. BRIMLEY, H. H. and C. S. Summer Birds of
Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., X. pp. 143, 144; 82 species.—1885.—BRIMLEY, H.
H. and C. S. Winter Birds of Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., X, p. 128; 72 species.—1886.
BREWSTER, W. An Ornithological Reconnaissance in Western North
Carolina. Auk, III, pp. 94-112, 173-179; 102 species.—1886. BATCHELDER, C. F.
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The North Carolina Mountains in Winter. Auk, III, pp. 307-314; 40 species.—1887.
ATKINSON, G. F. Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds of North Carolina.
Journ. Elisha Mitchell Society, 1887, Part 2, pp. 44-87; 255 species. A
compilation with some errors.—1887. CAIRNS, J. S. A List of Birds of Buncombe
Co., North Carolina. Orn. and Oöl., XII, pp. 3-6; 169 species.—1887.
SENNETT, G. B. Observations in Western North Carolina Mountains in 1886.
Auk, IV, pp. 240-245; 29 species.—1888. BRIMLEY, C. S. A List of Birds Known
to Breed at Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 42, 43; 54 species. (See also
Ibid., p. 187. Auk, XIV, p. 165.)—1889. CAIRNS, J. S. The Summer Birds of
Buncombe County, North Carolina. Orn. and Oöl., XIV, pp. 17-22; 123 species.—1893.
BRIMLEY, C. S. Some Additions to the Avifauna of North Carolina,
with Notes on Some Other Species. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 241-244; 48 species.—1897.
SMITHWICK, J. W. P. Ornithology of North Carolina. Bull. 144, N. C.
Agric. Exp. Sta. 193-228; 303 species.—1899. PEARSON, T. G. Preliminary List
of Birds of Chapel Hill, N. C. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., XVI, pp. 33-51;
132 species.—1901. BISHOP, L. B. The Winter Birds of Pea Island, N. C. Auk,
XVIII, pp. 260-268; 42 species.—1905. OBERHOLSER, H. C. Notes on the Mammals
and Summer Birds of Western North Carolina. Published by Biltmore
Forest School. Birds pp. 11-24; 136 species.—1910. PHILIPP, P. B. (see S. C.)
1877 … LANGDON, F. W. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Vicinity of Cincinnati.
8vo, 18 pp. Salem, Mass.; 279 species.—1879. LANGDON, F. W. A
Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 4, pp. 167-193.
(See also Ibid., III, pp. 121-127; V, 1882, p. 186; VI, 1883, pp. 12-31; 256 species.)—1882.
WHEATON, J. M. Report on the Birds of Ohio, Report of the Geological
Survey of Ohio, IV, I, pp. 188-628; 298 species.—1891. SMITH, R. W. 000 A
List of the Birds of Warren County, Ohio. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, pp.
105-133; 189 species.—1896. OBERHOLSER, H. C. A Primary List of the Birds
of Wayne Co. Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. I, 4, pp. 243-354; 183 species.—1902.
HENINGER, W. F. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Middle Southern Ohio.
Wilson Bulletin, IX, pp. 77-93; 209 species. (See also Ibid., pp. 130-132; XII,
1905, pp. 89-93).—1902. JONES, L. Bird Studies in Lorain Co., Ohio. Wilson
Bull., IX, pp. 37-58; also pp. 94-100.—1908. DAWSON, W. L. The Birds of Ohio,
4 to xiv+671 pp. Many illus. Columbus, Wheaton Pub. Co.—1903. FIELD,
A. I. Birds of Lecking Co., Ohio. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., XV; 203 species.—1903.
JONES, L. The Birds of Ohio. A revised Catalogue, Ohio State Acad.
of Sci., Special Papers No. 6, 141 pp. 1 map; 318 species.—1906. HENINGER,
W. F. A Preliminary List of Birds of Seneca Co., Ohio. Wilson Bull., XVIII.
pp. 47-60; 205 species.—1909-10. JONES, L. The Birds of Cedar Point and
Vicinity. Wilson Bull., XXI, pp. 55-76, 115-131, 187-202; XXII, pp 25-41, 97-115,
172-182. Note.—Every issue of the Wilson Bulletin (Oberlin, Ohio) contains
matter of special interest to bird students in Ohio and the adjoining states.
1839. TOWNSEND, J. K. Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains
to the Columbia River … Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 134 Chestnut
Street. Boston: Perkins and Marvin. 8vo, pp. viii, 352. Appendix: Catalogue
of Birds found in the Territory of the Oregon, pp. 331-352.—1860. COOPER,
J. G. and SUCKLEY, G. Report upon the Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R.
R. Rep. Vol. XII, Book 11, pp. 140-291; 216 species observed in Oregon and
Washington.—1877. BENDIRE, C. Notes on some of the Birds found in Southeastern
Oregon, particularly in the Vicinity of Camp Harney, from November,
1874 to January 1877. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 109-149; 191 species.—1879.
[Pg_328]
MEARNS, E. A. Partial List of the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon,
Collected by Lieutenant Willis Wittich, U. S. A., with Annotations and Additions
by the Collector. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 161-166, 194-199; 111 species.—1880.
HENSHAW, H. W. (See Nevada.)—1880. JOHNSON, O. B. List of the Birds
of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Am. Nat. XIV, pp. 485-491, 635-646; 140
species.—1886. ANTHONY, A. W. Field Notes on the Birds of Washington
County, Oregon. Auk, III, pp. 161-172; 120 species.—1888. MERRILL, J. C.
Notes on the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon. With remarks on certain
species by William Brewster. Auk, V, pp. 139-146, 251-262, 357-366; 168 species.—1902.
ANTHONY, A. W. List of Birds in the Vicinity of Portland, Oregon.
Bailey’s ‘Handbook of Birds of the Western United States,’ pp. xliii-xlviii; 145
species.—1902. LORD, W. R. A First Book upon the Birds of Oregon and
Washington, 16mo, 304+iv pp. ills. J. K. Gill Co., Portland.—1904. MILLER,
L. H. The Birds of the John Day Region, Oregon. The Condor, VI, pp. 100-106;
71 species.—1905. FINLEY, W. L. Among the Sea Birds off the Oregon Coast.
The Condor, VII, pp. 110-127; 161-169.—1909. JEWETT, S. G. Some Birds of
Baker County, Oregon. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 5-9; 83 species.—1911. Peck, M. E.
Summer Birds of Willow Creek Valley, Malheur County, Oregon. The Condor,
XIII, pp. 63-69; 74 species.
1844. BAIRD, W. M. and S. F. List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of
Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLVI, pp. 261-273;
201 species.—1845. BAIRD, S. F. Catalogue of Birds Found in the Neighborhood
of Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. Lit. Rec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc. of
Penna. College, I, pp. 249-257; 203 species.—1861. BARNARD, V. A. A Catalogue
of the Birds of Chester County, Pa. Times of Arrival in Spring. Ann.
Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1860, pp. 434-438; 191 species—1869. TURNBULL, W. P.
The Birds of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey … 1 vol. roy. 8vo, and also
4to, xii+62 pp.; 342 species.—1880. WARREN, H. B. The Birds of Chester
County, Pa. Forest and Stream, XIII, pp. 1024, 1025; XIV, pp. 6, 25; 218 species.—1886.
PARKER, H. G. List of Birds near Philadelphia with the Dates That
Sets of Eggs Were Taken. Orn. and Oöl. XI, pp. 70, 71; 76 species.—1887. PENNOCK,
C. J. Birds of Chester County, Pa. The Oölogist. IV, pp. 1-10; 234
species.—1889. RESSEL, C. B. Birds of Chester County, Pa. Orn. and Oöl.,
XIV, 97-101, pp. 112-116, 129, 130; 199 species.—1890. WARREN, B. H. Report
on the Birds of Pennsylvania. With Special Reference to the Food Habits.
Second Edition. Harrisburg, 8vo, xiv+434 pp.; 100 col. plls.—1891. STONE,
W. The Summer Birds of Harvey’s Lake, Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, with
Remarks on the Faunal Position of the Region. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1891, pp. 431-438; 54 species.—1892. DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of the
Crest of the Pennsylvania Alleghanies. Auk, IX, pp. 129-141; 84 species.—1893.
JACOBS, J. W. Summer Birds of Greene Co., Pa. 8vo, 15 pages; 90 species.
Published by Author, Waynesburg, Pa.—1893. TODD, W. E. C. Summer Birds
of Indiana [65 species] and Clearfield [55 species] Counties, Pa. Auk, X, 1893,
pp. 35-46.—1894. STONE, W. The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New
Jersey. 8vo, vii+185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila. 346 species.—1895.
ROTZELL, W. E. Birds of Narbeth, Pa., and Vicinity. The Citizen, June 22
and 29, and reprinted in
pamphlet, 8 pp.; 108 species.—1896. BAILY, W. L.
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YOUNG, R. T. Summer Birds of Anthracite Coal Regions of Pennsylvania.
Auk, XIII, 1896, pp. 278-285; 59 species—1897. MONTGOMERY, T. H.,
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Editor. Numerous Notes on and Short Lists of Eastern Pennsylvania Birds.
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BURNS, F. L. A Sectional Bird Census, at Berwyn, Pa. Wilson Bull.
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County, Pa. Bausman’s History of Beaver County, II, 1904, pp. 1195-1202;
178 species.
1899. HOWE, R. H., JR. and STURTEVANT, E. The Birds of Rhode
Island. Published by Authors. 8vo, 111 pp.; 291 species.—1908. Commissioners
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1868. COUES, E. Synopsis of the Birds of South Carolina. Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 104-127; 294 species.—1879. LOOMIS, L. M. A Partial
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species. (See also additions and notes. Auk, II, 1885, pp. 188-193; VIII, 1891,
pp. 49-59, 167-173; IX, 1892; pp. 28-39; XI, 1894, pp. 26-39, 94-117.)—1885. HOXIE,
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62, 63. (Also Corrections and Additions. Ibid., XI, 1886, pp. 33, 34.) 238 species.—1890.
LOOMIS, L. M. Observations on Some of the Summer Birds of the
Mountain Portions of Pickens County, Auk, VII, pp. 30-39, 124-130; 76 species.—1891.
LOOMIS, L. M. June Birds of Cæsar’s Head, S. C. Auk, VIII, pp. 323-333;
52 species.—1910. PHILIPP, P. B. List of Birds Observed [in the Carolinas].
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WAYNE, A. T. Birds of South Carolina. Cont. from Charleston Museum, I,
8vo, xxi+pp. 254; 337 species.
1886. FOX, W. H. List of Birds Found in Roane County, Tennessee,
During April, 1884, and March and April, 1885. Auk, III, pp. 315-320; 114 species.—1895.
RHOADS, S. N. Cont. Zoöl. Tenn., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895.
pp. 463-501. Also Auk, XIII, 1896, p. 181; 223 species.—1910. HOWELL, A. H.
Notes on the Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII, pp. 295-304.
Tenn.; 161 species.
1865-6. DRESSER, H. E. Notes on the Birds of Southern Texas. Ibis.,
2nd Ser. I, pp. 312-330, 466-495, II, pp. 23-46; 272 species.—1878. MERRILL, J. C.
Notes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas. Being a List of Birds Observed
in the Vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from February, 1876, to June, 1878. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. I, pp. 118-173; 252 species.—1878. SENNETT, G. B. Notes on
the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande, Texas, from Observations made
during the Season of 1877. Edited, with Annotations, by Dr. Elliott Coues.
Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey, Vol. IV, pp. 1-66; 151 species.—1879.
SENNETT, G. B. Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande
of Texas, from observations made during the spring of 1878. Edited, with
Annotations by Dr. Elliott Coues. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the
Territories, V, 3, pp. 371-440; 168 species.—1882. BROWN, N. C. A Reconnaissance
in Southwestern Texas. Bull. N. O. C., VII, pp. 33-42! 104+6? species
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observed near Boerne, Kendall County.—1882. NEHRLING, H. List Of Birds
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Montgomery, Galveston, and Ford Bend. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 6-13,
166-175, 222-225; 209 species.—1887. LLOYD, W. Birds of Tom Green and
Concho Counties, Texas. Auk, IV, pp. 181-193, 289-299; 253 species.—1888.
BECKHAM, C. W. Observations on the Birds of southwestern Texas. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 635-696; 283 species.—1891. CHAPMAN, F. M.
On the Birds Observed near Corpus Christi, Texas, during parts of March and
April, 1891. Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, pp. 315-328; 33+66 species.—1892.
ATTWATER, H. P. List of Birds Observed in the vicinity of San Antonio,
Bexar County, Texas. Auk, IX, pp. 229-238; 337-345; 242 species.—1892.
RHOADS, S. N. The Birds of Southeastern Texas and Southern Arizona, Observed
during May, June, and July, 1891. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 98-126.
Annotated lists of 100+8 species observed at Corpus Christi, and 124+2
species observed in Southern Arizona.—1900. CARROLL, J. J. Notes on
the Birds of Refugio County, Texas. The Auk, pp. 337-348.—1905. MONTGOMERY,
T. H. JR. Summer Resident Birds of Brewster County, Texas. The
Auk, XXII, pp. 12-15; 47 species.—1911. LACEY, H. The Birds of Kerrville,
Texas, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 200-219; 202 species.
1858. BAIRD, S. F. Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah. Pac. R. R. Rep.
IX, pp. 926-927; 104 species.—1873. MERRIAM, C. H. Report on the Mammals
and Birds of the Expedition to Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. Sixth Ann.
Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872, 1873. Birds, pp. 670-715. A list of 176
Utah birds.—1873. RIDGWAY, R. Notes on the Bird-fauna of the Salt Lake
Valley and the adjacent portions of the Wahsatch Mountains. Bull. Essex Inst.,
V, pp. 168-173. Remarks on Allen’s “List of Birds Collected in the Vicinity
of Ogden” and list of Birds found breeding near Salt Lake City.—1874. HENSHAW,
H. W. An annotated list of the Birds of Utah. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N.
Y., XI, pp. 1-14; 214 species.—1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada.)
1901. HOWELL, A. H. Preliminary List of Summer Birds of Mount Mansfield,
Vt. Auk, XVIII, pp. 337-347; 86 species.—1902. PERKINS, G. H. A Preliminary
List of the Birds Found in Vermont. 21st Ann. Rep. Vt. State Bd.
Agric., pp. 85-118; 261 species. See also HOWE, R. H., JR., Cont. N. A. Orn. II,
pp. 5-22.—1903. DAVENPORT, E. B. Birds Observed on Mt. Mansfield and the
West End of Stowe Valley at the Base of the Mountain, in the Summer of
1902. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 77-86; 74 species.—1907. DAVENPORT, E. B.
Birds of Windham and Bennington Counties. Bull. No. 2, Vermont Bird Club
(Burlington, Vt.), pp. 5-14; 176 species.—1908. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds
of Southern Vermont, Auk, XXV, pp. 56-64; 86 species.
1890. RIVES, WM. C., M. D. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Virginias.
Proc. Newport Nat. Hist. Soc., Document VII, Newport R. I. 8vo. 100 pp.;
305 species.—1902. DANIELS, J. W. Summer Birds of the Great Dismal
Swamp. Auk, XIX, 15-18 pp.; 41 species.—1910. EMBODY, G. C. A List of
Birds Observed at Ashland, Va. Auk, XXVII, pp. 169-177; 114 species.—1912.
BAILEY, H. B. Notes on Birds Breeding in the Mountains of Virginia. The
Auk, XXIX, pp. 79-84; 94 species.
1892. LAWRENCE, R. H. A Preliminary List of the Birds of the Gray’s
Harbor Region, Washington. Auk, IX, pp. 39-47; 92 species. (See also pp.
352-357; and Palmer, Ibid., pp. 308-310).—1893. RHOADS, S. N. (See British
Columbia.)—1897. DAWSON, W. L. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Okanagan
County, Washington. The Auk, XIV, pp. 168-182; 143 species.—1900.
KOBBÉ, W. H. The Birds of Cape Disappointment, Washington. The Auk,
XVII, pp. 349-358; 63 species—1902. LORD, W. R. (See Oregon.)—1902.
RATHBUN, S. F. A List of the Land Birds of Seattle, Washington and Vicinity
The Auk, XIX, pp. 131-141; 112 species—1903. SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of
Land Birds from Central Washington. The Auk, XX, pp. 202-209; 53 species.—1904.
SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of Land Birds from Central and Southeastern
Washington. The Auk, XXI, pp. 223-233; 58 species.—1906. BOWLES,
J. H. A List of Birds of Tacoma, Washington, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXIII,
pp. 138-148; 201 species.—1906. JOHNSON, R. H. The Birds of Cheney, Washington.
The Condor, VIII, pp. 25-28; 113 species.—1908. EDSON, J. M. Birds
of the Bellingham Bay Region. The Auk, XXV, pp. 425-439; 212 species.—1908.
DAWSON, W. L. The Bird Colonies of the Olympiades. The Auk, XXV, pp. 153-166.
1873. SCOTT, W. E. D. Partial List of the Summer Birds of Kanawha
County, West Virginia, with Annotations. Proc. Bost. Soc. Hist., XV, pp. 219-227;
86 species.—1875. BREWSTER, W. Some Observations on the Birds of
Ritchie County, West Virginia. Annals of the Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XI, pp.
139-146; 100 species.—1888. DOAN, W. D. Birds of West Virginia. Bull. 3,
Agric. Exp. Sta., Morgantown; 200 species.—1889. SURBER, T. Birds of Greenbriar
County, West Va. The Hawkeye Orn. and Oöl. (E. B. Webster, Cresco,
Iowa), II, pp. 2-4, 13-15, 29-32; 121 species.—1890. RIVES, W. C. (See Virginia.)—1898.
RIVES, W. C. Summer Birds of the West Virginia Spruce Belt. Auk,
XV, pp. 131-137; 46 species.—1909. BROOKS, E. A. West Virginia Birds in
State Board of Agriculture. Report W. Va. State Board Agric., for 1908, pp. 3-62;
193 species.
1853. HOY, P. R. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., VI, pp. 304-313, 318-385, 423-429; 283 species. (Revised with
additions in the Trans. Wisc. State Agric. Soc., 1852, II, pp. 341-364.)—1854.
BARRY, A. C. On the Ornithological Fauna of Wisconsin. Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., V, 1854, pp. 1-13; 218 species.—1882. KING, F. H. Economic Relations
of Wisconsin Birds. Wis. Geol. Survey, I, pp. 441-610; figs. 103-144; 295
species.—1883. WILLARD, S. W. Migration and Distribution of North American
Birds in Brown and Outgamie Counties. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts, and
Letters, VI, pp. 177-196; 210 species.—1894. GRUNDTVIG, F. L. The Birds of
Shiocton in Bovine, Outgamie Co., Wisc. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sciences, X, pp.
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Wisconsin. Bull. Wisc. Nat. Hist. Soc., III (N. S.), pp. 1-143, 8 half-tones; 357
species.—1909. CORY, C. B. (See Ills.)
1872. HOLDEN, C. H. JR. Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado
Territories, with additional memoranda by C. E. Aiken. Edited by T. M.
Brewer. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 193-210; 142 species.—1873. MERRIAM,
C. H. (See Utah.)—1876. GRINNELL, G. B. (See Montana).—1879.
WILLISTON, S. W. A List of Birds taken in Southern Wyoming
with supplementary notes by George B. Grinnell; Forest and stream, XII, pp. 306-307, 325-326,
365; 109 species.—1902. KNIGHT, W. C. The Birds of Wyoming. University
of Wyoming. 8vo. 174 pp., 48 plls.; 288 species.—1902. BOND, F. List
of Birds of Cheyenne and Vicinity. Bailey’s ‘Handbook of Birds of the Western
United States,’ pp. lxxiii; 184 species.—1907. PALMER, T. S. Birds of Yellowstone
Park. Ann. Rep. Supt. of Yellowstone Park for 1907. pp. 15-23; 70 species.
| Acanthis hornemannii | 176 |
| ” exilipes | 176 |
| ” linaria | 176 |
| ” holbœllii | 176 |
| ” rostrata | 176 |
| Accipiter atricapillus | 131 |
| ” striatulus | 131 |
| cooperii | 131 |
| velox | 131 |
| Actitis macularia | 107 |
| Actodromas acuminata | 109 |
| bairdii | 109 |
| fuscicollis | 109 |
| maculata | 109 |
| minutilla | 109 |
| Æchmophorus occidentalis | 44 |
| Ægialitis hiaticula | 112 |
| ” meloda | 112 |
| ” circumcincta | 112 |
| ” nivosa | 112 |
| ” semipalmata | 112 |
| Aëronautes melanoleucus | 158 |
| Æstrelata fisheri | 260 |
| ” hasitata | 65 |
| ” scalaris | 260 |
| Agelaius gubernator californicus | 179 |
| ” phœniceus | 178 |
| ” bryanti | 178 |
| ” caurinus | 178 |
| ” floridanus | 178 |
| ” fortis | 178 |
| ” neutralis | 178 |
| ” richmondi | 298 |
| ” sonoriensis | 178 |
| ” tricolor | 179 |
| Aimophila carpalis | 220 |
| ” ruficeps | 220 |
| ” eremœca | 220 |
| ” scottii | 220 |
| ” sororia | 220 |
| Aix sponsa | 78 |
| Ajaia ajaja | 89 |
| Alauda arvensis | 277 |
| Alaudidæ | 34, 163 |
| Albatross, Black-footed | 62 |
| ” Laysan | 62 |
| ” Short-tailed | 12, 62 |
| ” Sooty | 62 |
| ” Yellow-nosed | 62 |
| Alca torda | 48 |
| Alcedinidæ | 32, 144 |
| Alcidæ | 10 |
| Alle alle | 46 |
| Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota | 160 |
| tzacatl | 160 |
| Ammodramus caudacutus | 225 |
| henslowi | 224 |
| ” occidentalis | 224 |
| leconteii | 225 |
| maritimus | 226 |
| ” fisheri | 226 |
| ” macgillivraii | 226 |
| ” peninsulæ | 226 |
| ” sennetti | 226 |
| nelsoni | 225 |
| ” subvirgatus | 225 |
| nigrescens | 226 |
| Ampelidæ | 37, 166 |
| Ampelis cedrorum | 198 |
| garrulus | 198 |
| Amphispiza belli | 228 |
| ” canescens | 300 |
| ” cinerea | 228 |
| ” nevadensis | 228 |
| bilineata | 249 |
| ” deserticola | 249 |
| Anas boschas | 76 |
| fulvigula | 77 |
| ” maculosa | 77 |
| obscura | 77 |
| ” rubripes | 77 |
| Anatidæ | 16, 74 |
| Anhinga | 14, 73 |
| anhinga | 73 |
| Anhingidæ | 14, 67 |
| Ani | 146 |
| Groove-billed | 146 |
| Anous stolidus | 60 |
| Anser albifrons | 262 |
| ” gambeli | 85 |
| fabialis | 262 |
| Anseres | 15, 74 |
| Anthus pensilvanicus | 232 |
| spraguei | 232 |
| Antrostomus carolinensis | 156 |
| vociferus | 156 |
| ” macromystax | 156 |
| Aphelocoma californica | 184 |
| Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca | 184 |
| ” obscura | 184 |
| cyanea | 184 |
| cyanotis | 184 |
| insularis | 184 |
| sieberii arizonæ | 183 |
| ” couchii | 183 |
| texana | 184 |
| woodhouseii | 184 |
| Aphriza virgata | 111 |
| Aphrizidæ | 24, 100 |
| Aquila chrysaëtos | 136 |
| Aramidæ | 20, 95 |
| Aramus giganteus | 96 |
| Archibuteo ferrugineus | 135 |
| lagopus sancti-johannis | 135 |
| Arctonetta fischeri | 82 |
| Ardea herodias | 93 |
| ” fannini | 93 |
| ” wardi | 93 |
| occidentalis | 92 |
| Ardeidæ | 19, 87 |
| Ardetta exilis | 91 |
| neoxena | 91 |
| Arenaria interpres | 102 |
| melanocephala | 107 |
| morinella | 102 |
| Arquatella couesi | 107 |
| maritima | 107 |
| ptilocnemis | 108 |
| Arremonops rufivirgatus | 215 |
| Asio accipitrinus | 138 |
| wilsonianus | 138 |
| Astragalinus lawrenci | 189 |
| psaltria | 192 |
| ” hesperophilus | 299 |
| ” mexicanus | 299 |
| tristis | 192 |
| ” pallidus | 192 |
| ” salicamans | 192 |
| Asturina plagiata | 131 |
| Asyndesmus torquatus | 152 |
| Atthis morcomi | 161 |
| Auk, Great | 48 |
| Razor-billed | 9, 48 |
| Auklet, Cassin | 46 |
| Crested | 47 |
| Least | 47 |
| Paroquet | 47 |
| Rhinoceros | 45 |
| Whiskered | 47 |
| Auriparus flaviceps | 195 |
| ” lamprocephalus | 195 |
| Avocet | 22, 103 |
| Aythya affinis | 79 |
| americana | 79 |
| collaris | 79 |
| Aythya marila | 78 |
| vallisneria | 79 |
| Bæolophus atricristatus | 243 |
| ” sennetti | 303 |
| bicolor | 243 |
| ” texensis | 243, 303 |
| inornatus | 242 |
| ” cineraceus | 242 |
| ” griseus | 242 |
| wollweberi | 244 |
| Baldpate | 77 |
| Bartramia longicauda | 105 |
| Basilinna leucotis | 160 |
| xantusi | 159 |
| Becard, Xantus’s | 276 |
| Bittern, American | 91 |
| Cory | 91 |
| Least | 91 |
| Blackbird, Bicolored | 179 |
| Brewer | 254 |
| Red-winged | 178 |
| Rusty | 254 |
| Tricolored | 179 |
| Yellow-headed | 199 |
| Bluebird | 182 |
| Azure | 182 |
| Chestnut-backed | 182 |
| Mountain | 182 |
| San Pedro | 182 |
| Western | 182 |
| Bobolink | 251 |
| Bob-white | 26, 115 |
| Florida | 115 |
| Masked | 115 |
| Texan | 115 |
| Bombycillidæ | 298 |
| Bonasa umbellus | 118 |
| ” sabini | 118 |
| ” togata | 118 |
| Bonasa umbellus umbelloides | 118 [Pg_335] |
| Booby | 70 |
| Blue-faced | 70 |
| Blue-footed | 70 |
| Brewster | 70 |
| Red-footed | 70 |
| Botaurus lentiginosus | 91 |
| Brachyramphus brevirostris | 46 |
| craveri | 46 |
| hypoleucus | 46 |
| marmoratus | 46 |
| Brant | 86 |
| Black | 86 |
| Branta bernicla glaucogastra | 86 |
| canadensis | 86 |
| ” hutchinsii | 86 |
| ” minima | 86 |
| ” occidentalis | 86 |
| leucopsis | 262 |
| Branta nigricans | 86 |
| Bubo virginianus | 143 |
| ” algistus | 297 |
| ” arcticus | 143 |
| ” elachistus | 143 |
| ” heterocnemis | 297 |
| ” pacificus | 143 |
| ” pallescens | 143 |
| ” saturatus | 143 |
| Bubonidæ | 30, 127 |
| Budytes flavus leucostriatus | 192 |
| Buffle-head | 80 |
| Bullfinch, Cassin’s | 279 |
| Bulweria bulweri | 260 |
| Bunting, Beautiful | 180 |
| Indigo | 181 |
| Lark | 252 |
| Lazuli | 180 |
| Painted | 180 |
| Varied | 180 |
| Bush-Tit | 242 |
| California | 242 |
| Grinda | 242 |
| Lead-colored | 242 |
| Lloyd | 242 |
| Santa Rita | 242, 303 |
| Buteo abbreviatus | 134 |
| albicaudatus sennetti | 135 |
| borealis | 132 |
| ” alascensis | 296 |
| ” calurus | 132 |
| ” harlani | 132 |
| ” kriderii | 132 |
| brachyurus | 134 |
| lineatus | 133 |
| Buteo lineatus alleni | 133 |
| elegans | 133 |
| platypterus | 133 |
| swainsoni | 133 |
| Buteonidæ | 294 |
| Butorides virescens | 94 |
| ” anthonyi | 94 |
| ” frazari | 94 |
| Buzzard, Turkey | 129 |
| Calamospiza melanocorys | 252 |
| Calcarius lapponicus | 219 |
| ” alascensis | 219 |
| ornatus | 218 |
| pictus | 220 |
| Calidris arenaria | 108 |
| Callipepla squamata | 116 |
| ” castanogastris | 116 |
| Callothrus robustus | 253 |
| Calothorax lucifer | 159 |
| Calypte annæ | 161 |
| costæ | 159 |
| Campephilus principalis | 149 |
| Camptolaimus labradorius | 81 |
| Canachites canadensis | 117, 298 |
| ” canace | 117, 298 |
| ” osgoodi | 117, 298 |
| franklinii | 117 |
| Canvas-back | 79 |
| Caprimulgidæ | 33, 155 |
| Caracara, Audubon | 134 |
| Guadalupe | 134 |
| Cardellina rubrifrons | 177 |
| Cardinal | 36, 172 |
| Arizona | 172 |
| Florida | 172 |
| Gray-tailed | 172 |
| St Lucas | 172 |
| Texas | 172 |
| Cardinalis cardinalis | 172 |
| canicaudus | 172 |
| floridanus | 172 |
| igneus | 172 |
| superbus | 172 |
| Carduelis carduelis | 177 |
| Carpodacus amplus | 175 |
| cassini | 175 |
| mcgregori | 175 |
| mexicanus elementis | 175 |
| ” frontalis | 175 |
| ” ruberrimus | 175 |
| purpureus | 174 |
| ” californicus | 174 |
| Casarca casarca | 262 |
| Catbird | 247 [Pg_336] |
| Catharista urubu | 129 |
| Cathartes aura | 129 |
| Cathartidæ | 28, 127 |
| Catherpes mexicanus albifrons | 234 |
| ” conspersus | 234 |
| ” punctulatus | 234 |
| Centrocercus urophasianus | 122 |
| Centurus aurifrons | 153 |
| carolinus | 153 |
| uropygialis | 153 |
| Ceophlœus pileatus | 149 |
| ” abieticola | 149 |
| Cepphus columba | 48 |
| grylle | 48 |
| mandtii | 48 |
| Cerorhinca monocerata | 45 |
| Certhia familiaris albescens | 237 |
| ” americana | 237 |
| ” montana | 237 |
| ” occidentalis | 237 |
| ” zelotes | 238 |
| Certhiidæ | 39, 168 |
| Ceryle alcyon | 147 |
| ” caurina | 297 |
| americana septentrionalis | 147 |
| torquata | 273 |
| Chachalaca | 27, 122 |
| Chætura pelagica | 158 |
| vauxii | 158 |
| Chamæa fasciata | 215, 300 |
| ” phæa | 216, 300 |
| ” rufula | 300 |
| Chamæidæ | 294, 298 |
| Charadriidæ | 24, 100 |
| Charadrius dominicus | 110 |
| ” fulvus | 110 |
| Charitonetta albeola | 80 |
| Chat, Long-tailed | 198 |
| Yellow-breasted | 38, 198 |
| Chaulelasmus streperus | 77 |
| Chen cærulescens | 85 |
| hyperborea | 84 |
| ” nivalis | 84 |
| rossii | 84 |
| Chewink | 204 |
| Chickadee | 39 |
| Alaskan | 244 |
| Bailey’s Mountain | 303 |
| Barlow | 244 |
| Black-capped | 245 |
| California | 244 |
| Canadian | 244 |
| Carolina | 245 |
| Chestnut-backed | 244 |
| Columbian | 244 |
| Florida | 303 |
| Hudsonian | 244 |
| Kowak | 244 |
| Long-tailed | 245 |
| Mexican | 245 |
| Mountain | 244 |
| Oregon | 245 |
| Plumbeous | 245 |
| Valdez Chestnut-sided | 303 |
| Yukon | 303 |
| Chondestes grammacus | 218 |
| ” strigatus | 218 |
| Chordeiles acutipennis texensis | 157 |
| virginianus | 157 |
| ” chapmani | 157 |
| ” henryi | 157 |
| ” sennetti | 157 |
| Chuck-will’s widow | 156 |
| Ciconiidæ | 18, 87 |
| Cinclidæ | 38, 168 |
| Cinclus mexicanus | 247 |
| Circus hudsonius | 130 |
| Cistothorus stellaris | 236 |
| Clangula clangula americana | 80 |
| islandica | 80 |
| Coccyges | 31, 144 |
| Coccyzus americanus | 146 |
| ” occidentalis | 146 |
| minor | 146 |
| ” maynardi | 146 |
| erythrophthalmus | 146 |
| Cœligena clemenciæ | 160 |
| Colaptes auratus | 154 |
| ” luteus | 154 |
| cafer collaris | 154 |
| ” saturatior | 154 |
| chrysoides | 154 |
| ” brunnescens | 154 |
| ” mearnsi | 298 |
| rufipileus | 154 |
| Colinus ridgwayi | 115 |
| virginianus | 115 |
| ” floridanus | 115 |
| ” texanus | 115 |
| Columba fasciata | 124 |
| ” vioscæ | 124 |
| flavirostris | 124 |
| leucocephala | 124 |
| Columbæ | 27, 123 |
| Columbidæ | 27, 123 |
| Columbigallina passerina bermudiana | 126 |
| Columbigallina passerina pallescens | 126 [Pg_337] |
| ” terrestris | 126 |
| Colymbus auritus | 43 |
| dominicus brachypterus | 43, 257 |
| holbœllii | 43 |
| nigricollis californicus | 43 |
| Compsothypsis americana | 195 |
| ” usneæ | 195 |
| nigrilora | 195 |
| Condor | 129 |
| Contopus borealis | 208 |
| pertinax pallidiventris | 208 |
| richardsonii | 208 |
| ” peninsulæ | 208 |
| virens | 208 |
| Conurus carolinensis | 145 |
| Coot, American | 21, 99 |
| European | 265 |
| Cormorant | 71 |
| Baird | 72 |
| Brandt | 72 |
| Double-crested | 71 |
| Farallon | 71 |
| Florida | 71 |
| Mexican | 71 |
| Pelagic | 72 |
| Red-faced | 72 |
| Violet-green | 14, 72 |
| White-crested | 71 |
| Corvidæ | 35, 163 |
| Corvus americanus | 255 |
| ” pascuus | 255 |
| brachyrhynchos hesperis | 304 |
| caurinus | 255 |
| corax principalis | 255 |
| ” sinuatus | 255 |
| cryptoleucus | 255 |
| ossifragus | 255 |
| Coturniculus bairdii | 224 |
| savannarum passerinus | 224 |
| ” bimaculatus | 224 |
| ” floridanus | 224 |
| Cowbird | 253 |
| Bronzed | 304 |
| Dwarf | 253 |
| Red-eyed | 253 |
| Cracidæ | 27, 113 |
| Crake, Corn | 265 |
| Spotted | 265 |
| Crane, Little Brown | 96 |
| Sandhill | 9, 96 |
| Whooping | 96 |
| Creciscus coturniculus | 294 |
| Creeper, Brown | 39, 237 |
| Creeper, California | 237 |
| Mexican | 237 |
| Rocky Mountain | 237 |
| Sierra | 238 |
| Crossbill, American | 173 |
| Mexican | 173 |
| White-winged | 174 |
| Crotophaga ani | 146 |
| sulcirostris | 146 |
| Crow, American | 255 |
| Carrion | 129 |
| Fish | 255 |
| Florida | 255 |
| Northwest | 255 |
| Western | 304 |
| Crymophilus fulicarius | 102 |
| Cuckoo, Black-billed | 146 |
| California | 146 |
| Kamchatka | 273 |
| Mangrove | 146 |
| Maynard | 146 |
| Yellow-billed | 146 |
| Cuculidæ | 31, 144 |
| Curlew, Bristle-thighed | 295 |
| Eskimo | 103 |
| Hudsonian | 23, 103 |
| Long-billed | 103 |
| Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus | 183 |
| Cyanocitta cristata | 183 |
| ” florincola | 183 |
| stelleri | 185 |
| ” annectens | 185 |
| ” carbonacea | 298 |
| ” carlottæ | 185 |
| ” diademata | 185 |
| ” frontalis | 185 |
| Cyanopiza amœna | 180 |
| ciris | 180 |
| cyanea | 181 |
| versicolor | 180 |
| versicolor pulchra | 180 |
| Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus | 47 |
| Cypseloides niger borealis | 158 |
| Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi | 115 |
| Dafila acuta | 76 |
| Daption capensis | 260 |
| Darters | 67 |
| Dendragapus obscurus | 117 |
| ” fuliginosus | 117 |
| ” richardsonii | 117 |
| ” sierræ | 295 |
| Dendrocygna autummalis | 83 |
| fulva | 83 |
| Dendroica æstiva | 196 [Pg_338] |
| ” brewsteri | 299 |
| ” rubiginosa | 196 |
| ” æstiva sonorana | 196 |
| auduboni | 190 |
| auduboni nigrifrons | 199 |
| blackburniæ | 187 |
| bryanti castaneiceps | 196 |
| cærulea | 181 |
| cærulescens | 180 |
| cærulescens cairnsii | 180 |
| castanea | 206 |
| chrysoparia | 188 |
| coronata | 197 |
| discolor | 197 |
| dominica | 190 |
| ” albilora | 190 |
| graciæ | 190 |
| kirtlandii | 191 |
| maculosa | 190 |
| nigrescens | 249 |
| occidentalis | 188 |
| olivacea | 187 |
| palmarum | 196 |
| ” hypochrysea | 197 |
| pensylvanica | 198 |
| striata | 249 |
| tigrina | 196 |
| townsendi | 188 |
| vigorsii | 191 |
| virens | 188 |
| Dichromanassa rufescens | 94 |
| Dickcissel | 198 |
| Diomedea albatrus | 62 |
| immutabilis | 62 |
| nigripes | 62 |
| Diomedeidæ | 12, 61 |
| Dipper | 38, 247 |
| Dolichonyx oryzivorus | 251 |
| Dotterel | 267 |
| Dove, Bermuda Ground | 126 |
| Blue-headed | 126 |
| Ground | 126 |
| Inca | 126 |
| Key West Quail | 126 |
| Mexican Ground | 126 |
| Mourning | 27, 125 |
| Ruddy Quail | 126 |
| Western Mourning | 296 |
| West Indian White-winged | 296 |
| White-fronted | 125 |
| White-winged | 126 |
| Zenaida | 125 |
| Dovekie | 46 |
| Dowitcher | 106 |
| Long-billed | 106 |
| Dryobates arizonæ | 151 |
| borealis | 151 |
| nuttallii | 151 |
| pubescens | 150 |
| ” gairdnerii | 150 |
| ” homorus | 150 |
| ” medianus | 150 |
| ” nelsoni | 150 |
| ” turati | 151 |
| scalaris bairdii | 151, 297 |
| ” cactophilus | 297 |
| ” eremicus | 297 |
| ” lucasanus | 150 |
| villosus | 150 |
| ” leucomelas | 150 |
| ” leucothorectis | 297 |
| ” auduboni | 150 |
| ” harrisii | 150 |
| ” hyloscopus | 150 |
| ” monticola | 150 |
| ” picoideus | 150 |
| ” terrænovæ | 297 |
| Duck, Black | 77 |
| Black-bellied Tree | 83 |
| Florida | 77 |
| Fulvous Tree | 83 |
| Harlequin | 81 |
| Labrador | 81 |
| Lesser Scaup | 79 |
| Masked | 80 |
| Mottled | 77 |
| Red-legged Black | 77 |
| Ring-necked | 79 |
| Ruddy | 80 |
| Rufous-crested | 262 |
| Scaup | 79 |
| Wood | 78 |
| Dunlin | 266 |
| Eagle, Alaska Bald | 136 |
| Bald | 136 |
| Golden | 136 |
| Ectopistes migratorius | 125 |
| Egret American | 92 |
| Brewster’s | 294 |
| Reddish | 94 |
| Egretta candidissima | 92 |
| candidissima brewsteri | 294 |
| Eider, American | 82 |
| Greenland | 82 |
| King | 82 |
| Pacific | 82 |
| Eider, Spectacled | 82 [Pg_339] |
| Steller | 81 |
| Elanoides forficatus | 130 |
| Elanus leucurus | 130 |
| Empidonax cineritius | 210 |
| difficilis | 210 |
| flaviventris | 210 |
| fulvifrons pygmæus | 215 |
| griseus | 209 |
| hammondi | 209 |
| insulicola | 210 |
| minimus | 209 |
| traillii | 209 |
| ” alnorum | 209 |
| virescens | 210 |
| wrightii | 209 |
| Eniconetta stelleri | 81 |
| Ereunetes occidentalis | 108 |
| pusillus | 108 |
| Erismatura jamaicensis | 80 |
| Erolia ferruginea | 106 |
| Eugenes fulgens | 159 |
| Falco columbarius | 137 |
| ” suckleyi | 137 |
| fusco-cœrulescens | 137 |
| islandus | 136 |
| mexicanus | 135 |
| peregrinus anatum | 137 |
| ” pealei | 137 |
| richardsonii | 137 |
| rusticolus | 136 |
| ” gyrfalco | 136 |
| ” obsoletus | 136 |
| sparverius | 137 |
| ” paulus | 296 |
| ” peninsularis | 138 |
| ” phalœna | 138 |
| Falcon, Aplomado | 137 |
| Peale | 137 |
| Prairie | 135 |
| Falconidæ | 29, 127, 294 |
| Finch, California Purple | 174 |
| Cassin | 175 |
| Guadalupe House | 175 |
| House | 175 |
| Pine | 225 |
| Purple | 174 |
| San Benito House | 175 |
| San Clemente House | 175 |
| St Lucas House | 175 |
| Flamingo | 16, 89 |
| Flicker, Brown | 154 |
| Gilded | 154 |
| Guadalupe | 154 |
| Mearns’s Gilded | 298 |
| Northern | 154 |
| Northwestern | 154 |
| Red-shafted | 154 |
| Southern | 154 |
| Florida cærulea | 94 |
| Flycatcher, Alder | 209 |
| Arizona Crested | 203 |
| Ash-throated | 203 |
| Beardless | 211 |
| Buff-breasted | 215 |
| Coues | 208 |
| Crested | 203 |
| Derby | 202 |
| Fork-tailed | 276 |
| Giraud | 276 |
| Gray | 209 |
| Green-crested | 210 |
| Hammond | 209 |
| Least | 209 |
| Lower California | 203 |
| Mexican Crested | 203 |
| Nutting | 203 |
| Olivaceous | 203 |
| Olive-sided | 208 |
| Ridgway | 211, 299 |
| Santa Barbara | 210, 299 |
| Scissor-tailed | 177 |
| St Lucas | 210 |
| Sulphur-bellied | 203 |
| Traill | 209 |
| Vermillion | 177 |
| Western | 210 |
| Wright | 209 |
| Yellow-bellied | 210 |
| Fratercula arctica | 45 |
| ” glacialis | 45 |
| ” naumanni | 258 |
| corniculata | 45 |
| Fregata aquila | 73 |
| Fregatidæ | 15, 67 |
| Fregetta grallaria | 260 |
| Frigate Bird | 73 |
| Fringillidæ | 36, 164 |
| Fulica americana | 99 |
| Fulmar | 12, 63 |
| Giant | 260 |
| Pacific | 63 |
| Rodger’s | 63 |
| Slender-billed | 63 |
| Fulmarus glacialis | 63 |
| ” glupischa | 63 |
| rodgersii | 63 |
| Gadwall | 77 [Pg_340] |
| Galeoscoptes carolinensis | 247 |
| Gallinæ | 25, 113 |
| Gallinago delicata | 105 |
| Gallinula galeata | 99 |
| Gallinule, Florida | 99 |
| Purple | 99 |
| Gannet | 13, 69 |
| Gavia adamsii | 44 |
| arctica | 44 |
| imber | 44 |
| lumme | 44 |
| pacifica | 44 |
| Gaviidæ | 10 |
| Gelochelidon nilotica | 58 |
| Geococcyx californianus | 146 |
| Geothlypis agilis | 189 |
| beldingi | 194 |
| formosa | 193 |
| philadelphia | 189 |
| poliocephala | 194 |
| tolmiei | 189 |
| trichas | 193 |
| ” arizela | 194 |
| ” brachidactyla | 194 |
| ” ignota | 194 |
| ” occidentalis | 193 |
| ” sinuosa | 194 |
| Geotrygon chrysia | 126 |
| montana | 126 |
| Glaucidium gnoma | 140 |
| ” californicus | 140 |
| ” pinicola | 296 |
| hoskinsii | 140 |
| phalænoides | 140 |
| Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed | 243 |
| Blue-gray | 243 |
| Plumbeous | 243 |
| Western | 243 |
| Godwit, Black-tailed | 266 |
| Hudsonian | 110 |
| Marbled | 110 |
| Pacific | 110 |
| Golden-eye, American | 80 |
| Barrow | 80 |
| Goldfinch, American | 192 |
| Arkansas | 192 |
| California | 192 |
| European | 177 |
| Green-backed | 299 |
| Lawrence | 189 |
| Mexican | 192 |
| Western | 192 |
| Goose, Barnacle | 262 |
| Goose, Bean | 262 |
| Blue | 85 |
| Cackling | 86 |
| Canada | 86 |
| Emperor | 85 |
| European White-fronted | 263 |
| Greater Snow | 84 |
| Hutchins | 86 |
| Lesser Snow | 84 |
| Pink-footed | 263 |
| Ross Snow | 84 |
| White-cheeked | 86 |
| White-fronted | 85, 262 |
| Goshawk, American | 131 |
| Mexican | 131 |
| Western | 131 |
| Grackle, Boat-tailed | 254 |
| Bronzed | 254 |
| Florida | 254 |
| Great-tailed | 254 |
| Purple | 35, 254 |
| Grebe, Eared | 43 |
| Holbœll | 43 |
| Horned | 43 |
| Least | 43 |
| Mexican | 257 |
| Pied-billed | 9, 43 |
| Western | 44 |
| Green-shank | 266 |
| Grosbeak, Alaskan Pine | 173 |
| Black-headed | 207 |
| Blue | 181 |
| Evening | 36, 199 |
| Kadiak Pine | 173 |
| Pine | 173 |
| Rocky Mountain Pine | 173 |
| Rose-breasted | 174 |
| Western Blue | 181 |
| Western Evening | 199 |
| Grouse, Alaska Spruce | 117 |
| Canada | 117 |
| Canadian Ruffed | 118 |
| Columbian Sharp-tailed | 121 |
| Dusky | 117 |
| Franklin | 117 |
| Gray Ruffed | 118 |
| Hudsonian Spruce | 117 |
| Oregon Ruffed | 118 |
| Prairie Sharp-tailed | 121 |
| Richardson | 117 |
| Ruffed | 26, 118 |
| Sage | 122 |
| Sharp-tailed | 121 |
| Sierra | 295 |
| Sooty | 117 [Pg_341] |
| Gruidæ | 20, 95 |
| Grus americana | 96 |
| canadensis | 96 |
| mexicana | 96 |
| Guara alba | 90 |
| rubra | 89 |
| Guillemot, Black | 48 |
| Mandt | 48 |
| Pigeon | 48 |
| Guiraca cærulea | 181 |
| ” lazula | 181 |
| Gull, Bonaparte | 56 |
| Black-backed | 54 |
| California | 55 |
| Franklin | 56 |
| Glaucous | 53 |
| Glaucous-winged | 53 |
| Heermann | 54 |
| Herring | 11, 55 |
| Iceland | 53 |
| Ivory | 52 |
| Kittiwake | 52 |
| Kumlien | 53 |
| Laughing | 56 |
| Little | 259 |
| Mew | 258 |
| Nelson | 53 |
| Point Barrow | 53 |
| Ring-billed | 52 |
| Ross | 56 |
| Sabine | 56 |
| Siberian | 258 |
| Slaty-backed | 54 |
| Short-billed | 52 |
| Vega | 55 |
| Western | 54 |
| Gymnogyps californianus | 129 |
| Gyrfalcon | 136 |
| Black | 136 |
| Gray | 136 |
| White | 136 |
| Hæmatopodidæ | 25, 100 |
| Hæmatopus bachmani | 104 |
| frazari | 104 |
| palliatus | 104 |
| Haliæetus leucocephalus | 136 |
| Halocyptena microsoma | 65 |
| Harelda hyemalis | 81 |
| Harrier | 130 |
| Hawk, American Rough-legged | 135 |
| Broad-winged | 133 |
| Cooper | 131 |
| Desert Sparrow | 133 |
| Duck | 137 |
| Ferruginous Rough-legged | 135 |
| Fish | 129 |
| Florida Red-shouldered | 133 |
| Harlan | 132 |
| Harris | 132 |
| Krider | 132 |
| Little Sparrow | 296 |
| Marsh | 130 |
| Mexican Black | 134 |
| Pigeon | 137 |
| Red-bellied | 133 |
| Red-shouldered | 133 |
| Red-tailed | 29, 28, 132 |
| Sennett White-tailed | 135 |
| Sharp-shinned | 131 |
| Short-tailed | 134 |
| Snail | 130 |
| Sparrow | 137 |
| St Lucas Sparrow | 138 |
| Swainson | 133 |
| Western Red-tail | 132 |
| Zone-tailed | 134 |
| Heath Hen | 121 |
| Heleodytes brunneicapillus | 233 |
| ” affinis | 233 |
| ” anthonyi | 233 |
| ” bryanti | 233 |
| ” couesi | 288 |
| Helinaia swainsonii | 215 |
| Helminthophila bachmanii | 191 |
| celata | 210 |
| ” lutescens | 210 |
| ” sordida | 210 |
| chrysoptera | 189 |
| lawrencei | 197 |
| leucobronchialis | 197 |
| luciæ | 206 |
| Helminthophila peregrina | 212 |
| pinus | 191 |
| rubricapilla | 195 |
| ” gutturalis | 195 |
| virginiæ | 197 |
| Helmitheros vermivorus | 215 |
| Helodromas solitarius | 107 |
| ” cinnamomeus | 107 |
| Herodias egretta | 92 |
| Herodiones | 17, 87 |
| Heron, Anthony Green | 94 |
| Black-crowned Night | 93 |
| European | 264 |
| Frazar Green | 94 |
| Great Blue | 92 |
| Heron, Great White | 92 [Pg_342] |
| Little Blue | 94 |
| Little Green | 19, 94 |
| Louisiana | 94 |
| Northwest Coast | 93 |
| Snowy | 92 |
| Ward | 93 |
| Yellow-crowned Night | 93 |
| Hesperiphona vespertina | 199 |
| ” montana | 199 |
| Heteractitis incanus | 111 |
| Himantopus mexicanus | 104 |
| Hirundinidæ | 36, 165 |
| Hirundo erythrogastra | 250 |
| Histrionicus histrionicus | 81 |
| Hummingbird, Allen | 161 |
| Anna | 161 |
| Black-chinned | 159 |
| Blue-throated | 160 |
| Blue-billed | 160 |
| Broad-tailed | 161 |
| Buff-bellied | 160 |
| Calliope | 161 |
| Costa | 159 |
| Lucifer | 159 |
| Morcom | 161 |
| Rieffer | 160 |
| Rivoli | 159 |
| Ruby-throated | 33, 160 |
| Rufous | 161 |
| Salvin | 298 |
| White-eared | 160 |
| Xantus | 159 |
| Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis | 94 |
| Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis | 60 |
| Hylocichla aliciæ | 239 |
| ” bicknelli | 239 |
| guttata | 238 |
| ” auduboni | 238 |
| ” nana | 238 |
| ” pallasii | 238 |
| fuscescens | 238 |
| ” salicicola | 238 |
| mustelina | 233 |
| ustulata | 239 |
| ” almæ | 239 |
| ” œdica | 239 |
| ” swainsonii | 239 |
| Iache latirostris | 160 |
| Ibididæ | 18, 87 |
| Ibis, Glossy | 90 |
| Scarlet | 89 |
| Wood | 18, 90 |
| White | 90 |
| White-faced Glossy | 18, 90 |
| Icteria virens | 198 |
| ” longicauda | 198 |
| Icteridæ | 35, 164 |
| Icterus audubonii | 186 |
| bullocki | 186 |
| cucullatus nelsoni | 186 |
| ” sennetti | 186 |
| galbula | 186 |
| parisorum | 186 |
| spurius | 206 |
| Ictinia mississippiensis | 130 |
| Ionornis martinica, | 99 |
| Iridoprocne bicolor | 250 |
| Ixoreus nævius | 207 |
| ” meruloides | 207 |
| Jabiru | 264 |
| Jacana, Mexican | 25, 102 |
| spinosa | 102 |
| Jacanidæ | 25, 100 |
| Jaeger, Long-tailed | 51 |
| Parastic | 10, 51 |
| Pomarine | 51 |
| Jay, Alaskan | 252 |
| Belding | 184 |
| Black-headed | 185 |
| Blue | 35, 183 |
| Blue-eared | 184 |
| Blue-fronted | 185 |
| California | 184 |
| Canada | 252 |
| Coast | 298 |
| Couch | 183 |
| Florida | 184 |
| Florida Blue | 183 |
| Gray | 252 |
| Green | 185 |
| Labrador | 252 |
| Long-crested | 185 |
| Oregon | 252 |
| Pinon | 183 |
| Queen Charlotte | 185 |
| Rocky Mountain | 252 |
| Santa Cruz | 184 |
| Steller | 185 |
| Texan | 184 |
| Woodhouse | 184 |
| Xantus | 184 |
| Junco aikeni | 240 |
| Arizona | 241 |
| Baird | 240 |
| bairdi | 240 |
| caniceps | 241, 302 [Pg_343] |
| Carolina | 240 |
| Coues | 241, 302 |
| dorsalis | 241, 302 |
| Gray-headed | 241 |
| Guadalupe | 240 |
| hyemalis | 240 |
| ” annectens | 302 |
| ” carolinensis | 240 |
| ” connectens | 302 |
| insularis | 240 |
| mearnsi | 240, 302 |
| Montana | 240 |
| montanus | 240, 302 |
| oreganus | 241, 302 |
| ” connectens | 241, 302 |
| ” pinosus | 241, 302 |
| ” shufeldti | 241 |
| ” thurberi | 241, 302 |
| Oregon | 241 |
| phæonotus dorsalis | 241 |
| ” palliatus | 241 |
| Pink-sided | 240 |
| Point Pinos | 241 |
| Red-backed | 241 |
| Ridgway’s | 303 |
| Shufeldt | 241, 302 |
| Slate-colored | 240 |
| Thurber | 241 |
| Townsend | 240 |
| townsendi | 240 |
| White-winged | 240 |
| Killdeer | 24, 112 |
| Kingbird | 247 |
| Arkansas | 202 |
| Cassin | 202 |
| Couch | 202 |
| Gray | 247 |
| Kingfisher, Belted | 31, 147 |
| Northwestern Belted | 297 |
| Ringed | 271 |
| Texas | 147 |
| Kinglet, Dusky | 177 |
| Golden-crowned | 40, 187 |
| Ruby-crowned | 176, 215 |
| Sitkan | 176, 215 |
| Western | 187 |
| Kite, Everglade | 130 |
| Mississippi | 130 |
| Swallow-tailed | 130 |
| White-tailed | 130 |
| Kittiwake | 52 |
| Pacific | 52 |
| Red-legged | 52 |
| Knot | 106 |
| Lagopus evermanni | 120 |
| lagopus | 119 |
| ” alexandræ | 295 |
| ” alleni | 119 |
| ” ungavus | 295 |
| leucurus | 118 |
| ” peninsularis | 118 |
| rupestris | 119 |
| ” atkhensis | 120 |
| ” chamberlaini | 296 |
| ” dixoni | 296 |
| ” nelsoni | 119 |
| ” reinhardi | 119 |
| ” townsendi | 120 |
| Laniidæ | 37, 166 |
| Lanius borealis | 248 |
| ludovicianus | 248 |
| ” migrans | 304 |
| anthonyi | 248 |
| ” excubitorides | 248 |
| ” gambeli | 248 |
| Lapwing | 267 |
| Laridæ | 11, 49 |
| Lark Bunting | 252 |
| California Horned | 201 |
| Desert Horned | 201 |
| Dusky Horned | 201 |
| Horned | 34, 200 |
| Hoyt Horned | 200 |
| Island Horned | 202 |
| Montezuma Horned | 202 |
| Pallid Horned | 200 |
| Prairie Horned | 200 |
| Ruddy Horned | 201 |
| Scorched Horned | 201 |
| Sonoran Horned | 202 |
| Streaked Horned | 200 |
| Texan Horned | 200 |
| Larus affinis | 259 |
| argentatus | 55 |
| atricilla | 56 |
| barrovianus | 53 |
| brachyrhynchus | 52 |
| californicus | 55 |
| canus | 259 |
| delawarensis | 52 |
| franklinii | 56 |
| glaucescens | 53 |
| glaucus | 53 |
| heermanni | 54 |
| kumlieni | 53 |
| leucopterus | 53 [Pg_344] |
| marinus | 54 |
| minutus | 259 |
| nelsoni | 53 |
| occidentalis | 54 |
| philadelphia | 56 |
| schistisagus | 54 |
| vegae | 55 |
| Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera | 125 |
| Leucosticte, Aleutian | 179 |
| atrata | 179 |
| australis | 179 |
| Black | 179 |
| Brown-capped | 179 |
| Gray-crowned | 179 |
| griseonucha | 179 |
| Hepburn | 179 |
| tephrocotis | 179 |
| ” littoralis | 179 |
| Limicolæ | 21, 100 |
| Limosa fedoa | 110 |
| hæmastica | 110 |
| lapponica baueri | 110 |
| Limpkin | 20, 96 |
| Longipennes | 10 |
| Longspur, Alaskan | 219 |
| Chestnut-collared | 218 |
| Lapland | 219 |
| McCown | 218 |
| Smith | 220 |
| Loon | 10, 44 |
| Black-throated | 44 |
| Pacific | 44 |
| Red-throated | 44 |
| Yellow-billed | 44 |
| Lophodytes cucullatus | 76 |
| Lophortyx californicus | 116 |
| ” vallicola | 116 |
| gambelii | 116 |
| Loxia curvirostra minor | 173 |
| ” stricklandi | 173 |
| leucoptera | 174 |
| Lunda cirrhata | 45 |
| Macrochires | 33, 155 |
| Macrorhamphus griseus | 106 |
| scolopaceus | 106 |
| Magpie American | 253 |
| Yellow-billed | 253 |
| Mallard | 74, 76 |
| Man-o’-War Bird | 73 |
| Mareca americana | 77 |
| penelope | 77 |
| Marsh Hen | 98 |
| Martin Cuban | 250 |
| Gray-breasted | 304 |
| Purple | 250 |
| Western | 250 |
| Meadowlark | 199 |
| Florida | 199 |
| Texas | 199 |
| Western | 199 |
| Megalestris skua | 51 |
| Megaquiscalus major | 254 |
| major macrourus | 254 |
| Megascops asio | 141 |
| ” aikeni | 142 |
| ” bendirei | 141 |
| ” cineraceus | 142 |
| ” flammeola | 142 |
| ” floridanus | 141 |
| ” idahœnsis | 142 |
| ” kennicottii | 141 |
| ” macfarlanei | 142 |
| ” maxwelliæ | 141 |
| ” mccalli | 141 |
| ” trichopsis | 142 |
| ” xantusi | 142 |
| Melanerpes erythrocephalus | 153 |
| formiciviorus | 153 |
| ” angustifrons | 153 |
| ” bairdi | 153 |
| Meleagris gallopavo intermedia | 122 |
| ” merriami | 122 |
| ” osceola | 122 |
| ” silvestris | 122 |
| Melopelia asiatica asiatica | 296 |
| ” trudeaui | 296 |
| leucoptera | 126 |
| Melospiza cinerea | 230 |
| ” caurina | 230 |
| ” clementæ | 230 |
| ” cooperi | 230 |
| ” fallax | 229 |
| ” graminea | 230 |
| ” heermanni | 229 |
| ” insignis | 230 |
| ” juddi | 229 |
| ” kenaiensis | 230 |
| ” melodia | 229 |
| ” merrilli | 229 |
| ” montana | 229 |
| ” morphna | 230 |
| ” pusillula | 230 |
| ” rivularis | 229 |
| ” rufina | 230 |
| ” samuelis | 230 |
| Melospiza georgiana | 222 [Pg_345] |
| lincolnii | 226 |
| ” striata | 226 |
| melodia cleonensis | 301 |
| ” maxillaris | 300 |
| Merganser, American | 76 |
| americanus | 76 |
| Hooded | 76 |
| Red-breasted | 15, 76 |
| serrator | 76 |
| Mergellus albellus | 262 |
| Merlin, Black | 137 |
| Richardson | 137 |
| Merula confinis | 207 |
| migratoria | 207 |
| migratoria achrustera | 207 |
| ” propinqua | 207 |
| Micropalama himantopus | 106 |
| Micropallas whitneyi | 140 |
| Micropodidæ | 33, 155 |
| Mimidæ | 294 |
| Mimus polyglottos | 248 |
| ” leucopterus | 248 |
| Mniotilta varia | 249 |
| Mniotiltidæ | 38, 167 |
| Mockingbird | 248 |
| Western | 248 |
| Molothrus ater | 253 |
| ” obscurus | 253 |
| Motacillidæ | 38, 167 |
| Murre | 48 |
| Brunnich | 48 |
| California | 48 |
| Pallas | 48 |
| Murrelet, Ancient | 47 |
| Craveri | 46 |
| Kittlitz | 46 |
| Marbled | 46 |
| Xantus | 46 |
| Muscivora forficata | 177 |
| tyrannus | 276 |
| Myadestes townsendii | 247 |
| Mycteria americana | 263 |
| Myiarchus cinerascens | 203 |
| ” nuttingi | 203 |
| ” pertinax | 203 |
| crinitus | 203 |
| lawrencei olivascens | 203 |
| mexicanus | 203 |
| ” magister | 203 |
| Myiodynastes luteiventris | 203 |
| Netta rufina | 262 |
| Nettion carolinensis | 78 |
| crecca | 261 |
| Nighthawk | 157 |
| Florida | 157 |
| Sennett | 157 |
| Texan | 157 |
| Western | 157 |
| Noddy | 60 |
| Nomonyx dominicus | 80 |
| Nonpareil | 180 |
| Nucifraga columbiana | 252 |
| Numenius borealis | 103 |
| hudsonicus | 103 |
| longirostris | 103 |
| tahitiensis | 295 |
| Nutcracker, Clarke | 252 |
| Nuthatch Brown-headed | 246 |
| Florida | 246 |
| Pygmy | 246 |
| Red-breasted | 39, 246 |
| Rocky Mountain | 246 |
| Slender-billed | 246 |
| St Lucas | 246 |
| White-breasted | 246 |
| White-naped | 247 |
| Nuttallornis borealis | 208 |
| Nyctala acadica | 140 |
| ” scotæa | 140 |
| tengmalmi richardsoni | 139 |
| Nyctanassa violacea | 93 |
| Nyctea nyctea | 143 |
| Nycticorax nycticorax nævius | 93 |
| Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli | 157 |
| Oceanites oceanicus | 66 |
| Oceanodroma cryptoleucura | 260 |
| furcata | 65 |
| homochroa | 65 |
| kaedingi | 65 |
| leucorhoa | 66 |
| macrodactyla | 66 |
| melania | 66 |
| socorroensis | 66 |
| Ochthodromus wilsonius | 112 |
| Odontoglossæ | 16, 87 |
| Oidemia americana | 83 |
| deglandi | 83 |
| fusca | 262 |
| perspicillata | 83 |
| Olbiorchilus alascensis | 236 |
| hiemalis | 236 |
| ” helleri | 236 |
| ” pacificus | 236 |
| meligerus | 236 |
| Old-squaw | 81 [Pg_346] |
| Olor buccinator | 84 |
| columbianus | 84 |
| cygnus | 263 |
| Oreortyx pictus | 116 |
| ” confinis | 116 |
| ” plumiferus | 116 |
| Oreospiza chlorura | 206 |
| Oriole, Arizona Hooded | 186 |
| Audubon | 186 |
| Baltimore | 35, 186 |
| Bullock | 186 |
| Hooded | 186 |
| Orchard | 206 |
| Scott | 186 |
| Sennett | 279 |
| Ornithion imberbe | 211 |
| ” ridgwayi | 211 |
| Oroscoptes montanus | 233 |
| Ortalis vetula maccalli | 122 |
| Osprey, American | 129 |
| Ossifraga gigantea | 259 |
| Otocoris alpestris | 200 |
| ” actia | 201 |
| ” adusta | 201 |
| ” arcticola | 200 |
| ” giraudi | 200 |
| ” hoyti | 200 |
| ” insularis | 202 |
| ” leucolæma | 201 |
| ” merrilli | 201 |
| ” occidentalis | 202 |
| ” pallida | 202 |
| ” praticola | 200 |
| ” rubea | 201 |
| ” strigata | 201 |
| Otus asio gilmani | 297 |
| Ouzel, Water | 247 |
| Oven-bird | 232 |
| Owl, Acadian | 140 |
| Aiken Screech | 142 |
| American Hawk | 143 |
| American Long-eared | 138 |
| Arctic Horned | 143 |
| Barn | 29, 138 |
| Barred | 139 |
| Burrowing | 138 |
| California Pygmy | 140 |
| California Screech | 141 |
| Dusky Horned | 143 |
| Dwarf Screech | 142 |
| Elf | 140 |
| Ferruginous Pygmy | 140 |
| Flammulated Screech | 142 |
| Florida Barred | 139 |
| ” Burrowing | 138 |
| ” Screech | 141 |
| Great Gray | 139 |
| Great Horned | 143 |
| Hoskin | 140 |
| Kennicott Screech | 141 |
| Labrador Horned | 297 |
| Long-eared | 138 |
| MacFarlane Screech | 142 |
| Mexican Screech | 142 |
| Monkey-faced | 138 |
| Northern Saw-whet | 140 |
| Northern Spotted | 139 |
| Pacific Horned | 143 |
| Pygmy | 140 |
| Richardson | 139 |
| Rocky Mountain Screech | 141 |
| Sahauro Screech | 297 |
| Saint Michael Horned | 297 |
| Saw-whet | 140 |
| Screech | 30, 141 |
| Short-eared | 138 |
| Snowy | 143 |
| Spotted | 139 |
| ” Screech | 142 |
| Texas Barred | 139 |
| Texas Screech | 141 |
| Western Horned | 143 |
| Xantus Screech | 142 |
| Oxyechus vociferus | 112 |
| Oyster-catcher, American | 25, 104 |
| Black | 104 |
| European | 267 |
| Frazar | 104 |
| Pagophila alba | 52 |
| Paludicolæ | 19, 95 |
| Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis | 29 |
| Pandionidæ | 294 |
| Parabuteo unicintus harrisi | 132 |
| Parauque, Merrill | 157 |
| Paridæ | 39, 169 |
| Paroquet, Carolina | 30, 145 |
| Parrot, Thick-billed | 145 |
| Partridge | 118 |
| Alaska Spruce | 295 |
| California | 116 |
| Canada Spruce | 295 |
| Chestnut-bellied Scaled | 116 |
| Gambel | 116 |
| Hudsonian Spruce | 295 |
| Mearns | 115 |
| Mountain | 116 |
| Partridge, Plumed | 116 [Pg_347] |
| San Pedro | 116 |
| Scaled | 116 |
| Valley | 116 |
| Parus atricapillus | 245 |
| ” occidentalis | 245 |
| ” septentrionalis | 245 |
| carolinensis | 245 |
| ” agilis | 245 |
| cinctus alascensis | 244 |
| gambeli | 244 |
| hudsonicus | 244 |
| ” columbianus | 244 |
| ” littoralis | 244 |
| ” stoneyi | 244 |
| rufescens | 244 |
| ” barlowi | 244 |
| ” neglectus | 244 |
| sclateri | 245 |
| wollweberi | 244 |
| Passer domesticus | 219 |
| Passerculus beldingi | 223 |
| princeps | 225 |
| sandwichensis | 223 |
| ” alaudinus | 223 |
| ” bryanti | 223 |
| ” nevadensis | 300 |
| ” savanna | 223 |
| rostratus | 223 |
| ” guttatus | 223 |
| ” halophilus | 224 |
| ” sanctorum | 224 |
| Passerella iliaca | 231 |
| ” annectens | 231 |
| ” fuliginosa | 231, 301 |
| ” insularis | 231, 301 |
| ” megarhyncha | 231 |
| ” schistacea | 231 |
| ” stephensi | 231 |
| ” townsendi | 231 |
| ” unalaschensis | 231 |
| Passeres | 34, 162 |
| Passerina hyperboreus | 251 |
| nivalis | 251 |
| ” townsendi | 251 |
| Pediœcetes phasianellus | 121 |
| ” campestris | 121 |
| ” columbianus | 121 |
| Pelagodroma marina | 260 |
| Pelecanidæ | 15, 67 |
| Pelecanus californicus | 73 |
| erythrorhynchus | 73 |
| occidentalis | 73 |
| Pelican, American White | 73 |
| Brown | 15, 73 |
| California Brown | 73 |
| Pelidna alpina pacifica | 108 |
| Penthestes carolinensis impiger | 303 |
| gambeli baileyæ | 303 |
| rufescens vivax | 303 |
| Perisoreus canadensis | 252 |
| ” capitalis | 252 |
| ” fumifrons | 252 |
| ” nigricapillus | 252 |
| obscurus | 252 |
| ” griseus | 252 |
| Petrel, Ashy | 65 |
| Black | 66 |
| Black-capped | 65 |
| Bulwer’s | 260 |
| Fisher’s | 260 |
| Fork-tailed | 65 |
| Guadalupe | 66 |
| Hawaiian | 260 |
| Kæding’s | 65 |
| Leach’s | 12, 66 |
| Least | 65 |
| Pintado | 260 |
| Scaled | 260 |
| Socorro | 66 |
| Stormy | 66 |
| White-bellied | 260 |
| White-faced | 260 |
| Wilson’s | 66 |
| Petrochelidon lunifrons | 250 |
| tachina | 304 |
| melanogastra | 250, 304 |
| Peucæa æstivalis | 221 |
| ” bachmanii | 221 |
| botterii | 221 |
| cassini | 221 |
| Pewee, Western Wood | 208 |
| Large-billed Wood | 208 |
| Wood | 208 |
| Phaëthon americanus | 69 |
| æthereus | 69 |
| rubricaudus | 260 |
| Phaëthontidæ | 13, 67 |
| Phainopepla | 253 |
| nitens | 253 |
| Phalacrocoracidæ | 14, 67 |
| Phalacrocorax dilophus | 71 |
| ” albociliatus | 71 |
| ” cincinatus | 71 |
| ” floridanus | 71 |
| mexicanus | 72 |
| pelagicus | 72 |
| ” resplendens | 72 |
| Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus | 72 |
| penicillatus | 72 [Pg_348] |
| urile | 72 |
| Phalænoptilus nuttallii | 156 |
| ” californicus | 156 |
| ” nitidus | 156 |
| Phalarope, Northern | 21, 102 |
| Red | 102 |
| Wilson | 102 |
| Phalaropodidæ | 21, 100 |
| Phalaropus lobatus | 102 |
| Phasianidæ | 27, 113 |
| Phasianus colchicus | 113, 122 |
| torquatus | 113, 121 |
| Pheasant, English | 113, 122 |
| Ring-necked | 113, 122 |
| Philacte canagica | 85 |
| Philohela minor | 105 |
| Phœbe | 34, 208 |
| Black | 251 |
| Say | 205 |
| Western Black | 251 |
| Phœbetria fuliginosa | 62 |
| Phœnicopteridæ | 17, 87 |
| Phœnicopterus ruber | 89 |
| Phyllopseustes borealis | 212 |
| Pica pica hudsonia | 253 |
| nuttalli | 253 |
| Pici | 32, 148 |
| Picidæ | 32, 148 |
| Picoides americanus | 149 |
| ” dorsalis | 149 |
| ” fasciatus | 149 |
| arcticus | 149 |
| Pigeon, Band-tailed | 124 |
| Passenger | 125 |
| Red-billed | 124 |
| Scaled | 269 |
| Viosca | 124 |
| White-crowned | 124 |
| Wild | 125 |
| Pincola enucleator alascensis | 173 |
| ” californica | 173 |
| ” flammula | 173 |
| ” leucura | 173 |
| ” montana | 173 |
| Pintail | 76 |
| Pipilo aberti | 205 |
| consobrinus | 204 |
| erythrophthalmus | 204 |
| ” alleni | 204 |
| fuscus albigula | 205 |
| ” crissalis | 205 |
| ” mesoleucus | 205 |
| Pipilo fuscus senicula | 205 |
| maculatus arcticus | 204 |
| ” atratus | 204 |
| ” clementæ | 204 |
| ” magnirostris | 204 |
| ” megalonyx | 204 |
| ” oregonus | 204 |
| Pipit | 38, 232 |
| Sprague | 232 |
| Piranga erythromelas | 171 |
| hepatica | 171 |
| ludovicianus | 171 |
| rubra | 171 |
| ” cooperi | 171 |
| Pitangus derbianus | 202 |
| Plataleidæ | 18, 87 |
| Platypsaris albiventris | 274 |
| Plegadis autumnalis | 90 |
| guarauna | 90 |
| Plover, Black-bellied | 24, 110 |
| European Golden | 267 |
| Golden | 110 |
| Little Ringed | 267 |
| Mongolian | 267 |
| Mountain | 105 |
| Pacific Golden | 110 |
| Piping | 112 |
| Ring | 112 |
| Semipalmated | 112 |
| Snowy | 112 |
| Wilson | 112 |
| Plautus impennis | 48 |
| Podasocys montana | 105 |
| Podicipidæ | 9 |
| Podilymbus podiceps | 43 |
| Polioptila cærulea | 243 |
| ” obscura | 243 |
| californica | 243 |
| plumbea | 243 |
| Polyborus cheriway | 134 |
| lutosus | 134 |
| Pocecetes gramineus | 221 |
| ” affinis | 221 |
| ” confinis | 221 |
| Poor-will | 156 |
| California | 156 |
| Frosted | 156 |
| Porzana carolina | 98 |
| coturniculus | 294 |
| jamaicensis | 98 |
| noveboracensis | 97 |
| Prairie Hen | 121 |
| Attwater | 121 |
| Lesser | 121 |
| Priocella glacialoides | 63 [Pg_349] |
| Priofinus cinereus | 260 |
| Procellaria pelagica | 66 |
| Procellariidæ | 12, 61 |
| Progne chalybea | 304 |
| cryptoleucus | 250 |
| subis | 250 |
| ” hesperia | 250 |
| Protonotaria citrea | 187 |
| Psaltriparus lloydi | 242 |
| minimus | 242 |
| ” californicus | 242 |
| ” grindæ | 242 |
| plumbeus | 242 |
| santaritæ | 242 |
| Psittaci | 30, 144 |
| Psittacidæ | 30, 144 |
| Ptarmigan | 119 |
| Adak | 296 |
| Alexander | 295 |
| Chamberlain | 296 |
| Allen | 119 |
| Dixon | 296 |
| Evermann | 120 |
| Kenai White-tailed | 118 |
| Nelson | 119 |
| Reinhardt | 119 |
| Rock | 119 |
| Townsend | 120 |
| Turner | 120 |
| Ungava | 295 |
| Welch | 120 |
| White-tailed | 118 |
| Willow | 119 |
| Ptilogonatidæ | 298 |
| Ptychoramphus aleuticus | 46 |
| Puffin | 45 |
| Horned | 45 |
| Large-billed | 45 |
| Tufted | 45 |
| Puffinus assimilis | 260 |
| auricularis | 64 |
| borealis | 64 |
| bulleri | 260 |
| creatopus | 64 |
| cuneatus | 63 |
| gravis | 64 |
| griseus | 63 |
| lherminieri | 64 |
| opisthomelas | 64 |
| puffinus | 259 |
| tenuirostris | 64 |
| Pygopodes | 9 |
| Pyocephalus rubineus mexlcanus | 177 |
| Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona | 172 |
| sinuata | 172 |
| ” peninsulæ | 172 |
| ” texana | 172 |
| St Lucas | 172 |
| Quail | 115 |
| Querquedula cyanoptera | 78 |
| discors | 78 |
| Quiscalus quiscula | 254 |
| ” aglæus | 254 |
| ” æneus | 254 |
| Rail, Belding | 97 |
| Black | 98 |
| California Clapper | 97 |
| Caribbean Clapper | 98 |
| Carolina | 98 |
| Clapper | 20, 98 |
| Farallon | 265 |
| King | 97 |
| Light-footed | 294 |
| Louisiana Clapper | 98 |
| Scott Clapper | 98 |
| Virginia | 97 |
| Wayne Clapper | 98 |
| Yellow | 97 |
| Rallidæ | 21, 95 |
| Rallus beldingi | 97 |
| crepitans | 98 |
| ” saturatus | 98 |
| ” scottii | 98 |
| ” waynei | 98 |
| elegans | 97 |
| levipes | 294 |
| longirostris caribæus | 98 |
| obsoletus | 97 |
| virginianus | 97 |
| Raptores | 28, 127 |
| Raven, American | 255 |
| Northern | 255 |
| White-necked | 255 |
| Recurvirostra americana | 103 |
| Recurvirostridæ | 23, 100 |
| Redhead | 79 |
| Redpoll | 35, 176 |
| Greater | 176 |
| Greenland | 176 |
| Hoary | 176 |
| Holbœll | 176 |
| Red-shank | 266 |
| Redstart, American | 38, 187 |
| Painted | 177 |
| Red-tail, Alaska | 296 |
| Red-wing, Bahaman | 178 |
| Florida | 178 [Pg_350] |
| Northwestern | 178 |
| San Diego | 178 |
| Sonoran | 178 |
| Thick-billed | 178 |
| Vera Cruz | 298 |
| Reedbird | 251 |
| Regulus calendula | 176, 215 |
| ” grinnelli | 176, 215 |
| obscurus | 177 |
| satrapa | 187 |
| ” olivaceus | 187 |
| Rhodostethia rosea | 56 |
| Rhynchophanes mccownii | 218 |
| Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha | 145 |
| Riparia riparia | 211 |
| Rissa brevirostris | 52 |
| tridactyla | 52 |
| ” pollicaris | 52 |
| Road-runner | 146 |
| Robin | 34, 207 |
| Southern | 207 |
| St Lucas | 207 |
| ” Western | 207 |
| Rostrhamus sociabilis | 130 |
| Rough-leg, Ferruginous | 135 |
| Ruff | 266 |
| Rynchopidæ | 12, 52 |
| Rynchops nigra | 60 |
| Salpinctes obsoletus | 234 |
| ” pulverius | 301 |
| guadeloupensis | 234 |
| Sanderling | 108 |
| Sandpiper Aleutian | 107 |
| Baird | 109 |
| Bartramian | 105 |
| Buff-breasted | 105 |
| Curlew | 106 |
| Green | 266 |
| Least | 109 |
| Pectoral | 109 |
| Prybilof | 108 |
| Purple | 107 |
| Red-backed | 108 |
| Semipalmated | 23, 108 |
| Sharp-tailed | 109 |
| Solitary | 107 |
| Spoonbill | 266 |
| Spotted | 107 |
| Stilt | 106 |
| Upland | 105 |
| Western | 109 |
| Western Solitary | 107 |
| White-rumped | 109 |
| Sapsucker, Northern Red-breasted | 152 |
| Red-breasted | 152 |
| Red-naped | 152 |
| Williamson | 152 |
| Yellow-bellied | 152 |
| Saxicola œnanthe | 248 |
| ” leucorhoa | 248 |
| Sayornis nigricans | 251 |
| ” semiatra | 251 |
| phœbe | 208 |
| saya | 205 |
| Scardafella inca | 126 |
| Scolecophagus carolinus | 254 |
| cyanocephalus | 254 |
| Scolopacidæ | 23, 100 |
| Scoter, American | 83 |
| Surf | 83 |
| Velvet | 262 |
| White-winged | 83 |
| Scotiaptex nebulosa | 139 |
| Seed-eater, Morellet | 249 |
| Seiurus aurocapillus | 232 |
| motacilla | 232 |
| noveboracensis | 232 |
| ” notabilis | 232 |
| Selasphorus alleni | 161 |
| platycercus | 161 |
| rufus | 161 |
| Setophaga picta | 177 |
| ruticilla | 187 |
| Shearwater Allied | 260 |
| Audubon | 64, 260 |
| Black-tailed | 260 |
| Black-vented | 64 |
| Buller | 260 |
| Cory | 64 |
| Dark-bodied | 63 |
| Greater | 64 |
| Manx | 259 |
| New Zealand | 260 |
| Pink-footed | 64 |
| Slender-billed | 64 |
| Sooty | 63 |
| Townsend | 64 |
| Wedge-tailed | 63 |
| Sheldrake | 262 |
| Ruddy | 262 |
| Shoveller | 78 |
| Shrike, California | 248 |
| Island | 248 |
| Loggerhead | 248 |
| Migrant | 304 |
| Northern | 37, 248 |
| Shrike, White-rumped | 248 [Pg_351] |
| Sialia arctica | 182 |
| mexicana anabelæ | 182 |
| ” bairdi | 182 |
| ” occidentals | 182 |
| sialis | 182 |
| ” azurea | 182 |
| Simorhynchus cristatellus | 47 |
| pusillus | 47 |
| pygmæus | 47 |
| Siskin, Pine | 225 |
| Sitta canadensis | 246 |
| carolinensis | 246 |
| ” aculeata | 246 |
| ” atkinsi | 246 |
| ” lagunæ | 246 |
| ” nelsoni | 246 |
| pusilla | 246 |
| pygmæa | 246 |
| ” leuconucha | 247 |
| Sittidæ | 294 |
| Skimmer, Black | 11, 60 |
| Skua | 51 |
| Skylark | 297 |
| Smew | 262 |
| Snakebird | 73 |
| Snipe, European | 265 |
| Great | 266 |
| Wilson | 105 |
| Snowflake | 251 |
| McKay | 251 |
| Pribilof | 251 |
| Solitaire, Townsend | 247 |
| Somateria dresseri | 82 |
| molissima borealis | 82 |
| spectabilis | 82 |
| v-nigra | 82 |
| Sora | 20, 98 |
| Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed | 225 |
| Bachman | 221 |
| Baird | 224 |
| Belding Marsh | 223 |
| Bell | 228 |
| Black-chinned | 219 |
| Black-throated | 249 |
| Botteri | 221 |
| Brewster | 228 |
| Brown Song | 229 |
| Bryant Marsh | 223 |
| California Sage | 300 |
| Cassin | 221 |
| Chipping | 222 |
| Clay-colored | 228 |
| Desert | 249 |
| Desert Song | 229 |
| Dusky Seaside | 226 |
| English | 219 |
| Field | 222 |
| Fisher Seaside | 226 |
| Florida Grasshopper | 224 |
| Forbush | 226 |
| Fox | 231 |
| Golden-crowned | 227 |
| Grasshopper | 224 |
| Gray Sage | 228 |
| Henslow | 224 |
| Harris | 219 |
| Heerman Song | 229 |
| Intermediate | 227 |
| Ipswich | 225 |
| Kadiak Fox | 231, 301 |
| Lagoon | 224 |
| Laguna | 220 |
| Large-billed | 223 |
| Lark | 218 |
| Leconte | 225 |
| Lincoln | 226 |
| Macgillivray Seaside | 226 |
| Mendocino Song | 301 |
| Merrill Song | 226 |
| Mountain Song | 229 |
| Nelson | 225 |
| Nevada Savannah | 300 |
| Nuttall | 227 |
| Pine Woods | 221 |
| Vesper | 221 |
| Rock | 220 |
| Rufous-crowned | 220 |
| Rufous-winged | 220 |
| Rusty Song | 230 |
| Sage | 228 |
| Samuel Song | 230 |
| San Benito | 224 |
| San Clemente Song | 230 |
| San Diego Song | 230 |
| Sandwich | 223 |
| Savanna | 223 |
| Scott | 220 |
| Scott Seaside | 226 |
| Seaside | 226 |
| Sharp-tailed | 225 |
| Shumagin Fox | 231 |
| Slate-colored | 231 |
| Song | 229 |
| Sooty Fox | 231, 301 |
| Stephen | 231 |
| St Lucas | 223 |
| Suisun Song | 300 |
| Swamp | 222 [Pg_352] |
| Texas | 215 |
| Texas Seaside | 226 |
| Thick-billed | 231 |
| Tree | 222 |
| Townsend | 231 |
| Vesper | 221 |
| Western Chipping | 222 |
| Western Field | 222 |
| Western Grasshopper | 224 |
| Western Henslow | 224 |
| Western Lark | 218 |
| Western Savanna | 223 |
| Western Tree | 222 |
| Western Vesper | 221 |
| White-crowned | 227 |
| White-throated | 227 |
| Worthen | 228 |
| Yakutat Fox | 231 |
| Spatula clypeata | 78 |
| Speotyto hypogæa cunicularia | 138 |
| ” floridana | 138 |
| Sphyrapicus ruber | 152 |
| ” notkensis | 152 |
| thyroideus | 152 |
| varius | 152 |
| ” nuchalis | 152 |
| Spinus pinus | 225 |
| Spiza americana | 198 |
| Spizella atrogularis | 219 |
| breweri | 228 |
| monticola | 222 |
| ” ochracea | 222 |
| pallida | 228 |
| pusilla | 222 |
| ” arenacea | 222 |
| socialis | 222 |
| ” arizonæ | 222 |
| wortheni | 228 |
| Spoonbill, Roseate | 89 |
| Sporophila morelleti | 249 |
| Squatarola squatarola | 110 |
| Starling | 253 |
| Starnœnas cyanocephala | 126 |
| Steganopodes | 13, 67 |
| Steganopus tricolor | 102 |
| Stelgidopteryx serripennis | 211 |
| Stellula calliope | 161 |
| Stercorariidæ | 10, 49 |
| Stercorarius longicaudus | 51 |
| parasticus | 51 |
| pomarinus | 51 |
| Sterna anæthetus | 58 |
| antillarum | 58 |
| aleutica | 58 |
| caspia | 57 |
| dougalli | 59 |
| elegans | 57 |
| forsteri | 59 |
| fuliginosa | 60 |
| hirundo | 59 |
| maxima | 57 |
| paridisæa | 59 |
| sandvicensis acuflavida | 57 |
| trudeaui | 259 |
| Stilt, Black-necked | 22, 104 |
| Stint, Long-toed | 266 |
| Strigidæ | 127 |
| Strix pratincola | 138 |
| Sturnella magna | 199 |
| ” argutula | 199 |
| ” hoopesi | 199 |
| ” neglecta | 199 |
| Sturnidæ | 164 |
| Sturnus vulgaris | 253 |
| Sula bassana | 69 |
| brewsteri | 70 |
| cyanops | 70 |
| nebouxii | 70 |
| piscator | 70 |
| sula | 70 |
| Sulidæ | 13, 67 |
| Surf Bird | 111 |
| Surnia ulula caparoch | 143 |
| Swallow, Bank | 211 |
| Barn | 250 |
| Cliff | 250 |
| Lesser Cliff | 304 |
| Mexican Cliff | 250 |
| Northern Violet-green | 250 |
| Rough-winged | 211 |
| St Lucas | 251 |
| Tree | 36, 250 |
| White-bellied | 250 |
| Swallow-tailed Kite | 130 |
| Swan, Trumpeter | 84 |
| Whistling | 84 |
| Whooping | 263 |
| Swift, Black | 158 |
| Chimney | 33, 158 |
| Vaux | 158 |
| White-throated | 158 |
| Sylviidæ | 40, 169 |
| Symphemia semipalmata | 111 |
| ” inornata | 111 |
| Synthliboramphus antiquus | 47 |
| Syrnium occidentale | 139 |
| ” caurinum | 139 |
| Syrnium varium | 139 [Pg_353] |
| ” alleni | 139 |
| ” helveolum | 139 |
| Tachycineta thalassina lepida | 250 |
| ” brachyptera | 251 |
| Tanager, Cooper | 171 |
| Hepatic | 171 |
| Louisiana | 171 |
| Scarlet | 171 |
| Summer | 36, 171 |
| Western | 171 |
| Tanagridæ | 36, 165 |
| Tangavius æneus æneus | 304 |
| ” involucratus | 304 |
| Tantalus loculator | 90 |
| Tattler, Wandering | 111 |
| Teal, Blue-winged | 78 |
| Cinnamon | 78 |
| Green-winged | 78 |
| Telmatodytes marianæ | 237 |
| palustris | 237 |
| ” griseus | 237 |
| ” iliacus | 301 |
| ” paludicola | 237 |
| ” plesius | 237 |
| Tern, American Black | 60 |
| Aleutian | 58 |
| Arctic | 59 |
| Bridled | 58 |
| Cabot | 57 |
| Caspian | 57 |
| Common | 11, 59 |
| Elegant | 57 |
| Forster | 59 |
| Gull-billed | 58 |
| Least | 58 |
| Roseate | 59 |
| Royal | 57 |
| Sooty | 60 |
| Trudeau | 259 |
| White-winged Black | 259 |
| Tetraonidæ | 26, 113 |
| Thalassogeron culminatus | 62 |
| Thrasher, Bendire | 216 |
| Brown | 39, 233 |
| Californian | 217 |
| Crissal | 217 |
| Curve-billed | 216 |
| Desert | 217 |
| Leconte | 217 |
| Mearns | 216 |
| Palmer | 216 |
| Pasadena | 217, 300 |
| Sage | 288 |
| Sennett | 238 |
| St Lucas | 216 |
| Thrush, Alaska Hermit | 238 |
| Alma | 239, 302 |
| Audubon Hermit | 238 |
| Bicknell | 239 |
| California Olive-backed | 239, 302 |
| Dwarf Hermit | 238 |
| Gray-cheeked | 239 |
| Hermit | 238 |
| Monterey Hermit | 302 |
| Olive-backed | 239 |
| Pale Varied | 207 |
| Russet-backed | 239 |
| Sierra Hermit | 302 |
| Varied | 207 |
| Willow | 238 |
| Wilson | 238 |
| Wood | 40, 233 |
| Thryomanes bewickii | 235 |
| ” calophonus | 235 |
| ” charienturus | 235 |
| ” cryptus | 235 |
| ” leucogaster | 235 |
| ” spilurus | 235 |
| brevicauda | 235 |
| leucophrys | 235 |
| Thryothorus ludovicianus | 234 |
| ” lomitensis | 234 |
| ” miamensis | 234 |
| Titlark | 232 |
| Titmouse, Ashy | 242 |
| Black-crested | 243 |
| Bridled | 244 |
| Gray | 242 |
| Plain | 242 |
| Sennett | 303 |
| Texan Tufted | 243, 302 |
| Tufted | 243 |
| Totanus flavipes | 111 |
| melanoleucus | 111 |
| Towhee | 204 |
| Abert | 206 |
| Anthony | 205 |
| Arctic | 204 |
| Californian | 205 |
| Canon | 205 |
| Green-tailed | 206 |
| Guadalupe | 204 |
| Mountain | 204 |
| Oregon | 204 |
| San Clemente | 204 |
| San Diego | 204 |
| Towhee, Spurred | 204 [Pg_354] |
| St Lucas | 205 |
| White-eyed | 204 |
| Toxostoma bendirei | 216 |
| cinereum | 216 |
| ” mearnsi | 216 |
| ” crissalis | 217 |
| curvirostre | 216 |
| ” palmeri | 216 |
| lecontei | 217 |
| ” arenicola | 217 |
| longirostre sennetti | 233 |
| redivivum | 217 |
| ” pasadenense | 217 |
| rufum | 233 |
| Tree Duck, Black-bellied | 83 |
| Fulvous | 83 |
| Tringa canutus | 106 |
| Trochilidæ | 33, 155 |
| Trochilus alexandri | 159 |
| colubris | 160 |
| Troglodytes aëdon | 236 |
| ” parkmanii | 236 |
| ” aztecus | 236, 301 |
| Troglodytidæ | 39, 168, 294 |
| Trogon ambiguus | 147 |
| Coppery-tailed | 31, 147 |
| Trogonidæ | 31, 144 |
| Tropic Bird | 69 |
| Red-billed | 69 |
| Red-tailed | 260 |
| Yellow-billed | 13, 69 |
| Tryngites subruficollis | 105 |
| Tubinares | 12 |
| Turdidæ | 40, 170 |
| Turkey Florida | 122 |
| Merriam | 122 |
| Rio Grande | 122 |
| Water | 73 |
| Wild | 27, 122 |
| Turnstone | 24, 102 |
| Black | 107 |
| Ruddy | 102 |
| Tympanuchus americanus | 121 |
| ” attwateri | 121 |
| pallidicinctus | 121 |
| Tyrannidæ | 34, 163 |
| Tyrannus | 202 |
| domincensis | 247 |
| melancholicus couchi | 202 |
| tyrannus | 247 |
| verticalis | 202 |
| vociferans | 202 |
| Uranomitra salvini | 298 |
| Uria lomvia | 48 |
| ” arra | 48 |
| troile | 48 |
| ” californica | 48 |
| Urubitinga anthracina | 134 |
| Verdin | 195 |
| Baird | 195 |
| Vireo, Anthony | 212 |
| atricapillus | 245 |
| Bell | 214 |
| belli | 214 |
| ” medius | 299 |
| Bermuda | 213 |
| Black-capped | 245 |
| Black-whiskered | 212 |
| Blue-headed | 214 |
| calidris barbatulus | 212 |
| Cassin | 214 |
| flavifrons | 198 |
| flavoviridis | 213 |
| Frazar | 299 |
| gilvus | 213 |
| ” swainsonii | 213 |
| Gray | 214 |
| Hutton | 212 |
| huttoni | 212 |
| ” cognatus | 299 |
| ” obscurus | 212 |
| ” stephensi | 212 |
| Key West | 213 |
| Least | 214 |
| Mountain Solitary | 214 |
| noveboracensis | 213 |
| ” bermudianus | 213 |
| ” maynardi | 213 |
| ” micrus | 213 |
| olivaceus | 212 |
| Philadelphia | 213 |
| philadelphicus | 213 |
| Plumbeous | 214 |
| pusillus | 214 |
| Red-eyed | 37, 212 |
| Small White-eyed | 213 |
| solitarius | 214 |
| ” alticola | 214 |
| ” cassinii | 214 |
| ” lucasanus | 214 |
| ” plumbeus | 214 |
| St Lucas | 214 |
| Stephens | 212 |
| Texas | 299 |
| vicinior | 214 |
| Warbling | 213 [Pg_355] |
| Western Warbling | 213 |
| White-eyed | 213 |
| Yellow-green | 213 |
| Yellow-throated | 198 |
| Vireonidæ | 37, 166 |
| Vulture, Black | 129 |
| California | 129 |
| Turkey | 28, 129 |
| Wagtail, Siberian Yellow | 192 |
| Warbler, Alaskan Yellow | 196 |
| Audubon | 190 |
| Bachman | 191 |
| Bay-breasted | 206 |
| Black and White | 249 |
| Blackburnian | 187 |
| Black-fronted | 190 |
| Black-poll | 249 |
| Black-throated Blue | 180 |
| Black-throated Gray | 249 |
| Black-throated Green | 188 |
| Blue-winged | 191 |
| Brewster | 197 |
| Cairns | 180 |
| Calaveras | 195 |
| California Yellow | 299 |
| Canadian | 191 |
| Cape May | 196 |
| Cerulean | 181 |
| Chestnut-sided | 198 |
| Connecticut | 189 |
| Dusky | 210 |
| Golden-cheeked | 188 |
| Golden Pileated | 193 |
| Golden-winged | 189 |
| Grace | 190 |
| Hermit | 188 |
| Hooded | 188 |
| Kennicott Willow | 212 |
| Kentucky | 193 |
| Kirtland | 191 |
| Lawrence | 197 |
| Lucy | 206 |
| Lutescent | 210 |
| Macgillivray | 189 |
| Magnolia | 190 |
| Mangrove | 196 |
| Mourning | 189 |
| Myrtle | 197 |
| Nashville | 38, 195 |
| Northern Parula | 195 |
| Olive | 187 |
| Orange-crowned | 210 |
| Palm | 196 |
| Parula | 195 |
| Pileated | 193 |
| Pine | 191 |
| Prairie | 197 |
| Prothontary | 187 |
| Red-faced | 177 |
| Sennett | 195 |
| Sonora | 196 |
| Swainson | 215 |
| Sycamore | 190 |
| Tennessee | 212 |
| Townsend | 188 |
| Virginia | 197 |
| Wilson | 193 |
| Worm-eating | 215 |
| Yellow | 38, 196 |
| Yellow Palm | 197 |
| Yellow-throated | 190 |
| Water-Thrush | 232 |
| Grinnell | 232 |
| Louisiana | 232 |
| Waxwing, Bohemian | 198 |
| Cedar | 37, 198 |
| Wheatear | 248 |
| Greenland | 248 |
| Whimbrel | 267 |
| Whip-poor-will | 33, 156 |
| Stephen | 156 |
| Whiskey Jack | 252 |
| Widgeon, European | 77 |
| Willet | 111 |
| Western | 111 |
| Wilsonia canadensis | 191 |
| mitrata | 188 |
| pusilla | 193 |
| ” chryseola | 193 |
| ” pileota | 198 |
| Woodcock, American | 23, 105 |
| European | 265 |
| Woodpecker, Alaska Downy | 150 |
| Alaskan Three-toed | 149 |
| Alpine Three-toed | 149 |
| American Three-toed | 32, 149 |
| Arctic Three-toed | 149 |
| Arizona | 151 |
| Batchelder | 150 |
| Cabanis | 150 |
| Cactus | 297 |
| California | 158 |
| Downy | 154 |
| Gairdner | 155 |
| Gila | 158 |
| Golden-fronted | 158 |
| Hairy | 150 [Pg_356] |
| Harris | 150 |
| Ivory-billed | 149 |
| Lewis | 152 |
| Narrow-fronted | 153 |
| Newfoundland | 297 |
| Northern Downy | 150 |
| Northern Hairy | 150 |
| Northern Pileated | 32, 149 |
| Nuttall | 151 |
| Pileated | 149 |
| Queen Charlotte | 150 |
| Red-bellied | 153 |
| Red-cockaded | 151 |
| Red-headed | 153 |
| Rocky Mountain Hairy | 150 |
| Saint Lucas | 151 |
| San Fernando | 297 |
| Southern Downy | 150 |
| Striped-breasted | 153 |
| Texan | 151 |
| White-breasted | 297 |
| White-headed | 151 |
| Willow | 151 |
| Wren, Alaskan | 236 |
| Aztec | 236 |
| Aleutian | 236 |
| Baird | 235 |
| Bewick | 235 |
| Bryant Cactus | 233 |
| Cactus | 233 |
| Canon | 234 |
| Carolina | 234 |
| Desert Cactus | 233 |
| Dotted Canon | 234 |
| Florida | 234 |
| Guadalupe | 235 |
| Guadalupe Rock | 234 |
| House | 39, 236 |
| Interior Tule | 237 |
| Kadiak Winter | 236 |
| Lomita | 234 |
| Long-billed Marsh | 237 |
| Marian Marsh | 237 |
| Northwest Bewick | 235 |
| Parkman | 236 |
| Prairie Marsh | 301 |
| Rock | 234 |
| San Clemente | 235 |
| San Nicolas | 301 |
| Short-billed Marsh | 236 |
| Southwest Bewick | 235 |
| St Lucas Cactus | 233 |
| Texas Bewick | 235 |
| Texan Cactus | 233 |
| Tule | 237 |
| Vigors | 235 |
| Western House | 236 |
| Western Winter | 236 |
| White-throated | 234 |
| Winter | 236 |
| Worthington Marsh | 237 |
| Wren-Tit, Coast | 216, 300 |
| Pallid | 215, 300 |
| Ruddy | 300 |
| Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus | 199 |
| Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens | 185 |
| Xema sabinii | 56 |
| Xenopicus albolarvatus | 151 |
| Yellow-legs | 111 |
| Greater | 111 |
| Yellow-throat, Belding | 194 |
| Florida | 194 |
| Maryland | 193 |
| Northern | 194 |
| Pacific | 194 |
| Rio Grande | 194 |
| Salt Marsh | 194 |
| Western | 193 |
| Zamelodia ludoviciana | 174 |
| melanocephala | 207 |
| Zenaida zenaida | 125 |
| Zenaidura macroura | 125 |
| ” marginella | 296 |
| Zonotrichia albicollis | 227 |
| coronata | 227 |
| leucophrys | 227 |
| ” gambeli | 227 |
| ” nuttalli | 227 |
| querula | 219 |
In the original printed publication, the bird images were displayed
alterrnating on the right-hand and left-hand column on the odd and even
pages respectively. Here they are all presented on the right-hand side.
The text presented is that obtained through the conversion of the
printed text into digital form. Where questions remained as to the
identification of the converted image, several on-line versions of
the text and other resources were consulted in an attempt to resolve them.
For example, the word “Alleghenies” appears 30 times and “Alleghanies”
only 6. So for consistancy, the 6 were converted.
In addition to the list of corrections listed below, a number of
minor corrections were made. In several cases (species
466, 581, and 680),
the Species descriptions end with a comma. It was assumed that
they were meant to be a period and one has been inserted in its place.
The U. S. adopted the named Kodiak in 1890; but islanders and others
continued to use “Kadiak” until the early 1920s. Therefore, the word
Kadiak was retained on pages 230 and
356. In the case of the bird species, some have names
that differ from common names used today (for example Canon Wren
instead of Canyon Wren) and the A.O.U. listing shows Cañon for two
species of Wren and a Towhee
which were retained. As for the scientific names, there are two
spellings for species named in honor of Audubon (“auduboni” and “audubonii”)
which have been retained as they appear in the original publication.
| Page(s) | Typo → Correction |
| 4 | vernacluar → vernacular |
| 84 | Chespeake → Chesapeake |
| 111, 266, 353 | Tatler → Tattler |
| 151 | Bailley → Bailey |
| 160 | Nicaraugua → Nicaragua |
| 165 | incalcuable → incalculable |
| 170 | preceeding → preceding |
| 171 | Louisana → Louisiana |
| 189 | 680. Macgillivray Warbler comma changed to period at end of description |
| 199 | 501c. Florida Meadowlark says “Similar to No. 591…” which is a Towhee assumed it should have been “501” |
| 201 | 474f. Ruddy Horned Lark says “Similar to No. 472e…” 472 is a Flycatcher assumed number should be “474e” |
| 209 | 466. Traill Flycatcher comma changed to period at end of description |
| 212 | 632a. Stephen Vireo says: Similar to No. 622 622 is a Loggerhead Shrike number should be “632” |
| 213 | Hamshire → Hampshire |
| 223 | Savanna → Savannah |
| 249 | Second ♂ changed to ♀ |
| 257 | Æchmorphorus → Æchmophorus |
| 275 | nuttali → nuttalli |
| 281 | bimacuculatus → bimaculatus |
| 283 | Parrhuloxia → Pyrrhuloxia |
| 284 | cyaneovirdis → cyanoviridis |
| 284 | BOMBCILLIDÆ → BOMBYCILLIDÆ |
| 285 | flavovirdis → flavoviridis |
| 295, 311 | Athabaska → Athabasca |
| 299 | Goldfish → Goldfinch |
| 303 | atricistatus → atricistatus |
| 314 | Avifouna → Avifauna |
| 315 | Miffilin → Mifflin |
| 326 | Annonated → Annotated |
| 326 | Veterbrates → Vertebrates |
| 333 | Removed duplicate entry for Actodromas maculata |
| 345 | Mergus albellus → Mergellus albellus |
| 356 | Guadelupe → Guadalupe |
| Page | Item | Listed | Correct |
| 333 | Alcedinidæ | 147 | 144 |
| 333 | Bæolophus bicolor | 248 | 243 |
| 336 | Ceryle torquata | 271 | 273 |
| 337 | Cowbird, Red-eyed | 27 | 253 |
| 339 | Flamingo | 7 | 16 |
| 339 | Flycatcher, Fork-tailed | 274 | 276 |
| 339 | Flycatcher, Giraud (Alternate name for Buff-breasted | 274 | 276 |
| 339 | Fulmar, Giant | 259 | 260 |
| 342 | Jabiru | 263 | 264 |
| 344 | Macrochires | 154 | 155 |
| 344 | Mallard | 6 | 74 |
| 344 | Melanerpes torquatus | 152 | Not found in book |
| 345 | Mergellus albellus | 261 | 262 |
| 345 | Myiozetetes similis superciliosus | 274 | Not found in book |
| 356 | Wren, Alaskan | 235 | 236 |
Named in Honor of John J. Audubon
| With a single ending “i” | With a double ending “i” | |
| Dendroica auduboni | ||
| Dendroica auduboni auduboni | ||
| Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons | ||
| Dryobates villosus auduboni | Dryobates villosus audubonii | |
| Hylocichla guttata auduboni | ||
| Icterus audubonii | ||
| Icterus melanocephalus auduboni |