1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
ORTHOGRAPHY and READING.
BY
B.A. HATHAWAY,
Author of the “1001 Question and Answer Book
Series.
THE BURROWS BROTHERS COMPANY,
CLEVELAND, OHIO.
IN THE SAME SERIES.
1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
U.S. HISTORY,
1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
GEOGRAPHY.
Geography.)
1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
GRAMMAR.
1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
ARITHMETIC.
1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING.
published.)
1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.
Physiological effects of Alcohol and Narcotics.)
1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
ORTHOGRAPHY AND READING.
1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
GENERAL HISTORY.
1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
BOTANY.
1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON
TEST EXAMPLES IN ARITHMETIC.
D.C.
PREFATORY NOTE.
In presenting this, the seventh book of the “1001
Question and Answer Series,” we feel that a great want is
partially met. It is evident, from the number of inquiries made
for such a book, that the works devoted to the subject of
Orthography are very limited.
We are also aware that the Authors of the different
Grammars devote such a limited space to the subject of Orthoepy
and technical Orthography, that both Teacher and Pupil turn
away from the subject in disgust.
In preparing this list of questions and answers we have
consulted the best authority of the present day, and believe we
have gone over the ground in such a way that it will meet the
approval of all interested.
The questions and answers on Reading we trust will add to
the interest of the book, and only hope that it will be
received with as gracious a welcome and hearty approval as the
rest of the series.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Letters, 5
Orthoepy, 13
Substitutes, 17
Definitions and Words, 20
Rules and Terms, 25
Numerical Values of the Letters,
32
Capitals and Italics, 35
Abbreviations, 38
Accent and Punctuation, 40
Diacritical Marks, 44
Prefixes and Suffixes, 46
Promiscuous Questions, 56
Reading and Elocution, 60
Miscellaneous Exercises,
80
LETTERS.
1. What is Orthography?
The science and art of the Letters of a
language.
2. Of what does Orthography treat?
The nature and power of letters, and correct
spelling.
3. From what is the word Orthography
derived?
Two Greek words, signifying “To write right.”
4. What is a Letter?
A character used to represent an elementary sound,
or combination of sounds.
5. What is an Alphabet of a Language?
A complete list of its letters.
6. What is the origin of the word
Alphabet?
It is derived from the first two letters of the
Greek Alphabet: Alpha and Beta.
7. Where did the Alphabet originate?
The English comes from the Greek, which was brought
by Cadmus from Phoenicia, about the year 1490 B.C.
8. What was the first Alphabet ever used?
The Hebrew.
9 How many letters were in the original
Alphabet?
Sixteen.
10. Where did the other letters
originate?
They have been added since the time of Cadmus, as
their use became necessary.
11. What was the last letter added to the English
Alphabet?
W.
12. Why was it called W?
On account of it being composed of two u’s, or a
double u.
14. How many in the Latin Alphabet?
Twenty-five.
15. What is the difference between the Latin
Alphabet and the English?
The Latin omits the letter W.
16. What Alphabet has the greatest number of
letters?
The Chinese.
17. How many letters in the Chinese
Alphabet?
Over two hundred.
18. What is a Perfect Alphabet?
One which contains the same number of letters that
it has elementary sounds.
19. Is the English a perfect Alphabet?
It is not.
20. How many Elementary sounds in the English
Language?
About forty-three.
21. What is an Imperfect Alphabet?
One in which the number of sounds exceeds the number
of letters.
22. What is an Equivocal Alphabet?
An Imperfect one.
23. What is an Unequivocal Alphabet?
Same as Perfect.
24. Is the English Alphabet Equivocal or
Unequivocal?
Equivocal.
25. What is a Univocal Alphabet?
One that has a separate character for each
elementary sound.
26. What is an Alphabetic Language?
A language in which the characters represent
separate articulate sounds.
27. What is a Phonetic Alphabet?
One in which there is a separate character for each
elementary
sound.
28. Is there any Phonetic Alphabet of the English
Language?
There have been several published, but they are not
in general use.
29. How many letters in the English Phonetic
Alphabet?
Forty-three.
30. What is the name of a Letter?
The appellation by which it is known.
31. What is the difference between a Letter and
its Name?
The letter is the character, and the name is its
appellation.
32. What Letters name themselves?
The vowels A, E, I, O, and U.
33. How are the Letters divided?
Into Vowels and Consonants.
34. What are Vowels?
Those letters which represent only pure tones.
35. Name all the Vowels.
A, E, I, O, U, and in some situations W and Y.
36. What is a Consonant?
A letter that represents an interruption of sound or
breath.
37. Why called Consonants?
Because they cannot be used alone in a word, but
must be connected with a Vowel.
38. How many kinds of Consonants are
there?
Two; single Letters and Combinations.
39. Name the Consonant letters.
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V,
W, X, Y, and Z.
40. Name the Consonant Combinations.
Th, Sh, Ch, Zh, Wh, and Ng.
41. Name the two Orders of the
Consonants.
Mutes and Semi-vowels.
42. What are Mutes?
Those letters which admit of no escape of breath
while the organs of speech are in
contact.
43. Name the Mutes.
B, D, K, P, T, and C and G hard.
44. What other term is often applied to the
Mutes?
Close Consonant.
45. What are Semi-vowels?
Those letters that admit of an escape of breath
while the organs of speech are in contact.
46. Name the Semi-vowels.
F, H, J, L, M, N, R, S, V, W, X, Y, Z, and C and G
soft.
47. Are the Combinations Mutes or
Semi-vowels?
They are all Semi-vowels.
48. What letters are called Nasals?
M, N, and Ng.
49. What other term is often applied to the
Semi-vowels?
Loose Consonant.
50. What letters are called Liquids?
L, M, N, and R.
51. Why are the Liquids so called?
Because of their flowing sound, which readily unites
with the sound of other letters.
52. What are Sibilants?
Letters which have a hissing sound; as, S and Z.
53. What letter is called the Mute
Sibilant?
The letter X.
54. What letters represent no sound of their
own?
C, Q, and X.
55. What are these letters called?
Redundant letters.
56. Why are they so named?
Because they are not necessary for the completion of
the Alphabet.
58. What letters represent the sound of
Q?
Kw.
59. What letters represent the sound X?
Ks.
60. What letters of themselves form
words?
A, I, and O.
61. Spell all of the Consonants.
Bee, Cee, Dee, Eff, Gee, Aitch, Jay, Kay, Ell, Em,
En, Pee, Kw, Ar, Ess, Tee, Vee, Double-u, Ex, Wy, and
Zee.—Goold Brown.
62. What letters are called the Twins?
Q and U.
63. Why so called?
Because Q is always followed by U in English
spelling.
64. Is there any exception to this rule?
The word LEECLERCQ is sometimes given as an example,
but in English it is spelled LEECLERC.
65. What is meant by style of letters?
Different type; as, Roman, Script, Italics, etc.
66. How many forms have letters?
Two.
67. What are they?
Small letters and Capitals.
68. What are the Natural Divisions of
Consonants?
Subvocals and Aspirates.
69. What are Subvocals?
Those Consonants which produce an undertone of voice
when their sounds are uttered.
70. Name the Subvocals.
B, D, G hard; J and G soft; L, M, N, R, V, W, Y, Z,
Zh, and Ng.
72. Name the Aspirates.
C, F, H, K, P, Q, S, T, X, Ch, Sh, and Wh.
73. What Combination is both Aspirate and
Subvocal?
Th.
74. What are Cognate letters?
Those which are produced by the same organs of
speech in a similar position.
75. Give an example of a Cognate letter.
D is a cognate of T.
76. What are Quiescent letters?
Those that are silent.
77. How many uses have Silent letters?
Five.
78. What are they?
To modify vowels; to modify consonants; to determine
signification; to determine origin; and to distinguish
words of like signification.
79. What are Explodents?
Those letters whose sound cannot be prolonged.
80. Name the Explodents.
B, D, G, J, P, Q, T, and K.
81. What are the principle organs of
speech?
Lips, teeth, tongue, and palate.
82. What is meant by Organical division of the
consonants?
Pertaining to those particular organs used in their
pronunciation.
83. Name the Organical divisions.
Labials, Dentals, Linguals, and Palatals.
84. What are Labials?
Those letters whose sounds are modified by the
lips.
85. Name them.
B, F, M, P, V, W, and Wh.
87. Name them.
J, S, Z, Ch, Sh, Zh, C and G soft.
88. What are Linguals?
Those letters whose sounds are modified by the
tongue.
89. Name them.
D, L, N, R, T, Y, and Th.
90. What are Palatals?
Those letters whose sounds are modified by the
palate.
91. Name them.
K, Q, X, Ng, C and G hard.
92. What letters have no Organical
classification?
H, and all the vowels.
93. What is an Aphthong?
A silent letter or combination.
94. How many kinds of Aphthongs?
Three.
95. What are they?
Vowels, Consonants, and Combinations.
96. What letters are never silent?
F, J, Q, R, and X.
97. In what words is V silent?
Sevennight and twelvemonth.
98. In what word is Z silent?
Rendezvous.
99. What letters are never doubled?
X and H.
100. How many words contain all the vowels in
regular order?
Two.
101. What are they?
Abstemious and Facetious.
102. What is a Diphthong?
Two vowels sounded together in the same
syllable.
104. How many sounds do they represent?
Two.
105. What are the sounds called?
Diphthongal sounds.
106. How many kinds of Diphthongs are
there?
Two.
107. What are they?
Separable and Inseparable.
108. Which ones are Separable?
Oi and Oy.
109. What is an Improper Diphthong?
The union of two vowels in a syllable, one of which
is silent.
110. By what other name are they known?
Digraph.
111. How many Digraphs are there?
Twenty-five.
112. Name them.
Aa, Ae, Ai, Ao, Au, Aw, Ay, Ea, Ee, Ei, Eo, Eu, Ew,
Ey, Ie, Oa, Oe, Oi, Oo, Ou, Ow, Ua, Ue, Ui, and Uy.
113. What is a Trigraph?
A union of three vowels in one syllable, two of
which are silent, or all three representing one
sound.
114. How many Trigraphs are there?
Eight.
115. Name them.
Awe, Aye, Eau, Eou, Eye, Ieu, Iew, and Uoi.
116. What is a Tetragraph?
Union of four vowels in one syllable.
117. How many Tetragraphs are there?
One.
119. May the terms Digraph, etc., be used with
the Consonants?
They may.
120. Give example of Consonant Digraph.
Gh, in the word laugh.
121. Give example of Consonant Trigraph.
Thr, in the word throw.
122. Give example of Consonant
Tetragraph.
Phth, in the word phthisic.
123. What is a regular Triphthong?
A vowel trigraph in which all three of the vowels
are sounded.
124. Give an example.
Quoit.
ORTHOEPY.
1. What is Orthoepy?
That science which treats of the elementary sounds
and the pronunciation of words.
2. What is Phonology?
The science of the elementary sounds uttered by the
human voice in speech.
3. What is an Elementary sound?
One that cannot be divided so as to be represented
by two or more letters.
4. What is Sound?
A sensation produced on the auditory nerve by the
rapid vibratory motion of any elastic substance.
5. What is the least number of vibrations that
will produce an audible sound?
Sixteen per
second.
6. What is the greatest number that can be
heard?
About forty thousand per second.
7. What is Voice?
Sound produced by the vocal chords.
8. What is an Articulate sound?
One made by the organs of speech and used in
language.
9. What is a Vocal sound?
One that is modified but not obstructed by the
articulatory organs.
10. What is a simple Vocal sound?
One made without any change in the position of the
articulatory organs during its emission.
11. What is a Coalescent?
An articulate sound that always precedes and unites
with a vocal.
12. What is a Guttural sound?
One that is modified by the soft palate.
13. What are Unarticulate sounds?
The sounds of the vowels.
14. How many Elementary sounds do the vowels
represent?
Fifteen.
15. How many do the Consonants represent?
Eighteen.
16. How many do the Combinations
represent?
Seven.
17. How many do the Diphthongs represent?
Only one, as oi and oy only repeat sounds already
represented by a and i.
18. How many sounds has A?
Five.
19. What are they?
Long, Short, Medial, Flat, and Broad.
21. What are they?
Long and Short.
22. How many sounds has I?
Two.
23. What are they?
Long and Short.
24. How many sounds has O?
Three.
25. What are they?
Long, Short, and Slender.
26. How many sounds has U?
Three.
27. What are they?
Long, Short, and Medial.
28. How many sounds has B?
One; as heard in the word babe.
29. How many sounds has C?
None that may be properly called its own.
30. How many sounds has D?
One; as heard in the word did.
31. How many sounds has F?
One; as heard in the word flew.
32. How many sounds has G?
Two; as heard in the words go and age.
33. How many sounds has H?
One; as heard in the word high.
34. How many sounds has J?
None of its own, but represents one; the sound of
G.
35. How many sounds has K?
One; as heard in the word key.
36. How many sounds has L?
One; as heard in the word lily.
38. How many sounds has N?
One; as heard in the word nat.
39. How many sounds has P?
One; as heard in the word pie.
40. How many sounds has R?
One; as heard in the word roar. (REM.—Some
authors give r three sounds.)
41. How many sounds has S?
One; as heard in the word same.
42. How many sounds has T?
One; as heard in the word tight.
43. How many sounds has V?
One; as heard in the word view.
44. How many sounds has W?
One; as heard in the word we.
45. How many sounds has X?
None of its own, as it is a redundant letter.
46. How many sounds has Z?
One; as heard in the word ooze.
47. How many sounds has Th?
Two; as heard in the words thigh and the.
48. How many sounds has Ch?
One; as heard in the word church.
49. How many sounds has Sh?
One; as heard in the word ash.
50. How many sounds has Zh?
One obscurely; represented by si in such
words as fusion, zi in glazier.
51. How many sounds has Wh?
One; as heard in the word what.
52. How many sounds has Ng?
One; as heard in the word sing.
53. What are regular sounds?
The long sounds of the letters.
SUBSTITUTES.
1. What is a Substitute?
A letter representing a sound usually represented by
another.
2. What are Equivalent letters?
Letters representing the same sound.
3. What properties do Substitutes assume?
The properties of the letter whose sound it
represents.
4. How many Substitutes has a long?
Four.
5. What are they?
E in tete; ei in feint; ey in
they; and ao in gaol.
6. How many Substitutes has a middle?
Two.
7. What are they?
E in there; and ei in heir.
8. How many Substitutes has a broad?
Two.
9. What are they?
O in cord; and ou in sought.
10. How many Substitutes has e long?
Three.
11. What are they?
I in marine; ie in fiend; and
ay in quay.
12. How many Substitutes has e short?
Two.
13. What are they?
A in says; and u in bury.
14. How many Substitutes has i long?
Two.
16. How many Substitutes has i short?
Six.
17. What are they?
Y in hymn; e in England; u in
busy; o in women; ee in been; and
ai in captain.
18. How many Substitutes has o long?
Two.
19. What are they?
Eau in beau; and ew in sew.
20. How many Substitutes has o short?
One.
21. What is it?
A in what.
22. How many Substitutes has u long?
One.
23. What is it?
Ew in new.
24. How many Substitutes has u short?
Three.
25. What are they?
E in her; i in sir; and o in
son.
26. How many Substitutes has u medial?
One.
27. What is it?
O in wolf.
28. How many Substitutes has F?
Two.
29. What are they?
Gh in laugh; and ph in philosophy.
30. How many Substitutes has J?
Three.
32. How many Substitutes has S?
Two.
33. What are they?
C soft, as in central; and z in
quartz.
34. How many Substitutes has T?
One.
35. What is it?
Ed final, after any aspirate except t.
36. How many Substitutes has V?
One.
37. What is it?
F in of.
38. How many Substitutes has W?
One.
39. What is it?
U in quick.
40. How many Substitutes has X?
One.
41. What is it?
Ks in exist.
42. How many Substitutes has Y?
One.
43. What is it?
I in alien.
44. How many Substitutes has Z?
Three.
45. What are they?
S in was; c in suffice; and x
in xebec.
46. How many Substitutes has Ch?
Two.
47. What are they?
Ti in question; and t in nature.
49. What are they?
Ce in ocean; ci in social; si
in mansion; ti in motion; ch in chaise;
and s in sugar.
50. How many Substitutes has Zh?
Four.
51. What are they?
Si in fusion; zi in brazier; z
in azure; and s in rasure.
52. How many substitutes has Ng?
One.
53. What is it?
N generally before palate sounds; as, conquer,
etc.
54. What letters have no Substitutes?
B, D, G, H, L, M, N, P, and R.
55. What combinations have no
Substitutes?
Th and Wh.
56. Why is X never doubled?
It already represents the sounds of K and S.
57. What letter ends no English word?
J.
DEFINITIONS AND WORDS.
1. What is Language?
Any method for the communication of thought and
feeling.
2. What is Natural Language?
Instinctive methods of communicating thought or
feeling.
3. What is Artificial Language?
That which must be learned before it can be
used.
5. How many kinds of Artificial Language?
Two.
6. What are they.
Spoken and written.
7. What is Spoken Language?
That produced by the vocal organs.
8. What is Written Language?
Any method of communicating thought or feeling by
the use of written or printed characters.
9. What are the messengers of thought?
Sentences.
10. What is a Sentence?
An assemblage of words conveying a thought.
11. What is a Word?
A sign of an idea.
12. What is Lexicology?
That science which treats of the meaning of
words.
13. What is Etymology?
That science which treats of the origin and
derivation of words.
14. What is Orthogeny?
That science which treats of the classification of
words into parts of speech.
15. What is Syntax?
That science which treats of the relation and
connection of words in the construction of a
sentence.
16. What is Prosody?
That science which treats of punctuation and the
laws of versification.
17. Of what is a word composed?
A syllable or combination of syllables.
19. What is the essential part of a
syllable?
A vowel.
20. Can there be a syllable without it containing
a vowel sound?
There cannot.
21. What is Syllabication?
That branch of etymology which treats of the
division of words into syllables.
22. How many methods of Syllabication are
there?
Two.
23. What are they?
English and American.
24. What is the object of the English
method?
To separate words into their elementary parts
without regard to pronunciation; as, a-tom.
25. What is the object of the American
method?
To indicate the proper pronunciation by separating
affixes from the roots.
26. What is a word of one syllable
called?
A monosyllable.
27. What is a word of two syllables
called?
A dissyllable.
28. What is a word of three syllables
called?
A trisyllable.
29. What is a word of more than three syllables
called?
A polysyllable.
30. What is the Ultimate syllable of a
word?
The last syllable.
31. What is the Penultimate syllable?
Next to the last syllable in a word.
32. What is the Antepenultimate syllable?
The last syllable but two in a word.
34. What other way may the syllables be
described?
In their numerical order; as, first, second,
etc.
35. How many syllables can a word have?
As many as it has vowels or diphthongs sounded.
36. How many words in the English
language?
About one hundred and twenty thousand.
37. How are words divided in reference to
form?
Into simple and compound.
38. How are they divided in reference to
origin?
Into primitive and derivative.
39. What is a Simple word?
One that is not composed of two or more whole
words.
40. What is a Compound word?
One that is composed of two or more distinct
words.
41. What is a Primitive word?
One in no way derived from another in the same
language.
42. What is a Radical word?
Same as primitive.
43. What is a Derivative word?
One formed by joining to a primitive some letter or
letters to modify its meaning.
44. What is Analysis?
Separating a word or syllable into its elements or
parts.
45. What is Synthesis?
The process of combining elements to form syllables
and words.
46. What is the Base of a Compound word?
That word representing the fundamental idea.
47. What is the Modifier in a Compound
word?
That word which describes the other.
48. What is the Base of a Derivative
word?
The primitive from which it is derived.
50. What is an Affix?
That part of a derivative word attached to the
root.
51. How many Root words in the English
language?
Over one thousand.
52. What is a Prefix?
That part of a derivative word placed before the
root.
53. What is a Postfix?
That part of a derivative word placed after the
root.
54. What is a Suffix?
Same as a postfix.
55. What are Affixes?
Prefixes and postfixes together are called
affixes.
56. How many kinds of Derivatives are
there?
Two.
57. What are they?
Regular and irregular.
58. What is a Regular derivative?
One that is formed by the addition of affixes
without changing the letters in the primitive part
(except final e silent).
59. What is an Irregular derivative?
One in which the letters of the primitive part are
changed.
60. In using Affixes, what rule should be
observed?
The affix and root should be from the same
language.
61. Is the same rule to be observed in forming
Compound words?
It is.
62. What is a Mongrel compound word?
One formed contrary to the rule.
63. Give an example.
Cable-graph and cable-gram.
64. What are Barbarisms?
Same as mongrel.
65. When use the hyphen in Compound
words?
When they are not permanently compounded.
66. What is an Obsolete word?
One gone out of date.
RULES AND TERMS.
1. What is Spelling?
A distinct expression of the letters or sounds of a
word in their proper order.
2. How many kinds of Spelling?
Two.
3. What are they?
Orthographic and Phonic.
4. What is Orthographic spelling?
An expression of the letters of a written or printed
word in their proper order.
5. What is Phonic spelling?
An expression of the elementary sounds of a word in
their proper order, according to established usage.
6. What is meant by good usage?
The usage, or custom, of the best speakers and
writers of the times.
7. How do we know when we have spelled a word
correctly?
By reference to the Dictionary?
8. What is a Lexicographer?
An author of a dictionary.
9. Can we spell by Rules?
We cannot.
10. Why?
Because there are too many exceptions.
11. What makes a rule in Orthography?
Whenever a letter is silent, or usually so, a rule
is formed.
12. Why is c placed before r in acre, massacre,
etc.?
To preserve the hard sound of c.
14. Give rule for E final.
E final is silent when another vowel precedes it in
the same syllable.
15. What effect does final E have on the
preceding vowel?
It usually preserves its long sound.
16. When is B silent?
Before t, or after m, in the same
syllable.
17. When is C silent?
Before k in the same syllable; also, before
z, l, or
t, in a few words.
18. When is D silent?
Before g in the same syllable.
19. When is G silent?
Before m or n in the same
syllable.
20. When is H silent?
After g or r in the same syllable; and
h final after a vowel is always silent; also, in
a few words after t, and initial in a few
words.
21. When is L silent?
After a when followed by f, m,
k, or v, except in the word valve; also,
before d in could, etc.
22. When is M silent?
Before n in a few words.
23. When is N silent?
Final after l or m.
24. When is P silent?
Initial before n, s, or t.
25. When is S silent?
In a few irregular words; as, isle,
puisne, viscount, corps, etc.
26. When is T silent?
Before ch in the same syllable; also, in
Christmas, eclat, mortgage,
etc.
27. When is V silent?
In two words only—Sevennight and
Twelvemonth.
28. When is W silent?
Before r in the same syllable also, in
whoop, sword, two, etc.
29. When is Gh silent?
After i in the same syllable; also, after
au and ou in some words.
30. When is Ch silent?
In a few words; as, drachm, yacht,
etc.
31. When is Z silent?
In one word only—Rendezvous.
32. What letters are never silent?
F, J, Q, and R.
33. What is meant by Antecedent part of a
syllable?
That part before the vowel.
34. What is the Consequent part of a
syllable?
That part which follows the vowel.
35. How many words end in Ceed?
Three.
36. What are they?
Exceed, proceed, and succeed.
37. How many of the English words are derived
from the Latin?
About, three-fourths.
38. What Language is called “Our mother
tongue?”
Anglo-Saxon.
39. From what language do we get most of our
Scientific terms?
The Greek.
40. How many English words begin with IN
as a prefix?
Two hundred and fifty.
42. How many begin with un?
About two thousand.
43. Were final E not silent, what would be the
result?
Another syllable would be formed.
44. When is final E dropped in spelling?
Before vowel terminations mostly.
45. Why is the final E retained in such words as
changeable and traceable?
To preserve the soft sound of the c or g.
46. In the words fleeing, seeing, etc., why
retain both Es?
To determine the proper meaning of the word.
47 What is a Figure of orthography?
Any departure from the ordinary spelling of a
word.
48. How many Figures are there?
Two.
49 What are they?
Archaism and Mimesis.
50. What is Archaism?
The spelling of a word according to ancient
usage.
51. What is Mimesis?
The spelling of a word in imitation of a false
pronunciation.
52. When is i used as a consonant?
When followed by a vowel in the same syllable; as in
alien, etc.
53. When is y final changed to e?
Before the suffix ous; as in beauteous.
54. When is y final changed to i?
Before the suffix ful; as in beautiful.
55. What is a Redundant prefix?
One that does not change the signification of the
root; as, a in the word adry.
57. When use the digraph ei in spelling?
Ei follows c soft, and begins words.
58. When use ie in spelling?
Ie follows consonants (except c soft), and ends
words.
59. In changing the word hoe to hoeing, why
retain the e?
To preserve its signification.
60. What is the origin of the suffix
less?
Anglo-Saxon.
61. What is the origin of the word
English?
It is derived from the word Angles.
62. Who were the Angles?
They were a tribe of people who came from the land
of the Low Germans and settled in Britain in the fifth
century.
63. What does the word England mean?
“The land of the Angles.”
64. Why is our language sometimes called the
“Teutonic language”?
Because it is derived from the ancient Germans, who
were called Teutons.
65. What kind of words end in ize?
Verbs derived from the Greek.
66. What kind of words end in ise?
Most words derived from the French.
67. Why is the English called a Composite
Language?
Because it is derived from so many different
sources.
68. Does adding a single consonant to a word ever
make an additional syllable?
It does.
69. Give examples.
Grade, grad-ed; confide, con-fi-ded.
71. How distinguish between an affix and a part
of a compound word?
If all the parts retain their literal signification
they form a compound; if not, the part which loses its
signification becomes an affix in a derivative.
72. Is the word outside compound or
derivative?
It is compound.
73. Is the word outrun compound or
derivative?
It is derivative.
74. What is Derivation?
That branch of etymology which treats of the sources
of the words of a language.
75. How many kinds of Derivation?
Two.
76. What are they?
Paronymous and Historical.
77. What is Paronymous derivation?
That part of etymology which treats of present
sources of English words.
78. Give examples of Paronymous
derivation.
Kingdom, from king; Manly, from man, etc.
79. What is Historical derivation?
That part of etymology which treats of the foreign
sources of the English language.
80. Give examples of Historical
derivation.
Book, from boc; Moon, from mona, etc.
81. When use a, and when an, in a
sentence?
Use a before all words beginning with a consonant
sound, and use an before words beginning with a vowel
sound, or with h mute, or h initial, if
the accent is on any other syllable than the first.
83. What is a new word?
One that has recently come into use.
84. Name some new words.
Outsider, intensify, repudiate, and idiom.
85. What is meant by suspended animation of a
word?
A word that passes out of use for a while and then
resumes its place in literature.
86. Give examples of suspended words.
The words reckless, abate, and abandon, fell into
disuse in the seventeenth century, but have since been
revived.
87. What letters are called the pivots?
Y and w.
88. Why are they so called?
Because of their peculiar sounds in changing from
vowels to consonants.
89. What kind of new words should be
avoided?
Any word formed contrary to the genius of the
language.
90. What is meant by idiom?
A peculiar mode of expression.
91. What is diction?
Diction treats of the selection and right use of
words.
92. When is our diction pure?
When we use only such words as belong to the idiom
of our language.
93. What are Synonyms?
Words having a similar signification.
94. What is a Synonymicon?
A dictionary of synonymous words.
95. What is meant by a reputable word?
One that is used by educated people.
96. What is an Anacoluthic word?
One that is unnecessary to the completion of a
sentence.
98. What is an Ideographical language?
One in which the characters represent ideas rather
than sounds.
99. Can there be a derivative word without an
affix?
There can; as, brought from bring.
100. What is Dactylology?
The art of spelling words with the fingers.
101. What is the Pythagorean letter?
Y.—Am. Cyclopedia.
102. Why so called?
Because its Greek original represents the sacred
triad used to designate the diverging paths of virtue
and vice.
NUMERICAL VALUES OF THE LETTERS.
1. What is meant by the Numerical value of
letters?
Its value as a numeral used in the notation of
different languages.
2. Have all the letters Numerical value?
All except J, U, W, and Y.
3. What is the Numerical value of A?
500.
4. By whom used?
The ancient European Nations.
5. What is the Numerical value of B?
300.
6. By whom used?
The Romans.
8. What is the Numerical value of D?
500 in the Roman notation.
9. What is the Numerical value of E?
5.
10. By whom used?
The ancient Greeks.
11. What is the Numerical value of F?
40 in some of the Ancient notations; 80 in the
Arabian; and 10,000 in the Armenian.
12. What is the Numerical value of G?
400.
13. By whom used?
The Latins.
14. What is the Numerical value of H?
100 in the Greek notation; and 200 in the Latin.
15. What is the Numerical value of I?
1 in the Roman notation; and 100 in some of the
Ancient notations.
16. What is the Numerical value of K?
20 in the Greek notation; and 60 in the Semitic.
17. Give the Numerical values of L.
50 in Roman, and 30 in Semitic notation.
18. What are the Numerical values of M?
As a Roman numeral, 1,000; Greek and Hebrew, 40.
19. What is the value of N as a Numeral?
In the Greek notation, 50; Roman, 90; and by some
other, 900.
20. What is the Numerical value of O?
70 in the Greek; and 11 in the Ancient Latins.
21. What is the Numerical value of P?
In the Greek notation, 5; in the Latin, 80; and in
the Roman, by some authors, 7, by one, 100, and by
still another,
400.
22. As a Numeral, what is the value of Q?
500.
23. By whom used?
Several of the Ancient Nations of Europe.
24. What is the Numerical value of R?
80
25. By whom used?
The ancient Romans.
26. What is the Numerical value of S?
7
27. By whom used?
The Ancients.
28. Give the values of T as a Numeral.
300 in the Greek notation; in the Latin, 160.
29. What is the Numerical value of V?
5 in the Roman notation.
30. What are the values of X as a
Numeral?
In the Roman, 10; in the Greek, 60.
31. What are the Numerical values of Z?
7 in the Greek notation; and 2,000 in the Roman.
32. Why have J, U, W, and Y no Numerical
values?
Because they have been introduced into the Alphabet
since the Science of Arithmetical Notation was
invented.
33. What effect does it have on the value of a
letter to draw a line above it?
In most cases it increases its value a thousand
times.
34. Is a line ever drawn beneath a letter for the
same purpose?
In some instances it is.
35. What effect does it have on a letter as a
numeral to repeat it?
Repeats its value as often as it is repeated.
CAPITALS AND ITALICS.
1. What is a Capital letter?
A large letter.
2. What is an Italic letter?
A form of oblique letters derived from the
Italians.
3. What is Rule 1 for the use of
Capitals?
Title pages and headings of chapters should be
entirely in capitals.
4. Give Rule 2.
The first word of every book, tract, essay, letter,
etc., should begin with a capital.
5. Give Rule 3.
The first word of every sentence should begin with a
capital.
6. Give Rule 4.
Clauses separately numbered should begin with a
capital.
7. Give Rule 5.
The first word after an interrogation point should
usually begin with a capital.
8. Give Rule 6.
The first word of a clause, or sentence, given as an
example, should begin with a capital.
9. Give Rule 7.
In quoting a title of a book, each important word of
the title should begin with a capital.
10. Give Rule 8.
First word of a direct question should begin with a
capital.
12. Give Rule 10.
All letters used as numerals should be written or
printed in capitals.
13. Give Rule 11.
The pronoun I should always be a capital.
14. Give Rule 12.
The vocative particle O should always be a
capital.
15. Give Rule 13.
The first word of every line of poetry should begin
with a capital.
16. Give one exception to Rule 13.
In humorous poetry, when a word is divided at the
end of a line, the detached syllable at the beginning
of the next line should begin with a small letter.
17. Give Rule 14.
All names and titles of the Deity should begin with
a capital.
18. Give Rule 15.
All proper names should begin with a capital.
19. Give Rule 16.
All words derived from proper nouns should begin
with a capital.
20. Give Rule 17.
Titles of honor and distinction should begin with
capitals.
21. Give Rule 18.
The words father, mother, sister, brother, aunt,
etc., when followed by a proper noun, should always
begin with a capital.
22. Give Rule 19.
All words referring to the Bible should begin with a
capital.
24. Give Rule 21.
The names of famous events, historical eras, noted
documents, etc., should begin with a capital.
25. What establishes a rule for Capitals?
Good usage, or custom.
26. Give Rule 1 for the use of Italics.
Words for emphasis should be printed in italics.
27. Give Rule 2.
Names of books, poems, etc., are usually printed in
italics.
28. Give Rule 3.
Words from foreign languages are printed in
italics.
29. Give Rule 4.
Words in the Bible supplied by the translators are
printed in italics.
30. How are written words marked that are to be
printed in Capitals?
By underscoring the words with two lines.
31. How are written words marked that are to be
printed in Italics?
By underscoring the words with one line.
32. When use the Interjection O?
The letter O is a vocative particle, and should
always be used before nouns or pronouns in the absolute
case by direct address.—[Ridpath.]
33. When use Oh?
In all cases where it is not followed by nouns, or
pronouns, in the vocative
case.—[Ridpath.]
ABBREVIATIONS.
1. What is an abbreviation?
One or more of the letters of a word standing for
the whole word.
2. What is the signification of A.C.S.?
American Colonization Society.
3. Give meaning A.B.C.F.M.
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions.
4. What is the signification AAA.?
Amalgamation.
5. What is the signification of
Ang.-Sax.?
Anglo-Saxon.
6. Give signification of A.T.
Arch-Treasurer.
7. What is the signification of C.A.S.?
Fellow of the Connecticut Academy.
8. What is the signification of C.C.?
County Court, or County Commissioner.
9. What is the meaning of D.C.L.?
Doctor of Civil Law.
10. What is the signification of D.M.?
Doctor of Music.
11. What is the signification of A.U.C.?
In the year of the city.
12. What is the meaning of F.E.S.?
Fellow of the Entomological Society.
13. What is the signification of
H.R.I.P.?
Here rests in peace.
14. What is the signification of L.C.J.?
Lord Chief Justice.
16. What is the signification of P.a.?
Participial adjective.
17. What is the signification of P.v.?
Post village.
18. What is the signification of Qy.?
Query.
19. What is the signification of Ro.?
Righthand page.
20. What is the signification S.C.L.?
Student of the Civil Law.
21. What is the signification of S.R.I.?
Holy Roman Empire.
22. What is the signification of S.J.C.?
Supreme Judicial Court.
23. What is the signification of U.S.S.?
United States Ship.
24. What does U.K. signify?
United Kingdom.
25. What does V.R. signify?
Queen Victoria.
26. What does V.G. signify?
For example.
27. What does Xt. signify?
Christ.
28. What does Xmas. signify?
Christmas.
29. What is the signification of Y.B.?
Year Book.
30. What is the signification of Zoöl.?
Zoölogy.
31. What does Yt. signify?
That.
32. What is the signification of S.T.P.?
Doctor of Divinity.
ACCENT AND PUNCTUATION.
1. Why is a word divided into syllables?
For the purpose of showing their proper
pronunciation and etymological composition.
2. What is Accent?
A greater stress of voice placed on one syllable of
a word than the others.
3. What kind of words have no accent?
Monosyllables.
4. Why?
Accent implies comparison, and there can be no
comparison with one syllable.
5. How many kinds of accent?
Common, Emphatic, and Discriminating.
6. What is common accent?
Ordinary accent of spelling.
7. How many kinds of common accent?
Two.
8. What are they?
Primary and secondary.
9. What is primary accent?
The principal accent.
10. What is secondary accent?
The partial accent.
11. What kind of accent is essential to every
word of more than one syllable?
Primary.
12. How close can primary and secondary accent
come together?
Not closer than two syllables.
14. How many secondary accents can a word
have?
Two.
15. In case of two secondary accents, where are
they placed?
On the first and third.
16. In case of two secondary, where is the
primary accent?
On the last but two.
17. Do the primary and secondary ever change
places?
They do.
18. In words of two syllables, where is the
accent?
Usually on the first.
19. In trisyllables, what syllable is
accented?
Usually the first.
20. Are there any exceptions?
There are.
21. In polysyllables, where is the
accent?
On the antepenult usually.
22. In all words ending in ation, where is the
accent?
On the syllable next to the last.
23. What is Emphatic accent?
Accent used for emphatic distinction.
24. Have monosyllables any accent?
They have sometimes an emphatic, or poetic.
25. What is Discriminating accent?
That used to determine parts of speech.
26, Give some examples.
Au’gust, Au-gust’; Reb’el, Re-bel’.
27, What is Punctuation?
The use of certain characters to aid the reader in
determining the thought of the writer.
28. How many kinds of punctuation are
there?
Four.
30. What is Rhetorical punctuation?
That used for rhetorical effect.
31. What is Etymological punctuation?
That used in Orthography and Orthoepy.
32. What is Reference punctuation?
That used to refer the reader to the margin of the
page.
33. What is punctuation for the Printer?
That used by the writer to inform the printer the
kind of type to use.
34. What are the principal Etymological
points?
Apostrophe, Caret, Dieresis, Macron, Breve, Tilde,
Grave Accent, Acute Accent, Circumflex Accent, Hyphen,
and Period.
35. What is the use of the Apostrophe?
To indicate the omission of a letter, or letters, of
a word.
36. What letter is omitted in the word
o’clock?
The letter f.
37. What is the use of the Caret?
To correct an error of omission.
38. Is the Caret used in printed copy or
manuscript?
In manuscript.
39. For what is the Dieresis used?
To separate two vowels which would otherwise form a
diphthong.
40. Give an example of the use of the
Dieresis.
Zoölogy, and Diëresis.
41. What is the use of the Macron?
To mark the long quantity of syllables.
42. What is a long syllable?
One in which the vowel has the long sound.
43. What is the use of the Breve?
To mark the short quantity of syllables.
45. What kind of a mark is the Tilde?
A Spanish mark.
46. How many uses has the Tilde?
Two.
47. What are they?
Placed over n it gives the sound of ny
as, in cañon. In English it indicates certain sounds of
the vowels.
48. How many accent marks are there?
Three.
49. What are they?
Grave, Acute, and Circumflex.
50. What is the use of the Grave accent?
To mark the falling inflection.
51. What is the use of the Acute accent?
To mark the primary accent, and the rising
inflection.
52. What is the use of the Circumflex?
To mark the peculiar inflection of the voice in the
pronunciation of a word.
53. How many uses has the Hyphen?
Three.
54. What are they?
To separate the parts of a compound word; to
separate a word into syllables; and to divide a word at
the end of a line.
55. When should the Hyphen be used in a compound
word?
When the word has not become permanently
compounded.
56. When use the Dieresis instead of the
Hyphen?
When the syllables are divided by the hyphen, there
is no hyphen used between the vowels of the
digraph.
57. What is the use of the Period?
To denote an abbreviation.
59. Where else is the Period used?
In Rhetorical punctuation.
60. Name the points used in Reference
punctuation.
Asterisk, Obelisk, Parallels, Section, Paragraph,
and Index.
61. Are these marks ever doubled?
They are.
62. Are Letters ever used for reference?
They are.
DIACRITICAL MARKS.
1. What are Diacritical Marks?
Characters indicating the different sounds of
letters.
2. Name the Diacritical Marks.
Macron, Breve, Dieresis, Semi-Dieresis, Caret,
Tilde, Cedilla, and the inverted T.
3. Make the Diacritical Marks in the order
named:
(¯); (˘); (¨); (·); (ˇ); (~); (¸); (
˔).
4. What does the Macron indicate?
Over a vowel, its long sound; under e, the sound of
a, long; across c, the sound of k; over g, the hard
sound; across th, the subvocal sound, and over oo, the
long sound.
5. What are the uses of the Breve?
Over vowels, it indicates their short sound, and
over oo, its short sound.
6. What does the Dieresis indicate?
Over a, its Italian sound; under a, its broad sound;
over i, the sound of e, long; under u, when preceded by
r, makes it equivalent to o, Italian.
7. What is the use of the Semi-Dieresis?
Over a, gives it the medium sound; under a, the
sound of o, short; over o, the sound of u, short; under
o, the Italian sound; over g, the soft sound; and under
u, the sound of Italian
o.
8. Where is the Cedilla used?
Under c, to give it the sound of s.
9. What is the use of the Caret as a Diacritical
Mark?
Over a, it indicates the flat sound; over e, the
sound of a, flat; over u, the sound of e, in her.
10. Where is the Tilde used?
Over n in Spanish words it indicates that the sound
of y immediately follows. It is also used over e in
such words as her, and over i in sir, etc.
11. What is the use of the inverted
˔?
Under s, it gives it the sound of z; under x, it
gives the sound of gz.
12. Give some words illustrating the use of the
Macron.
Māte, bēam, fīne, bōat,
tūbe, ro͞od, ḡo, and
pre̱y.
13. Give words showing the use of the
Breve.
Măt, sĕt, lŏt, tŭb, and
fo͝ot.
14. Illustrate the use of the Dieresis.
Cär, polïce, fa̤lling, and trṳe.
15. Give words showing the use of the
Semi-Dieresis.
Mȧsk, whạt, mȯney, ġin,
wọlf, and bụsh.
16. Illustrate the use of the Caret.
Fâir, thêre, sûrge, and sometimes over o as in
stôrm.
17. Give words showing the use of the
Tilde.
Mẽrge and cañon.
18. Illustrate the use of the Cedilla.
Çell and çhaise.
19. Give some words showing the use of the
inverted t.
Was̝ and ex̝ist.
20. Are there any other names for the inverted
t?
It has been given different names by different
authors.
21. What are they?
“The Perpendicular,” “Suspended Macron,” etc.
22. Is the letter y ever marked by Diacritical
Marks?
It is, sometimes.
23. What marks are used for y?
Macron and Breve.
24. Give examples where y is marked with the
Macron.
Spȳ, slȳ, stȳ, etc.
25. Give example where y is marked with the
Breve.
Hy̆mn.
26. What mark is used to cancel silent
letters?
Short bar, similar to the Macron.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
1. What is the signification of A as a
Prefix?
On, in, at, to, or towards.
2. Is A as a prefix ever redundant?
It is.
3. Give examples.
Adry and ameliorate.
4. What does the prefix Ab signify?
From.
5. What does Ab signify?
Away from.
6. What is the signification of Ante?
Before.
7. Name all the prefixes meaning To.
Ad, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, and at.
9. What does Bis signify?
Twice.
10. What other prefix means the same?
Dis, from the Greek.
11. What does Be signify?
Upon.
12. What does Circum signify?
Around, as circumscribe.
13. What is the meaning of Cis?
On this side, as cisalpine.
14. What prefixes signify With?
Con, com, co, col, and cor.
15. What prefixes signify Against?
Contra and counter.
16. What does Di signify?
Two, as ditone.
17. What prefixes signify Out of, or
From?
E, and ex.
18. What does Dys signify?
Ill, or difficult, as dysentery and dyspepsia.
19. What does Enter signify?
Between or among.
20. What does Epi signify?
On, as epitaph; during, as ephemeral.
21. What prefix signifies Equal?
Equi, as equidistant.
22. What does Extra signify?
Beyond, as extraordinary.
23. What is the signification of Eu?
Well, or agreeable, as euphony.
24. What does Gain signify?
Against, as gainsay.
26. What does Hyper signify?
Over, as hypercriticism.
27. What does Hypo signify?
Under, or beneath, as hypotenuse and hypocrite.
28. What prefixes signify Not or In?
In, im, il, and ir.
29. What is the signification of Inter?
In the midst of, or between, as intellect and
intermarry.
30. What does Intra signify?
Within, or on the inside of.
31. What other prefix means the same as
Intra?
Intro.
32. What is the signification of Juxta?
Joined to, or next, as juxtaposition.
33. What does Mal signify?
Bad, as malpractice and maladministration.
34. What is the signification of Meta?
In the middle, after, and with.
35. What does Mis signify?
Amiss, or wrong, as misapply and mishap.
36. What is the signification of Mono?
One, as monotheistic.
37. What prefixes signify Many?
Multi and poly, as multiform and polysyllable.
38. What does Non signify?
Not, as nonsense, nonessential, etc.
39. What other prefixes signify Not?
Neg, as in negative, and ne, as in nefarious.
40. What does Ob signify?
In the way of, as obstruct.
41. What does Oct signify?
Eight, as octagon.
43. What is the signification of Out?
Beyond, as outlaw, outbid, outbalance, etc.
44. What does Over signify?
Above, as overseer, overreach, etc.
45. What does Ovi signify?
An egg, as oviform.
46. What does Para signify?
Beside, as parallel, paragraph, etc.
47. What is the signification of Pene?
Almost, as peninsula—almost an island.
48. What does Per signify?
Through, or by, as permit, perchance, etc.
49. What does Peri signify?
Around, as perimeter, periosteum.
50. What does Pleni signify?
Completeness, or full, as plenitude, etc.
51. What does Post signify?
After, or backwards, as postfix, and postpone.
52. What does Pre signify?
Before, as prefer, prefix, etc.
53. What is the signification of Preter?
Beyond, as preternatural.
54. What is the signification of Pro?
Before, forth, and for.
55. What does Pros signify?
To, as proselyte.
56. What is the signification of Proto?
First, as protocol, protoplasm, etc.
57. What does Quad signify?
Four, as quadrangle, etc.
58. What does Re signify?
Back, or again, as react, recollect, etc.
60. What does Retro signify?
Backwards, as retrospect and retrograde.
61. What does Se signify?
By itself, as separate, seclude, etc.
62. What prefixes signify Half?
Semi, demi, and hemi, as semicircle, demitone, and
hemisphere.
63. What does Sine signify?
Without, as sinecure.
64. What does Stereo signify?
Solid, as stereotype.
65. What does Sub signify?
Under, or inferior, as subterranean and
subordinate.
66. What does Super signify?
Over, above, or beyond, as supernatural, etc.
67. What does Suf signify?
Less or after, as suffix, etc.
68. What does Supra signify?
Same as Super.
69. What does Sur signify?
More than, as surcharge.
70. What prefixes signify Together?
Syn, sy, syl, and sym, as in syntax, system,
syllable, and symbol.
71. What does Trans signify?
Beyond, across, and again, as transalpine,
transatlantic, and transform.
72. What does Tra signify?
Across, as traverse.
73. What is the signification of Tri?
Three, as trisyllable, triangle, etc.
75. What does Un signify?
Not, as unhappy, unable, etc.
76. What is the signification of Under?
Below, as undercurrent, underrate, etc.
77. What does Ve signify?
No or not, as vehement.
78. What does Vice signify?
Instead of, as Vice-President.
79. What does With signify?
Against or back, as withstand, withdraw.
80. What other signification has With in some
words?
Near, as within; together, as withal, etc.
81. What suffixes signify “able to be”?
Able, ible, and ile, as curable, audible, and
visible.
82. What suffixes signify rank, or
office?
Acy, ate, ric; dom, and ship, as in curacy,
pontificate, bishopric, kingdom, and clerkship.
83. What is the signification of Age?
Act of, as marriage, passage, etc.
84. Has the suffix Age any other
signification?
From the Latin ago, it means collection.
85. What does An signify?
One who, or the person who acts, as equestrian,
pedestrian, etc.
86. What does Ana signify?
A collection of memorable sayings, as
Franklinana—the sayings of Franklin.
87. What does Ant signify?
Being, and has the force of ing, as dominant,
verdant, etc.
88. What is the signification of the suffix
Art?
One who, as braggart.
90. What does Ate signify?
Full of, or abundance, as desolate, passionate,
etc.
91. What is the signification of Celli?
Little, as vermicelli, etc.
92. What other suffixes also signify
Little?
Cle, cule, el, en, kin, let, ot, ling, ock, and
ie.
93. What does Ene signify?
Belonging to, as terrene, etc.
94. What is the signification of Eous?
Full of, as beauteous, etc.
95. What does Ed signify?
When added to a verb it signifies did, as played;
but to a participle, was, as completed.
96. What is the signification of Er?
More or often, as brighter, glimmer, etc.
97. What does Erly signify?
Direction of, as northerly.
98. What does Es signify?
More than one, as foxes, etc.
99. What does Escent signify?
Growing or becoming, as convalescent.
100. What does Esque signify?
Belonging to, or like, as picturesque, etc.
101. What does Ess signify?
Feminine when added to nouns, as tigress.
102. What does Est signify?
Greatest or least, as largest, smallest, etc.
103. What does Head signify?
State or nature, as Godhead.
104. What does Ics signify?
Things relating to, as optics, etc.
106. What is the signification of Im?
More than one, as cherubim.
107. What does Ina signify?
Feminine, as Czarina.
108. What does Ing signify?
Continuing, as singing, etc.
109. What is the signification of Ior?
More, as superior.
110. What does Ique signify?
Belonging to, as antique.
111. What is the signification of Ish?
Like, as boyish, girlish, etc.
112. What does Isk signify?
Little, as asterisk, etc.
113. What does Ite signify?
That which, as appetite.
114. What does Ive signify?
Able to do, as adhesive, etc.
115. What does Ion signify?
State or act, as location.
116. What does Ism signify?
Doctrine, as Calvinism, etc.
117. What does Ix signify?
Feminine of nouns, as testatrix.
118. What does Kin signify?
A son of, or little, as lambkin.
119. What does Kind signify?
Race, as mankind.
120. What does Less signify?
Without, as guiltless, breathless, etc.
121. What does Ling signify?
Young, as duckling, etc.
123. What does Most signify?
Greatest or furthest, as hindmost.
124. What does Ment signify?
State or act, as settlement, judgment, etc.
125. What does Ness signify?
The quality of, or state of, as whiteness, etc.
126. What does Ock signify?
Small or young, as hillock, bullock, etc.
127. What does Oid signify?
Likeness, as spheroid, etc.
128. What does Or signify?
One who, as actor, director, etc.
129. What does Ory signify?
Having the quality of, as vibratory, etc.
130. What does On signify?
Large, as million, etc.
131. What does Ous signify?
Having the quality of, as solicitous.
132. What does Ot signify?
Little, as idiot.
133. What does Re signify?
Same as Er, as it is another form of it.
134. What does Red signify?
Those who, as kindred, etc.
135. What is the signification of Ress?
Feminine of nouns, as instructress.
136. What does Ric signify?
Office of, as bishopric.
137. What does Ry signify?
Place where, or things collectively.
138. What does Se signify?
To make, as cleanse.
140. What does Ship signify?
The condition, as professorship.
141. What does Some signify?
Full, as quarrelsome.
142. What does Ster signify?
The person who, as teamster.
143. What does Teen signify?
Ten to be added, as fourteen.
144. What is the signification of Tude?
The state of being, as similitude.
145. What does Ty signify?
To multiply into, as seventy, forty, etc.
146. What does Ude signify?
Same as Tude, the state of being.
147. What does Ule signify?
Little, as globule.
148. What does Ward signify?
Direction of, as eastward, etc.
149. What does Ways signify?
Manner, as crossways, lengthways, etc.
150. What does the suffix Y signify?
Plenty, as smoky; also abounding in, as wealthy.
151. Are there any exceptions to the meaning of
the foregoing Prefixes and Postfixes?
There are some, and therefore great judgment must be
exercised in applying them to the analysis of
words.
152. What is meant by the term “Good
Bye”?
God be with you.
153. What does the suffix Ster signify?
Feminine, as spinster.
PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS.
1. Is A the first letter of all written
alphabets?
All but one, the Abyssinian.
2. What number is A in the Abyssinian
alphabet?
The thirteenth.
3. Is double A ever written together as a
word?
It is, as a proper noun.
4. What is Aa the name of?
About forty small rivers in
Europe.—Cyclopedia.
5. Is B the second letter of all
alphabets?
All except the Ethiopic.
6. What number is B in the Ethiopic?
Ninth.
7. Give a word in which P has the sound of
B.
Cupboard.
8. What letter is the Sonorous counterpart of
T?
The letter D.—Cyclopedia.
9. Give the Periodic changes of the English
language.
Saxon, Semi-Saxon, Old English, Middle English, and
Modern English.
10. Give date of “Saxon period.”
Previous to 1150 A.D.
11. Give date of “Semi-Saxon period.”
1150 to 1250.
12. Give date of “Old English period.”
1250 to 1350.
13. Give date of “Middle English period.”
1350 to 1550.
14. Give date of “Modern English period.”
Time since 1550.
16. What causes these changes?
Mostly national invasion.
17. What is assimilation of Consonants?
When an aspirate and subvocal comes together, it is
necessary to change the sound of one or the other, to
make the combination pronounceable.
18. What is meant by an Element of
Speech?
An indivisible portion of language.
19. What is a Sonant sound?
One uttered with intonated or resonant breath.
20. In changing the word traffic to trafficked,
why supply the letter k?
To preserve the proper sound of c.
21. Under what condition is a consonant never
doubled at the end of a word?
When immediately following a
diphthong.—Webster.
22. When is C followed by K in spelling?
Words ending with the sound of k, and in which c
follows the vowel.
23. Give some examples.
Back, black, fleck, etc.
24. Are there any exceptions?
There are, as sac, arc, etc.
25. Why is the word Humbugged spelt with two
g’s?
To prevent sounding the g like j.
26. Give some words spelled differently in the
U.S. and in England.
Woolen—woollen, honor—honour, etc.
27. When do words, ending in double e, drop one e
on taking an additional syllable?
When the suffix begins with e.
29. Does pluralizing a word ever change the
accent?
Sometimes it does.
30. Give an example.
An’tipode—Antip’odes.
31. In such words as Defense, which is correct,
se or ce for the termination?
Se, because the s belongs to the words from which
they are derived.—Webster.
32. Should words of English origin end in ise or
ize?
Ize; same as those from the Greek.
33. Are there any exceptions to these
rules?
There are; as advertise, from English, etc.
34. Are the words ox, calf, sheep, and pig of
French or Saxon origin?
Saxon.
35. From what language do the words beef, veal,
mutton, and pork come?
The Norman-French.
36. What is a Lexicon?
A Dictionary.
37. What is an irregular sound?
Sound of a Redundant letter.
38. How are words divided as regards
Specie?
Primitive and Derivative.
39. How may the meaning of a word be
changed?
By accent; as Aug’ust, August’.
40. What is an irregular derivative?
One in which the letters of the root are changed in
forming the derivative.
41. What is Pronunciation?
The distinct utterance of the sounds of a word.
43. How are words divided as to variety?
Italic, Roman, Old English, etc.
44. Name some compound word in which both parts
retain their own accent.
Writ’ing-mas’ter.
45. Name some word in which one part loses its
accent.
Gentle-manly.
46. Can all the vowels form syllables
themselves?
All except W.
47. When has R a rough sound?
When it begins a word.
48. How are words distinguished?
By their forms and uses.
49. Why do Consonants ever unite?
To form complex sounds: as rr in Burr.
50. From what language are most words derived
that end in less?
Anglo-Saxon.
51. Is Z the last letter of all
alphabets?
All except the Greek, and Hebrew.
52. What is its place in the Greek
alphabet?
Sixth.
53. What is its place in the Hebrew?
Seventh.
54. What letter is the sonorous counterpart of
S?
The letter Z.—Cyclopedia.
55. What is spelling of Z in England?
Zed, and also Izzard.
56. What language has two letters representing
the sound of Z?
The Russian.
57. When was the letter W first used?
About the end of the Seventh Century.
59. In what situation is gh always
silent?
After i in the same syllable.
60. How many words of two syllables are changed
from nouns to verbs by accent?
About eighty.
61. What word contains a consonant
Tetragraph?
Phthisic.
62. What is Philology?
The science of language.
63. When is ue final, silent?
After g and q; as fatigue and oblique.
64. What are the elements of spoken
language?
Vocal and articulate sounds.
65. What are Hybrid words?
Mongrel compounds.
66. What is Terminology?
A treatise on technicalities.
READING AND ELOCUTION.
1. What is Reading?
Silent perusal or distinct utterance of thought and
feeling, as seen expressed in written language.
2. How many kinds of Reading are there?
Two.
3. What are they?
Silent and Audible.
4. What is Silent Reading?
The perusal of Language without utterance.
5. What is Audible Reading?
The utterance of thought and feeling, as seen
expressed in written
Language.
6. What is Elocution?
The science and art of the delivery of
composition.
7. How many kinds of Delivery are there?
Three.
8. What are they?
Speaking, Declamation, and Oratory.
9. What is Speaking?
The utterance of thought and feeling without
reference to the written page.
10. What is Declamation?
The delivery of another’s composition.
11. What is Oratory?
The delivery of one’s own composition.
12. How many kinds of Oratory are there?
Two.
13. What are they?
Prepared and Extempore.
14. What is Prepared oratory?
That which has been studied previous to
delivery.
15. What is Extempore oratory?
That which is accomplished simultaneously with the
delivery.
16. What is Vocal Culture?
The training of the organs of speech for effective
delivery.
17. What should be the primary object in Audible
reading?
To convey to the hearer the ideas and sentiments of
the writer.
18. In order to accomplish this, what should the
Reader do?
Endeavor to make the feelings and sentiments of the
writer his own.
19. What are some of the essential qualities of a
good Reader?
To read slowly, observe the pauses, give proper
inflections, read distinctly, and with
expression.
20. What is Enunciation?
The utterance of words.
21. Under how many Divisions should the subject
of reading be treated?
Six.
22. What are they?
Articulation, Inflection, Accent, Emphasis, the
Voice, and Gesture.
23. What is Articulation?
Distinct utterance of the elementary sounds, and of
the combinations.
24. Name four common faults in
Articulation.
Omitting an unaccented vocal, dropping the final
sound, sounding incorrectly an unaccented vowel, and
omitting syllables.
25. What is Inflection?
Sliding of the voice upward or downward.
26. How many kinds of Inflection are
there?
Two.
27. What are they?
Rising and falling.
28. What is the Rising inflection?
An upward slide of the voice.
29. What is the Falling inflection?
A downward slide of the voice.
30. Are the rising and falling inflections both
ever given to the same sound?
They are.
31. How is such inflection marked?
By the Circumflex.
32. How many kinds of Circumflex?
Two.
34. What is the Rising Circumflex?
The sliding of the voice downward and then upward on
the same sound.
35. What is the Falling Circumflex?
The sliding of the voice upward and then downward on
the same sound.
36. What is a Monotone?
Reading without sliding the voice either upward or
downward.
37. Give Rule 1 for falling inflection.
Propositions which make complete sense require the
falling inflection.
38. Does Emphasis ever reverse this rule?
It does sometimes.
39. Give Rule 2.
Emphasis generally requires the falling
inflection.
40. Where the sense is dependent, what inflection
is generally used?
The rising.
41. Does Emphasis ever affect this rule?
Relative emphasis sometimes reverses it.
42. What kind of inflection should be used at the
end of an interrogative sentence?
Falling, if it cannot be answered by yes or no.
43. Negative sentences require what kind of
inflection?
Rising.
44. Does Emphasis ever affect this rule?
It does; often reversing it.
45. Imperative sentences have what
inflection?
Usually the falling.
46. What kind of words require opposite
inflection?
Words or members expressing antithesis or
contrast.
47. What is a Series?
A number of particulars following one another in the
same construction.
48. How many kinds of Series?
Two.
49. What are they?
Commencing and Concluding.
50. What is a Commencing Series?
One that commences a sentence.
51. What is a Concluding Series?
One that concludes a sentence.
52. What inflection is given to the members of a
commencing series?
The rising.
53. What inflection is given to the members of a
concluding series?
The falling.
54. Are there any exceptions to these
rules?
There are.
55. What causes the exceptions?
Emphasis.
56. What is a Parenthesis in reading?
A sentence, or clause, set off by curves from the
context.
57. How should the Parenthesis be read?
In a lower tone and more rapidly.
58. What is the use of the Circumflex?
To express irony, or sarcasm.
59. What meaning is always suggested by the
Circumflex?
Doubtful or double meaning.
60. What is the use of the Monotones?
To produce an effect in grave and solemn
subjects.
62. Give an example of Emphatic accent.
This corrup’tion must put on in’terruption.
63. What does Pitch signify?
The place in the musical scale on which an element
is sounded.
64. What is Force?
That property of the voice which relates to loudness
of sound.
65. How many different kinds of Force?
Five.
66. What are they?
Suppressed, subdued, ordinary, energetic, and
vehement.
67. To what does Stress relate?
Different modes of applying force.
68. How many kinds of Stress?
Three.
69. What are they?
Expulsive, Explosive, and Vanishing.
70. What is meant by Quantity?
Length of time the voice dwells on a word.
71. What is Quality?
That property which relates to the kind of
voice.
72. What is Movement?
The degree of rapidity with which the voice moves
from one word to another.
73. How many kinds of Movement?
Six.
74. What are they?
Very slow, slow, moderate, lively, rapid, and very
rapid.
75. What does Expression comprehend?
The practical application of all the principles of
reading and
elocution.
76. What is Cadence?
The natural dropping of the voice at the end of a
sentence, denoting completeness of thought.
77. What is a Rhetorical pause?
A suspension of the voice for rhetorical effect.
78. What is Emphasis?
Giving force and energy to certain words.
79. How many kinds of Emphasis?
Two.
80. What are they?
Absolute and relative.
81. What is Absolute emphasis?
Emphasis made without any contrast with other
words.
82. What is Relative emphasis?
Emphasis used where there is antithesis either
expressed or implied.
83. Is a whole Phrase ever made emphatic?
It is often.
84. For what purpose?
To give it great force.
85. What is the Emphatic pause?
Pause made for emphasis.
86. What is Antithesis?
Two or more words opposed to each other in
meaning.
87. What is a Climax?
A series of particulars increasing in importance to
the last.
88. What is Anti-climax?
A series of particulars decreasing in importance to
the last.
89. What is meant by Transition?
Any sudden change in reading.
90. What is Emphatic repetition?
Words repeated for emphasis.
92. What is an Exclamation?
A statement denoting strong emotions.
93. What is Personation?
One person imitating the actions and manners of some
other person or persons.
94. How many kinds of style in reading?
Five.
95. What are they?
Description, Argument, Narration, Persuasion,
Exhortation.
96. What should be characteristic of the
Descriptive style?
The Speaker should use the same manner that he would
if he were actually describing the thing spoken of.
97. What should be characteristic of the
Argumentative style?
Directness and earnestness.
98. What should characterize the
Narrative?
The Reader should proceed as though relating his own
experience.
99. What the Persuasive?
Those tones, looks, and gestures which bring
conviction to the hearer.
100. What should characterize the
Exhortative?
The performer should appeal, beseech, and implore,
as the case may require.
101. What is the Slur?
The smooth gliding of the voice in parenthetic
clauses, etc.
102. How are Emphatic words
distinguished?
By different styles of printing.
103. How many kinds of letters are used to denote
emphasis?
Three usually.
104. What are they?
Italics, small capitals, and capitals.
106. What is Modulation?
Variation of the voice in speaking and reading.
107. What is Pure tone?
A clear, flowing sound, with moderate pitch.
108. What is the Orotund?
Pure tone intensified.
109. For what is it adapted?
To express sublime and pathetic emotions.
110. What is the Aspirated tone?
An expulsion of breath, the words being spoken in a
whisper.
111. What is the Guttural quality?
Deep undertone.
112. What does it express?
Hatred, contempt, loathing, etc.
113. What is the Trembling tone?
A constant waver of the voice.
114. What does it express?
An intense degree of suppressed excitement, or
personates old age.
115. What are Pauses?
Suspensions of the voice in reading or speaking.
116. How many kinds of pauses are there?
Two.
117. What are they?
Grammatical and Rhetorical.
118. What is Suspensive quantity?
Prolongation of the voice at the end of a word
without making an actual pause.
119. What does Quantity embrace?
Force and rate.
121. What is meant by Prose?
All composition which is not written in verse.
122. What are some of the varieties of
Prose?
Letters, Essays, Travels, History, and
Discourses.
123. What is a Letter as a variety of
prose?
A written communication addressed by the writer to
some other person.
124. What is an Essay?
A written discourse on some special subject.
125. What are Travels?
Records of journeys.
126. What is History?
A record of past events.
127. What is a Discourse?
A performance read or spoken to an audience.
128. Should the voice agree in style with the
different varieties of prose?
It should, and the performer should endeavor to
produce the exact sentiments of the writer.
129. What is Poetry?
A discourse written in verse and metrical
language.
130. What is a Verse?
A single line of metrical language.
131. Is it correct to use the term verse in
speaking of a division of prose?
It is not.
132. What should we call such division?
Paragraph or Division.
133. What is a Stanza?
A number of metrical lines, or verses, combined
according to a regular system.
135. What are they?
Rhyme and Blank Verse.
136. What is Rhyme?
That language in which the concluding syllables of
the verses have a similarity of sound.
137. How many kinds of Rhyme?
Two.
138. What are they?
Perfect and imperfect.
139. What is a Perfect rhyme?
Where the vowels have the same sound.
140. What is an Imperfect rhyme?
Where the vowels have a different sound.
141. What is Blank Verse?
A kind of metrical language in which there is no
similarity of sound.
142. What is the Cæsura pause?
A rhythmic pause occurring in a verse.
143. How many rules should be observed in the use
of the Cæsura?
Three.
144. Give Rule 1.
The pause should be near the middle of the
verse.
145. Give Rule 2.
It should never divide a word.
146. Give Rule 3.
Should not separate words from their modifiers, as
adjectives from nouns, adverbs from verbs, etc.
147. Do all verses have the Cæsura pause?
They do if over three feet in length.
148. What is meant by a Foot in verse?
A certain portion of a line divided according to
accent.
149. When melody comes in contact with accent,
which should yield?
Accent.
150. Is there any other rhythmic pause than the
Cæsura?
There is; the demi-cæsura is sometimes used.
151. How many kinds of Poetry are there?
Seven.
152. What are they?
Epic, Dramatic, Lyric, Elegiac, Didactic, Satiric
and Pastoral.
153. What is an Epic poem?
A poetical recital of some great and heroic
enterprise.
154. Are there many Epic poems?
There are not; most nations have one.
155. Name the three Epics of greatest
note.
Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Æneid, and Milton’s Paradise
Lost.
156. What language were these poems written
in?
The Iliad in Greek, Æneid in Latin, and Paradise
Lost in English.
157. What does the Iliad describe or
narrate?
The downfall of Troy, which was the most memorable
event in the early history of the Trojans and
Greeks.
158. What does the Æneid narrate?
The perils and labors of Æneas, who was the reputed
founder of the Roman race.
159. What does Paradise Lost describe?
The downfall of not only the Human but of the
Angelic host.
160. What is a Dramatic poem?
One similar in many respects to an Epic.
161. Name some point of difference.
Epic relates past events; the Drama represents
events as taking place at the present
time.
162. Name the greatest Dramatic writer of the
English.
Shakespeare.
163. What is a Drama called that is set to
music?
An opera.
164. What is a Melodrama?
A dramatic poem some parts of which are spoken and
some are sung.
165. What is Lyric Poetry?
It is the oldest kind of poetry, and was originally
intended to be sung to the accompaniment of the
lyre.
166. What are Sonnets?
A kind of Lyric Poems.
167. What is an Elegy?
A poem of a mournful kind, usually celebrating the
virtues of some person deceased.
168. What is an Epitaph?
A short Elegy inscribed on a monument, or written in
praise of any one.
169. What is a Pastoral poem?
One that describes country life.
170. What is a Didactic poem?
One the aim of which is to give instruction.
171. What is Meditative Poetry?
A kind of Didactic poetry.
172. Name two noted Didactic poems.
Bryant’s “Thanatopsis,” and Campbell’s “Pleasures of
Hope.”
173. What is a Satire?
One that holds up the follies of men to
ridicule.
174. Is a Satire personal?
It is not.
176. What is Gesture?
Expression given to language by movements of the
body, limbs, etc.
177. What kind of Gesture is most
appropriate?
That which is natural.
178. What attitude should be used in reading and
speaking?
Standing.
179. Which hand should hold the book?
The left, if possible.
180. Should a Reader keep his eyes on the book
constantly?
He should not; but cast the eyes away from the page
as often as possible.
181. Should a gesture be made while the eyes are
looking on the book?
It should not.
182. In what kind of language are gestures
inappropriate?
Didactic or unimpassioned discourse.
183. Should a Speaker begin to gesticulate as
soon as he begins his discourse?
Very seldom, before he has entered fully into the
discourse.
184. How many positions are recognized for the
hand when not used in gesticulating?
Three.
185. What are they?
Hanging naturally at the side; resting upon the hip
with the elbow thrown backward; and resting on your
bosom.
186. What are Descriptive gestures?
Those used in describing objects.
187. What are Significant gestures?
Those which have special signification.
188. Name some Significant gestures of the
head.
It drops in grief and shame, and nods in assent;
shakes in dissent, and leans forward in
attention.
189. Name some Significant gestures of the
eyes.
Raised in prayer, weep in sorrow, burn in anger, and
are cast on vacancy in thought.
190. Name some of the passions of the
mind.
Love, anger, joy, sorrow, fear, and courage.
191. What tone of voice should be used in the
expression of Love?
Soft, smooth, and languishing voice.
192. What tone of voice should be used to express
Anger?
Strong, vehement, and elevated voice.
193. Where is the best place to practice
elocution and reading?
In the open air, or in a well ventilated room.
194. Should a Reader or Speaker pay strict
attention to the rules of elocution?
He should not, but study nature rather.
195. What is the Soul of Oratory?
Emotion.
196. What is meant by the Compass of the
voice?
The range in which it can be properly
controlled.
197. How may the Compass of the voice be
increased?
By continued practice on a very low and very high
key.
198. Should a Reader or Speaker drink any liquid
while exercising the voice?
He should not, for it is injurious to the vocal
chords.
199. What effect does Tobacco have on the
voice?
It enfeebles the nervous system and breathing
organs, and makes the voice dry, harsh, and
ungovernable.
200. What effect do Stimulants have on the
voice?
Irritate and inflame the vocal organs, which results
in hoarseness and produces too high a key, which
terminates in a squeaking
tone.
201. In faulty articulation what sounds are
usually mispronounced?
The vowel sounds of the unaccented syllables.
202. What Consonants are often incorrectly
dropped?
The final consonants.
203. How may distinct Articulation be
acquired?
By continued practice of the elementary sounds.
204. What are the most prominent Elements of all
words?
The vowels.
205. Which sounds should be practiced
first?
The vowels; as they are the most easily uttered.
206. Can the sounds of the Consonants be given
alone?
They can by practice.
207. What is the source of the greatest defect in
Articulation?
Improper sounding of the consonants.
208. What kind of Inflection is generally given
to words of great emphasis?
The falling; unless the sentiment requires the
rising.
209. When is the Inflection of a question changed
from the falling to the rising?
When it is repeated or made emphatic.
210. In the introductory part of a sentence,
where the sense is incomplete, what inflection is
used?
Unless great emphasis is required, the rising should
be used.
211. The names of persons addressed in formal
speech require what inflection?
The falling should always be used in such cases.
212. General statements require what
inflection?
The falling.
213. For the sake of harmony, what principle
should govern the reader?
When a sentence ends with the falling inflection,
the rising should precede
it.
214. When sentences commence with verbs, what
inflection is required?
Mostly the rising.
215. What is meant by an Echo in reading?
Interrogative exclamations, where the question is
repeated.
216. Give an example of Echo.
What’s the trouble? What’s the trouble? trouble
enough.
217. What inflection should be given to members
of sentences connected disjunctively?
First member, the rising; second member, the
falling.
218. When several Emphatic words or members come
together, how should they be inflected?
The most emphatic, the falling; and the others the
rising.
219. What is a Simple Series in reading?
A series of particulars that is composed of single
words.
220. What is meant by a Compound Series?
One that is composed of clauses is called
compound.
221. What determines Accent?
The usage of our best speakers and writers of the
present.
222. To whom does it belong to determine and
record such usage?
The Lexicographers.
223. Are there any cases in which we can trace
the reason for the accent?
There are; in discriminating accent where it is used
to determine the parts of speech.
224. Do we ever have two sets of Antitheses in
the same sentence?
We do; as each member may contain an antithesis.
225. Give an example.
John was hurt; William escaped.
227. Should there be any difference in the tone
of voice used in reading verse and prose?
There should be a difference.
228. What different style ought to be
used?
The monotone and rising inflection are more
frequently used in verse than in prose.
229. What is the greatest difficulty met with in
reading or declaiming poetic selections?
In giving it that measured flow which distinguishes
it from prose, without falling into a continued
monotone.
230. What is a good method to break up this
habit?
Reduce the selection to prose, and deliver it in an
earnest, conversational style.
231. Why should there be a short pause at the end
of each line of poetry, even where the sense does not
require it?
In order that the measure of the poem may be more
perceptible to the ear.
232. What is it that constitutes the melody of a
poem?
The pauses and accents chiefly.
233. What rule should govern the reader in the
use of pauses and accents?
Use variety, and not make them too prominent.
234. What tone of voice should be used in reading
a Simile in poetry?
The simile should be read in a lower tone than the
rest of the passage.
235. What, with regard to the voice, is an
important object to every speaker and reader?
The important object is to have a full, even tone of
voice.
236. What key of the voice should be most
diligently improved?
The natural key, or that which is used
most.
237. What is meant by the natural key or
pitch?
That which is peculiar to the individual, and in
which he can use most easily to himself, and most
agreeably to others.
238. How can the natural tone of voice be
strengthened?
By reading and speaking as loud as possible, without
suffering the voice to rise into a higher key.
239. What is the best method of strengthening the
natural key?
By speaking and reading strong, animated passages in
a small room.
240. How may low tones be acquired?
By continued practice in a lower key than the
natural.
241. How may a high key be acquired?
In the same manner as a low key; by pitching the
voice first a little higher than the natural, and
mastering that thoroughly, then still higher and
higher.
242. What is meant by Rotundity of the
voice?
That peculiar form of tone which the Romans called
“Ore rotundo,” which signifies “Round mouth.”
243. In what kind of sentences is the Rotundity
of the voice exemplified?
In the hailing of vessels, and is used especially by
sailors and officers.
244. Which is the most difficult: to raise the
voice to a higher pitch, or to bring it to a
lower?
The lowering of the voice is more difficult, and
requires great care and practice.
245. What is a common fault with most public
speakers?
To run the voice into too high a key, and thus weary
the hearers.
246. What is a good rule by which to govern the
voice?
To start on a key lower than the natural, and thus
avoid running too
high.
247. What are the principal styles of different
reading selections?
Descriptive, Narrative, Senatorial, Moral, Didactic,
Dramatic, and Amusing.
248. What tone of voice should be used in reading
a Descriptive selection?
The ordinary, natural tone, with a careful use of
emphasis.
249. What tone of voice is best adapted to the
reading of a Narration?
The conversational tone, with as little reference to
the printed page as possible.
250. What style is the best adapted to Senatorial
reading?
An imitative style and tone, being careful in the
use of the emphatic pause.
251. What tone is best adapted to the reading of
Moral and Religious selections?
Low and moderate tone, expressing feeling and
sentiment, being careful not to read too fast.
252. What style is best adapted to Didactic
reading?
That peculiar style which is best adapted to impart
instruction, laying special stress on the important
idea.
253. What style and tone are best adapted to the
reading of Dramatic selections?
A style and tone which are entirely imitative in
character.
254. What tone or character of voice is best
suited to the rendering of Amusing selections?
That which will bring out the mirthful sentiment, to
the exclusion of all rules for accent, emphasis,
etc.
255. Should all persons use the same tones of
voice and style in reading selections?
They should not; as individuals are differently
constituted, so they have different ways of expressing
their ideas and sentiments.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES.
SPELLING ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.
1. Abaissement.
2. Abductor.
3. Abelmoschus.
4. Aberration.
5. Abies.
6. Ablepsy.
7. Abnormal.
8. Abouchement.
9. Abscess.
10. Abscission.
11. Absinthium.
12. Abstergent.
13. Abominable.
14. Aborigines.
15. Abridgment.
16. Absinthe.
17. Abstemious.
18. Abstrusely.
19. Abysmal.
20. Acacia.
21. Academician.
22. Acanthus.
23. Acarpous.
24. Acaulous.
25. Accede.
26. Accelerate.
27. Accessible.
28. Accessory.
29. Accomplice.
30. Accostable.
31. Accoutre.
32. Acephalous.
33. Acerbity.
34. Acescent.
35. Acetify.
36. Acetometer.
37. Ache.
38. Achievable.
39. Achromatic.
40. Acicular.
41. Acolyte.
42. Acoustic.
43. Acquiesce.
44. Acquittal.
45. Acreage.
46. Acrobat.
47. Acropolis.
48. Acrostic.
49. Actualize.
50. Aculeate.
51. Baa.
52. Bacchanal.
53. Backsheesh.
54. Baconian.
55. Bagatelle.
56. Balk.
57. Bandelet.
58. Barbican.
59. Baryta.
60. Barru.
61. Basalt.
62. Basic.
63. Basilica.
64. Basilisk.
65. Bastile.
66. Baccae.
67. Caboodle.
68. Cacoethes.
69. Cacophony.
70. Cadaverous.
71. Cadenza.
72. Caducus.
73. Caduceus.
74. Caique.
75. Caisson.
76. Cæcal.
77. Calaboose.
78. Calciferous.
79. Caffeine.
80. Calcined.
81. Caldarium.
82. Caligo.
83. Calorimeter.
84. Caltha.
85. Calx.
86. Catechu.
87. Cellular.
88. Chemosis.
89. Chiastre.
90. Chilblain.
91. Chymification.
92. Cilium.
93. Clematis.
94. Cochineal.
95. Codeia.
96. Contagious.
97. Coronoid.
98. Dacryoma.
99. Dahline.
100. Daphne.
101. Datura.
102. Deciduous.
103. Decollation.
104. Dactylology.
105. Dahlia.
106. Decumbent.
107. Degmus.
108. Dawdle.
109. Dengue.
110. Deltoid.
111. Debut.
112. Decastyle.
113. Deliquium.
114. Decennial.
115. Dentatus.
116. Dentagra.
117. Demesne.
118. Diaphysis.
119. Diastole.
120. Didym.
121. Desuetude.
122. Echinus.
123. Echinops.
124.
Ecarte.
125. Ebullition.
126. Eclat.
127. Edacious.
128. Eclysis.
129. Ecphlysis.
130. Eider.
131. Eke.
132. Effete.
133. Elysian.
134. Egophony.
135. Empiric.
136. Empyrean.
137. Encaustic.
138. Enceinte.
139. Elaine.
140. Encore.
141. Encyclical.
142. Encysted.
143. Elephas.
144. Enmity.
145. Ensconce.
146. Facet.
147. Facetious.
148. Facial.
149. Factitious.
150. Falderals.
151. Falsetto.
152. Fantasia.
153. Fascicle.
154. Fauces.
155. Fauna.
156. Febrile.
157. Felly.
158. Felloe.
159. Fuzz.
160. Gala.
161. Gamboge.
162. Gamut.
163. Ganoid.
164. Gaol.
165. Garrote.
166. Gawk.
167. Gelatine.
168. Gelid.
169. Gemini.
170. Genial.
171. Geode.
172. Geognosy.
173. Geodesy.
174. Georama.
175. Hegira.
176. Heifer.
177. Helix.
178. Helve.
179. Hernia.
180. Hexahedron.
181. Hexastyle.
182. Hockle.
183. Hone.
184. Hookah.
185. Horologe.
186. Icarian.
187. Ibis.
188. Ibex.
189. Ichor.
190. Ichneumon.
191. Ichthyolite.
192. Ides
193. Idiom.
194. Idyl.
195. Ignescent.
196. Iguana.
197. Ileum.
198. Impede.
199. Impennate.
200. Indocile.
201. Inebriate.
202. Insidious.
203. Jabber.
204. Jacinth.
205. Jackal.
206. Jaconet.
207. Jalap.
208. Jaguar.
209. Janitor.
210. Jeer.
211. Jejune.
212. Jujube.
213. Junket.
214. Juno.
215. Kale.
216. Katydid.
217. Kistvaen.
218. Kyanize.
219. Lac.
220. Labyrinth.
221. Lachrymal.
222. Landwehr.
223. Limbo.
224. Llama.
225. Loo.
226. Mab.
227. Macaw.
228. Machinate.
229. Madrigal.
230. Magenta.
231. Monolith.
232. Nard.
233. Naphtha.
234. Nadir.
235. Naiad.
236. Niggard.
237. Nympha.
238. Obesity.
239. Obloquy.
240. Obverse.
241. Occiput.
242. Ochre.
243. Pabulum.
244. Palanquin.
245. Paletot.
246. Replevin.
247. Resuscitate.
248. Sabaoth.
249. Sacerdotal.
250. Sacrum.
251. Sadducee.
PROPER NOUNS TO SPELL.
1. Aaron.
2. Abdiel.
3. Abiezer.
4. Adolphus.
5. Albion.
6. Alexander.
7. Alonzo.
8. Alpheus.
9. Alvah.
10. Alwin.
11. Ammi.
12. Amos.
13. Andronicus.
14. Antony.
15. Apollos.
16. Aristarchus.
17. Artemas.
18. Azariah.
19. Augustus.
20. Asher.
21. Baldwin.
22. Barnabas.
23. Barnaby.
24. Bartholomew.
25. Basil.
26. Benedict.
27. Benoni.
28. Barnard.
29. Bertram.
30. Brian.
31. Bruno.
32. Cæsar.
33. Caleb.
34. Calvin.
35. Cephas.
36. Clarence.
37. Claudius.
38. Clement.
39. Cornelius.
40. Crispus.
41. Cyril.
42. Cyrus.
43. Daniel.
44. Darius.
45. Demetrius.
46. Denis.
47. Dionysius.
48. Donald.
49. Duncan.
50. Ebenezer.
51. Edgar.
52. Edwin.
53. Elbert.
54. Eleazer.
55. Elias.
56. Elisha.
57. Ellis.
58. Elnathan.
59. Eneas.
60. Enoch.
61. Enoz.
62. Erasmus.
63. Erie.
64. Esau.
65. Everard.
66. Erwin.
67. Fernando.
68. Festus.
69. Frederic.
70. Gamaliel.
71. Germanie.
72. Gershon.
73. Godfrey.
74. Gregory.
75. Guy.
76. Hannibal.
77. Heman.
78. Hercules.
79. Herbert.
80. Hezekiah.
81. Hillel.
82. Homer.
83. Hubert.
84. Hugo.
85. Immanuel.
86. Ingram.
87. Ivan.
88. Jabez.
89. Jairus.
90. Japheth.
91. Jason.
92. Jeremy.
93. Jerome.
94. Jess.
95. Joel.
96. Jonah.
97. Josiah.
98. Jotham.
99. Judah.
100. Julius.
101. Justus.
102. Justun.
103. Jonathan.
104. Kennett.
105. Marion.
106. Philip.
107. Philander.
WORDS TO SPELL AND DEFINE, ARRANGED PROMISCUOUSLY.
1. Sirup.
2. Skyey.
3. Proxy.
4. Piquant.
5. Pibroch.
6. Monkery.
7. Irascible.
8. Conceit.
9. Controllable.
10. Coquet (Verb).
11. Coquette (Noun).
12. Cyclopedia.
13. Fascine.
14. Steelyard.
15. Precious.
16. Seize.
17. Beeves.
18. Civilize.
19. Resuscitate.
20. Heinous.
21. Contemptible.
22. Transitory.
23. Conspiracy.
24. Feminine.
25. Petite.
26. Police.
27. Valise.
28. Verdigris.
29. Routine.
30. Douche.
31. Whorl.
32. Truffle.
33. Debut.
34. Cæsura.
35. Connoisseur.
36. Sumac.
37. Hymeneal.
38. Keelson.
39. Coterie.
40. Recipe.
41. Sapphire.
42. Cognac.
43. Restaurant.
44. Homicide.
45. Patricide.
46. Fratricide.
47. Regicide.
48. Suicide.
49. Matricide.
50. Infanticide.
WORDS TO BE MARKED DIACRITICALLY.
1. Sice.
2. Says.
3. Phthisic.
4. Ennui.
5. Vignette.
6. Cortege.
7. Myrrh.
8. Chamois.
9. Sergeant.
10. Boudoir.
11. Hiccough.
12. Bureau.
13. Again.
14. Discern.
15. Bijou.
16. Flambeau.
17. Said.
18. Croquet.
19. Salon.
20. Suave.
21. Shew.
22. Strew.
23. Bouffe.
24. Enough.
25. Suffice.
26. Squirrel.
27. Busy.
28. Cough.
29. Buoy.
30. Many.
31. Pretty.
32. Canon.
33. Chapeau.
34. Menage.
35. Once.
36. Cafe.
37. Colonel.
38. Cuirass.
39. Gunwale.
40. Dahlia.
41. Soiree.
42. Sapphire.
43. Cognac.
44. Sacrifice.
45. Escritoire.
46. Barege.
47. Soldier.
48. Fortune.
49. Nephew.
50. Lettuce.
51. Entree.
52. Regime.
53. Physique.
54. Protege.
55. Sleuth.
56. Blonde.
57. Coiffure.
58. Afghan.
59. Glebe.
60. Chenille.
61. Chasseur
62. Gyves.
63. Guy.
64. Banyan.
65. Lapel.
66. Kerchief.
67. Gnostic.
68. Corymb.
69. Chevron.
70. Eleve.
71. Touch.
72. Chintz.
73. Meerschaum.
74. Buhr-stone.
75. Camphene.
76. Cigar.
77. Deleble.
78. Polyglot.
79. Diamond.
80. Courier.
81. Sorcery.
82. Extirpate.
83. Gaseous.
84. Docible.
85. Alias.
86. Potpourri.
87. Soprano.
88. Apparel.
89. Palaver.
90. Anchovy.
91. Hygiene.
92. Alchemy.
93. Ascendant.
94. Syzygy.
95. Barbecue.
96.
Proboscis.
97. Carbine.
98. Disown.
99. Forbade.
100. Farewell.
101. Resource.
102. Extol.
103. Diverge.
104. Contour.
105. Bourgeois.
106. Disarm.
107. Whither.
108. Water.
109. Larynx.
110. Soul.
111. Crypt.
112. Fleche.
113. Weevil.
114. Lacquer.
115. Phenix.
116. Roguish.
117. Wheyey.
118. Sachel.
119. Rhymer.
120. Psychic.
121. Ptisan.
122. Calker.
123. Depot.
124. Catarrh.
125. Condemn.
126. Bristle.
127. Wriggle.
128. Christen.
129. Naphtha.
130. Chalky.
131. Gherkin.
132. Fraught.
133. Qualm.
134. Vault.
135. Knob.
136. Papaw.
137. Gauging.
138. Cologne.
139. Quadrille.
140. Skyish.
141. Sorghum.
142. Survey.
143. Victuals.
144. Scissors.
145. Gnomon.
146. Ghastly.
147. Phlegm.
148. Gnarl.
149. Gnash.
150. Tertian.
151. Phantom.
152. Livre.
153. Lyrist.
154. Nuisance.
155. Scheme.
156. Chief.
157. Siege.
158. Keyed.
159. Caucus.
160. College.
161. Leather.
162. Caught.
163. Skein.
164.
Coerce.
165. Policy.
166. Legacy.
167. Codicil.
168. Domicile.
169. Hypocrite.
170. Tortoise.
171. Mortise.
172. Porridge.
173. Eagle.
174. Greasy.
175. Pardon.
176. Poleax.
177. Deanery.
178. Mechanics
179. Dialogue.
180. Inveigher.
181. Solstitial.
182. Official.
183. Reprieve.
184. Barter.
185. Succeed.
186. Accede.
187. Salmon.
188. Verger.
189. Wooed.
190. Sausage.
191. Pigeon.
192. Chloral.
193. Balance.
194. Silence.
195. Fallible.
196. Prelacy.
197. Foretell.
198. Going.
199. Chyle.
200. Fascinate.
201. Secrecy.
202. Vacillate.
203. Paralyze.
204. Advertise.
205. Ecstasy.
206. Exertion.
207. Cynical.
208. Article.
209. City.
210. Busily.
211. Guttural.
212. Scholar.
213. Sibyl.
214. Abscess.
215. Guinea.
216. Voracity.
WORDS TO BE DEFINED.
| 1. | Acts. | 1. | Ax. |
| 2. | Poll. | 2. | Pole. |
| 3. | Roe. | 3. | Row. |
| 4. | Gate | 4. | Gait. |
| 5. | Main. | 5. | Mane. |
| 6. | Bough. | 6. | Bow. |
| 7. | Hue. | 7. | Hugh. |
| 8. | Bear. | 8. | Beech. |
| 9. | Dear. | 9. | Deer. |
| 10. | Wright. | 10. | Write. |
| 11. | Right. | 11. | Rite. |
| 12. | All. | 12. | Awl. |
| 13. | Bay. | 13. | Bey. |
| 14. | Ark. | 14. | Arch. |
| 15. | Colonel. | 15. | Kernel. |
| 16. | Ruff. | 16. | Rough. |
| 17. | Might. | 17. | Mite. |
| 18. | Rode. | 18. | Road. |
| 19. | Seen. | 19. | Scene. |
| 20. | Corps. | 20. | Core. |
| 21. | Mold. | 21. | Mould. |
| 22. | Great. | 22. | Grate. |
| 23. | Sun. | 23. | Son. |
| 24. | Break. | 24. | Brake. |
| 25. | Dough. | 25. | Doe. |
| 26. | Night. | 26. | Knight. |
| 27. | Sweet. | 27. | Suite. |
| 28. | Four. | 28. | Fore. |
| 29. | Bier. | 29. | Beer. |
| 30. | Beat. | 30. | Beet. |
| 31. | Currant. | 31. | Current. |
| 32. | Viol. | 32. | Vile. |
| 33. | Sent. | 33. | Scent. |
| 34. | Sear. | 34. | Seer. |
| 35. | Lane. | 35. | Lain. |
| 36. | Able. | 36. | Abel. |
| 37. | Knot. | 37. | Not. |
| 38. | Raise. | 38. | Raze. |
| 39. | Hoard. | 39. | Horde. |
| 40. | Lyre. | 40. | Liar. |
| 41. | Symbol. | 41. | Cymbal. |
| 42. | Hawk. | 42. | Hough. |
| 43. | Sine. | 43. | Sign. |
| 44. | Rain. | 44. | Rein. |
| 45. | Lo. | 45. | Low. |
| 46. | Hie. | 46. | High. |
| 47. | Assent. | 47. | Ascent. |
| 48. | Lute. | 48. | Loot. |
| 49. | Lore. | 49. | Lower. |
| 50. | Sell. | 50. | Cell. |
| 51. | Sail. | 51. | Sale. |
| 52. | Lode. | 52. | Load. |
| 53. | Loan. | 53. | Lone. |
| 54. | Fete. | 54. | Fate. |
| 55. | Lien. | 55. | Lean. |
| 56. | Layer. | 56. | Lair. |
| 57. | Hay. | 57. | Hey. |
| 58. | Idle. | 58. | Idyl. |
| 59. | Hart. | 59. | Heart. |
| 60. | Bass. | 60. | Base. |
| 61. | Bale. | 61. | Bail. |
| 62. | Heel. | 62. | Heal. |
| 63. | Sight. | 63. | Cite. |
| 64. | Haul. | 64. | Hall. |
| 65. | Hale. | 65. | Hail. |
| 66. | Lac. | 66. | Lack. |
| 67. | Nay. | 67. | Neigh. |
| 68. | Altar. | 68. | Alter. |
| 69. | Day. | 69. | Dey. |
| 70. | Hair. | 70. | Hare. |
| 71. | Lye. | 71. | Lie. |
| 72. | Council. | 72. | Counsel. |
| 73. | Mean. | 73. | Mien. |
| 74. | Ate. | 74. | Eight. |
| 75. | Aught. | 75. | Ought. |
| 76. | Wrack. | 76. | Rack. |
| 77. | Reek. | 77. | Wreak. |
| 78. | Wreck. | 78. | Reck. |
| 79. | Rime. | 79. | Rhyme. |
| 80. | Ring. | 80. | Wring. |
| 81. | Wrote. | 81. | Rote. |
| 82. | Rest. | 82. | Wrest. |
| 83. | Hole. | 83. | Whole. |
| 84. | Leek. | 84. | Leak. |
| 85. | Wave. | 85. | Waive. |
| 86. | Week. | 86. | Weak. |
| 87. | Fort. | 87. | Forte. |
| 88. | Soul. | 88. | Sole. |
| 89. | Strait. | 89. | Straight. |
| 90. | Seed. | 90. | Cede. |
| 91. | Seen. | 91. | Seine. |
| 92. | Seize. | 92. | Cease. |
| 93. | See. | 93. | Sea. |
| 94. | Cole. | 94. | Coal. |
| 95. | Bourne. | 95. | Born. |
| 96. | Bite. | 96. | Bight. |
| 97. | Floe. | 97. | Flow. |
| 98. | Bell. | 98. | Belle. |
SELECT READING.
1. The most skillful gauger I ever knew was a maligned
cobbler, armed with a poniard, who drove a peddler’s wagon,
using a mullein stalk as an instrument of coercion to tyrannize
over his pony shod with calks. He was a Galilean Sadducee, and
he had a phthisicky catarrh, diphtheria, and the bilious
intermittent
erysipelas.
2. A certain sibyl, with the sobriquet of “Gypsy,” went into
ecstasies of cachinnation at seeing him measure a bushel of
peas and separate saccharine tomatoes from a heap of peeled
potatoes, without dyeing or singeing the ignitible queue which
he wore, or becoming paralyzed with hemorrhage.
3. Lifting her eyes to the ceiling of the cupola of the
capitol to conceal her unparalleled embarrassment, making him a
rough courtesy, and not harrassing him with mystifying,
rarefying, and stupefying innuendoes, she gave him a couch, a
bouquet of lilies, mignonette, and fuchsias, a treatise on
mnemonics, a copy of the Apocrypha in hieroglyphics,
daguerreotypes of Mendelssohn and Kosciusko, a kaleidoscope, a
dram-phial of ipecacuanha, a teaspoonful of naphtha for deleble
purposes, a ferrule, a clarionet, some licorice, a surcingle, a
carnelian of symmetrical proportions, a chronometer with a
movable balance-wheel, a box of dominoes, and a catechism.
4. The gauger, who was also a trafficking rectifier and a
parishioner of mine, preferring a woolen surtout (his choice
was referrible to a vacillating, occasionally occurring
idiosyncrasy), wofully uttered this apothegm: “Life is
checkered; but schism, apostasy, heresy and villainy shall be
punished.” The sibyl apologizingly answered: “There is a
ratable and allegeable difference between a conferrable
ellipsis and a trisyllabic diæresis.” We replied in trochees,
not impugning her suspicion.
SELECT READING.
1. One enervating morning, just after the rise of the sun, a
youth bearing the cognomen of Galileo glided into his gondola
over the legendary waters of the lethean Thames. He was
accompanied by his allies and coadjutors, the dolorous Pepys
and the erudite Cholmondeley, the most combative aristocrat
extant, and an epicurean who, for learned vagaries and
revolting discrepancies of character, would take precedence of
the most erudite of all Areopagite
literati.
2. These sacrilegious dramatis personæ were
discussing in detail a suggestive and exhaustive address,
delivered from the proscenium box of the Calisthenic Lyceum by
a notable financier on obligatory hydropathy, as accessory to
the irrevocable and irreparable doctrine of evolution, which
had been vehemently panegyrized by a splenetic professor of
acoustics, and simultaneously denounced by a complaisant
opponent as an undemonstrated romance of the last decade,
amenable to no reasoning, however allopathic, outside of its
own lamentable environs.
3. These peremptory tripartite brethren arrived at
Greenwich, wishing to aggrandize themselves by indulging in
exemplary relaxation, indicatory of implacable detestation of
integral tergiversation and exoteric intrigue. They fraternized
with a phrenological harlequin who was a connoisseur in
mezzotint and falconry. The piquant person was heaping
contumely and scathing raillery on an amateur in jugular
recitative, who held that the Pharaohs of Asia were conversant
with his theory that morphine and quinine were exorcists of
bronchitis.
4. Meanwhile, the leisurely Augustine of Cockburn drank from
a tortoise-shell wassail cup to the health of an apotheosized
recusant, who was his supererogatory patron, and an assistant
recognizance in the immobile nomenclature of interstitial
molecular phonics. The contents of the vase proving soporific,
a stolid plebeian took from its cerements a heraldic
violoncello, and, assisted by a plethoric diocesan from Pall
Mall, who performed on a sonorous piano-forte, proceeded to
wake the clangorous echoes of the Empyrean. They bade the
prolyx Caucasian gentlemen not to misconstrue their inexorable
demands, while they dined on acclimated anchovies and apricot
truffles, and had for dessert a wiseacre’s pharmacopoeia. Thus
the truculent Pythagoreans had a novel repast fit for the
gods.
5. On the subsidence of the feast they alternated between
soft languors and isolated scenes of squalor, which followed a
[pg 95] mechanist’s reconnaissance of
the imagery of Uranus, the legend of whose incognito related
to a poniard wound in the abdomen received while cutting a
swath in the interests of telegraphy and posthumous
photography. Meantime an unctuous orthoepist applied a
homeopathic restorative to the retina of an objurgatory
spaniel (named Daniel) and tried to perfect the construction
of a behemoth which had got mired in pygmean slough, while
listening to the elegiac soughing of the prehistoric
wind.
SELECT READING.
1. Geoffrey, surnamed Winthrop, sat in the depot at Chicago,
waiting for his train and reading the Tribune, when a squadron
of street Arabs (incomparable for squalor) thronged from a
neighboring alley, uttering hideous cries, accompanied by
inimitable gestures of heinous exultation, as they tortured a
humble black-and-tan dog.
2. “You little blackguards!” cried Winthrop, stepping
outside and confronting them, adding the inquiry, “Whose dog is
that?”
3. “That audacious Caucasian has the bravado to interfere
with our clique,” tauntingly shrieked the indisputable little
ruffian, exhibiting combativeness.
4. “What will you take for him?” asked the lenient Geoffrey,
ignoring the venial tirade.
5. “Twenty-seven cents,” piquantly answered the ribald
urchin, grabbing the crouching dog by the nape.
6. “You can buy licorice and share with the indecorous
coadjutors of your condemnable cruelty,” said Winthrop, paying
the price and taking the dog from the child. Then catching up
his valise and umbrella he hastened to his train. Winthrop
satisfied himself that his sleek protege was not wounded, and
then cleaned the cement from the pretty collar, and read these
words; “Leicester. Licensed, No.
1880.”
7. Hearing the pronunciation of his name, the docile canine
expressed gratitude and pleasure, and then sank exhausted at
his new patron’s feet and slept.
8. Among the other passengers was a magazine contributor,
writing vagaries of Indian literature, also two physicians, a
somber, irrevocable, irrefragable allopathist, and a genial
homeopathist, who made a specialty of bronchitis. Two
peremptory attorneys from the Legislature of Iowa were
discussing the politics of the epoch and the details of
national finance, while a wan, dolorous person, wearing concave
glasses, alternately ate troches and almonds for a sedative,
and sought condolence in a high, lamentable treble from a
lethargic and somewhat deaf and enervate comrade not yet
acclimated.
9. Near three exemplary brethren (probably sinecurists) sat
a group of humorous youths; and a jocose sailor (lately from
Asia) in a blouse waist and tarpaulin hat was amusing his
patriotic, juvenile listeners by relating a series of the most
extraordinary legends extant, suggested by the contents of the
knapsack which he was calmly and leisurely arranging in a
pyramidal form on a three-legged stool. Above swung figured
placards, with museum and lyceum advertisements, too verbose to
be misconstrued.
10. A mature matron of medium height, and her comely
daughter, soon entered the car, and took seats in front of
Winthrop (who recalled having seen them on Tuesday, in
February, in the parquet of a theater). The young lady had
recently made her debut into society at a musical soiree at her
aunt’s. She had an exquisite bouquet of flowers that exhaled
sweet perfume. She said to her parent, “Mamma, shall we ever
find my lost Leicester?”
11. Geoffrey immediately addressed her, saying, as he
presented his card—
“Pardon my apparent intrusiveness; but, prithee, have you
lost a pet dog?”
12. The explanation that he had been stolen was scarcely
necessary, for Leicester, just awakening, vehemently expressed
his inexplicable joy by buoyantly vibrating between the two
like the sounding lever used in telegraphy (for to neither of
them would he show partiality), till, succumbing to ennui, he
purported to take a recess, and sat on his haunches,
complaisantly contemplating his friends. It was truly an
interesting picture.
13. They reached their destination ere the sun was beneath
the horizon. Often during the summer Winthrop gallantly rowed
from the quay, with the naive and blithe Beatrice in her jaunty
yachting suit, but no coquetry shone from the depths of her
azure eyes. Little Less, their jocund confidante and courier
(and who was as sagacious as a spaniel), always attended them
on these occasions, and whene’er they rambled through the
woodland paths. While the band played strains from Beethoven
Mendelssohn, Bach and others, they promenaded the long
corridors of the hotel. And one evening, as Beatrice lighted
the gas by the etagere in her charming boudoir in their suite
of rooms, there glistened brilliantly a valuable solitaire
diamond on her finger.
14. Let us look into the future for the sequel to perfect
this romance, and around a cheerful hearth we see again
Geoffrey and Beatrice, who are paying due homage to their tiny
friend Leicester.
SELECT READING.
1. A sacrilegious son of Belial, who suffered from
bronchitis and diphtheria, and had taken much morphine and
quinine, having exhausted his finances, in order to make good
the deficit, resolved to ally himself to a complaisant,
lenient, docile, young woman of the Caucasian race. Buying a
calliope, a coral necklace, an illustrated magazine, and a
falcon [pg 98] from Asia, he took a suite of
rooms, whose acoustic properties were excellent, and engaged
a Malay as his coadjutor.
2. Being of an epicurean disposition, he threw the culinary
department of his hotel into confusion by ordering for his
dinner vermicelli soup, a bologna sausage, anchovies, calf’s
brains fried, and half a gooseberry pie. For the resulting
dyspepsia he took acetic and tartaric acid, according to
allopathy, and when his aunt, a fair matron of six decades,
called, he was tyrannic and combative, and laughed like a
brigand until she was obliged to succumb to his contumacy.
3. Etiquette being thus annihilated, he became amenable to
tenderer passions. He sent a letter, inviting his inamorata to
a matinee, together with an eighteen-carat gold ring. She
revolted at the idea of accompanying him, and sent a note full
of piquant raillery, which led her suitor to procure a carbine
and a sword, with some apparatus, and to declare that he would
not forge hymeneal chains upon any one.
4. So proceeding to an isolated spot, without comrades, he
severed his jugular vein, and discharged the carbine into his
abdomen. When inquiry was made, he was found dead, and the
coroner sat on the debris and did his exact duty, though it was
no couch of eider he occupied.
5. Had the misguided youth read Ovid less often, and given
precedence to Hemans and Ingelow, his fate might have been
different. True, he might have hung on a greasy gallows like a
highwayman, in squalor, and been the sport of canines for aye;
while now, disarmed by death, he lies in a splendid mausoleum,
far from the wharves and haunts of men, and can’t accent his
antepenults, and afford the greatest discrepancies extant in
pronunciation.
SELECT READING—THE BLACKBOARD AND CHALK.
1. Learned sages may reason, the fluent may
talk,
But they ne’er can compute what we owe to
the chalk.
From the embryo mind of the infant of
four,
To the graduate, wise in collegiate
lore;
From the old district school-house to
Harvard’s proud hall,
The chalk rules with absolute sway over
all.
2. Go, enter the school-room of primary grade,
And see how conspicuous the blackboard is
made.
The teacher makes letters and calls them
by name,
And says to the children, “Now all do the
same;”
Mere infants you see, scarcely able to
walk,
But none are too feeble to handle the
chalk.
3. We visit the school of much higher
pretension,
The blackboard here claims undivided
attention;
The walls, dark as Erebus, first greet
the eye,
Before them bright misses and lads we
espy;
And the sound of the crayon’s irregular
tappings
Reminds us of spirits’ mysterious
rappings.
4. One has pictured a vessel, with streamers
unfurled,
Another is making a map of the world;
A third has a problem in fractions to
solve,
A fourth is explaining how planets
revolve;
While a young physiologist, skilled in
the art,
Is sketching the muscles, the lungs, and
the heart.
5. In the midst of this bustle the school-master
stands,
And, lo! he’s a crayon in each of his
hands;
And the chalk in his hand has a
magical power:
A teacher might reason and talk by the
hour,
But naught would avail all his reason and
talk—
The truth is made plain by the use of the
chalk.
6. And the teacher of music the blackboard
employs,
The chalk must be used e’en in training
the voice;
Be it rhythm or melody, accent or
force,
He always insists on the regular
course;
Declaring the secret of musical skill
Is found in the blackboard, the chalk,
and the drill.
7. See the chalk in the hand of the artist.
Behold
What beauteous forms as by magic
unfold!
The store-house of Nature he swiftly
displays,
Till the dazzled beholder is lost in the
maze;
Designs without number appear to the
view,
And show what the chalk and the
blackboard can do.
8. O wise PESTALOZZI! we place on thy brow
A coronet, bright and unfading; for
thou
A legacy rich hast bequeathed unto
men:
Our one feeble talent by thee is
made ten;
We prize thy rare gift, but we never may
know
How much to thy matchless invention we
owe.
9. O chalk! What a powerful monarch thou art!
In this age of reform how important thy
part;
Those minds that are swaying the world
unrestrained
In childhood and youth in thy empire were
trained.
Of the wonderful power of the press we
may talk—
It never can vie with the blackboard and
chalk.
10. An engine so powerful, so mighty to aid,
So simple in structure, so readily
made,
A helper so potent in training the
young—
‘Tis meet that thy praise by the muse
should be sung;
For though sages may reason, and orators
talk,
They can ne’er make their mark without
blackboard and chalk.
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PHONOGRAPHY.
A BRIEF AND LEGIBLE SYSTEM OF SHORTHAND.
Those unacquainted with Phonography can not readily
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accomplished in thousands of instances.
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possessed of the enormous advantage of being able to write five
times as fast as by the ordinary method, but that they may be
able to teach the art. Phonography is rapidly finding its way
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THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. [200th Thousand.] By BENN PITMAN
and JEROME B. HOWARD. This work is designed for
self-instruction in the phonographic art and is the proper book
for the beginner. It contains a complete exposition of the
system, from its simplest principles to the Reporting Style,
arranged in alternate and opposite pages of explanation and
phonographic exercises. Every principle is copiously
illustrated with engraved examples for reading, and exercises
in the ordinary type for writing practice. A large number of
pages of engraved reading matter are included in the book.
Boards, 80c.; Extra cloth, $1.00.
For sale by all booksellers, or sent post-paid by us on
receipt of price. Complete catalog of other aids to the study
of Phonography, free.
THE PHONOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. Edited by JEROME B. HOWARD. A
twenty-four page monthly, each number of which contains eight
pages (5¾ x 8½ in.) of finely engraved Phonography, mostly in
the brief Reporting Style, besides original and contributed
articles of general phonographic interest. The MAGAZINE is a
periodical complement to the series of text-books, and is the
authentic organ of the Benn Pitman System of Phonography.
Subscriptions may begin with any number. Specimen copy free.
Price, per annum—invariably in advance—$1.50.
WHITING Paper Company, of Holyoke,
Massachusetts, are now putting up the Fashionable Line of
“Whiting’s Standard” Writing Papers, in neat boxes, with
Envelopes. The most perfect production of the Paper-Maker’s
art. Cream and Azure, Rough and Smooth Finish, all sizes.
For sale by all Fine Stationers.