BUCHANAN’S
JOURNAL OF MAN.

The World’s Neglected or Forgotten Leaders and Pioneers.

Leif Ericson, the long-forgotten Scandinavian discoverer of
North America, nearly five hundred years before Columbus, has at
last received American justice, and a statue in his honor has been
erected, which was unveiled in Boston, on Commonwealth Avenue,
before a distinguished assemblage, on the 29th of October.

The history of the Scandinavian discovery and settlement was
related on this occasion by Prof. E. Horsford, from whose address
the following passages are extracted:

“What is the great fact that is sustained by such an array of
authority? It is this: that somewhere to the southwest of Greenland,
at least a fortnight’s sail, there were, for 300 years after the
beginning of the 11th century, Norse colonies on the coast of America,
with which colonies the home country maintained commercial
intercourse. The country to which the merchant vessels sailed was
Vinland.

“The fact next in importance that this history establishes is, that
the first of the Northmen to set foot on the shores of Vinland was
Leif Ericson. The story is a simple one, and most happily told by
Prof. Mitchell, who for forty years was connected with the coast
survey of the United States in the latitudes which include the
region between Hatteras and Cape Ann. Leif, says Prof. Mitchell,
never passed to the south of the peninsula of Cape Cod. He was
succeeded by Thorwald, Leif’s brother. He came in Leif’s ship in
1002 to Leif’s headquarters in Massachusetts Bay and passed the
winter. In the spring, he manned his ship and sailed eastward from
Leif’s house, and, unluckily running against a neck of land, broke
the stem of the ship. He grounded the ship in high water at a
place where the tide receded with the ebb to a great distance, and
permitted the men to careen her in the intervals of the tide, to
repair her. When she was ready to sail again, the old stem or nose
of the ship was set up in the sand. Thorwald remained a couple of
years in the neighboring bay, examining sandy shores and islands,
but not going around the point on or near which he had set up his
ship’s nose. In a battle with the Indians he was wounded and died,
and was buried in Vinland, and his crew returned to Greenland. A
few years later, Thorfinn and his wife, Gudrid, set out with a fleet of
three ships and 160 persons, of whom seven were women, to go to
Vinland, and in two days’ sail beyond Markland they came to the
 ship’s nose set upon the shore, and, keeping that upon the starboard,
they sailed along a sandy shore, which they called Wunderstrandir,
and also Furderstrandir. One of the captains, evidently satisfied
that they were not in the region visited by Leif and Thorwald,
turned his vessel to the north to find Vinland. Thorfinn and
Gudrid went further south and trafficked, and gathered great
wealth of furs and woods, and then returned to Greenland and
Norway.”

Prof. Horsford refers next to various geographic names on the
New England coast which are of Scandinavian origin.

“What do all these names mean? They are certainly not Algonquin
or Iroquois names. They are not names bestowed by the
Plymouth or Massachusetts Bay colonies. Of most of them is there
any conceivable source other than the memories lingering among a
people whose ancestors were familiar with them? Are they, for the
most part, relics of names imposed by Northmen once residing here?

“I have told you something of the evidence that Leif Ericson was
the first European to tread the great land southwest of Greenland.
His ancestry was of the early Pilgrims, or Puritans, who, to escape
oppression, emigrated, 50,000 of them in sixty years, from Norway
to Iceland, as the early Pilgrims came to Plymouth. They established
and maintained a republican form of government, which
exists to this day, with nominal sovereignty in the King of Denmark,
and the flag, like our own, bears an eagle in its fold. Toward
the close of the 10th century a colony, of whom Leif’s father and
family were members, went out from Iceland to Greenland. In
about 999, Leif, a lad at the time of his father’s immigration, went
to Norway, and King Olaf, impressed with his grand elements of
character, gave him a commission to carry the Christianity to which,
he had become a convert to Greenland. He set out at once, and,
with his soul on fire with the grandeur of his message, within a year
accomplished the conversion and baptism of the whole colony, including
his father.

“To Leif a monument has been erected. In thus fulfilling the
duty we owe to the first European navigator who trod our shores,
we do no injustice to the mighty achievement of the Genoese discoverer
under the flags of Ferdinand and Isabella, who, inspired by
the idea of the rotundity of the earth, and with the certainty of
reaching Asia by sailing westward sufficiently long, set out on a
new and entirely distinct enterprise, having a daring and a conception
and an intellectual train of research and deduction as its foundation
quite his own. How welcome to Boston will be the proposition
to set up in 1892, a fit statue to Columbus.

“We unveil to-day the statue in which Anne Whitney has
expressed so vividly her conception of this leader, who, almost nine
centuries ago, first trod our shores.”

The statue, however, is purely fanciful, and gives no idea either of
the personal appearance or costume of the great sailor, who has
waited for this justice to his memory much longer than Bruno and
many other heroes of human progress.

 Columbus may have been original in his ideas, but it was the
Northmen who led in exploration. It was they who changed the old
flat-bottomed ships of the Roman Empire to the deep keels which
made the exploration of the Atlantic ocean possible.

This act of justice has been prompted by the appreciative sentiments
of the late Ole Bull, and the efforts of Miss Marie Brown, who
has lectured on the subject. Miss Brown says that Columbus
learned of the discovery of America at Rome, and also at Iceland,
which he visited in 1477. Indeed, Columbus was not seeking the
America of the Norsemen, but was sailing to find the Indies.

But now that historic justice is done, we realize that as Bryant expressed
it of Truth, “the eternal years of God are hers,” and she needs
a good many centuries to recover her stolen sceptre. The triumph
of truth follows battles in which there are many defeats that seem
almost fatal. What is the loss of five centuries in geographic truth
to the loss of a thousand years in astronomic science? It was for
more than a thousand years that the heliocentric theory of the
universe, developed by the genius of Pythagoras, was ignored,
denied, and forgotten, until the honest scholar, Copernicus, revived
it by a mathematical demonstration, which he did not live long
enough to see trampled on; for the great astronomer that next
appeared, Tycho Brahe, denied it, and the Catholic Church attempted
to suppress it in the person of Galileo, who is said to have been
forced by imprisonment and torture to succumb to authority (the
torture may not be positively known, but is believed with good
reason). Even Luther joined in the theological warfare against
science, saying, “I am now advised that a new astrologer is risen,
who presumeth to prove that the earth moveth and goeth about, not
the firmament, the sun and moon—not the stars—like as when one
sitteth on a coach, or in a ship that is moved, thinketh he sitteth
still and resteth, but the earth and trees do move and run themselves.
Thus it goeth; we give ourselves up to our own foolish
fancies and conceits. This fool (Copernicus) will turn the whole
art of astronomy upside down; but the Scripture showeth and
teacheth another lesson, when Joshua commandeth the sun to stand
still, and not the earth.”

The attitude of Luther in this matter was the attitude of the
Church generally, in opposition to science, for it assumed its position
in an age of dense ignorance, and claimed too much infallibility to
admit of enlightenment. Nevertheless, the Church feels the spirit of
the age and slowly moves. At the present time it is being slowly
permeated by the modern spirit of agnostic scepticism, which is
another form of ignorance.

Mankind generally occupy the intrenched camp of ignorance within
which they know all its walls embrace; outside of which they
look upon all that exists with feelings of suspicion and hostility, and
alas, this is as true of the educated as of the uneducated classes.
It was the French Academy that laughed at Harvey’s discovery
and at Fulton’s plan of propelling steamboats, and even at Arago’s
suggestion of the electric telegraph, as the Royal Society laughed at
 Franklin’s proposed lightning rods. It was Bonaparte who treated
both Fulton and Dr. Gall with contempt. It was the medical Faculty
that arrayed itself against the introduction of Peruvian bark,
which they have since made their hobby; and it was the same Edinburgh
Review which poured its ridicule upon Gall, that advised the
public to put Thomas Gray in a straight-jacket for advocating the introduction
of railroads. Equally great was the stupidity of the
French. The first railroad was constructed in France fifty years ago.
Emil Periere had to make the line at his own expense, and it took
three years to obtain the consent of the authorities. Their leading
statesman, Thiers, contended that railroads could be nothing more
than toys. We remember that a committee of the New York Legislature
was equally stupid, and endeavored to prove in their report
that railways were entirely impracticable. English opposition was
still more stupidly absurd. Both Lords and Commons in Parliament
were entirely opposed. “The engineers and surveyors as they went
about their work were molested by mobs. George Stephenson was
ridiculed and denounced as a maniac, and all those who supported
him as lunatics and fools.” “George Stephenson although bantered
and wearied on all sides stood steadfastly by his project, in spite of
the declarations that the smoke from the engine would kill the birds
and destroy the cattle along the route, that the fields would be ruined,
and people be driven mad by noise and excitement.”

Nothing is better established in history than the hostility of colleges
and the professional classes to all great innovations. “Truly
(says Dr. Stille in his Materia Medica) nearly every medicine has
become a popular remedy before being adopted or even tried by physicians,”
and the famous author Dr. Pereira declares that “nux vomica
is one of the few remedies the discovery of which is not the effect
of mere chance.”

The spirit of bigotry, in former times, jealously watched every
innovation. Telescopes and microscopes were denounced as atheistic,
winnowing machines were denounced in Scotland as impious, and
even forks when first introduced were denounced by preachers as
“an insult on Providence not to eat our meat with our fingers.”

It is not strange that the last fifty years have sufficed to cover
with a cloud of collegiate ignorance and bigotry the discoveries of
the illustrious Gall, for whom I am doing a similar service, to that
of Copernicus for Pythagoras.

This is nothing unusual in the progress of Science. There was
no brighter genius in physical science at the beginning of this century
than Dr. Thomas Young, who died in 1829, whose discoveries fell
into obscurity until they were revived by more recent investigation.
He had that intuitive genius which is most rare among scientists.

He was a great thinker and discoverer, who knew how to utilize in
philosophy discovered facts, and was not busy like many modern
scientists in the monotonous repetition of experiments which had
already been performed.

“At no period of his life was he fond of repeating experiments
or even of originating new ones. He considered that however
 necessary to the advancement of science, they demanded a great
sacrifice of time, and that when a fact was once established, time
was better employed in considering the purposes to which it might
be applied, or the principles which it might tend to elucidate.”

He says, in his Bakerian lecture, “Nor is it absolutely necessary
in this instance to produce a single new experiment; for of experiments
there is already an ample store.”

In a letter to his sister-in-law, Mrs. Earle, he says, “Acute suggestion
was then, and indeed always, more in the line of my ambition
than experimental illustration,” and on another occasion, referring
to the Wollaston fund for experimental inquiries, he said, “For my
part, it is my pride and pleasure, as far as I am able, to supersede the
necessity of experiments, and more especially of expensive ones.”
The famous Prof. Helmholtz said of Young:

“The theory of colors with all their marvellous and complicated
relations, was a riddle which Goethe in vain attempted to
solve, nor were we physicists and physiologists more successful. I
include myself in the number, for I long toiled at the task without
getting any nearer my object, until I at last discovered that a wonderfully
simple solution had been discovered at the beginning of this
century, and had been in print ever since for any one to read who
chose. This solution was found and published by the same Thomas
Young, who first showed the right method of arriving at the interpretation
of Egyptian hieroglyphics.”

“He was one of the most acute men who ever lived, but had the
misfortune to be too far in advance of his contemporaries. They
looked on him with astonishment, but could not follow his bold
speculations, and thus a mass of his most important thoughts remained
buried and forgotten in the ‘Transactions of the Royal Society,’
until a later generation by slow degrees arrived at the re-discovery of
his discoveries, and came to appreciate the force of his argument and
the accuracy of his conclusions.”

This half century of passive resistance to science, in the case of
Dr. Young and Dr. Gall, is nothing unusual. It was 286 years from
the day when Bruno, the eloquent philosopher, was burned at the
stake by the Catholic Church, before a statue was prepared to honor
his memory in Italy.

What was the reception of the illustrious surgeon, physiologist,
and physician, John Hunter? While he lived, “most of his contemporaries
looked upon him as little better than an enthusiast and an
innovator,” according to his biographer; and when, in 1859, it was
decided to inter his remains in Westminster Abbey, it was hard to
find his body, which was at last discovered in a vault along with
2000 others piled upon it.

Harvey’s discoveries were generally ignored during his life, and
Meibomius of Lubeck rejected his discovery in a book published
after Harvey’s death.

When Newton’s investigations of light and colors were first published,
“A host of enemies appeared (says Playfair), each eager to
obtain the unfortunate pre-eminence of being the first to attack conclusions
 which the unanimous voice of posterity was to confirm.”
Some, like Mariotte, professed to repeat his experiments, and
succeeded in making a failure, which was published; like certain
professors who at different times have undertaken to make unsuccessful
experiments in mesmerism and spiritualism, and have always
succeeded in making the failure they desired.

Voltaire remarks, and Playfair confirms it as a fact, “that though
the author of the Principia survived the publication of that great
work nearly forty years, he had not at the time of his death, twenty
followers out of England.”

If educated bigotry could thus resist the mathematical demonstrations
of Newton, and the physical demonstrations of Harvey, has
human nature sufficiently advanced to induce us to expect much
better results from the colleges of to-day—from Harvard, Yale,
Princeton, and the rest? If such a change has occurred, I have not
discovered it.

Neglect and opposition has ever been the lot of the original explorer
of nature. Kepler, the greatest astronomical genius of his
time, continually struggled with poverty, and earned a scanty subsistence
by casting astrological nativities.

Eustachius, who in the 16th century discovered the Eustachian
tube and the valves of the heart, was about 200 years in advance of
his time, but was unable, from poverty, to publish his anatomical
tables, which were published by Lancisi 140 years later, in 1714.

Not only in science do we find this stolid indifference or active
hostility to new ideas, but in matters of the simplest character and
most obvious utility. For example, this country is now enjoying
the benefits of fish culture, but why did we not enjoy it a hundred
years ago? The process was discovered by the Count De Goldstein
in the last century, and was published by the Academy of Sciences,
and also fully illustrated by a German named Jacobi, who applied it
to breeding trout and salmon. This seems to have been forgotten
until in 1842 two obscure and illiterate fishermen rediscovered and
practised this process. The French government was attracted by
the success of these fisherman, Gehin and Remy, and thus the lost
art was revived.

Even so simple an invention as the percussion cap, invented in
1807, was not introduced in the British army until after the lapse of
thirty years.

The founder of the kindergarten system, Friedrich Froebel, is
one of the benefactors of humanity. How narrowly did he escape
from total failure and oblivion.

The “Reminiscences of Frederich Froebel,” translated from the
German of the late Mrs. Mary Mann, gives an interesting account
of his life and labors, upon which the following notice is based:

“Froebel died in 1852, and it is possible that his system of education
would have died with him—to be resurrected and reapplied
by somebody else centuries later—only for a friend and interpreter
who remained to give his teachings to the world. This friend,
disciple, and interpreter was Madame Von Marenholz. His system
 of education had this peculiarity which made it different from any
other plan of teaching ever given to the world—it was first grasped
in its full significance by women. They, sooner than men, saw its
truth to nature, and its grand, far-reaching meaning, and became at
once its enthusiastic disciples. But the German women are in a
bondage almost unknown to their sisters of the other civilized races,
therefore Froebel’s reform progressed only slowly. Had his principles
been given to the world in the midst of American or English
women, they would most likely have been popularly known and
adopted long ago.

“Froebel did not see any very magnificent practical results flow
from the “new education” in his time. While he lived the ungrateful
tribe of humanity abused, misrepresented, and laughed him to
scorn, as it has done everybody who ever conferred any great and
lasting benefit on it. A touching illustration of this is given in the
anecdote narrating Frau Von Marenholz’s first meeting with the
founder of kindergartens. The anecdote begins the book, and it is
the key-note of the sorrowful undertone throughout.

“In 1849 Frau Von Marenholz went to the baths of Liebenstein.
She happened to ask her landlady what was going on in the place,
and in answer the landlady said that a few weeks before a man had
settled down near the springs who danced and played with the
village children, and was called by people “the old fool.” A few
days afterwards Madame Von M. was walking out, and met “the
old fool.” He was an old man, with long gray hair, who was marching
a troop of village children two and two up a hill. He was
teaching them a play, and was singing with them a song belonging
to it. There was something about the gray-haired old man, as he
played with the children, which brought tears into the eyes of both
Madame Von M. and her companion. She watched him awhile, and
said to her companion:

“‘This man is called ‘old fool’ by these people. Perhaps he is
one of those men who are ridiculed or stoned by contemporaries, and
to whom future generations build monuments.’”

“I knew,” says Madame Von M., “that I had to do with a true
man—with an original and unfalsified nature. When one of his
pupils called him Mr. Froebel, I remembered having once heard of a
man of that name who wished to educate children by play, and that
it had seemed to me a very perverted view, for I had only thought of
empty play, without any serious purpose.”

“Froebel met with violent opposition and ridicule all his life, and
just when at last he thought he had successfully planted his ideas,
there came a sudden death-blow to his hopes, which was also a
death-blow to the good and great man. The Prussian Government
was and is as tyrannical as William the Conqueror, who made the
English people put their lights out at dark, and suddenly, in August,
1851, the Prussian Government immortalized itself by passing a
decree forbidding the establishment of any kindergartens within the
Prussian dominions. In unguarded moments, Froebel had used the
expression “education for freedom,” in referring to his beloved plans,
 and that was enough for Prussia, in the ferment of fear in which she
has been ever since 1848. Kindergartens in Germany have not yet
recovered from this blow, and Froebel himself sunk under it and
died. But a little time before he died, he said: “If 300 years
after my death, my method of education shall be completely established
according to its idea, I shall rejoice in heaven.”

“Froebel’s life was full of strange vicissitudes and disappointments.
The few friends who understood him, and the children whom he
taught, and who, perhaps, understood him better than anybody else,
reverenced him, and loved him as father, prophet, and teacher.

“On his seventieth birthday, two months before his death, his
beloved pupils gave him a festival, which is beautiful to read about.
It must have gladdened the pure-hearted old man immeasurably.
Froebel was wakened at sun-rise by the festal song of the children,
and as he stepped out of his chamber to the lecture-room, he saw
that it had been splendidly adorned with flowers, festoons, and
wreaths of all kinds. The day was celebrated with songs and rejoicing,
and gifts were received from pupils and friends in various parts
of the world, and in the evening, after a song, a pupil placed a green
wreath upon the master’s head.

“Two months after this he died peacefully. One of his strongest
peculiarities was his passionate love for flowers, and during his illness
he repeatedly commended the care of his flowers to his friends.
He had the window opened frequently, so he could gaze once more
on the out-door scenes he loved so well. Almost his last words were:
‘Nature, pure, vigorous Nature!’”

John Fitch, the inventor of steamboats, was even less fortunate
than Froebel. No patron took him by the hand, and although his
invention was successfully demonstrated at Philadelphia in 1787, by
a small steamboat, the trial being witnessed by the members of the
convention that formed the Federal constitution, he could not obtain
sufficient co-operation to introduce the invention, and finally left his
boat to rot on the shores of the Hudson and returned to
his home at Bardstown, Ky., where he died in 1798. The unsuccessful
struggles of Fitch make a melancholy history. In his last
appeal he used this language: “But why those earnest solicitations
to disturb my nightly repose, and fill me with the most excruciating
anxieties; and why not act the part for myself, and retire under the
shady elms on the fair banks of the Ohio, and eat my coarse but
sweet bread of industry and content, and when I have done, to have
my body laid in the soft, warm, and loamy soil of the banks, with my
name inscribed on a neighboring poplar, that future generations when
traversing the mighty waters of the West, in the manner that I
have pointed out, may find my grassy turf.”

In the lives of Pythagoras, Copernicus, Galileo, Ericson, Bruno,
Harvey, Kepler, Newton, Hunter, Gall, Young, Froebel, Gray, Fitch,
Stephenson, and many others, we learn that he who assails the Gibraltar
of conservative and authoritative ignorance must expect to
conduct a very long siege, to maintain a resolute battle, and perhaps
to die in his camp, leaving to his posterity to receive the predestined
 surrender of the citadels of Falsehood and Darkness, for the eternal
law of the universe declares that all darkness shall disappear, and
Light and Peace shall cover the earth, as they already fill the souls
of the lovers of wisdom.

Social Conditions.

Transcendental Hash

The Winsted (Conn.) Press published an article on Buddhism in
America which is interesting as a specimen of the rosy-tinted fog of
some intellectual atmospheres, and the singular jumble of crude
thought in this country. As an intellectual hash it may interest the
curious. The following is the article:

BUDDHISM IN AMERICA.

While sectarian Christianity is, at great expense, with much ado,
making a few hundred converts in Asia among the ignorant, Buddhism
 is spreading rapidly in the United States, and is reaching our
most intelligent people, without any propaganda of missionaries or
force. There are already thousands of Buddhists in this country, and
their number is augmenting more rapidly perhaps than that of any
other faith, but of these probably comparatively few know that they
are following the Buddhistic lines of thought and have adopted the
principles of Buddhistic faith. Theosophy, mental science (sometimes
called “Christian science”), esoteric Christianity and Buddhistic
metaphysics are, we believe, substantially one and the same
thing, and we may also include their intimate relative, known here
as Modern Spiritualism, the difference between them being no greater
than that which invariably arises from different interpretations of
the same idea by different individuals under differing environment.
To compare these differences with the differences of the Protestant
sects would be exalting the sects, for sectarian Christianity is hardly
worthy of association with the exalted teachings of Buddha, the theosophists,
and the finer conceptions of our modern metaphysicians and
Spiritualists, yet we make the comparison for the sake of illustration.

Counting the philosophical modern Spiritualists we may say that
the number of people in this country who, without knowing it, perhaps,
are reasoning themselves into acceptance of Buddhistic teachings,
may be placed in the hundreds of thousands. A modified,
spiritualized, and improved form of Buddhism is, we suppose, likely
to unite the liberalized minds of this country (normal Christians and
Infidels alike) into a common and highly intellectual and spiritual
faith, opposed to which will be the less advanced people under the
leadership of the Roman Catholic church, representing the temporal
power of Christian priestcraft and the mythological superstitions
which have attached themselves to the precepts and teachings of the
Christ man of 1800 years ago.

Certainly no intelligent observer can look out upon the tremendous
upheaval of religious thought which is now taking place in this
country, without seeing that a new era has dawned in the spiritual
life of the American people and foreseeing a readjustment of religious
lines on a more elevated, less dogmatic and less antagonistic
plane. We have been passing through the very same experiences
that preceded a downfall of the polytheistic mythology, followed by
the new era of Christian mythology in one part of the world and
Buddhistic mythology in another. Jesus and Buddha both came to
deliver exalted teachings which would lift the world out of bondage
to an older faith and its more cruel superstitions and the corruptions
of priestcraft and gross ceremonials; both were reformers of
substantially the same abuses; both suffered for humanity, both lived
humble and inspired lives, both were interpreters of the same truths to
different peoples, both were good men, and both have come down to us
with their greatness exaggerated by their followers beyond anything
they claimed for themselves, while the personal existence of each is
shrouded in the same mystery and covered with the same doubt.
That these two men did exist as men we may well believe, but that
as personages they were incarnated on earth is a matter of small
 importance compared with the consequences which have followed
their supposed embodiment.

The decline of faith in the old theology and the silent acceptance
of new ideas by the church people of America, the rapid spread of infidelity
and aggressive agnosticism, and the hold which Modern
Spiritualism under various disguises now has upon the people,
premise tremendous changes, and indicate a new era of spiritual
thought—an era of better and sweeter life for mankind we trust.

Men and women who think alike will act together when prejudices
born of old names, partisan rivalries and personal animosities are
outgrown. A new philosophy with a new name, made up of the old
truths with new refinements and elaborations, will unite the liberal-minded
in a fraternity of thought based on a better understanding of
spiritual truths, and clearer comprehension of the importance to
humanity, of liberty, justice and love.

This new religion, if we mistake not the signs of the times, will or
does partake largely of theosophic and Buddhistic metaphysics and is
not, therefore, to be despised by our best thinkers. Buddhism corrupted
by Brahmic theocracy—as Christianity by Mosaic rites, by
papistic theology and sectarian piety—has come to us as a morbid
asceticism or worse, delighting in self-inflicted individual tortures
and revelling in unthinkable contradictions. This conception of it is
probably false and due more to deficiencies of language and unreceptive
habit of metaphysical thought than to perversity of ideas. A
system of highest ethics, and a religion without a personal God,
Buddhism deifies the soul of man and exalts the individual through
countless experiences of physical embodiment into a position of apparently
infinite wisdom—a condition beyond phenomenal existence
and of course indescribable. It neither annihilates life in nirvana nor
admits immortal existence as we understand existence—i.e., in a perpetually
objective form of some sort. It is better in some respects,
though older, than Christism. Buddhas and Christs alike, we are
taught, are only men sent from celestial congress to direct their
fellow men into higher paths leading to incomprehensible perfections,
and they are not more “gods” than other men, save in their greater
experience.

Theosophy is to Buddhism what Modern Spiritualism is to Christianity—an
acceptance of fundamental truths and rejection of priestly
ceremonials; an adoption of the spirit and denial of the letter; an application
of principles and ideas to real life and claiming not only to
have new light but to be ever progressive. It is highly and intensely
spiritual, and develops in some most marvellous powers over natural
forces. Its spirituality, however, does not leave the earth untouched
and mortal needs unrecognized. It is an advance movement in the
East, bringing substance and actuality to much that in Buddhism is
but vaporous ideality and bewildering prefiguration. It claims that
intervening land or water is no barrier to close personal association
of its brotherhood, and that they are confined to no land or clime.
Here in America it has followers who walk by its light, we are told,
without knowing it, and many students trying to encompass the mysteries
 of the occult science, which claims only to be like other science,
the fruit of study and discovery, giving mastery over subtle forces of
nature which physical scientists fail to recognize. Its ethics are the
highest conceivable, and the individual existence of the soul apart
from the body a matter of commonest demonstration among the
adepts.

Mental science so closely resembles theosophy, as we understand
it, that we hardly know the difference, save that of immaturity. It
is theosophy in its infancy, adapted to the status of American
thought in the psychological direction. Confined though it is at
present chiefly to the curing of the sick it is by no means admitted
that this is the limit or more than the beginning of its adaptation to
human needs. It is spending in this country with amazing rapidity,
and though yet a child is certain to bring about a great change in
the ideas of many regarding mind, its power over and priority to
matter. So far as its students devote their attention to other than
such comprehension of its postulates as is necessary to become
healers, they are Buddhistic in thought and expression, and some
even accept a modified theory of metempsychosis known as reincarnation.
Still they reject the philosophy of Spiritualism respecting
spirit life, and appear to be all at sea as regards the immediate future
of the individual. In their utterances on this they are more
Buddhist than Christian, as in other respects. They doubt or deny
individual existence of the soul. The Spiritualist believes that his
soul will have for all time a body of some sort, spiritual or physical,
and his spirit-world and life are filled with very human occupations,
thoughts and desires, carried on amid familiar scenery in a very
substantial and earth-like manner. He believes in progress
eternal, and the possibility of final mergement of his individual self
into the All-Self is so remote as to give him no concern. But the
mental scientist, as near as we can express his notion, rejects the
idea of spiritual embodiment, regards his personality as purely
mortal and his soul one with indivisible God, now and forever.
Personality is not an attribute of his soul; spirit or astral body he
does not understand as ever existing to preserve individuality after
physical dissolution—in this differing as much from the theosophist
as from the Spiritualist.

When these modernized Buddhists, Spiritualists and Christians,
and liberal thinkers, generally, unite—as they easily may, for they
have now no irreconcilable disagreement—they will form a powerful
body of thinking and progressive religionists. And their religion
will be a better Buddhism than Buddha taught, a broader Christianity
than Christ revealed, a deeper Spiritual philosophy than Swedenborg
or Davis heralded. Of course we welcome the opening day
and its new light and promise, for the old theologies are wearisome
emptiness and humbug, and the new isms cold and repellant or insufficient
in their testimony. We do not expect that a new church
will arise and a new sectarianism follow. But a new conception of
life, its origin, purpose and destiny may come to lift the people of
America out of the old religious rut. And in consequence the old
 depressing question, “Is life worth living?” answered once by
Buddha’s No, may be answered anew by Humanity’s Yes.

The observations of this writer refer more to certain progressive
and restless classes in this Northeastern region than to the United
States generally. The churches are not diminishing in the number
of their members, but steadily gaining in numbers and also in
liberality. The new religion and philosophy of the future will be
luminous, scientific and philanthropic—not a conglomeration of
vague speculations. True, reverential religion is not a dreamy or
speculative impulse, but an earnest love of mankind and of duty,
which does not waste itself in unprofitable speculations, but eagerly
pursues the positive knowledge of this life and the next, which gives
practical wisdom and diffuses happiness. All systems of religion
talk about love and recommend it, but their followers seldom realize
it in their lives. The religion of the future will realize it. Apropos
to this subject, Col. Van Horn, of the Kansas City Journal, says:

“And as another result of missionary work, there are now in the
United States, in England and on the continent, missionaries of Buddhism
sent by the schools of the East, to convert us to the philosophy
of Gautama. This may sound startling to the general reader,
but it is not only a fact, but they have made converts and are making
them with a rapidity that is remarkable, making more from us
than we are from them. And they are from the very best and
brightest intellects among us—not the illiterate, but the most cultured
of the educated classes. It will not do to suppress this fact in the
discussion—for this is an age when facts must be looked in the face.”

Just Criticism.

The intellectual editor of the Kansas City Journal has made some
very philosophic remarks on the materialistic philosophy of fashionable
Scientists, which with some abridgment are here presented:

“As an illustration of its methods of dealing with so subtle a thing
as human intelligence, we have a recent singular example in Paris,
by the eminent physician Charcot, and others, which illustrates how
great men in special departments walk blindfold over things that afford
no mystery to common minds. We allude to certain experiments in
hypnotism—the professional name for mesmerism. The medical profession
for more than half a century sneered at the discoveries of Mesmer,
until now compelled to recognize them, they have not the manliness to
acknowledge the fact, but invent a new and inaccurate nomenclature
to conceal their change of front. To make a long story short these
gentlemen have put a subject under the influence one day, enjoined
him to commit a theft or a murder at a given hour the next day, and
despite every effort of will on the part of the subject, the crimes have
been attempted, and the victim only saved from himself by the interposition
of the operator, who was present to remove the influence—or
through the understanding of the party against whom the offence
was to be committed, in the form of the robbery actually carried out.

 “But what does science do with this fact? Nothing but announce
it, and then proceed to dig among molecules and their related agitations
for the solution of the mystery.”

[This is what certain scientists do, but their follies are not chargeable
to Science, nor to the whole body of Scientists. The ablest
thinkers to-day, the deepest inquirers, look to the powers of the soul,
and the new anthropology traces these powers to their localities in the
brain.—Ed. of Journal.]

“How old is this fact? As old as the race. At one time it was
called necromancy, at another witchcraft, at another the inspiration
of God, at a subsequent time animal magnetism, at another called
after one of its more modern discoverers,—mesmerism—now
hypnotism—which is only another name for magnetic sleep—if anybody
knows what that is—or for somnambulism. Common sense tells
common people that it is only an abnormal manifestation of the
power that gives one person control over another, or enables one
person to influence another. The simple every-day habit of exacting
a promise from your neighbor to do a certain thing, or for you to
make a like promise, and execute it. Sickness is a partial compliance
with the conditions of mortality—death being the complete process.
So the hypnotic experiences are the completed illustrations of the
common power which we call personal influence. That is all. But
that is not mysterious enough for learned people—it is not scientific
enough—as everybody can understand it.

“Then, too, it suggests another thing that is fatal to it in the estimation
of the teacher—it suggests that what we call the human
mind or soul is a potential thing, that acts through the every-day
machinery of our bodies, and may be more or less within the grasp of
the common mind. There is a higher plane of knowledge than that
of mere physical science, and if the theologian mistook its teaching,
it is no reason why the pursuit of that knowledge on this higher plane
should be ignored. Hence it is that this discovery by Charcot and
others, to which we allude, has as yet been barren of fruit, because
the methods of science to which the discoverers are wedded forbid the
admission of the psychic problem that underlies the remarkable phenomena.

“And just here, it may as well be said first as last,—that the profession
to which these eminent men belong, nor any one school of
applied science, will ever read the lesson of these experiments, nor
will any of the so-called regular schools of learning. The riddle will
be read by some thinker outside, and when the bread-and-butter
purveyors of theology, science and the schools have become indoctrinated,
and prefer to pay their money for the new instead of the old—then
these self-constituted teachers of humanity will all know that
the cow was to eat the grindstone—and teach the fact. We simply
state a fact, known to history, that the progress of the world is due
to the inventor and discoverer, and not to the schools. Every single
thing, from the advent of modern astronomy to the electric light, has
been from the ranks of the people by discovery or invention, and had
to fight its way against the teaching class, from time immemorial.
 The circulation of the blood, which every pig-sticker knew since
knives were invented, had to be forced upon medical science by a
quack. And now, although the phenomena we refer to have been
before the teaching class since history records anything, and although
Mesmer taught it experimentally eighty years ago, science has now
only got so far as to admit the existence of the phenomena.

“Why have not the professions given these things more attention,
and why have they in these modern days for three quarters of a century
practically denied their existence? That question is a legitimate
one. And at the risk of being charged with unfriendliness, it
must be said that it was either from an inability to think or from a
narrow creedism that will not accept a truth from outside discovery.
The effect of this, and what constitutes a crime in the teaching class,
is, that it has for all these long years shut out this now accepted
knowledge from the masses of humanity who look to this teaching
class as authority,—and to use a business form of speech,—pay
them for finding and teaching the truth. And so the learning of the
world and the common mass of mind has, after nearly a century, to
begin where the ostracised Mesmer left off—a long, dark, weary denial
of the truth by the simple refusal to investigate. This is a
serious arraignment, but it is admitted to-day by the scientific world
to be but the simple truth.

“And what do we find now? Why, these same men who, for more
than eighty years, have been denying this truth, now whistle down
the wind as fanatics, dreamers and cranks, those who all the time
have recognized the truth, and been seeking the law underlying its
remarkable phenomena.”

[This strictly just arraignment applies to the entire body of the old-fashioned
and so-called regular medical and clerical professions, all of
whom have been educated into ignorance on these subjects by the
colleges, which are the chief criminals in this warfare against science
and progress. It was impossible to teach the true science of man in
any college but the one of which I was one of the founders and the
presiding officer; to obtain the necessary freedom in teaching the highest
forms of science, I have been compelled to establish the College of
Therapeutics in Boston.—Ed. of Journal.]

And this class holds simply that the human being is a living soul,
that, for the time being, acts through the organism we call the human
body, and that these living beings have an affinity of conditions by
which they act and react one upon another, the manifestation of
which we call society or social life. That is all there is to this seeming
mystery when reduced to simple terms. It is a question that
chemistry cannot deal with because analysis is not the method.
Molecules, to use a homely phrase, are a good thing, but molecules
don’t think, and this thing we are considering does think. Molecules
are amenable to chemical affinities, and their condition one instant is
not and cannot be their condition the next instant. So, if to-day at
twelve o’clock the molecules are in combination, chemically, to suggest
a theft, they may undergo, and we see do undergo, billions of
changes before the hour of meridian arrives to-morrow—and not at
 all likely at that exact moment to be in the stealing combination
again. Or, if so, it is not likely to be for stealing exactly the same article
it was combined on the day previous. Yet this infinite series
of impossibilities must be possible to have the experiments we refer to
come true—on the theory of molecular action. This is one of those
absurdities that men call the marvellous discoveries of science.
No crank in Christendom ever conceived anything so utterly absurd.

Common sense comes to our help here, and tells us that this power
is from an intelligence that controls molecules, and that this molecular
activity is but the motor force which this intelligence uses to execute
its purpose; that this purpose is, or may be, continuous, because this
intelligence is continuous. And as it is thus paramount, and controlling
as to this motor force, which to us is the phenomena of
what we call life, it must be thus paramount, be persistent—or in
other words, immortal. And it must be immortal because it has been
the agent of conception and growth—or antecedent. And if it had
the antecedent potency, its potentiality cannot cease when it becomes
consequent—or when the machinery which is propelled by this motor
force is worn out, or broken, and its use destroyed.

Progress of Discovery and Improvement.

 Life and Death.

122 years.—The great-grandfather of the dramatist Steele Mackaye,
named John Morrison, was an old Covenanter and preached
in the same parish a hundred years. He lived to be 122. His name,
written in the old Bible after he was a centenarian, looks like a
copperplate.

154 years.—The Cincinnati Evening Telegram recently published
a special from San Antonio, Tex., which says: News has just reached
here, from a most reliable source, of the recent death in the State of
Vera Cruz, Mex., of Jesus Valdonado, a farmer and ranchman of considerable
possessions. This man’s age at the time of death was indisputably
154 years. At Valdonado’s funeral the pall-bearers were
his three sons, aged respectively 140, 120, and 109 years. They
were white-haired, but strong and hearty, and in full possession of all
their faculties.

Americus, Ga., Sept. 25.—Edmond Montgomery died on Nick
Jordan’s place, near the county line of Schley, aged 102 years. He
was an African chief of the Askari tribe, and was taken to Virginia
from Africa in 1807, when he was a young man. He had a large
family in Virginia, and when he died he left his third wife and 25
children in Georgia. His grandchildren and great-grandchildren
are unknown and unnumbered. He had remarkably good eyesight
and health, and never took a dose of medicine in his life.

Thirty-three Children.—A West Virginian named Brown
recently visited Washington to furnish evidence in a pension claim.
Inquiry showed that his mother had borne thirty-three children in
all. Twenty of this number were boys, sixteen of whom had served in
the Union army. Two were killed. The others survived. The
death of the two boys entitles the mother to a pension. General
Black says the files of the office fail to show another record where
the sixteen sons of one father and mother served as soldiers in the
late war.

Effect of Poverty.—“M. Delerme, a distinguished Parisian
physician, found that in France the death rate of persons between
the ages of forty and forty-five, when in easy circumstances, was
only 8.3 per one thousand per annum, while the poorer classes of
similar age died at the rate of 18.7. That was two and one-half
times as many of the poor as the rich died in France at these ages
out of a given number living.”

Jenny Lind Goldschmidt, the famous Swedish singer, died at
London Nov. 1st at the age of 69. She was born of poor parents
and made her first appearance on the stage at nine years of age.

“Mrs. Rachel Stillwagon, of Flushing, claims to be the oldest
woman on Long Island. She has just celebrated her 102d birthday,
surrounded by descendants to even the fifth generation. Three-quarters
of a century ago the fame of Mrs. Stillwagon’s beauty extended
as far south as Baltimore.”

 Chap. X.—The Law of Location in Organology.

The primal laws applied to the brain—The four directions—The elements
of good and evil—The horizontal line of division—Frontal
and occipital organs and vertical dividing line—Preponderance
of the front in certain heads—Gall, Spurzheim, and Powell—Contrast
of frontal and occipital—Latitude, longitude, and
antagonism—Location of Health and Disease, of Benevolence,
Conscientiousness, Acquisitiveness and Baseness, Energy and
Relaxation or Indolence, Patience and Irritability—Duality of
the brain and its important consequences—Errors of old
system—Self-respect and Humility—Modesty and Ostentation—Combativeness
and Harmony—Love and Hate—Adhesiveness and
Intellect, median and lateral—Religion and Profligacy—Laws
of arrangement and Pathognomy—Physiological influences of
basilar and coronal regions—Insanity—beneficial influence of
coronal region.

To feeble minds, that excel only in memory, an arbitrary statement
of facts to be recollected may be satisfactory, but to those who
are capable of fully understanding such a science as Anthropology,
arbitrary details, void of principle and reason, are repulsive. A
chart of the human brain, without explanation of its philosophic
basis and relations, embarrasses even the memory, for the memory of
a philosophic mind retains principles rather than details.

After many years of experimental investigation, I have long since
fully demonstrated that the human constitution is developed in accordance
with the universal plan of animal life, and the human brain
is organized functionally in accordance with those higher laws of
life, which control all the relations of the spiritual and material
worlds,—all interaction between mind and matter. These primal
laws are easily comprehended, and their application to the brain
removes all the perplexing complexity of organology.

Their application to the brain may be stated as follows: The
upper legions of the brain, pointing upwards, relate to that which is
above,—to the spiritual realm, to love, religion, duty, hope, firmness,
and all that lifts us to a higher life. The lower regions point downwards,
and expend their energy upon the body, rousing the heart
and all the muscles and viscera, developing the excitements, passions,
and appetites.

The maximum upward tendency is at the middle of the superior
region, and the maximum downward tendency at the middle of the
basilar region, while organs half-way between them are neutral
between these opposite tendencies. Hence every faculty or impulse
has a location in the brain, higher or lower, as it has a more spiritual
or material tendency, and as its influence on the character inclines to
virtue or vice. The better the faculty, the higher its location,—the
more capable of evil results, the lower it is placed. The higher
position given to the nobler faculties accords with their right to rule
the inferior nature, the predominance of which is evidently abnormal,
 and the effects of which, in this abnormal predominance, are expressed
by terms full of evil, although their functions in due subordination
are useful and absolutely necessary.

In applying this principle, we realize that such a faculty as Conscientiousness
must be near the very summit, and that propensities
to theft and murder must belong to the base. That such propensities
exist in many, we know, and it is an absurd optimism which
would ignore such facts because they are abnormal. The world is
full of human abnormality, because it is not yet above the juvenile
age of its growth, which is the age of feebleness and folly, disease
and crime. The imperfect organism of childhood is incapable of
resisting either temptation or disease. The twenty-five millions
destroyed by the black death, in the fourteenth century, and the
countless millions destroyed by war in all centuries, including the
present, show how little we have advanced beyond the spirit of
savage life. The ferocity of nations is as much the product of their
cerebral organization, as the ferocity of the tiger, and springs from
the same region of the brain,—lying on the ridge of the temporal
bone,—a region that delights in fierce destruction, and is large in
all the carnivora. It would be contrary to the spirit of science to
ignore the fact that man has an element of ferocity similar to that of
the tiger, because in the fully developed man that fierce element is
overruled by the higher powers and confined to the destruction of
that which does not suffer. The unwillingness to recognize anything
evil comes not from the spirit of science, but from the a priori
assumptions of sentimental theology, which presumes that it thoroughly
comprehends the Deity (who is beyond all human comprehension),
and, out of its imaginative ignorance, fabricates a priori
philosophies and doctrines that everything in man is good, or that
everything in man is evil. Anthropology has not thus been evolved
from a priori speculation, but presents its systematic doctrines as
generalizations of the facts and experiments which have been carefully
acquired and studied through the last half-century. The facts
and experiments are too numerous to be recorded and published
now, and had no channel for publication when they occurred.

Everything in the lower half of the brain has a tendency to evil,
in proportion to its over-ruling power, and everything in the upper
half operates in proportion to its elevation with that controlling
influence against evil, which uplifts him toward angelic or divine
superiority.

The brain may be divided by a horizontal line from the center of
the forehead into its coronal and basilar halves, and by a vertical
line from the cavity of the ear, into its frontal and occipital halves.

The vertical line separates the more passive and the more active
faculties. The posterior half of the brain is the source of the backward
forces by which the body is advanced, as the anterior half is
the source of the forward movements by which our progress is
checked. The posterior half would make blind, unceasing, irrepressible
action—the anterior half would produce a state of relaxed and
feeble tranquillity and sensibility—the condition of a helpless victim.
 The concurrence of the two is indispensable to human life, and
the necessity of their more or less symmetrical balance is so great
that nature balances the head upon the condyles of the occipital
bone, at the summit of the neck, which are so located as to correspond
very nearly with the opening of the ear.

The contour of the head is very nearly that of a semicircle, with
its center an inch or more above the cavity of the ear. Thus wisely
has nature arranged in well-balanced individuals the symmetrical
proportion between the active and passive elements of life. In the
head of the writer there is a preponderance of the passive over the
active elements, which gives him the attraction to a studious, rather
than active or ambitious life.1 In nations or races of ambitious
character, the head is long, or Dolico-cephalic, and the occipital
measurement is larger than the frontal, but in those of peaceful, unambitious
character, like the ancient Peruvian and the Choctaws of
the United States, the occipital measurement is less than the frontal.

From these remarks the reader will understand that force belongs
to the occiput and gentleness to the front. The occipital region is
associated with the spinal column and the limbs, in which regions the
vital forces reside. Hence the occipital action of the brain generates
vital force and diffuses it in the body, while the frontal region, in
its aggregate tendency, expends the vital force—the greatest
tendency to expenditure being in the most extreme frontal region.
Both the front lobe and the anterior extremity of the middle lobe
tend to the expenditure of vital force and destruction of health, and
it is absolutely necessary to life that the action of the front lobe
should be suspended one-third of our time by sleep, without which
it would exhaust vitality.

We shall therefore find that organs are located farther backward
in proportion to the energy and impelling power of the faculty,
and farther forward in proportion to their delicacy and intellectuality—the
extreme front being the region of maximum intelligence.

With these two rules, giving the latitude by the ethical quality
and the longitude by the active energy, I have been accustomed to
require my pupils to determine the location of the various elements
of human nature, bearing in mind that organs of analogous functions
are located near together, and organs of opposite or antagonistic
functions occupy opposite locations in the brain; and thus in proportion
as one is above the horizontal line the other is below it, and in
proportion as one is forward the other is backward,—in proportion
 as one is interior or near the median line, the other is exterior or
toward the lateral surface.

With this introductory explanation, I begin by asking, Where
should we locate the faculty which has the maximum degree of
healthy influence, and is therefore called Health? They will readily
decide that it belongs to the posterior half of the head, but not the
most posterior, as it is not of restless or impulsive character. Then
as to its latitude they readily decide that it must be considerably
above the middle zone and in the upper posterior region where, after
comparing locations, they generally agree that its position corresponds
to the spot marked by the letters He.

We then inquire where the faculties should be located which give
us the least capacity to resist disease, the least buoyant health, and the
greatest liability to succumb to injuries. This being opposite to the
 last faculty must be located diametrically opposite, in a position anterior
and inferior, which would bring it to the anterior end of the
middle lobe. As this organ gives so great a sensitive liability to disease,
it is not improper to call it the organ of Disease, if we recollect
that that is its abnormal action, as murder is the abnormal action of
Destructiveness. Its normal action gives a very acute interior sensibility
by means of which we understand our physical condition and
are warned of every departure from health.

The pupils generally locate this organ very nearly as is shown by
the letters Di.

We have now gained an additional rule for guiding the location, viz.,
that in proportion as a faculty is of healthy tendency it is located
nearer to Health, and in proportion as it is of morbid tendency it
must be located nearer to Disease.

Let us now take two such faculties as Benevolence or good will
and Integrity or Conscientiousness. They will readily decide that
Benevolence must be in the superior anterior region, as it is a virtue
of the weak or yielding class, and that Conscientiousness, which
makes us just and honest, must be among the highest organs, much
farther back than Benevolence but not so far back as Health. There
is no difficulty in agreeing upon the locations, shown by the letters
Be. and Con.

If now we seek for the opposite faculties, which lead to selfish and
dishonorable action, the antagonist of Benevolence will be unanimously
located below and behind the centre, where it is represented
by the letters Ac., as Avarice or Acquisitiveness is the leading manifestation
of the selfish faculty.

As the faculty of Conscientiousness gives us the control of our impulses
and selfish or sensual inclinations to qualify for the performance
of duty, its antagonist gives the vigor to the sensual, violent and
selfish passions, and prompts to the utter disregard of duty. The one
being vertically above the centre of the brain, the other must be vertically
below it; one being on the upper the other must be on the
basilar surface. This brings it below the margin of the middle lobe,
which is above the cavity of the ear. Hence through the cavity of
the ear we reach underneath the basis of the middle lobe, where it
rests on the petrous ridge of the temporal bone, and the external marking
would correspond to the cavity of the ear or meatus auditorius.
For this organ and faculty, the name which would express its unrestrained
action is Baseness, as it would lead to the commission of
many crimes and the violation of all honesty and justice. For its
moderate and restrained activity, the term Selfishness would be sufficient
as it induces us to heed our selfish appetites, interests, and passions,
in opposition to the voice of duty. Its more normal activity is
to invigorate our animal life generally and prevent us from going too
far in the line of duty, patience, forbearance and benevolence. Let
it be marked Ba. Its position will be recognized on the vertical line
between the frontal and occipital, as it is not an element of energy
and success, nor of debility, but simply an element of debasing animalism,
which is not destitute of force.

 There are in the human constitution the opposite elements of untiring
energy or industry, and of indolent relaxation. To the former
we must give an exalted position, as it is the sustaining power of all
the virtues; and it must evidently be farther back than conscientiousness
as it is of a more vigorous character. It is favorable to
health and therefore near that organ, and being free from selfishness
it is not far behind Conscientiousness. The letters En. show its location.
Energy being thus behind Conscientiousness, its antagonist
Relaxation, the source of indolence, must be anterior to Baseness,
where we locate the letters Re.

The opposite elements of Serenity or Patience, and Irritability
are easily located; the former is obviously entitled to a high
position. From its quiet nature it cannot be assigned to the
occiput, and from its steady, unyielding and supporting strength,
it cannot be assigned to the frontal region. It must, therefore,
be in the middle superior region, where the letters Pa. locate it.
Irritability must be on the median line of the basilar range (and
antagonizes Patience on the middle line above), but not as low
as Baseness, for one may be honorable though irritable and high-tempered,
but such temper is not compatible with very strict conscientiousness.

In locating organs we are to remember that the brain is not a
single but a double apparatus—a right and a left brain, each
complete in all the organs; consequently, we are in this instance
locating our organs in the left hemisphere alone, in which the
median line where it meets the other hemisphere is on its right
side, and the exterior surface is on its left. An organ located at the
median line, or inner surface, as Patience, must have its antagonist
at the external or lateral surface, as Irritability.

The right hemisphere has the organs of the left side along the
median line, and the organs of its right side on the exterior surface.
The left hemisphere has the reverse arrangement. Consequently,
the right side of each hemisphere and the left side of the other are
identical in function. How then does the right side of one compare
with the right side of the other, and the left side with the left? Dr.
Gall and his followers have overlooked these questions, and fallen
into very great errors in consequence. Gall, for this reason, was
mistaken in the natural language of the organs, as will be hereafter
shown, having spoken of it as if we had a single brain,
and also mistaken in many of the organs concerning which a
knowledge of the relations of the two hemispheres to each other
would have corrected the errors. There is a striking analogy, or
coincidence of function between the two right sides and between
the two left sides never suspected prior to my investigations and
experiments.

Let us next look for the sentiment of Pride, or Self-respect, which
has been called Self-esteem. It is a sentiment of conscious ability.
Its character is dignity, rather than selfishness. We readily
perceive that it must be in the upper region, but considerably
behind the vertical line, where we place the letters S.R.

 The question may now arise whether it should be nearer to the
right or the left side of the hemisphere, its inner or outer surface.
The law governing this matter is that organs of external manifestation
are at the median line, but those of more interior and spiritual
character are generally at the lateral or exterior surface. Self-respect,
or Pride, is an organ of strong exterior manifestation, and
is, therefore, at the median line between the hemispheres. Its antagonist
must, therefore, be sought at the external or lateral surface,
as far below the horizontal division, as Self-respect is above it, and as
far forward as Self-respect is backward. Hence we find Humility
where the letters Hu. are located.

The idea of a specific antagonist to Self-esteem was never entertained
in the phrenological school, but it is obviously indispensable,
for Humility, which gives an humble or servile character, and disqualifies
for any high position, is as positive an element as the opposite,
and is very common in the dependent and humble classes of society.
This organ diminishes our psychic energy in proportion to its distance
in front of the ear and qualifies for submission instead of command.

If we look for the seat of Modesty, we should look in front of the
ear, but not so far forward as for Intellect. We would look near
the horizontal line, not to the upper surface, and would see the
propriety of locating it in the temples at the letters Mo. For its
antagonism in Ostentation we should look to the occiput. That
species of modesty which produces a bashful and yielding character
will be found just below the horizontal line, while that form of
modest sentiment which produces the highest refinement rises into
connection with love at the upper surface. The organ thus runs
obliquely upward, corresponding to the position of the convolutions.
The antagonist, Ostentation, extends above and below the letters
Ost. on the occiput.

If we seek the organs that impel to contention and combat, we
would naturally look to the lower posterior region, but not the
lowest. We find Combativeness behind the ear, marked Com. Its
antagonist, which shuns strife and seeks harmony, must evidently
be in the superior anterior region, and near the intellectual organs
which it resembles in function by facilitating a mutual understanding,
and giving a spirit of concession. The location is marked Har.
for Harmony. It embraces a group of organs of harmonious
tendency, such as Friendship, Politeness, Imitation, Humor, Pliability
and Admiration, as the Combative group is hostile, stubborn,
morose and censorious.

For the sentiment of Love we look to the upper surface of the brain
as the seat of the nobler sentiments. Being a stronger sentiment
than Harmony, it should be located farther back where we place the
letters Love. Its antagonism must be on the basilar surface, and a
little behind the vertical line, as Love is before it. This antagonistic
faculty would domineer and crush. Its extremest action would result
in Hatred. Its location is marked by the letters Ha. and Do.

Upon the principles already stated, the intellect occupies the extreme
front of the brain—the anterior surface of the front lobe. Its
 general character will be represented by its middle—the region of
Consciousness and of Memory (Memory). The faculties that relate
to physical objects, the intellect common to animals, would necessarily
occupy the lower stratum along the brow (Perception), while the
higher species of intellect would occupy a higher position at the
summit of the forehead. Sagacity, Reason, and other similar forms
of intellect, marked Understanding, are above—physical conceptions
below—Memory, which retains both, lying between them.

The perceptive power, with the widest exterior range, is at the median
line, where we find clairvoyance; and the interior meditative
power, such as Invention, Composition, Calculation, and Planning,
belongs to the lateral or exterior surface of the forehead, according
to the principles just stated. Adhesiveness (Adh.) is the centre of
the antagonism to the intellect.

Religion, which relates to the infinite exterior, to the universe and
its loftiest power, must evidently be upon the median line and in the
higher portion of the brain, farther back than Benevolence, as it is
a stronger sentiment, but not so far back as Patience and Firmness.

Its antagonism must be at the lower external surface, behind Irritability,
(as Religion is before Patience,) but before Acquisitiveness.
The tendency of such a faculty must be toward a lawless defiance of
everything sacred, a passionate, impulsive self-will and selfishness, resulting
in lawless profligacy. Profligacy would, therefore, be the
name for its predominance (Pr.), while executive independence and
energy for selfish purposes would be its more normal manifestation.

Thus we might go over the entire brain, showing that all the locations
of functions which have been learned from comparison of crania
with character, and which have been absolutely demonstrated by experiments
upon intelligent persons, are arranged in accordance with
general laws which are easily understood. The perfection of divine
wisdom is made fully apparent when we see the vast complexity of
the psychic phenomena of man.

“A MIGHTY MAZE BUT NOT WITHOUT A PLAN,”

subjected to laws of arrangement and harmony that make it so clearly
intelligible. Far more do we realize this when we master the science
of Pathognomy, and discover that all the attributes or faculties of
the human soul, and all its complex relations with the body, are demonstrably
subject to mathematical laws.

I do not propose in this sketch to go through all the details of the
localities as I might with the anatomical models before a class, but
would refer, in conclusion, to the location of the physiological functions
of the brain.

Its basilar surfaces, pointing downwards, have their normal influence
upon the body. Behind the ear they act upon the spinal cord and
muscular system. Hence basilar depth produces vital force and
muscular power. But as the basilar functions, which use the body,
are opposite to the coronal functions which sustain our higher nature,
it follows that excessive use of the body, either for exertion or for
sensual pleasure, is destructive to our higher faculties, operating in
 many respects like the indulgence of the lower passions. Hence
mankind are imbruted by excessive toil as well as by excessive sensuality
and violence.

While the basilar region behind the ear operates upon the posterior
part of the trunk, that portion in front of the ear operates more anteriorly,
affecting the viscera, in which there is no muscular vigor, and the
tendency of which is toward indolence. Thus the vertical line separates
the indolent from the energetic basilar functions, and all the enfeebling,
sensitive, morbid faculties that impair our energies are in the anterior
basilar region.

The normal action of these organs, however, is necessary to life,
and sustains the visceral system in the reception of food and expulsion
of waste. But as it is the region of sensibility to all influences,
it renders us liable to all derangements of body and mind, unless we
are strongly fortified by our occipital strength. The tendency to
bodily disorder has been explained by reference to the organs of
Disease and Health. Insanity, or derangement of the mind and nervous
system, belongs to a basilar and anterior location, which
we reach through the junction of the neck and jaw (marked Ins.).
It is more interior, but not lower than Disease, in the brain. Its antagonism
is above on the temporal arch, between the lateral and
upper surfaces of the brain, marked San. for Sanity. It gives a mental
firmness which resists disturbing influences.

The coronal region or upper surface of the brain has the opposite
influence to that of the basilar organs in all respects, withdrawing
the nervous energy from the body, tranquillizing its excitements, and
attracting all vital energy to the brain, especially in its upper region.
By sustaining the brain, which is the chief seat of life, and by restraining
the passions, the coronal region is more beneficial to health
and longevity than any other portion. In the posterior part it not
only has this happy effect, but
by sustaining the occipital
half of the brain, gives a normal
and healthy energy to all
the powers of life. Such is
the influence of the group of
organs in which Health is
the centre.

It is obvious, therefore,
that the study of the brain
reveals laws which give us the
strongest inducement to an
honorable life as the only road
to success and happiness.

To show the facility with
which organs may be located
upon general principles, I
present herewith the locations
actually made by a
small class of pupils when I
 first proposed to have them determine locations according to the general
laws of organology. None of these locations would be called erroneous,
the most incorrect of all being Adhesiveness, located a little
too high. They are Be. Benevolence, Ac. Acquisitiveness, Phi. Philanthropy,
Des. Destructiveness, Lo. Love, Ha. Hate, Hu. Humor, Mod.
Modesty, Os. Ostentation, Con. Conscientiousness, Ba. Baseness,
Pa. Patience, Irr. Irritability, For. Fortitude, Al. Alimentiveness,
Her. Heroism, Sen. Sensibility, Hea. Health, Dis. Disease, Ad.
Adhesiveness, Co. Combativeness, Ar. Arrogance, Rev. Reverence,
Ca. Cautiousness, Ra. Rashness.

The suggestion cannot be too often repeated that the nomenclature
of cerebral organology can never adequately express the functions
of the organs. The brain has in all its organs physiological and
psychic powers, which no one word can ever express fully. Sometimes
a good psychic term, such as Firmness, suggests to the intelligent
mind a corresponding influence on the physiological constitution,
but in the present state of mental science the conception of
such a correspondence is very vague.

Moreover, even the psychic functions are not adequately represented
by the words already coined in the English language for
other purposes, and I do not think it expedient at present to coin
new terms which would embarrass the student. The word Sanity,
for example, answers its purpose by signifying a mental condition
so firm and substantial as to defy the depressing and disturbing
influences that derange the mind. It produces not the mere negative
state, or absence of insanity, but a positive firmness, and self-control,
which is the interior expression of firmness. The cheerful, stable,
manly, and well-regulated character which it produces, disciplines
alike the intellect and the emotions, and shows itself in children by
an early maturity of character and deportment, and freedom from
childish folly and passion.

If a new word should be introduced to express this function, the
Greek word Sophrosyne would be a very good one, as it signifies a
self-controlled and reasonable nature. The verb Andriso, signifying
to render hardy, manly, strong, to display vigor, and make a
manly effort of self-control, would be equally appropriate in the
adjective form, Andrikos, and still more in the noun Andria,
which signifies manhood or manly sentiments and conduct. It
would not, however, be preferable to the English word, Manliness,
which is as appropriate a term as Sanity or Andria.