BUCHANAN’S
JOURNAL OF MAN.

The Slow Triumph of Truth.

The Journal of Man does not fear to perform its duty and
use plain language in reference to the obstructionists who hinder the
acceptance of demonstrable sciences and prevent all fair investigation,
while they occupy positions of influence and control in all
collegiate institutions.

It is not in scorn or bitterness that we should speak of this erring
class, a large number of whom are the victims of mis-education—of
the hereditary policy of the colleges, which is almost as difficult
to change as a national church, or a national despotism. The young
men who enter the maelstrom of college life are generally borne
along as helpless as rowing boats in a whirlpool. It is impossible
for even the strongest minds to be exposed for years, surrounded by
the contaminating influence of falsehood, and come forth uninjured.
But while we pity the victims of medical colleges and old-fashioned
universities, let us seek for our young friends institutions that have
imbibed the spirit of the present age.

Man is essentially a spiritual being, and, even in this life, he has
many of the spiritual capacities which are to be unfolded in the
higher life. Moreover, there are in every refined constitution a
great number of delicate sensibilities, which no college has ever
recognized.

There has been no concealment of these facts. They have always
been open to observation,—more open than the facts of Geology and
Chemistry. Ever since the earliest dawn of civilization in Egypt,
India, and Greece the facts have been conspicuous before the world,
and, in ancient times, have attracted the attention of imperial
and republican governments. And yet, the literary guild, the
incorporated officials of education everywhere, have refused to investigate
such truths, and shaped their policy in accordance with the
lowest instincts of mammon,—in accordance with the policy of
kings, of priests, of soldiers, and of plutocrats; and this policy has
been so firmly maintained and transmitted, that there is not, to-day,
a university anywhere to be found that possesses the spirit of progress,
or is willing to open either its eyes or its ears to the illumination
of nineteenth-century progress, and to the voice of Heaven,
which is “the still small voice of reason.”

“Of the earth, earthy” is the character of our colleges to-day as
it was in the days when Prof. Horky and his colleagues refused to
look through the telescope of Galileo. Is not this utter neglect of
 Psychometry for forty-five years (because it has not been forced upon
their attention) as great an evidence of perpetuated stolidity as
was the conduct of the Professors of Padua 280 years ago in shunning
the inspection of Galileo’s telescope, when the demonstration
has been so often repeated that Psychometry is a far greater addition
than the telescope to the methods of science and promises a greater
enlargement of science than the telescope and microscope combined.

“Of the earth, earthy” is a just description of institutions which
confine their investigations and limit their ideas of science to that
which is physical, when man’s life, enjoyment, hopes and destiny are
all above the plane on which they dwell and in which they burrow.
Physical science is indeed a vast department of knowledge, but to
limit ourselves to that when a far grander realm exists, one really
more important to human welfare, is an attempt to perpetuate a
semi-barbarism, and the time is not very remote in this progressive age
when the barbarism of the 19th century literature and education
will become a familiar theme.

The efforts of intellectual rebels to break through the restrictions
of collegiate despotism have not yet had much success, and my own
labors would have been fruitless in that respect if I had not been
able to combine with others in establishing a more liberal college,
the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, which still retains something
of the progressive spirit of its founders.

Simultaneously with the American rebellion against British authority,
Mesmer in France made an assault upon that Chinese wall of
medical bigotry which Harvey found it so hard to overcome, but
although he secured one favorable report from the Medical Academy
at Paris, he was never admitted to an honorable recognition. Now,
however, the baffled truth has entered the citadel of professional
authority and the correspondent of the New York Tribune tells the
story as follows:

Charcot Avenges Mesmer.

Under this heading the New York Tribune published in September
the letter of its regular correspondent at Paris, which is given below:

It shows that in the present state of imperfect civilization the
narrow-minded men who generally lead society are perfectly able to
suppress for a time any discovery which does not come from their
own clique. And when they do yield to the force of evidence and
accept extraordinary new discoveries, they either do it in a blundering
and perverted manner, or they try to appropriate it as their
own and continue to rob the pioneer thinker.

The psychometric experiments of Drs. Bourru and Burot, Dr.
Luys and others have not been conducted in the scientific and satisfactory
manner in which I introduced them in 1841, but in the
hysterical and sensational manner which is now attracting attention.

Letter from Paris.

Mesmer has been well avenged by Charcot, the great professor
who fills the chair in the clinical ward of the Saltpetriere for the
nervous diseases of women. Not only, indeed, has this illustrious
 physician shown that the charlatan whom the elder Dumas introduced
with such telling effect into his novels, “La Comtesse de
Charny” and “Le Docteur Balsamo,” was no mere charlatan, but a
number of Charcot’s disciples have proved the truth of what Dumas
seemed to draw from his rich imagination. Dr. Charcot, who is a
cautious man, has publicly admitted hypnotic suggestion. He thinks
extraordinary curative effects, so far as the consciousness of pain
goes, are to be derived from hypnotism, which is Mesmerism with a
new Greek name. But he always exhorts laics not to dabble in it,
and medical men to keep their hypnotic lore to themselves. This is
charming after the way in which the profession of which Charcot
is really a bright light treated Mesmerism. Mesmer was an empiric.
But he nevertheless got at the truth.

Homœopathy was tabooed because it was not orthodox, by that
Sanhedrim known as the Faculty of Medicine. Animal magnetism
was long ignored on the ground that charlatans had taken it up and
that no doctor who had self-respect could follow them. Mesmerism
was treated with no less contempt until a new name was given it,
and Charcot declared that there was not only something but a good
deal in it deserving the attention of scientists.

Dr. Luys last Tuesday made a communication to the Academy of
Medicine on this subject which electrified the members present. It
was on the action, both at a distance and by direct contact, of certain
medicated or fermented substances on hypnotic subjects. The
latter were all women who could not possibly have got their cue
beforehand, and were being observed, while Dr. Luys operated, by a
jury of scientists above all suspicion of having lent themselves to
any trickery. Alcohol when put to the nape in a tube no larger
than a homœopathist’s vial and hermetically sealed produced exactly
the same effect as if imbibed at a bar. Absinthe, haschish, opium,
morphine, beer, champagne, tea and coffee were in succession tried
with their characteristic effects. But “the cup which cheers but
not inebriates” was found too exciting for French neuropaths.
Valerian caused the deepest sadness. The thoughts of the patient
were centred in a grave. She was impelled irresistibly to stoop
down and scratch the ground, and thought herself in a cemetery
exhuming a deceased relative whom she loved. Under the illusion
she fancied herself picking up bones belonging to his skeleton, which
she handled with tender reverence, and when there was an imaginary
mound of them formed she placed, with deep-drawn sighs and tears
and genuflections, a cross above them. Under the influence of
haschish everything looked rosy and gayety prevailed. The subject
was a young girl, very fond of the drama. She fancied herself on
the stage and playing a part which suited her to perfection. It was
in a bouffe opera and she sang her score admirably. The sentiments
were expressed with delicate feeling. Dr. Luys can, according to
the substances he uses, run through the whole gamut of human
passions and emotions.

What is most strange is that no trace of the fictitious world in
which the hypnotized subject has been wandering, remains when
 real consciousness is restored. It is very rare for even the idea of
having been in dreamland to survive the awakening from the hypnotic
trance. Dr. Luys says that hypnotic suggestion sometimes
has periods of incubation more or less long. The subject is at first
gently drawn to do a certain thing or things, and then the drawing
becomes an irresistible impulse. They are first as if tempted and
then as if possessed. They can no more help themselves than a
man who had got to the verge of Niagara Falls in a boat could help
going over.

Dr. Roger moved that the Academy name a Commission to inquire
into hypnotic suggestion, near and at a distance. Dr. Bronardel
supported him. He said, “All that Dr. Luys has alleged and shown
cannot fail to make a noise throughout the world. Nobody save
MM. Burot and Bourru have gone so far as Dr. Luys. He not only
forces on the attention of the Academy the question of hypnotism,
but of persons being affected by poisonous substances which do not
penetrate, or it may be even touch, their bodies. This is from a
legal point of view a great danger. A great social responsibility is
involved in the matter. It is the duty of the Academy to have the
experiments of Dr. Luys repeated, with others that bear upon them.”

Hypnotism, or animal magnetism, has been a little more than a
hundred years despised and rejected by the doctors. It was discovered
by a Viennese, Mesmer, who belonged to that curious branch
of the Freemasons, the Illuminati. When he told Stoerck, the head
of the Faculty of Medicine at Vienna, of his discovery, that learned
owl begged him not to discredit that body by talking of anything so
absurd. He persisted. Sarcasm and then persecution obliged him
to go abroad, and he came to Paris in 1778. The world of fashion
and the court went crazy about him. He then set up in the Palais
Royal, where, it must be said, in a way that was worthy of a charlatan,
he worked his discovery. M. Le Roy, of the Academy of Medicine,
thought him on the scent of a great truth. But the other
doctors were of the bats’ eyes sort, and hunted Mesmer down. He
went to stay at Creteil, where he applied his method and made his
famous magnetic pail, which interested M. d’Eslon, head doctor to
the Comte d’Artois—later Charles X. He wrote about the magnetic
pail. The Academy of Medicine warned him to be more cautious in
speaking of quack inventions, and threatened to expel him from
membership if he did not retract what he had written. That body
even made a new rule to this effect: “No doctor declaring himself
in favor of animal magnetism, either in theory or practice, can be a
member of this society.”

Mesmer, hearing the police had their eye on him, went to Spa.
But the ladies took his part with such ardor that the king named a
commission to inquire into his discovery. Its members, too, were
owls. They reported that “the magnetic fluid of which Mesmer
speaks does not exist.” Jussieu stood out against the owls and he only.
He said: “All your efforts will not prevent this truth from making
its way. They can only prevent this generation from profiting
by it.”

 I should add that the influence gained by the hypnotic operator
remains after the subject awakes from the trance. Its action then
reminds one of the characters in the legends of olden times who sold
their souls to Satan. The Emperor of Brazil is very anxious to
study hypnotism, or, at least, to dip into it when he comes back to
Paris.

The reader will observe in the foregoing letter and in all medical
literature Mesmer is spoken of as a “charlatan” and “empiric.”
Charlatan is an opprobrious term, but “empiric” literally means one
who follows experience instead of dogma, and should therefore be
an honorable designation; but as the medical profession has always
been dogmatic, and therefore hostile to empiricism, or fidelity to
experience, it has made empiricism an opprobrious term. Dr.
Mesmer was neither an ignoramus nor a quack, but a graduated
physician, although his title is generally omitted. He had more
enthusiasm than philosophy, but he was far in advance of his contemporaries,
who had neither, and deserves to be honorably remembered.

Old Industrial Education.

The greatest triumph in the profession of education ever achieved
by man was that of Ezekiel Rich, of New Hampshire, born in
1784, whose successful experiments at Troy, New Hampshire, were
fully reported in 1838 to the American Institute of Instruction, and
were described in the last edition of the “New Education.”

Mr. Rich demonstrated that a solid scientific, literary, moral, and
industrial education, qualifying boys and girls for a successful business
life, and greatly superior to the education now given, might be
imparted to youth while they were also sufficiently occupied in the
industrial way to pay all their expenses.

This is incomparably beyond anything that even the most famous
teachers have ever done, for it brings the gospel of industrial salvation
to all struggling laborers who dwell in poverty—not immediate
salvation for themselves, but salvation for their class, by making
education free for all, and giving to the children of the poorest
laborer the opportunity of a career in which independence is sure,
and wealth a possibility.

The profession of teaching, like all other professions, runs in its
fixed grooves or, as popularly expressed, its “ruts,” and it will be
long ere the noble example of Rich will inspire a spirit of imitation.
His exposition of his method lay almost half a century unnoticed,
until I brought it before the National Educational Association.

Upon the subject of Industrial Training, Mr. Geo. P. Morris has
resurrected an old treatise, published by Thomas Budd, in 1685,
describing East and West Jersey, in which he lays down a system of
practical education which he wished to see adopted in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey.

He wishes a thousand acres of land given to maintain each school,
free for the poor, the rich, and the Indians—the children being
 maintained free of expense to parents from the profits of the school
“arising by the work of the scholars.” They are to be occupied in
“learning to read and write true English, Latine and other useful
speeches and languages, and fair writing, arithmatick and bookkeeping;
and the boys to be taught and instructed in some mystery
or trade, as the making of mathematical instruments, joynery, turnery,
the making of blocks and watches, weaving, shoemaking, or any
other useful trade or mystery that the school is capable of teaching;
and the girls to be taught and instructed in spinning of flax and
wool, and knitting of gloves and stockings, sewing and making of
all sorts of useful needlework, and the making of straw-work, as
hats, baskets, etc., or any other useful art or mystery that the school
is capable of teaching.

“3. That the scholars be kept in the morning two hours, at reading,
writing, book-keeping, etc., and the other two hours at work in
that art, mystery, or trade that he or she most delighteth in, and then
let them have two hours to dine and for recreation; and in the
afternoon, two hours at reading, writing, etc., and the other two
hours at work at their several imployments.”

Budd quotes from a book by Andrew Yarenton an account of the
spinning-schools in Germany, as follows: “In all towns there are
schools for little girls, from six years old and upwards, to teach them
to spin, and to bring their tender fingers by degrees to spin very
fine; their wheels go all by the foot, made to go with much ease,
whereby the action or motion is very easie and delightful. The way,
method, rule, and order how they are governed is, 1st. There is a
large room, and in the middle thereof a little box like a pulpit.
2ndly, There are benches built around about the room, as they are
in playhouses; upon the benches sit about two hundred children
spinning, and in the box in the middle of the room sits the grand
mistress, with a long white wand in her hand,” with which she
designates the idle for punishment.

“They raise their children as they spin finer to the higher benches.
2d. They sort and size all the threds, so that they can apply them
to make equal cloths; and after a young maid has been three years
in the spinning-school, that is taken in at six, and then continues
until nine years, she will get eight pence the day, and, in these parts
I speak of, a man that has most children lives best.”

Eight pence a day at that time was good wages for an
artisan.

Thos. Budd was more than two hundred years ahead of the
teachers of America, for they are just beginning to introduce Industrial
Education, and they have not reached up to this idea of making
the work of pupils pay their expenses, which Budd proposed, and
which Rich realized.

In Yarenton’s account of the spinning-schools, the reader will
observe that the children are occupied solely in spinning, their minds
being left without culture. How easy would it have been for the
grand mistress, instead of merely watching their work, to have been
instructing them orally in any species of knowledge, or leading them
 in singing, which would have made their time pass delightfully, and
cultivated all the finer sentiments of the soul.

Rich has the honor of proving that this could be done, and that
there was no fatigue, but continual pleasure all day long when the
monotony of work was relieved by instruction, and the instruction
that would have been monotonous by itself was made pleasant by
being intermingled with hand work.

Man cannot be well trained or developed in fragments. Head,
hand, and soul must all co-operate, and then each strengthens the
other. When shall we have another Rich?

Boston is making progress in industrial education. At the exhibition
of a school in Brookline, conducted by our worthy friend, Mr.
Griffin, fine cabinet work, bureaus, desks, etc., were shown, equal to
the work of the best mechanics, produced by boys of from twelve to
sixteen years, after forty or fifty lessons of three hours each.

This is the true method of conquering poverty and putting an end
to social discontent. When all youth of both sexes are trained in
industrial skill and diversified employments, poverty will disappear.

An Incomparable “Medical Outlaw.”

London papers inform us that “all England is in mourning” over
the death of Robert Howard Hutton, the renowned natural bone-setter,
which recently occurred in that city. Judging from the large
number of biographical notices, editorials, and communications
which appear in English journals, he must have been one of the best
known men in the British empire. It appears to be admitted that
his fame greatly surpassed that of any physician or surgeon in the
whole country. One lady of rank pronounces his death “a national
calamity,” and a gentleman, who speaks of England as “the most
doctor-ridden nation under heaven,” refers to more than a hundred
cures effected by this remarkable man among his acquaintances after
they had failed to derive any benefit from the regular practitioners,
who were the most eminent in their profession. Years ago, George
Moore, a distinguished philanthropist and millionaire of London,
testified that Hutton treated him in the case of a displacement of a
bone, which had baffled the skill of the most famous surgeons in the
country for three years, and effected a complete cure in one minute.
Hunters, cricket players, rowing men, and athletes in all parts of
Great Britain consulted Hutton when they met with accidents. A
sporting paper, in a notice of his career, says:

“He gradually broke down the wall of prejudice which had been
built up against bone-setters by the medical faculty on the ground
that they were merely quacks. His cures in cases of displacements
and sprains which had puzzled the most expert surgeons, were so
brilliant and undisputed that he was frequently consulted by those
who had previously reviled him. His house in Queen Anne Street
was thronged day after day by persons, who in some instances had
come hundreds of miles to avail themselves of his skill.”

 Robert Howard Hutton was born in Westmoreland county, England,
forty-seven years ago. He belonged to a family of “natural
bone-setters,” the most famous of whom was his uncle, who taught
him all the mysteries of his craft. He practised surgery in Westmoreland
and adjacent counties for several years, where he acquired
such a reputation that he was induced to move to London. He
appears to have made the change more from philanthropic than from
monetary considerations. He loved the country and was very fond
of hunting. Once in London and within reach by railroad of every
portion of Great Britain, his patronage became so extensive that he
had no time to gratify his inclination in regard to sports.

Men of the class to which Mr. Hutton belonged, were once quite
common in this country. Men conducting large lumbering operations
in Maine generally arranged to take a “natural bone-setter”
into the woods every winter. The masters of whaling vessels endeavored
to have one among their crews. The faith of ignorant
people in “natural bone-setters” is profound.

They believe that they are possessed of inherent knowledge and
skill. Some think that they are possessed of a natural gift, and
others that they have acquired secrets that never become known to
the members of the medical profession. The circumstance that they
effect a cure in persons who had “suffered much from many physicians,”
though they never read a medical book, never attended
college, never witnessed a clinic, and never received instruction from
a preceptor, elevates them in the minds of the people far above the
directors of hospitals.

It is fair to presume that men like Mr. Hutton are possessed of
great skill and also of great knowledge. They may not know the
scientific name of any bone, ligament, or muscle in the human body,
but they may know the location and function of every one of them.
Instead of being derided as “quacks,” they should be classed as
hereditary specialists. It is admitted that bees, ants, dogs and horses
inherit knowledge and skill, and it is certainly fair to presume that
human beings do the same. No person will be likely to practice
surgery without having had a course of training, unless he has great
confidence in himself, and self-confidence makes one resolute. Mr.
Hutton, it is said, never administered an anæsthetic and never
employed an assistant. He was very strong, quick, and active. He
jerked a bone into place in an instant, while he was telling a story,
and before the sufferer knew what was about to happen. He had a
most extensive practice, and “practice makes perfect.” It is likely
that he put more dislocated bones in place than any ten regular
practitioners in his country. He was an observant man, with remarkable
keenness of sight and delicacy of touch. His great success
caused him to undertake risks that many surgeons would shrink
from. His success as well as that of others of his class, may be
accounted for on scientific principles. It remains to be seen what
medical journals will say of him. It is certain that the secular press
regarded him as a most extraordinary man, and regret that the family
of “natural bone-setters” died out with him.—Chicago Times.

 It is for the suppression, imprisonment or banishment of such men
as Hutton and the American bone-setter, Sweet, that American legislatures
are besieged by medical monopolists. It is not long since that the
gifted Italian woman, Rosa del Cin, was driven back to Italy by
medical hostility in New York. No medical college allows its students
to learn the healing power of gifted individuals.

Educational.

Critical.

Scientific.

 Glances Round the World.

(Continued and concluded from August No.)

In vain have I appealed to the educators of our country in “The
New Education.” It will be half a century before our systems of
education will be organized for the elevation of society. Heretofore,
our systems have had a positively demoralizing effect by inculcating
a love of military glory, a love of ostentatious pedantry, a stubborn
adherence to old opinions, and a scorn of useful industry. The
gradual establishment of industrial schools, however, is the most
hopeful sign in our educational system, and the establishment of
ethical education will be the last and most glorious change. But
that is a task for the next century which will understand how to
save and reform criminals. The thought is already entertained, and
the new Princeton Review says, that in coming time “the world will
look back with amazement upon the days when it let known, determined
criminals run at large, only punishing them occasionally, by
a temporary deprivation of their liberty in short and determinate
sentences. We can see to-day that it is a thoroughly illogical proceeding.
The man determined upon a life of crime is of no use to
himself at large, and he is both a danger and expense in his community.
He commonly gives evidence in his character and his acts
of this determination—evidence sufficient for the court which tries
and sentences him; but if that is too uncertain, then conviction for
a second offence may be legally taken to define his position. After
the second offence the criminal should be shut up, on an indeterminate
sentence, where he will be compelled to labor to pay for his
board and clothes and the expense of his safe-keeping.”

AFRICAN POPULATION.

We have another disturbing element in the negro population, a
large portion of which is unfitted for a republican government by
ignorance and social debasement, but fortunately free from the
violence and turbulence of the lower class of immigrants. This
degradation is fast being removed by education and the ambition
inspired by freedom. The latter is shown by the formation of the
Afro-American League for the protection of the blacks, especially in
the Southern States, and the advancement of their interests and
influence. This idea originated with Mr. Fortune, the editor of
the New York Freeman.

Few are aware of the progress of negro education. We have
already 16,000 colored teachers. In the Southern States alone there
are said to be 1,000,000 of pupils,—in the male and female high
schools, 15,000. There are sixty normal schools, fifty colleges and
universities, twenty-five theological seminaries, and in the churches
3,000,000 worshippers. The colored population pays taxes on from
150 to 200 millions of dollars.

The black race will be free from slavery at the close of this century.
The Brazilian Parliament passed a law for gradual emancipation
in 1871, when there were about 2,000,000 slaves. In 1885, the
 number was reduced to 1,200,000, and measures have been introduced
to hasten the completion of emancipation.

In Cuba, slavery seems to be at an end. The queen regent of
Spain has signed a decree freeing the Cuban slaves, some 300,000,
from the remainder of their term of servitude. The work, thus
consummated, began in 1869, which provided for the conditional
emancipation of certain classes of slaves in Cuba, and for the payment
of recompense to the owners of the men and women liberated.
From the first, slave-owners have been paid for their slaves.

FOREIGN PROGRESS.

When we look abroad the most encouraging progress is in the race
to which this republic owes its origin. In spite of the cruel oppression
in Ireland, Great Britain has been prospering in the last twelve
years. Mr. Mulhall, the able statistician, has shown in the contemporary
Review that in the United Kingdom, since 1875, the population
has increased twelve per cent., the wealth twenty-two per cent.,
trade twenty-nine per cent., shipping sixty-seven per cent., and
instruction sixty-eight per cent. Hence there is a marked increase
of knowledge and wealth. During this period the natural increase
of population has been 1200 daily and the immigration to the
United States and Colonies has averaged 600 daily. In
addition to the national increase, there has been an immigration
of 1,317,000, consisting of foreign settlers and
returned colonists. Two-thirds of the emigration went to the
United States.

This healthy increase of population contrasts favorably with the
condition in France. England had in 1883 a surplus of births over
deaths of 367,000 in a population less than 27,000,000. In France
the surplus of births in 1881 was but 108,229, in 1884 but 79,000,
and in 1885, 85,464. The excessive militarism cultivated in France
is adverse to national growth, and justly so; while the peaceful condition
of America insures great national growth—a beneficent law.
No nation has ever grown with the rapidity of ours, but our rate of
growth has greatly diminished during the present century. Dr.
Fonce’s statistics show that twice as many children were born in
proportion to population at the beginning of the century, as have
been born since 1850. What is the reason?

PROGRESS IN FRANCE.

France has taken a very important step in emancipating education
from the power of the church—completely secularizing education.
Under the present law religious associations are no longer allowed,
as such, to give instruction in public schools, and all schools taught by
priests are to be superseded by public schools. The Ultramontanes
are bitterly hostile to this law, and call it religious oppression, but it
is firmly maintained. The Minister of Instruction says that in public
instruction there cannot be two authorities, church and state,
with equal sovereignty. There is but one sovereignty, that of the
State.

 Clerical studies do not now attract young men as formerly, either
in America or France. The University of Paris last year had
11,000 alumni, but only thirty-five theological students. 3,786
studied for the legal profession, 3,696 for the medical, 1,767
attended to pharmacy, 928 to letters and 467 to science. There
were 167 female students, 108 of them preparing for medicine,
fifty-one in literary studies, seven in science and one preparing as a
lawyer.

When France shall be sufficiently civilized to abolish duels and
dismiss her standing army, she may have an opportunity of reaching
the front rank in civilization and progress. Even at present France
has many elements of the highest civilization in courtesy and refinement
of manners, artistic skill, scientific progress and advancing
wealth. The French might give some valuable lessons to Americans,
especially in journalism. Mrs. J. C. Croly (Jennie June) in her
recent address to the Women’s Press Association in Boston, gave a
pungent criticism on American journalism which, in justice it must
be said, is not applicable to the press generally, although the immense
space given to baseball, pugilism, races, and all species of crime, by
our leading journals, is disgraceful. “If the tail were large enough,”
said Dundreary, “the tail would waggle the dog!” certainly the tail
end of society wags its journals. Mrs. Croly said:—

“What the newspaper seems to be principally valued for, just now,
is for doing individual gossiping, scolding and backbiting on a large
scale, and in a way that relieves the individual from responsibility.
The old women of the past have been royally revenged for all the
sneers and slights put upon their spectacled talks, and tea parties;
for back-door tittle-tattle of the meanest, most reckless sort, has
been made a business, has become the staple of some journals.
That people read such stuff does not seem to me reason enough for
printing it. Shall we not have a daily paper some time, that is at
once bright, clear, pure, honest and strong; one that works upward,
instead of downward; that has its hold upon the best things, and
inspires us with new faith in them, and in their power to work out
race redemption.”

Such criticisms do not apply to the Parisian press, which employs
and pays liberally the ablest writers.

The French have at last begun the publication of cheap literature
for the people. A firm in Paris “have begun the issue of what is
termed the Nouvelle Bibliotheque Populaire (the New Popular
Library), at ten centimes, or two cents, an issue, this to be a collection
of the most remarkable works of all literature, histories
voyages, romances, plays, religious and philosophical treatises, and
poetry, etc. Each volume is to be complete, and is to have thirty-two
pages, printed in clear text, the equivalent in its entirety to
one hundred pages of an ordinary French book. These volumes are
to be published one each week, at a subscription price of seven
francs, or a little less than $1.40 per year.”

They propose “to give a résumé of those parts of secondary
interest, and to publish in their entirety those salient passages which
 cannot be ignored, the works thus presented having the appearance
and the interest of the originals. The reader who cannot spare the
time to carefully read the original may thus in a few hours acquire a
fair idea of its purpose and value. The second class will be a large
number of works that are now out of print, or which can only be
procured at a very high price. The third, and perhaps more popular
class, will be the works of authors of all ages, of all countries,
and of all schools, such as Shakespeare, Corneille, Pascal, Chateaubriand,
Sophocles, Racine, Lord Byron, etc. Ten of these volumes
have already been published.”

In this country, John B. Alden of New York has taken the lead
in publishing valuable literature at the lowest possible prices.

PEACEFUL INDICATIONS.

Europe is now profoundly at peace as predicted by psychometry,
and the dreary history of royal government assumes a more pleasing
aspect to-day. Victoria is an improvement on her predecessors, for
she has but drifted along with parliamentary government, and doing
neither good nor harm, has behaved with decorum, and preserved
the devoted loyalty of her subjects.

The old Emperor William, too, has a loyal nation, and has led a
life which does not attract censure. He is fond of military parades,
but seeks to avoid war.

As Austria and its rulers do not receive much attention from
American journals, I thought it well to look into the royal sphere by
Psychometry, and having a photograph of the emperor, I placed it
under the hands of Mrs. Buchanan, who pronounces without seeing
the object investigated. The following is her language:

“This is a male. There is a good deal of character and intellect,
and he carries with him a good deal of power. I think he has been
sometimes engaged in some great public movement. He is philanthropic.
He has power to sway and carries force with the people
both from his position and his ability.

“I think he is a foreigner with a very high rank. He seems a magnate
of great distinction. He has about as high an office as can be
given, like an emperor or czar.

“There is a good deal of forgiveness in his nature; he forgives
wrongs; he has no cruelty. He is not as selfish as men of his rank
generally are. He is more with the people, less aristocratic and
proud. It is difficult to tell his nationality—Servia and Austria
come into my mind. There is a great empire about him. There
seems to be some dissatisfaction in the country, some apprehension of
invasion and disturbance. There’s a good deal of trepidation.
They do not want to go to war, though there is no cowardice there.
They are uneasy and suspicious of other nations. He is not ambitious
for war. I do not feel that there will be any war. The difficulty
is about some question of territory.

“It is an agricultural country, with a loyal peasantry. They are
not well educated, but naturally intelligent. It is a pleasant, temperate
climate.

 “He does not desire to show off kingly power. There’s a good deal
of modesty. He is not aggressive. He is quite advanced in science,
but is not a spiritualist. He is orthodox in religion, but liberal to
science.”

If she had known the subject of these remarks, and studied European
politics and travelers’ descriptions, she could not have been
more correct.

The Emperor of Austria has introduced a great improvement in
royal deportment. The London Times says of him:

“One or two days a week his Majesty receives all comers who
have applied to be received, and he receives them alone. Every
applicant takes his turn. A master of ceremonies opens a door, the
visitor walks in and finds himself face to face with the Emperor,
who is unattended. The door closes and the petitioner may say to
the Emperor what he likes.

“There is no chamberlain or secretary to intimidate him. The
Emperor stands in a plainly furnished study, in undress uniform,
without a star or grand cordon, and greets everybody with an
engaging smile and a good-natured gesture of the hand which seems
to say: ‘There is no ceremony here. Tell me your business, and if
I can help you I will.’

“There is nothing petty or evasive in him. He is a monarch
who replies by ‘Yes’ or ‘No,’ but always with so much courtesy
that the humblest of his subjects receives from him at departing
the same bow as he vouchsafes to ambassadors. A most lovable
trait in him is that whenever he sees anybody nervous at his presence
he makes the audience last until, by his kind endeavors, the
nervousness has been completely dispelled.”

There is nothing like this elsewhere in royal courts, nor anything
like their religious observances, which will probably astonish my
readers. The following statement appears to be authentic, and was
given in the Sun:

On Holy Thursday the Emperor and Empress of Austria, in the
presence of their whole court, of the Privy Council, the Diplomatic
Corps, and the superior officers of the Vienna garrison, washed the
feet of twenty-four poor old men and women, having previously
served these venerable paupers with a plentiful meal, placing the
several dishes before them with their own hands. After the old people
had partaken of the good things provided for them by the imperial
bounty, the tables were cleared by imperial archdukes and ladies of
honor. Subsequently a purse containing thirty pieces of silver was
presented by the Emperor to each of the old men, and by the
Empress to each of the venerable dames, one of whom had all but
attained her hundredth year, while the youngest of the twelve was a
hearty octogenarian.

This religious rite is rarely seen in this country. It was celebrated
on the twenty-first of August by the Primitive Baptists of Hillsville,
Va., a mountainous region of South West Va. There were about 800
present, some coming from hundreds of miles. “The preliminary
exercises were singing and exhortation or discussion, the speaker
 first announcing some point of doctrine or religious thought. The
hymns were lined by reading one line only at a time. The arrangements
for administering the ordinances were circles of seats, those
allotted to the sisters being in a double row and facing the brothers,
who were seated in a single row. Within the circle was another
seat for the ordained and officiating elders. There was a table with
bread and wine, and under it were buckets of water, basins, and
towels. The bread and wine were first passed around by the officers
of the church, after which came the feet-washing. The elder who
began the ceremony drew off his coat and vest, and girded a towel
around his waist. He then began on the right, washing and wiping
the feet of the brother at the head of the line, who in turn arose and
remaining barefooted, performed the office to the one next him, and so
on until the feet of all had been washed. The elder who was the
first to perform the rite was the last to receive it. The sisters performed
the rite in the same manner as did the brothers. At the
conclusion the elders, while singing, passed around and shook the
hands of all the brothers and sisters.”

King Humbert, of Italy, and his wife, are making themselves quite
popular by their unassuming manners and sympathy with the people.

King Humbert objects to taking his pleasures at shows and exhibitions
as a solitary; he likes his people to be present and share
them with him. At the opening of the exhibition at Venice the
king gave expression to his disappointment at the loneliness and
emptiness of the halls. An official told him that the public had
been kept out from loyal consideration for the comfort of himself
and the queen. “I am sorry for this,” said his majesty, “though
you have done it in good part; it is my belief that the king belongs
to the people as well as the people to the king.” Before leaving
the exhibition he recurred to the subject, again expressing his deep
regret. “I hope that none of you believe,” said he, “that I am the
sort of man who is shy of being seen among the people. I have no
grounds whatever for such a feeling.”

King Humbert, according to an American Register correspondent,
is known for his temperance in all things except that of
smoking. It has often been noticed what an exceedingly small
eater the King had shown himself on all occasions, and as to
drink, his guests may have it in plenty, but his favorite “tipple” is
water. His one great weakness was (for it is a thing of the
past) a good cigar. He was a formidable smoker, but he abused
his taste in that line to such an extent that he has taken a new
departure and has “sworn off” from the fragrant weed. His
nerves had begun to suffer, he had asthmatic turns, could sleep but
little, and then had to be propped up by plenty of pillows. Some
weeks ago his physician told him what was the matter, and King
Humbert said: “From this day forth I will not smoke another
cigar, or anything in the shape of tobacco.” His majesty has kept
his word, and the result has been a most noticeable improvement
in his health. King Humbert is a man of iron will, and no one
doubts that he will keep his self-made pledge.

 His wife, Queen Margaret, is soon to figure as an author—with
stories founded on the legends of the Middle Ages. She speaks several
languages and reads English literature, keeping herself posted on
English views and politics. She is described as being devout but
liberal, lovely and graceful, quite attractive, and much idolized by
the Roman people.

The Queen of Roumania is a poetess of romantic sentiments,
and lately underwent examination for a diploma, giving her a
right to do certain teaching in the schools. In fact, all the
continental queens are much brighter than Victoria.

THE REIGN OF PEACE.

We find another very pleasant indication of the coming peace that
was psychometrically prophesied for all the world, before 1889, in
the Central American States. Advices from Panama of April 25th,
said:

“Of great present and future interest to the republics of Central
America are the treaties recently accepted by the Diet, which assembled
in Guatemala. The aim was “to establish an intimate relationship
between the five republics, and, by making the continuance of
peace certain, to provide for their final fusion into one country.”
The treaty contains 32 articles, which provide that perpetual peace
shall exist between the republics, that all differences shall be
arranged, and that in the event of this proving impossible, such
differences shall be submitted to arbitration. The idea which
appears to have been prominent among the members of the convention
was the establishment of settled rules, which, governing all the
republics, shall simplify the government of each. The fortunes of
each one of these industrial and agricultural States is so intimately
allied to those of the others, that it really appears that they are
destined to form one common nation.

“To prevent further shedding of blood the Central American
Congress made provision, in case of discord, that the States at
variance should agree upon an arbitrator. For this reason a nomination
is made in advance, and regulations were drawn up in order to
prevent, under any circumstances, the outbreak of war. Should,
however, armed disputes arise between two or more of the republics,
the others bind themselves to observe the strictest neutrality.

“All the republics bind themselves in the most solemn manner to
respect the independence of each State, and to prohibit the preparation
in any one of armed expeditions against any of the others,
and that all citizens of the different States shall enjoy similar privileges
and rights throughout all of them.”

Finally—John Bright and 173 members of the British House of
Commons have signed the American Peace Memorial, nine of whom
will come with the deputation to America.

The Sinaloa Colony.—Co-operation in some form is the only
hope of philanthropists for a harmonious settlement of the labor
question. Hence we must feel an interest in the Sinaloa Colony.
I have always maintained that there are very few of the present
 generation (who are the outcome of war and competition) fit for
co-operative life. Mr. Owen in his letter of last August says:

“The work we have laid out in Sinaloa requires, at first, men of
frontier experience—those who can fish, hunt, cook, work the land
and hold to a purpose in the face of privations and even death.

“We repeat again that if the women wish us to succeed they must
not go to Sinaloa until we have gotten water, garden, and houses for
them, and never without first obtaining permission from our New
York office.

“The Credit Foncier company was conceived in kindness and love
for mankind, and its mission was and is peace on earth and good will
to every human being. It is to be regretted that the Company was
not financially able from the beginning to guard its friends from
discomforts and disease. Such was its endeavor, but the circumstances
surrounding our movement have made this impossible. Of
all times during the 19th century, perhaps, we struck Sinaloa when
it was the least prepared for us. Our friends, however, would not
be advised. Their idea of co-operation was that every one was to
act as he or she pleased, at the time and place he or she selected;
and that the Company was to be responsible for his and her employment,
food, shelter, health and comfort at all times and in every
place. So thoroughly did they believe this that they did not even
think it was necessary to give the Company a hint that they were
going to Sinaloa, how, when, or for what purpose.

“Well! what was the result of each acting for him and herself?
Some 400 and more persons were dumped off at Topolobampo into
the brush and cacti, and over fifty per cent of these were women,
children, and aged persons, who became at once a heavy, constant,
and ever increasing care to those who were physically capable of
meeting the requirements of the movement. This actually put upon
every able-bodied pioneer a child, woman, or aged person to attend
to, to see sheltered, to have fed, etc., etc., besides his duties, and it
added five times to the expenses in the field which the Company proposed
at first to meet. But this was not the worst. The attention
which it was necessary to give to these non-combatants took the
men from the work that the Company expected to be done. This
discouraged those who were able and willing to work and piled
anxieties upon our best friends until they tottered under loads other
than belonged to the cause. Disease, death, and discouragement
followed. Those who remained in the States were frightened, and
the Company was left almost moneyless and powerless to assist,
even when it was most earnest in its work and in its wish to
do so.

“Had an army preparing for a campaign been recruited in such a
way, its friends would have demoralized and defeated it before an
enemy had been met. The United States Army, during the late
rebellion, was recruited in the following way: every man had to be
stripped naked, measured, weighed, examined, and reported by a
medical officer to be physically and mentally capable of enduring
camp life, before he was enlisted, and even after this test and care,
 the records will show that thirty per cent each year, without going
into battle, became sick, died, deserted, or went home, i.e., only 70
per cent of all those recruited for the war stood the trials, even to
get the first smell of the burnt powder.

“Now that we have gotten our pioneers reduced to about 200, to a
few more than we had in December at Topolobampo, and to which
number we then urged that no more be added, we can organize and
begin anew to follow out the details laid down in Integral Co-operation,
strengthened by having veterans in the field and by an experience
with our people which will be of value to them and to the
Company.

“We are informed that some of those who returned in July, like
those who came back in April, expect to go again to Sinaloa as soon
as the Company is in shape to push its work. We wish to say to
these friends that all who have proven themselves to be thoroughly
with the movement will be welcomed in our midst, but that we positively
order—and in this we have the support of every director and
every good colonist—that every person who goes to our settlements
hereafter shall apply for and obtain permission from the New York
office. Our purpose is now to lead the movement and not to have the
movement lead us. Any colonist who goes to our settlements in
violation of these instructions will not be received as a friend, will
not be employed, sheltered or provided for, and will forfeit stock and
credits in the Company.”

When the pioneers in philanthropic schemes learn that their
success depends entirely upon the persons enlisted, and when they
select those persons by a psychometric knowledge of character or
a thorough knowledge of their past lives, sternly rejecting all who
are weak, unbalanced, passionate or selfish, success may be expected.
The adversities at Topolobampo are the best preparation for success,
by sending off all who were not fitted for such work.

There is evidently some good material at Topolobampo. Ida
Hogeland wrote, July 30, 1887:

“Let not your heart be troubled. There is nothing, absolutely
nothing, up to this last day of July that has interfered with our
bodily comfort, though we live in tents yet. The showers are so
gentle and refreshing that they serve as a perpetual delight.”

W. W. Green says:

“But whether stockholders do their part or not, we are here to do
our part in solving the great question of Integral Co-operation, and
if we fail it is their fault. But we do not intend to fail. We have
men here of the right grit, and enough of them to hold the fort. So
you need not be alarmed on that account. A. K. Owen has not lied
to us about the resources of the country.”

Mr. Owen promises to bring in a hundred good colonists in
November, and says the Mexican government manifests a friendly
feeling.

 RECTIFICATION OF CEREBRAL SCIENCE

(Continued from page 32.)

The map of Gall presented here is taken from his large work
published from 1809 to 1819 (price 1000 francs), the latter part
being finished without the co-operation of Spurzheim. The great
imperfection is apparent at a glance. Gall simply published what
he saw, or thought he saw, and being a very imperfect, inaccurate
observer of forms and outlines, he attached himself chiefly to the
idea of prominences (or bumps) at certain localities, and to his mode
of presenting the subject we are mainly indebted for the ridicule of
phrenology as a science of bumps. I have taken much pains to
assure my students that cerebral science has little or nothing to do
with bumps, that bumps upon the skull belong to its osseous structure,
which presents certain protuberances with which they should
be acquainted, and do not indicate development of brain, which is
indicated by gentle changes in the contour of the skull, the form of
which shows how much room there is for special convolutions.

To Gall’s drawing, which was by no means accurate, I have
added the names of the organs as he recognized them, and given
definite boundaries to the organs which he represented by a shaded
drawing, conveying the idea of a central elevation. I have given
them the whole space allowed by his shading, and this leaves
considerable space unoccupied, as if he did not know what lay
between them. Spurzheim, on the contrary, attempted to cover the
entire ground, and had a more harmonious arrangement than Gall,
in whose map we see the inventive faculty running into murder, and
avarice into music and poetry. Yet even Spurzheim retained avarice
in contact with ideality, invention, hope, and conscientiousness.
Neither seems to have realized that there is no example in the brain
of a single convolution perfectly homogeneous, and even intermingled
in its minute structure, suddenly changing its essential functions
into something entirely opposite, when there is not the slightest
separation or differentiation of the cerebral matter. When such
marked differences are perceptible, it is due to the separation of the
convolutions by the furrows or anfractuosities into which the
pia mater descends, making a substantial separation. But this nice
survey of the convolutions and their boundaries was obviously
impossible by cranioscopy, which, at the best, could only recognize
considerable differences of magnitude. Psychometry alone is
capable of minute exploration of functions, the results of which I
published in a large map of the head in 1842.

The chart of Spurzheim needs no further criticism at present. In
contrast with the chart of Anthropology, the reader will observe
that the latter presents the functions of the entire basilar region of
the brain, which are marked upon the face and neck in the most
proximate locations. The catalogue of Spurzheim is as follows:

• AFFECTIVE I. Propensities.—† Desire to Live. * Alimentiveness. 1. Destructiveness.
  2. Amativeness. 3. Philoprogenitiveness. 4. Adhesiveness. 5. Inhabitiveness. 6. Combativeness.
  7. Secretiveness. 8. Acquisitiveness. 9. Constructiveness.
• AFFECTIVE II. Sentiments.—10. Cautiousness. 11. Approbativeness. 12. Self-Esteem.
  13. Benevolence. 14. Reverence. 15. Firmness. 16. Conscientiousness. 17. Hope. 18. Marvellousness.
  19. Ideality. 20. Mirthfulness. 21. Imitation.
• INTELLECTUAL I. Perceptive.—22. Individuality. 23. Configuration. 24. Size. 25. Weight
  and Resistance. 26. Coloring. 27. Locality. 28. Order. 29. Calculation. 30. Eventuality.
  31. Time. 32. Tune. 33. Language.
• INTELLECTUAL II. Reflective.—34. Comparison. 35. Causality.

 The Old Phrenology Compared with Anthropology.

Organology of Spurzheim, 1832.

In this bust we see
the psychological functions
of the brain. To
state its physiological
influence on the bodily
functions would require
a separate bust
or chart.

Organology of Buchanan, 1842-1887.

 In presenting a psychological map of the brain it is almost impossible
to separate psychology entirely from physiology in the
nomenclature, as the basilar organs relate more to the body than the
soul. Alimentiveness or appetite, Virility, Sensibility, Hearing,
Vision, Turbulence, all imply physical operations. At the same
time all the higher emotions, which we express in psychic terms,
have their physical effects on the body, which are very important
and enable us to understand Psychic Therapeutics, a science
which has been blindly cultivated under the name of Mind Cure.
A thorough understanding of the double functions of the brain and
body enables us to solve all the great problems of mind and body,
and apply our solution to the business and duties of life and organization
of society.

It is not proposed to present here a complete view of the new
Anthropology, as the functions and locations of organs will be presented
fully hereafter, but merely to show by a brief catalogue how
large an addition has been made to the old system to fill all the vacant
spaces left on the surface of the cranium and on the basilar surfaces
of the brain which are reached through the face and neck, the functions
of which are therefore designated on the external locations on
the face and neck through which they are reached.

In the intellectual region our more thorough analysis gives us for
the higher understanding, not merely Comparative Sagacity and Causality,
but Foresight, Sagacity, Judgment, Wit, Reason, Ingenuity and
Scheming or planning. At present I merely state the facts that such
organs are demonstrated by experiments. The philosophy, beauty and
perfection of the new Anthropology will be made apparent as the
subject is developed hereafter. Behind the region of understanding
are found several semi-intellectual organs,—Ideality and Marvellousness,
which have been recognized in the old system, and above them
Imagination and Spirituality, which in connection with Marvellousness
make a group to which I have given the name of Genius, as
when largely developed they give great brilliance and expansion of
mind. Immediately above Reason is a region producing Pliability and
Versatility, which greatly assists the reasoning faculty in mastering
unfamiliar truth. Admiration, adjacent to Imagination, gives great
power of appreciation and recognition of merit. Sincerity and Candor
or Expressiveness also add much to the capacity for attaining
truth; and Liberality, between Foresight and Benevolence, adds much
to the expansion of the understanding.

The middle intellectual region gives us Intuition and Clairvoyance
at the inner face of the front lobe, then Consciousness and observation,
running into recent and remote Memory, above the region of
Phenomena which recognizes the changes in physical objects.
Between Time and Invention we have System, lying between Order
below and Planning above. Between Invention and Ideality we have
Composition or Literary Capacity, and in Ideality a region of Meditation
(not marked) running into Somnolence, the region of Dreaming
and of Transcorporeal Perception or Impression. This runs into General
Physical Sensibility, through Impressibility (not marked), and
 anteriorly into the sense of Hearing (adjacent to Language and Tune).
The organ of Sensibility has many subdivisions unnecessary to mention
at present. Below this lies the region of Interior Sensibility,
which I have generally called Disease, because it gives so great a liability
to morbid conditions, but of course no condition in the human
constitution is morbid aside from injurious influences.

In the lower range of Intellectuality we find just below Order and
Calculation the sense of Force, which might be called the muscular
sense or sense of exertion, by means of which we perceive the action
of our muscles and attain great dexterity. Immediately over the
pupil of the eye we find the faculty of Vision or sense of Sight,
marked Light, which runs into a sense of Shade at the inner angle
of the eye, by which two perceptions everything in nature except
colors is recognized. Light extends up into Color. The middle of the
brow is therefore the seat of Vision, while Hearing is in the temples
behind the eye. The eye gives us the external location of the organs
just behind it, which I do not call Language, although certainly favorable
to the study of languages, in which Gall was practically correct.
The anterior surface of the middle lobe, represented by the eye and
the face, is a region of natural language or Expression, a tendency to
manifestation which is so conspicuous in children, but which becomes
subdued in adult life by the higher powers, during which change the
infantile fulness of face generally disappears. The prominence of
the eye therefore indicates a more active manifestation of intellect and
close attention to everything that interests, or thoughtful observation.

The face is marked as the region of Expression, which lies in the
anterior surface of the middle lobe, and gives the ready excitability
and disposition to manifest our feelings in response to all who
approach us. The upper portion of the face corresponds to the
expression of the upper surface of the brain, the lower to the occipital
region and the posterior inferior portion to the basilar region.
Hence the breadth and prominence of the lower part of the face is
not a pleasing feature. Ardor or evolution of warmth is expressed
by the prominence of the chin, which corresponds to the medulla
oblongata. Excitability running into Insanity is expressed below
the jaw, and its milder form as Childishness and tendency to Idiocy
below the anterior part of the jaw, while Hysterical Nervousness
appears below the chin, and Sexual Passion at the larynx.

On the side of the head we have Modesty and Reverence, the former
running down into Bashfulness and the latter into Humility or Servility.
Next to these we find Sublimity, which was correctly suggested
by the Edinburgh phrenologists. It lies between Reverence and Cautiousness.

Passing up from the timid and excitable region of Cautiousness to
its upper prudential region we reach a prudent, calm and self-controlling
region which is marked Sanity, as it is the power which overrules
the passionate excitability and gives us self-control and consequent
clearness of mind. Next behind Cautiousness comes Coolness or
Coldness, which is both a mental and physical quality, behind which
we have a region of Repose, the tendency of which is toward sleep.
 Below Coolness we have a region marked Force, which gives energy
and impulse without the violence that is developed lower down.

Immediately over the ear is the region of Irritability, the antagonist
of Patience. Going forward, the functions change to Excitability
and Sensibility; going back it becomes impulsive and somewhat
lawless. This impulse, antagonistic to Religion, manifests itself as
Impulsiveness and Profligacy. Farther back the impulse becomes
the Rivalry which is seen in all species of games as well as in the
competitions of all species of business and ambition. Rivalry runs
into grasping Selfishness, Acquisitiveness or avarice, and this, through
Jealousy and Deceit, into the familiar function of Combativeness.

Passing down from Combativeness, Jealousy, and Rivalry, we come
to a more intense hostility in Hatred, or the spirit of Domination and
Revenge (antagonistic to Love), anterior to which at the mastoid process
we find the maximum violence in Destructiveness and Desperation,
the antagonists of Hope, and Philanthropy or Kindness. This is
the murderous region, below and behind the ear, which Gall and
Spurzheim mislocated above it, whereas it belongs to the inferior face
of the brain, where the organs grow downward.

Passing forward and inward on the basilar surface, adjacent to the
petrous ridge of the temporal bone, and the anterior margin of the
tentorium, we reach in front the passional region of Rage and Insanity
and a little further back, a region of restless and lawless Turbulence,
which is marked upon the neck, and which antagonizes the regions of
Tranquillity, Patriotism, and the outer portion of Conscientiousness.

Anterior to the Destructive and Turbulent region, but a little more
external than Insanity, are the regions of Roguery and Pessimism,
which appear immediately at the ear and on the lower angle of the jaw,
which is marked as Melancholy on account of its sullen gloom, which
looks always on the unfavorable side. The organ manifested behind
the jaw through the inner ear or meatus auditorius is one of sensual
selfishness which, when predominant, produces Baseness or disregard
of all duties for our own indolent and profligate indulgence, antagonizing
Conscientiousness. Closely adjacent to this is the tendency
to Intemperance, belonging to the organ of Love of Stimulus, at
the posterior margin of Alimentiveness. Anterior to Alimentiveness
is the indolent region, the organ of Relaxation, between Disease and
Melancholy, the antagonist of Energy which gives untiring industry.

Looking at the occiput, we find below Self-esteem or Pride, which
was correctly located, the organs of Self-confidence, Love of Power,
and Arrogance, extending down the median line to the cerebellum.
Parallel to this we find Ostentation (which might be called Vanity)
and Ambition, organs which antagonize Modesty and Ideality, as
those of the median line antagonize Reverence. Next to Ambition
comes the region of Business Energy, a less aspiring and ostentatious
element than Ambition. Next to this come the regions of Adhesiveness,
the gregarious social impulse, Aggressiveness, the intermediate
between Adhesiveness and Combativeness, possessing much of the
character of each, and Self-sufficiency, which relies upon our own
knowledge and desires to lead others. These three organs are the
 antagonists of the intellectual, and yet by a wonderful law to be
explained hereafter, they co-operate with them. The region between
Aggressiveness, Repose, and Force is marked Stolidity, as that is the
effect of its predominance. It bears some resemblance to the stubborn
character of the upper portion of Combativeness, in which organ we
may clearly distinguish five or six different modifications of its energy.

Combativeness, Aggressiveness, and Business Energy run into Dogmatism,
a sceptical and domineering impulse. Ambition and Ostentation
run down into Loquacity and Fascination, below which we find
Familiarity, which runs into Arrogance and Sexual Virility. Between
the latter and the Turbulent region is the region of pure Animalism,
of which Sarcognomy shows the correspondence in the legs.
Above this in the region of Hatred is the location of Vital Force,
which has its correspondence at the upper posterior part of the thigh.
The general sympathy of the thigh is found in the restless and impulsive
region at the side of the neck, which antagonizes Cautiousness.

On the superior surface of the brain we find parallel to Religion
on each side, Philanthropy or Kindness, Hope and Love, which
antagonize Destructiveness, Desperation, and Hate. Anteriorly on
each side of Benevolence is a pleasing region antagonistic to
Combativeness and Jealousy, and manifesting many pleasing sentiments,
which I have grouped under the general title of Harmony.
In this region Faith and Candor, or love of truth, antagonize
Jealousy. Politeness, Imitation, Friendship, Admiration, Pliability,
Humor (or Mirthfulness), and Sympathy antagonize Combativeness.
The region of Genius antagonizes sceptical Dogmatism.

Behind Love, which self-evidently belongs to the higher region of
the brain, where the founders of the science failed to find it, comes
Conscientiousness, which was discovered by Spurzheim, and behind
that, experiment shows Fortitude, the antagonist of the sensuous
appetite, Energy, the antagonist of indolent relaxation, and Cheerfulness,
the antagonist of Melancholy, by which I have so often removed
depression of spirits, the lack of which leaves us a prey to melancholy.
Exterior to Conscientiousness comes Patriotism, or love of country.

Parallel to the posterior part of Firmness lies Heroism, or Hardihood,
next to which come Health and Oratory, then Approbativeness
and Playfulness, running into Sense of Honor and Magnanimity.
Approbativeness, Playfulness, Honor, Magnanimity and Self-sufficiency
might as one group be almost included in the old conception
of Approbativeness. Magnanimity is a faculty closely akin to
Self-esteem or Pride, but belongs more to interior sentiment and is
less external or demonstrative.

All of these new organs and faculties have been discovered, demonstrated
and studied since 1835, my first discoveries, which included
a great portion of the whole, having been made by the cranioscopic
method of Gall and Spurzheim, in which I found no difficulty in
detecting the errors of my predecessors, and discovering the truths
which are so patent to one who seeks them. But alas, the dispassionate
search for truth is the rarest virtue on earth. Even Gall himself
had not enough of this to recognize the discoveries of Spurzheim.
 Nor had Spurzheim enough to get rid of some of the palpable errors of
Gall, such as placing Acquisitiveness in the temples, Mirthfulness in
the philosophic group, and reversing the true positions of Tune and
Constructiveness, extending the latter into the middle lobe.
Spurzheim, however, was a better and more faithful observer than
Gall, and greatly improved the science of Phrenology, though he never
realized that from the brain we may develop a complete Anthropology.

This hasty enumeration of the psychic portion of the demonstrated
functions of the brain, which my predecessors failed to reach, will
give the reader some idea of the magnitude of the task to discover
all this, to establish its relations to anatomy, and, I may add, to
cerebral mathematics, and to organize the whole into a harmonious
philosophy, which demonstrates itself, when understood, by a divine
perfection which is beyond the power of human invention to originate.

Perhaps some readers may feel that I should have introduced the
subject by systematic demonstrations and narratives of experiments.
I avoid this because such narratives would not be attractive to
readers who are eager to reach a valuable truth, and do not wish to
go through the labors of discovery. Nor am I at all concerned about
demonstrations. If I have unveiled eternal truths, my successors, if
they are faithful students, will be compelled to see what I have seen,
and to verify my observations.

I simply KNOW the truth of what I present, from several reasons,
each one of which is sufficient in itself.

1. Experimental.—As an experimental investigation I have
many thousand times excited the organs of the brain in intelligent
persons and made them realize or show the effects as I stimulated
the intellect, the emotions, the passions or the physiological functions,
so as to bring out Memory, Intuition, Somnolence, Spirituality,
Love, Religion, Hope to ecstasy, Pride, Arrogance, Combativeness,
Avarice, Hunger, Theft, Insanity, Sleep, Mirth, Grief, etc., etc., and
the organs that change the action of the heart, the muscular strength
and the bodily temperature. These experiments have been made
before great numbers of enlightened persons and have been largely
repeated by my students. Manifestly I cannot speak with any less
confidence of Anthropology than a chemist does of chemistry, when
for forty-five years, I have ever been able and willing to demonstrate
its principles by experiments on intelligent persons, changing their
physical strength, their circulation and their mental faculties.

2. Sensitive.—I have felt nearly all the functions of the brain in
various degrees of excitement in my own person, and know the positions
of the organs as well as the gymnast knows the position of the
muscles in which he produces fatigue. My physical sensibility has
been so acute as to recognize by local sensations at all times the
degree of activity in any portion of the brain, manifested by local
warmth and sensibility, by a sanguineous pressure, by vivid sensations
in the scalp, with erection of the hair, or by aching fatigue, or by
irritations and tenderness in the scalp; or in case of inactivity by the
entire absence of sensation, or in case of obstruction by a distinct
feeling of oppression.

 3. Psychometric.—I have explored every portion of the brain
with care and minuteness by the psychometric method, even tracing
the convolutions and their anfractuosities, and observing from point
to point how beautifully and harmoniously the innumerable functions
blend with each other; how the different portions of a convolution
vary, and how the different conditions of the brain and different
degrees of excitement modify the results; and these investigations
have been carried on for years, until results were clearly
established and over and over confirmed by psychometry, by experiment,
and by consciousness.

4. Mathematical.—The development of so positive a science
enabled me to establish certain mathematical or Geometric laws of
cerebral action, concerning the direction and mode in which all faculties
act upon the mind and body, which laws constitute the Basic
Philosophy of Anthropology, the highest generalization of science.
These laws constitute a compact system of science, lying at the basis
of all psychology, as the bony skeleton is the basis of the human
form. These laws being easily demonstrated, and giving great
clearness and systematic beauty to the whole science, are alone a sufficient
demonstration. They constitute the science of Pathognomy.

5. Cranioscopy.—In describing characters or constitutions, the
new system is continually tested and demonstrated. All whom I
have taught find, when they test it, that, in its applications by
cranioscopy, the results invariably confirm the accuracy of the
science.

6. Correspondence.—Sarcognomy demonstrates in the body an
entire correspondence to the system of functions and organs discovered
in the brain. The same functions, on a lower plane and in
corresponding locations, are found in the body.

7. Application.—In the application of the science, not only to
the diagnosis of character and disease but to the solution of problems
in human nature, the explanation of temperaments, the determination
of relations between persons or sociology, the correction of
education, the organization of philosophy, the criticism of literature,
the philosophy of oratory and art, the development of a philosophic
pneumatology and religion, and, finally, the study of the
animal kingdom,—every application gives evidence of its competency
and its truth as a supreme science and philosophy.

Mastering the Science.—The large amount of detail of the
organology of the brain which has been presented, will, no doubt,
strike most readers with a sentiment of multitudinous confusion, and
a doubt of the possibility of their ever applying so complex a science
to the study of character. I have the pleasure of saying that the
difficulty quickly vanishes when one is rightly instructed, and that I
generally succeed in a single evening in making my pupils acquainted
with the localities so well as to avoid any material error. The more
perfectly any science is developed and understood the easier it
becomes to impart its principles. In the next chapter I will show
how easy it is to learn the organic locations of Anthropology and
apply them to the judgment of character.