{413}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

“When found, make a note of.”—Captain Cuttle.

CONTENTS.

The New Novel.

COUNTERPARTS:

or,

THE CROSS OF LOVE;

By the Author of “CHARLES ANCHESTER,”

Is just out.

In Three Volumes.

London: SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 63. Cornhill.

THE WATERLOO BANQUET AT APSLEY HOUSE, and numerous others of the
Finest Works of Art, are now for the first time reduced below the prices
at which they were originally published; see AN HISTORIC AND DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE of Fine and Important Engravings, including all the
Publications of Mr. Alderman Moon, who has retired from Business, now
published by THOMAS BOYS (of the late firm of Moon, Boys, and Graves),
Printseller to the Royal Family, 467. Oxford Street, London. This
Catalogue occupies Sixty Pages in royal octavo; of the importance of the
Works enumerated and noticed, it may suffice to say, that MR. BOYS paid
the Alderman on his retirement more than Twenty Thousand Pounds for the
Property purchased of him. To be had Gratis on application. Merchants
supplied.

London: THOMAS BOYS, Printseller to the Royal Family, 467. Oxford
Street.

JOHNSTON’S MAPS of the war, engraved from entirely New Drawings, and
containing the latest and most accurate information.

I. THE BLACK SEA, CAUCASUS, CRIMEA, &c., with Large Plans of
Sevastopol, and the Positions of the Ships and Batteries, seen from
H.M.S.F. “Retribution.” The Bosphorus and Beicos Bay.

II. THE DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES, and adjoining Countries from Vienna
to Constantinople, and Map of CENTRAL EUROPE, from St. Petersburg to
Cairo.

III. THE BALTIC SEA and GERMAN OCEAN, with enlarged Plans of
Cronstadt, Sveaborg, Revel, Port Baltic, and Gulf of Riga.

Price, coloured, 1s. each; by post, 1s. 4d.; or
the Three by Post, 3s. 6d.

Edinburgh: W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Geographers and Engravers to the
Queen; and all Booksellers.

Just published, in fcp. 8vo. price, in cloth, 6s.

THE STATISTICAL COMPANION for 1854: exhibiting the most interesting
Facts in Moral and Intellectual, Vital, Economical, and Political
Statistics, at Home and Abroad. Compiled by T. C. BANFIELD, Esq.

London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS.

ANNOTATED EDITION OF THE ENGLISH POETS. By ROBERT BELL.

In Monthly Volumes, 2s. 6d. each, in cloth.

This Day, the Third and Concluding Volume of DRYDEN’S POETICAL
WORKS.

Already published.

COWPER. Vol. I.

DRYDEN. Vols. I. and II.

SURREY, MINOR CONTEMPORANEOUS POETS, and SACKVILLE, LORD
BUCKHURST.

On the First of June, the Second Volume of COWPER’S POETICAL
WORKS.

London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.

8vo., 10s.

LA NORMANDIE SOUTERRAINE, ou Notices sur des Cimetières romains et
francs explorés en Normandie, par M. L’ABBE COCHET, Inspecteur des
Monumens, etc., à Dieppe. 8vo., 17 planches.

*** The Trade supplied.

Rouen: LEBRUMENT. Oxford: J. H. PARKER, and 377. Strand, London

THE ORIGINAL QUADRILLES, composed for the PIANO FORTE by MRS. AMBROSE
MERTON.

London: Published for the Proprietor, and may be had of C. LONSDALE.
26. Old Bond Street; and by Order of all Music Sellers.

PRICE THREE SHILLINGS.

THE OCEAN QUADRILLES. By the celebrated JOHN BLEWITT. Founded on the
most favourite of Dibdin’s Sea Songs. Illustrated, 3s. The
spirit-stirring reminiscences evoked by the Ocean Quadrilles (full of
life and vigour) belong to that glorious period when the fleets of
England were, as they now again are, sweeping the seas. Every patriotic
assembly should dance to Blewitt’s Ocean Quadrilles.

London: ROBERT COCKS & CO., New Burlington Street, Music
Publishers to the Queen.

EXCELSIOR. Ballad; Words by LONGFELLOW, Music by MISS LINDSAY.
Beautifully Illustrated, 2s. 6d.

“Some beautiful words of Longfellow are here wedded to a beautiful
melody by this talented lady. This ballad is quite out of the way of the
common-place productions of the day. It is evidently a heart-offering
both from the poet and the gifted musician.”

London: ROBERT COCKS & CO., New Burlington Street, Music
Publishers to the Queen.

{414}

Now publishing, Price THREEPENCE, Post Free, No. IV. for the present
Year (published Monthly) of

WILLIS’S CATALOGUES OF BOOKS, Ancient and Modern, comprising a choice
selection of Standard and Curious Works in all branches of Literature and
the Fine Arts, in good library condition, for Sale at very moderate
prices. Preceded by WILLIS’S CURRENT NOTES, series of Original and
Inedited Articles on Literature and Antiquities by eminent Literary Men,
illustrated occasionally by Woodcuts.

Contents of the Present Number.—Last
Hours of Queen Mary II., from MS. Memoranda by one of the Household;
Original Letter of the late Professor Wilson; Hewing Blocks with Razors;
Certain Cures for Hydrophobia; Disputative Authorities on Christ’s
Nativity; Supplement to Todd’s Johnson’s Dictionary; M. Guizot and the
Eikon Basilike; Cucking Stool and Scolding Cart, Leicester; Neapolitan
Innkeeper’s Announcement; The Awakening Mallet; Inscriptions on Bells in
St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin; Dissection of Laurence Sterne, &c.
&c.

VALUABLE WORKS ON SALE AT REDUCED PRICES.

SHAKSPEARE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS, complete, from its Commencement in
1841, to its Termination in 1853; the Contents classified, 47 vols. in
19, new cloth, 4l. 10s.

The Shakspeare Society being now dissolved, and the few complete sets
of their publications dispersed, the present is a favourable opportunity
for acquiring them at a moderate price. They consist of nearly Fifty
different works illustrative of Shakspeare and the Literature of his
time, comprising Old Plays, Poems, Curious Tracts, Memoirs, &c.,
either now printed for the first time or difficult to be procured from
their rarity, edited by eminent Literary Men.

CAMDEN SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS, complete, from the Commencement in 1838
to the Present Time, 58 vols. small 4to. cloth, a very clean copy, from a
Subscriber, 8l. 8s. 1838-53.

This is a most important series of works, being reprints of
exceedingly rare and valuable books, and publications of MSS. never
before published; printed verbatim, with copious Introductions, Notes,
and Illustrations by the learned members of the Society.

PARKER SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS, complete, from the Commencement in 1841
to 1853, 50 vols. 8vo., royal 8vo., and 12mo. cloth, from a Subscriber,
7l. 10s. 1841-53.

This valuable publication contains, without abridgment, alteration, or
omission, the best works of the Fathers and early Writers of the Reformed
English Church, published in the period between the Accession of K.
Edward VI. and Q. Elizabeth; and also other esteemed Writers of the
Sixteenth century, including some of the early English Translations of
the Foreign Reformers.

Splendid Illuminated Work.

The ENGLISH CRUSADERS, containing an Account of all the English
Knights who formed part of these Expeditions, with accurate
representations of 300 Coats of Arms of the Crusaders, and various rich
embellishments and large initial letters from ancient and rare MSS., all
illuminated in gold and colours, by J. C. DANSEY, large vol. royal 4to.,
2l. 2s. published at 4l. 4s. Dickinson,
1850.

This is a very superb and highly interesting volume, which cost the
author several thousand pounds in the getting up. Only a few copies
remain for sale at the present reduced price.

CHETHAM SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS.—Remains, Historical and
Literary, connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester,
published by the Chetham Society. A complete set of these valuable Works
edited by distinguished Scholars, 29 vols. small 4to. (wanting one
volume) cloth, 8l. 8s.

Printed for the Chetham Society, 1844-53.

GILES’ (DR.) HISTORY of the ANCIENT BRITONS, from the Earliest Period
to the Invasion of the Saxons, compiled from the Original Authorities. 2
vols. 8vo. Second Edition, cloth, 12s.; pub. at 1l. 10s. G.
Willis, 1854.

The most valuable work on the subject. Vol. II. consists of the
original Histories from which this work has been compiled, viz., Excerpta
ex Scriptoribus Gr. et Lat.; Gildas; Nennius; Excerpta ex Bedâ,
&c.

GILES’ (DR.) LIFE AND TIMES OF ALFRED THE GREAT, drawn up from the
most authentic Ancient Chroniclers, and including important Facts now
first published. Second edition, with coloured plate of K. Alfred’s
Jewel, 8vo., new cloth, 6s. (pub. at 12s.) G. Willis,
1854.

The most valuable and authentic Life of Alfred the Great. Included are
Alfred’s Will, in Saxon, with translation the Treaty between Alfred and
Guthrum in Saxon; Fulke’s Letter to Alfred, Alfred’s Preface to Gregory’s
Pastoral Care, in Saxon, with a translation; a Chronological Summary of
Anglo-Saxon History, &c.

HUME’S (DR. A.) THE LEARNED SOCIETIES and PRINTING CLUBS of the United
Kingdom; being an Account of their respective Origin, History, Objects,
and Constitution, with a SUPPLEMENT containing all the recently
established Societies and Printing Clubs, and complete Lists of their
Publications to the Present Time, by A. I. EVANS, post 8vo., new cloth,
5s. G. Willis, 1853.

This Work will be found of great utility to all Literary Men, Public
Libraries, &c.

RAYNOUARD, LEXIQUE ROMAN, ou Dictionaire de al Langue des Troubadours,
comparée avec les autres Langues de l’Europe Latine, 6 large vols. royal
8vo., sewed, 2l. 10s. Paris, 1844.

This excellent and extensive work is preceded by “Nouvelles Recherches
Historiques et Philologiques, un Résumé de la Grammaire Romance,
un nouveau choix des Poesies originales des Troubadours, et
Extraits de Poemes divers,” &c.

G. WILLIS, Great Piazza, Covent Garden.

THE HOMILIST for MAY (No. XVII.), price 1s., contains:

The Necessary Instrument of True Progress. Buying the Truth; by the
Rev. A. Hannay. Germs of Thought: Christianity and Pharisaism; The
Perfection of Humanity; The Moral Mirror of the Good. The Religion of
Semblance. and the Religion of Substance; Glances at Great Preachers;
Williams of Wern.

“It is, of all Thought-books for Ministers the most suggestive and
philosophical we have seen for many a year. If we have any objection to
make, it is on the score of too prodigal an expenditure of mental
wealth.”—Monthly Christian Spectator.

Just published, in 1 vol. price 8s. 6d. cloth,

CONSECRATED HEIGHTS; or, Scenes of Higher Manifestations. By the REV.
R. FERGUSSON, LL.D., F.A.S., M.R.I.A.

In a few Days, in 1 vol., crown 8vo.

SACRED STUDIES; or, Aids to the Development of Truth. Being a Second
and enlarged Edition of “Discourses on Important Subjects.” By the REV.
DR. FERGUSSON.

WARD & CO., 27. Paternoster Row.

Price One Shilling.

THE NATIONAL MISCELLANY FOR MAY contains:

At the OFFICE, No. 1. Exeter Street, Strand, London.

Now ready, No. VI., 2s. 6d., published Quarterly.

RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series) consisting of Criticisms upon,
Analyses of, and Extracts from, Curious, Useful, Valuable, and Scarce Old
Books.

Vol. I., 8vo., pp. 436, cloth 10s. 6d., is also
ready.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.

THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, No. CLXXXVIII., is published THIS DAY.

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

MURRAY’S BRITISH CLASSICS.—The new Volume of this Series of
STANDARD EDITIONS of ENGLISH AUTHORS, contains the Third Volume of
CUNNINGHAM’S EDITION OF GOLDSMITH’S WORKS, and is now published; and the
Fourth Volume, completing the Work, will be ready early in May.

{415}

LONDON, SATURDAY, MAY 6, 1854

Notes.

AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF VENTILATION.

“The House [of Commons] met to-day [27th
April] after the Easter holidays—and honourable members, on
entering, seemed highly to appreciate the unusual luxury of a little
fresh air.“—The Times, 28th April.

The failure of some late attempts to ventilate public buildings
invites me to set forth an Encyclopædia of ventilation—at a
cheap rate, and in a compendious form.

Aware of the abilities and celebrity of many of the writers on this
subject—from Whitehurst and Franklin to Reid and Gurney—I
must ward off the imputation of self-conceit by expressing my belief that
the errors of those who have failed should be chiefly ascribed to
excessive cleverness; to unadvised attempts at outwitting nature! I hope
to escape that snare. In the execution of my humble task, I shall
entirely rely on common sense and common experience.

Air is essential to human life, and as respiration destroys its vital
qualities, the ventilation of rooms which are intended for
habitation should be a primary object in all architectural plans.

Architects, however, seldom provide for the ventilation of rooms
otherwise than as they provide for the admission of light. Now the
properties of light and air, with reference to our domestic requirements,
differ in some important particulars—of which it may not be amiss
to give a brief enumeration.

Light moves with uniform velocity: air is sometimes
quiescent, and sometimes moves at the rate of thirty miles an hour.
Light diffuses itself with much uniformity: air passes in a
current from the point of its entrance to that of its exit. Light,
whatever be its velocity, has no sensible effect on the human frame:
air, in the shape of a partial current, is both offensive to the
feelings and productive of serious diseases. Light, once admitted,
supplies our wants till nightfall: air requires to be replaced at
very short intervals. Light may be conveniently admitted from
above: air requires to be admitted on the level of the sitter.
Light, by the aid of ground glass, may be modified permanently:
air requires to be variously adjusted according to its direction,
its velocity, the seasons, the time of the day, the number of persons
assembled, &c.

An attentive consideration of the above circumstances leads me to
certain conclusions which I shall now state aphoristically, and proceed
to describe in more detail.

A room designed for a numerous assemblage of persons—as a
reading-room, a lecture-room, or a school-room—should be provided
with apertures, adapted to admit spontaneous supplies of fresh air, in
such variable quantities as may be required, on at least two of its
opposite sides, and within three feet from the floor; also, with
apertures in the ceiling, or on a level therewith, to promote the exit of
the vitiated air. The apertures of both descriptions may be quite
distinct from those which admit light.

Suppose a room to be twenty-four feet square, and sixteen feet in
height, with two apertures for light on each side, each aperture being
three feet wide by eight feet in height, and rising from the floor. There
are not many rooms constructed on a plan so favourable to the admission
of fresh air—but it has some serious defects. 1. The air would
enter in broad and partial currents. 2. It would not reach the angular
portions of the room. 3. The vitiated air might rise above the apertures,
and so accumulate without the means of escape.

Now, suppose the same room to have its apertures at eight feet from
the floor, and so to reach the ceiling. The escape of the vitiated air
might then take place—if not prevented by a counter-current. But
whence comes the fresh air for the occupants? There is no direct
provision for its admission. The elevated apertures are utterly
insufficient for that purpose; and the perpetual requisite is no
otherwise afforded than by the occasional opening of a door!

It being thus established that the same apertures can never
effectually serve for light and ventilation, I propose with regard to
reading-rooms, lecture-rooms, and school-rooms, which require
accommodation for books, maps, charts, and drawings, rather than a view
of external objects, that the windows should be placed in the upper part
of the room—that the admission of fresh air should be provided for
by ducts near the floor—and the escape of the vitiated air by
openings in, or on a level with, the ceiling.

The number of windows, and their size, must depend on the size of the
room. If windows are to admit light only, a smaller number may be
sufficient, and they may not be required on more than one side; a
circumstance which recommends the plan proposal, as we can seldom have
windows on each side of a room, or even on two of its opposite sides, but
may devise a method of so admitting air.

Rejecting the use of windows as a means of ventilation, and rejecting
artificial currents of every description, I propose the substitution of
air-ducts of incorrodible iron, to be inserted horizontally in the walls
of at least two opposite sides of the room, within three feet from the
floor, and at intervals of about four feet. The ducts to be six or eight
inches in diameter, according to the size of the room. The external
orifice of each duct to be formed of perforated zinc, and the internal
orifice, which may be trumpet-shaped, of {416}perforated zinc or
wire-gauze, with a device which would serve to adjust the quantum of air
according to circumstances, and to exclude it at night. By such
contrivances, while the offensive and noxious currents which proceed from
wide openings would be obviated, the supplies of fresh air would always
be equal to the demand. The purest air may not be
accessible—but, as Franklin says, “no common air from without is so
unwholesome as the air within a close room.”

The escape of the vitiated air requires less consideration. If the
ceiling of the room be flat, with another room above it, the upper part
of each window, in the shape of a narrow slip, might be made to act as a
sort of safety-valve; but if the windows are on one side only,
corresponding openings should be made on the opposite side, so that there
would almost always be, more or less, a leeward opening. A vaulted
ceiling, without any other room over it, seems to be the most desirable
form, as the vitiated air would rise and collect towards its centre,
where there could be no counter-current to impede its egress.

It is the union of those two objects, the admission of fresh air and
the riddance of the vitiated air, skilfully and economically effected,
which forms the circle of the science of ventilation.

I have restricted myself to the means of ventilation, which is
requisite at all seasons of the year, but am quite aware that
warmth, or a temperature above that of the external air, is
sometimes indispensable to health and comfort, and therefore to the free
exercise of the faculties. I believe, however, that the means proposed
for the admission of fresh air might also be made available for the
admission of heated air, and that either description of air might be
admitted independently of the other, or both descriptions
simultaneously.

A vast increase of reading-rooms, lecture-rooms, and school-rooms, may
be safely predicted, and as the due ventilation of such rooms is a
project of undeniable importance, I hope this note, eccentric in form,
but earnest as to its purpose, may invite the remarks of others more
conversant with architecture and physics—either in correction, or
confirmation, or extension, of its general principles and details.

Bolton Corney.

The Terrace, Barnes,
28th April, 1854.

THE HOUSE OF RUSSELL, OR DU ROZEL.

At a time when the readers of “N. & Q.,” and the world at large,
have been hearing of the gift of a bell to a village church in Normandy,
so pleasantly and readily made by the princely house of Russell, far
exceeding the modest solicitation of the curé for assistance by way of a
subscription, in remembrance of the Du Rozels having left their native
patrimony in France to share the fortunes of the Conqueror in Old
England, the following particulars may not be uninteresting.

Mr. Wiffen, when compiling his elaborate Historical Memoirs of the
House of Russell, from the Time of the Norman Conquest, had occasion
to make some inquiries respecting a statement put forth by a M. Richard
Seguin, a rich dealer in merceries and wooden shoes at Vire, in the
department of Calvados; who, it appears, had a mania for appropriating
the literary labours of others as his own, and, in fact, is stigmatised
as a voleur littéraire by M. Quérard, in his curious work entitled
Les Supercheries Littéraires Dévoilées. Mr. Wiffen wished to
ascertain M. Seguin’s authority for affirming in some work, the name of
which is not given by M. Quérard, but which is probably the Histoire
du Pays d’Auge et des Evêques Comtes de Lisieux, Vire, 1832, that the
Du Rozels were descended from Bertrand de Briquebec. M. Seguin’s reply is
contained in the following letter from M. Le Normand of Vire, to whom Mr.
Wiffen had written, requesting him to obtain M. Seguin’s authority for
his statement:

“J’ai vu M. Séguin, et je lui ai demandé d’où provenaient les
renseignements dont il s’était servi pour dire dans son ouvrage que les
Du Rozel descendaient des Bertrand de Bricquebec. Il m’a répondu qu’il
l’ignorait; qu’il avait eu en sa possession une grande quantité de
Copies de Chartres et d’anciens titres qui lui avaient fourni les
matériaux de son histoire, mais qu’il ne savait nullement d’où elles
provenaient.”—Historical Memoirs, &c., vol. i. p. 5.
n. 1.

The fact appears to be, that M. Seguin had obtained possession,
through marriage, of a quantity of MSS., and was in the habit of printing
them as his own works. Some of them had belonged to an Abbé Lefranc, one
of the priests who were murdered in the diabolical massacre of the clergy
in the prisons of Paris in September, 1792; and others of the MSS. had
been the property of a M. Noël Deshayes, Curé de Compigni, whose
Mémoires pour servir à l’Histoire des Evêques de Lisieux, were
published by Seguin as his own, but altered and disfigured under the
title of—

“Histoire du Pays d’Auge et des Evêques Comtes de Lisieux, contenant
des Notions sur l’Archéologie, les Droits, Coutumes, Franchises et
Libertés du Bocage et de la Normandie; Vire, Adam, 1832.”

The MS., however, from which Seguin printed his forgery, turns out to
have been but a copy; the original having since been discovered by M.
Formeville in the library of the Séminaire of Evreux, and is now about to
be published by that gentleman (see Supercheries, tom. iv., Paris,
1852). By a just retribution, M. Formeville is one of the literary men to
whom Sequin refused to point out his original authorities. M. Quérard
quotes some {417}passages, in juxtaposition, from Seguin’s
pretended work and from the original MS., to show how the latter had been
altered and corrupted in the printed copy. M. Seguin was quite
illiterate, and has committed the most egregious blunders in his chef
d’œuvre de plagiat, as his Histoire du Pays d’Auge is
termed by Quérard. Many other authors, besides Mr. Wiffen and M.
Formeville, wrote to Seguin for his authorities on various subjects, but
he never pointed out a single one. Full details are given of his literary
thefts by M. Quérard and his coadjutors. When the original work of M.
Deshayes appears, in its genuine state, as promised by M. Formeville, the
world will then learn what was really stated respecting the descent of
the Du Rozels from Bertrand de Briquebec; although the amiable and
accomplished Mr. Wiffen is no longer living to avail himself of the
information. Seguin died in 1847.

John Macray.

Oxford.

FERDINAND CHARLES III., DUKE OF PARMA.

Englishmen might, perhaps, feel even more horror than they will do at
the assassination, on Mar. 26, of the Duke of Parma, if they were
reminded that he was the representative and lineal descendant of Charles
I., and as such possessed a claim, by hereditary descent, on our Crown,
superior to that of our gracious Queen, who is only lineally descended
from James I.

I subjoin his pedigree:

It is rather a singular circumstance, that the Duchess of Parma should
have been the wife of the hereditary heir to the throne of England, and
the sister of the hereditary heir to the throne of France,—her
husband, the Duke of Parma, having been the representative of the House
of Stuart,—and her brother, the Count de Chambord, being the
representative of the House of Bourbon.

E. S. S. W.

ORIGINAL ENGLISH ROYAL LETTERS TO THE GRAND
MASTERS OF MALTA.

(Continued from Vol. ix., p. 267.)

Through the great kindness of my old friend at this island, Frederick
Sedley, Esq., and the continued and constant assistance of Dr. Vella, I
am now enabled to forward correct translations of the seven remaining
letters bearing the autograph of Charles II. Mindful of the space which
will be required for their insertion in “N. & Q.,” I shall confine
myself to a few preliminary remarks.

The first letter in the following list is the earliest in date, as it
is of the greatest interest. In it we have, for the first time, found a
curious statement recorded by an English monarch, making known that he
not only built his galleys for the protection of trade in this sea in
different ports of the Mediterranean, and purchased the slaves to man
them of the Order of Malta, but also complaining to the Grand Master
for permitting the collector of customs to charge an export toll of “five
pieces of gold per head,” which he considered an unjust tax on this
kind of commerce, and the more especially so, because it was not
demanded from his neighbours and allies, the Kings of France and Spain.
That the Knights of St. John made their prisoners slaves, disposing of
some to the wealthy residents or natives of the island, and employing
others in the erection of their dwellings, palaces, and fortifications,
is well known.

Historians have stated that when Dragut landed at Malta, in July,
1551, with Sinam, his admiral, who was in joint command, they went to the
summit of Mount Sceberras to reconnoitre before an attack should be made
on the convent. When employed on this service, Sinam, who was opposed to
any hostile movement, pointing to the castle, thus remarked, “Surely no
eagle could have chosen a more craggy and difficult place to make his
nest in. Dost thou not see that men must have wings to get up to it, and
that all the artillery and troops of the universe would not be able to
take it by force?” An old Turkish officer of his suite, addressing
Dragut, thus continued,—”See’st thou that bulwark which juts out in
the sea, and on which the Maltese have planted the great standard of
their order? I can assure thee that whilst I was a prisoner with them,
I have helped to carry the large stones of which it is built, and am
pretty sure that before thou canst make thyself master of it, thou wilt
be overtaken by the winter season; and probably likewise prevented from
succeeding by some powerful succours from Europe.” There can be little
doubt that this remark was {418}feelingly made, and that the aged Turk who
uttered it had experienced, during his residence as a prisoner at Malta,
all the horrors of slavery. That no consideration was given to the
comfort of a slave, and little value set on his life, will be briefly
shown by the following anecdote:—On the 13th of April, 1534, an
accusation was made against an English knight of the name of Massimberg,
to the effect that he had unwarrantably drawn his sword and killed
four galley slaves; and being convicted of the crime on the 18th of
May of the same year, he was asked why judgment should not be given
against him. Massimberg thus replied, “In killing the four slaves I
did well, but in not having at the same time killed our old and imbecile
Grand Master I did badly.” This plea not being considered
satisfactory, he was deprived of his habit; but two days afterwards,
that is, on the 20th May, 1534, he was reinstated in the Order, though
for a time not permitted to enjoy his former dignity of a commander. This
knight was also accused of having stolen a slave from a Maltese; but this
accusation he stoutly denied, giving, in proof of his innocence, that the
man bore on his shoulder a brand, or mark, by which he could be
easily known as belonging to him. (Vide Manuscript Records of the
Order.)

The next letter in the following list to which I would briefly call
attention is that under date of June 21st, 1675, in which His Majesty
Charles II. refers to a misunderstanding which had taken place between
his admiral, Sir John Narbrough, and the Order of Malta. The nature of
this difficulty is well explained by giving a correct copy of the
admiral’s letter to the Grand Master, which I have taken from the
original now on file in the Record Office of this island. It reads as
follows:—

To the most eminent Prince, the Lord Nicholas
Cotoner, Grand Master of the Order of Malta.

Most eminent Sir,

After the tender of my humble service, with my hearty thanks for the
manifold favours vouchsafed unto my Master, the King of Great Britain,
&c., and for your highness’ extraordinary kindness manifested to
myself—and, most eminent sir, since your favour of product,
I have sent on shore one of my captains to wait upon your highness with
the presentment of this my grateful letter, and withal to certify to your
eminence that I did, and do expect, a salute to be given by your
highness to my Master’s flag which I carry, correspondent to the
salutes which you give to the flags of the King of Spain and the King of
France, which are carried in the same place, it being the expectation
of the King my Master.

Formerly your eminence was pleased to make some scruple of my command
as admiral, which I humbly conceive your highness is fully satisfied in,
since you received the last letter from the King of Great Britain.

Sir, I have, since my arrival at your eminence’s port, often employed
the Consul Desclaous to wait upon your highness concerning the
salutes, but have not received any satisfactory answer thereto, which
I now humbly desire may be returned unto me by my officer; and withal,
that your eminence will be pleased to honour me with your commands
wherein I may serve you, which shall be most cheerfully embraced, and
readily performed by,

Most eminent Sir,

Your highness’ most humble

And faithful Servant,

John Narbrough.

On board His Majesty’s Ship Henrietta,

Malta, October 17, 1675.

That the complaints of Sir John Narbrough, with reference to the Grand
Master’s refusal to salute the English flag, were, in the end,
satisfactorily explained and removed, will be seen by the following
extracts taken from the Diary of Henry Teonge, published in London
in 1825. The reverend writer was serving as chaplain on board H. M. S.
“Assistance” at the time (1675-76) his notes were written.

“August 1, 1675.—This morn wee com near Malta; before wee
com to the cytty, a boate with the Malteese flagg in it coms to us to
know whence wee cam. Wee told them from England; they asked if wee had a
bill of health for prattick, viz., entertaynment; our captain told them
he had no bill but what was in his guns’ mouths. Wee cam on and
anchored in the harbour betweene the old towne and the new, about nine of
the clock; but must waite the governour’s leasure to have leave to com on
shoare, which was detarded because our captain would not salute the
cytty, except they would retaliate. At last cam the Consull with his
attendants to our ship (but would not com on board till our captain had
been on shoare) to tell us that we had leave to com on shoare six, or
eight, or ten, at a time, and might have anything that was there to be
had; with a promise to accept our salute kindly. Wherupon our
captain tooke a glasse of sack, and drank a health to King Charles, and
fyred seven gunns: the cytty gave us five againe, which was more than
they had don to all our men of warr that cam thither before.”

“August 2.—This cytty is compassed almost cleane round
with the sea, which makes severall safe harbours for hundreds of shipps.
The people are generally extreamly courteouse, but especially to the
English. A man cannot demonstrate all their excellencys and ingenuitys.
Let it suffice to say thus much of this place: viz. Had a man no other
business to invite him, yet it were sufficiently worth a man’s cost and
paines to make a voyage out of England on purpose to see that noble cytty
of Malta, and their works and fortifications about it. Several of their
knights and cavaliers cam on board us, six at one time, men of sufficient
courage and friendly carriage, wishing us {419}good successe in our
voyage, with whom I had much discourse, I being the only entertainer,
because I could speak Latine; for which I was highly esteemed, and much
invited on shoare again.”

“August 3.—This morning a boate of ladys with their
musick to our ship syd, and bottels of wine with them. They went severall
times about our ship, and sang several songs very sweetly; very rich in
habitt, and very courteous in behaviour; but would not com on board,
though invited; but having taken their friscs, returned as they cam.
After them cam, in a boate, four fryars, and cam round about our ship,
puld off their hatts and capps, saluted us with congjes, and departed.
After them cam a boat of musitians, playd severall lessons as they rowed
gently round about us, and went their way.”

“August 4.—This morning our captain was invited to dine
with the Grand Master, which hindered our departure. In the mean time wee
have severall of the Malteese com to visit us, all extreamly courteous.
And now wee are preparing to sail for Tripoly. Deus vortat bene.

“Thus wee, th’ ‘Assistance,’ and the new Sattee,

Doe steare our course poynt blanke for Trypoly;

Our ship new rigged, well stord with pigg, and ghoose a,

Henns, ducks, and turkeys, and wine cald Syracoosa.”

The Rev. Mr. Teonge, having returned to Malta on the 11th of January,
1675-6, thus continues:—

“This morning wee see the famous island of Malta; coming under Goza, a
small island adjoyning to Malta, wee discover a sayle creeping closse to
the shoare; we hayle her with a shott—she would not budge; we sent
a second, and then a third, falling very neare her; then the leiuetenant
cam aboard us, and payd for the shott; it proved a pittifull
Frenchman.”

“January 12.—A little after one a clock wee are at anchor
in Malta harbour, and have many salutes. But we have no prattick
by reason of the plague, which is begun heare.”

“January 15.—This morning wee warp out of the harbour
with six merchantmen and a doggar, which wee are to convoy towards the
strait’s mouth. Here also wee took in two mounths’ provisions and fresh
water. And as wee goe out wee meete six gallys of Malta coming in in all
their pompe, and they salute us, and wee them, and part. And heare at
Malta (which was very strainge to mee), at this time of the year, wee
have radishes, cabbiges, and excellent colly flowers, and large ones for
a penny a-piece.”

On the 29th January, 1675-6, the reverend writer again returned to
Malta, and made under this date the following note:—

“This day David Thomas and Marlin, the coock, and our master’s boy,
had their hands stretched out, and with their backs to the rayles, and
the master’s boy with his back to the maine mast, all looking one upon
the other, and in each of their mouths a mandler spike, viz., an iron
pinn clapt closse into their mouths, and tyd behind their heads; and
there they stood a whole houre, till their mouths were very bloody, an
excellent cure for swearers.”

“February 4.—This day dined with us Sir Roger Strickland,
Captaine Temple, Captaine Harrice, and one gentleman more. Wee had a
gallant baked pudding, an excellent legg of porke, and colliflowers, an
excellent dish made of piggs’ petti-toes, two roasted piggs, one turkey
cock, a rosted hogg’s head, three ducks, a dish of Cyprus burds, and
pistachoes and dates together, and store of good wines.”

“February 5.—God blesse those that are at sea! The
weather is very bad.”

“February 11.—Sir John Narbrough cam in from Trypoly, and
four more ships with him. The noble Malteese salute him with
forty-five gunns; he answers them with so many that I could not count
them. And what with our salutes, and his answers, there was nothing but
fyre and smoake for almost two hours.”

The great length of this communication prevents my taking other
extracts from a “Diary” which contains much interesting information, and
is written in a quaint and humorous style.

William Winthrop.

La Valetta, Malta.

Minor Notes.

Whipping a Lady.—The following is from a MS. Diary of the
Rev. John Lewis, Rector of Chalfield and Curate of Tilbury:

“August, 1719. Sir Christopher Hales being jilted by a lady who
promised him marriage, and put him off on the day set for their marriage,
gave her a good whipping at parting. Remember the story.”

Is there any corroboration of this?

E. D.

Mother of Thirty Children.—An instance has come under my
notice of a woman, whose maiden name was Lee, born in Surrey; married,
first, Berry, with whom she lived thirty years, and had twenty-six
children (four times twins): all survived infancy. Married, secondly,
Taylor, by whom she had four children. Died at Stratford, aged
eighty-four. Within a few weeks of her death, was as upright as a young
woman. At the time of her death, there were one hundred and twenty-two of
her descendants living. She lived most of her married life near
Whitechapel and Radcliffe, and was buried in the Brickfield
burying-ground. She had sixteen boys and fourteen girls.

Leyton.

“Ought” and “Aught.”—I regret to observe that
ought is gradually supplanting aught in our language, where
the meaning intended to be conveyed is “anything.” Todd’s Johnson
gives authorities, but may they not be errors of the press? I am aware
that use has substituted nought for naught in the sense of
“not anything”, the latter now expressing only what is “bad,” and
convenience may justify that change, nought being not otherwise
used. Let me add that I am the more {420}in fear for our old
servant aught, who surely has done nought worthy of
excommunication, from observing that such a writer as the Rev. Chevenix
Trench has substituted ought for aught to express
“anything.” If convenience is allowed to justify our having nought
and naught, it surely claims that we should keep aught and
ought each for its appropriate signification in writing,
impossible as it is to distinguish one from the other in speech.

Υ.

Nilbud.

Walton.—The following note is written on the fly-leaf at
the end of Hieron’s Sermons, 1620:

“Mr. Gillamour.—I pray you be entreated to lend my wife what
silver you think fittest upon this or other bookes to supplie our present
wants, soe as I may have them againe when I restore it to you; you shall
doo mee a greate curtesie, and I shall be very thankfull to you.

I have no information as to either party, and no date is affixed to
the request.

E. D.

Salutations.—The parting salutations of various nations
are strikingly alike. The vale of the Latins corresponds with the
χαῖρε of the Greeks; and though
Deity is not expressed distinctly in either, it was doubtless understood:
for who can be kept in health without, as the ancients would say, the
will of the gods? The Greek word perhaps has a higher signification than
the Latin; for it was not a mere complimentary salutation, says
Macknight: “St. John forbids it to be given to heretical teachers, Eph.
ii. 10, 11.” The French, on taking leave, say “Adieu,” thus distinctly
recognising the providential power of the Creator; and the same meaning
is indeed conveyed in our English word, “good-bye,” which is corruption
of “God be with you.” The Irish, in their warmth of manner and love of
words, often extend the expression. A well-known guide, upon my leaving
one of the loveliest spots in Wicklow, shook hands with me heartily, and
said, in a voice somewhat more tremulous through age than it was when Tom
Moore loved to listen to it: “God Almighty bless you, be with you, and
guide you safely to your journey’s end!” This salutation, when used
thoughtfully and aright, has not only a pleasant sound, but deep
meaning.

E. W. J.

Crawley.

Good Times for Equity Suitors.—Having lately met with the
following particulars in Bishop Goodman’s Diary, I send them for
insertion, if you think fit, in “N. & Q.:”

“Then was the chancery so empty of causes, that Sir Thomas More could
live in Chelsea, and yet very sufficiently discharge that office; and
coming one day home by ten of the clock, whereas he was wont to stay
until eleven or twelve, his lady came down to see whether he was sick or
not; to whom Sir Thomas More said, ‘Let your gentlewoman fetch me a cup
of wine, and then I will tell you the occasion of my coming;’ and when
the wine came, he drank to his lady, and told her that he thanked God for
it he had not one cause in chancery, and therefore came home for want of
business and employment there. The gentlewoman who fetched the wine told
this to a bishop, who did inform me.”

Abhba.

The Emperor of Russia and the Order of the Garter.—The
Emperor of Russia is a knight of the Order of the Garter. Now, according
to the statutes of the Order, no knight ought to take up arms against
another, or in any way assist anybody so to do.

In illustration of this, we find it stated in Anstis’ Register of
the Most Noble Order of the Garter, who quotes from Caligula, L. 6.,
in Bib. Cott., that when the French king wished to borrow a sum of
money from Henry VII., to employ in the war with the King of Naples, the
answer was:

“Que le Roy ne povoit avec son honneur bailler aide et assistence a
icelluy son bon frere et cousin a l’encontre du Roy de Naples, qui estoit
son confrere et allye, veu et considere qu’il avoit prise et recue
l’ordre de la garretiere. Et si le roi autrement faisoit, ce seroit
contrevenir au serment qu’il a fait par les statuz du dit ordre.”

Will the Emperor of Russia be deprived of his ill-deserved honours, or
what is the course now pursued? It was not unusual formerly for kings to
exchange orders, and to return them in case of war.

Oscar Browning.

Queries.

SIR HENRY WOTTON’S VERSES, “THE CHARACTER
OF A HAPPY LIFE.”

Owing to the almost perfect identity of these verses with some by a
German poet, George Rudolph Weckerlin, a doubt has been expressed in a
German work as to whether they are to be considered the production of Sir
Henry Wotton, or a translation from the Geistliche und weltliche
Gedichte of Weckerlin, a lyrical poet of considerable eminence and
popularity in his day, and who died in London in 1651. Weckerlin was
employed in important affairs connected with the Protestants in Germany
during the Thirty Years’ War, as secretary to an embassy in London from
that country; and was also employed on several occasions by James I. and
Charles I. An edition of Weckerlin’s Poems was edited by him while
he resided in London, and was printed at Amsterdam in 1641, and again in
1648. A previous collection had {421}appeared at Stutgart in 1618. Many of his
poems, which he had left in MS. with his brother Ludwig in Germany,
perished with him during the horrors of the war. “What has become,”
Weckerlin feelingly exclaims, “of my Myrta, that dear poem,
composed of so many sonnets and stanzas?”

Perhaps some of the readers of “N. & Q.,” who are conversant with
the literature of England and Germany during the period alluded to, may
be able to solve the question as to the real author of the verses
mentioned.

John Macray.

Oxford.

Minor Queries.

Plants and Flowers.—Might I inquire of your correspondent
Eirionnach why his long-promised Notes on the
“ecclesiastical and rustic pet names” of plants and flowers have never
been forthcoming? I have often lingered on the threshold of the “garden
full of sunshine and of bees,” where Eirionnach
has laboured; would he kindly be my guide to the pleasant domain, and
indicate (without trespassing on your columns I mean) the richest
gatherings of the legendary lore and poetry of the vegetable kingdom? Are
there any collections of similes drawn from plants and flowers? Dr.
Aitkin has broken ground in his Essay on Poetical Similes. Any
notes on this subject, addressed to the “care of the Editor,” will
greatly oblige

Sigma.

Customs, London.

Quotations wanted.—Whence the following:

1. “Condendaque Lexica mandat Damnatis, pœnam pro pœnis
omnibus unam.”

Quoted at the end of the Preface to Liddell and Scott’s
Lexicon?

2. “Rex erat Elizabeth, sed erat Regina
Jacobus?“^[1]

P. J. F. Gantillon.

Unde?

W. T. M.

Griffith, William, Bishop of Ossory.—Any facts relative
to the life of this prelate will be acceptable, as I am about to go to
press with a work comprising Lives of the Bishops of Ossory.

James Graves.

Killkenny.

“Cowperiana.“—Southey, in his preface to the last volume
of his edition of Cowper’s Works (dated Aug. 12, 1837), speaks of
his intention to publish two additional volumes under the title of
Cowperiana. Were these ever published? If not, will they ever
be?

W. P. Storer.

Olney, Bucks.

John Keats’s Poems.—Can any of your readers inform me
what legend (if any) John Keats the poet refers to in his beautiful poem
of St. Agnes’ Eve, st. xix., when he says:

And pray let me know what is implied in the concluding lines of his
absurd poem of Hyperion, as they have always been a mystery to
me.

Ξανθος.

Holland.—We have the kingdom of Holland, we have the
Holland division of Lincolnshire, and in Lancashire we have the two
townships of Downholland and Upholland. Is the derivation of each the
same, and, if it be, what is the affinity?

Prestoniensis.

Armorial.—Can the younger son of a peer use the
supporters to his family arms?

Prestoniensis.

Stoke and Upton.—These names of places are so very
common, and in some counties, as Bucks, Worcester, and Devon, apply to
adjoining villages, that it would be interesting to know the origin of
the names, and of their association.

Jno. D. Alcroft.

Slavery in England.—One of the recent volumes published
by the Chetham Society, the Stanley Papers, part ii., contains the
household books of the third and fourth Earls of Derby, temp. Queen
Elizabeth. I find in the “orders touching the government of my Lo. his
house,” that at the date thereof (1558) slavery in some form or other
existed in England, for in the mansion of this powerful noble it was
provided—

“That no slaves nor boyes shall sitt in the hall, but in place
therefore appoynted convenyent.”

And,—

“That the yemen of horses and groomes of the stable shall not suffre
any boyes or slaves to abye about the stables, nor lye in theym,
nor in anie place about theym.”

Was there then in England the form of slavery now in existence in the
United States, and until lately in the West Indies; or was it more like
the serfdom of Russia? And when was this slavery abolished in
England?

Prestoniensis.

“Go to Bath.“—What is the origin of this saying?

R. R.

{422}

Mummy Chests.—Harris, in his Natural History of the
Bible, says:

“The imperishable chests which contain the Egyptian mummies were of
cypress.”

Shaw, in his Travels, p. 376., says:

“The mummy chests, and whatever figures and instruments are found in
the catacombs, are all of them of sycamore.”

Which is right, and how can we account for the contradiction?

N. L. J.

The Blechenden Family.—Thomas Blechenden, D.D., a
Prebendary of Canterbury, whose will was proved in 1663, had a younger
brother Richard, who had a daughter Mary. It is desired to know if Mary
married, and if so, to whom? The family were of Ruffin’s Hill in Kent,
and Richard is described as “of London.”

Gwillim.

Philadelphia.

Francklyn Household Book.—In the extracts from this MS.,
given in the Archæologia, vol. xv. p. 157., is an
entry,—

“Given to the prisoners at White Chappel, 1s.“

Who were they?

“Nov. 12, 1624. Given to Mr. Atkynson’s man for writing out the causes
which are to be hearde in the Star Chamber this tearme, 1s.“

Who and what was Mr. Atkynson?

“June 13, 1625. Spent by Wyllyam when he was sworn by the pages,
6s. 6d.“

What does this refer to?

“April 17, 1625. Given to Sir Charles Morrison’s groomes,
3s.“

Who and what was Sir Charles Morrison?

In another extract given elsewhere, I find,—

“August 5, 1644. For bay salt to stop the barrells, 6d.“

What does this mean?

“January 17, 1644. For four giggs and scourgesticks, 1s.“

What are giggs and scourgesticks?

“November 10, 1646. For haulfe a pound of cakes and jumballs,
10d.“

What are jumballs?

Can any of your readers tell me where this Livre des Acconts pour
Chevalier Jean Francklyn en son [sic] Maison au Wilsden now
is? When the extracts were published in the Archæologia, it was
said to be in the possession of the late Sir John Chardin Musgrave, Bart.
I have applied to the present Sir George Musgrave, and also to George
Musgrave, Esq., of Gordon Square, and Bedfordshire, who is descended from
Sir Christopher Musgrave, who married to his second wife a daughter of
Sir George Francklyn; but neither can give me any tidings of this MS.

J. K.

Lord Rosehill’s Marriage.—An American paper of August 22,
1768, has the following:

“Last week was married in Maryland, the Right Honorable Lord Rosehill
to Miss Margaret Cheer, a lady much admired for her theatrical
performances.”

Who was Lord Rosehill?

W. D. R.

Philadelphia.

Colonel Butler.—Can you give me any information
respecting Colonel Butler, who fought during the civil wars, I fear,
under the banner of the usurper? He belonged to a Lincolnshire family,
and either his daughter or some relative married a person of the name of
Hairby or Harby.

Agares.

Willesdon, co. Middlesex.—Information is solicited
respecting the families of Willesdon, Roberts, Francklyn, Barne, Poulett,
Atye, Troyford, and Nicolls of this place, as well as of other families
known to have belonged to this parish.

Any communications as to the church, its original construction, or its
reconstruction about the end of the fourteenth, or beginning of the
fifteenth, century, or illustrative of the general history of the parish
in early or recent times, or biographical notices of its vicars, will be
gladly received; and as such information may not be generally interesting
to your readers, I would request contributors to address any
communications they may be pleased to favour me with, to J. K., care of
Mr. Fenton, Kensall Green, Harrow Road, Middlesex.

J. K.

Minor Queries with Answers.

Ashes of “Lignites.”—A paragraph has been making the
circuit of the public papers, recommending the use of ashes of
lignites, to preserve esculent roots. It may have originated with
some dealer in lignites; but plain dealers would like to be
informed what lignites are?

Rusticus.

Bishop Bathurst.—I have heard it often asserted that the
late Dr. Bathurst, Bishop of Norwich, was the youngest of
forty-two children. Can this {423}be satisfactorily
ascertained? I remember hearing it many years since during the bishop’s
lifetime. Such a circumstance is not beyond the bounds of possibility, if
we are to believe the Parish Register of Bermondsey; for there appears an
entry there of the marriage, on Jan. 4, 1624-5, of James Harriott, Esq.,
one of the forty children of his father. I myself knew intimately
a lady, a clergyman’s widow, who was the mother of twenty-six children
(Vol. v., p. 106.; Vol. ix., p. 186.); and I have heard it said that one
of her brothers-in-law was father of twenty-four, and another of fourteen
children. The late Sir Robert Wigram, Bart., had twenty-four children: he
died at the age of eighty-six.

Y. S. M.

“Selah.“—What is the meaning of the word Selah,
which occurs so often in the Psalms? I have observed that most people, in
reading, omit it. Should it be read or not?

F. M. Middleton.

The Long Parliament.—Where is a list of it, including its
various changes, to be seen?

Y. S. M.

“The Three Pigeons.“—Was it the house at Brentford,
mentioned by Dr. Rimbault (Vol. ix., p. 331.),
that suggested Tony Lumpkin’s convivial ballad in praise of “The Three
Jolly Pigeons?”

G. Taylor.

Reading.

Captain Cook.—Wanted, the pedigree of Capt. Jas. Cook
(the circumnavigator), and full account of his lineal and collateral
descendants.

Wardale G. M^cAllister.

Philadelphia.

Varnish for old Books.—Can any of your readers oblige me
with a good receipt for varnishing the bindings of old books? Bees-wax
and turpentine, used very thin, is a tolerably good one; but I am
desirous of learning another.

Investigator.

Cabbages.—When were cabbages first cultivated in England?
Who introduced them?

C. H.

Replies.

ADDISON’S HYMNS.

(Vol. ix., p. 373.)

After the correspondence that took place (“N. & Q.,” Vol. v.), I
had hoped that Addison would have been left in peaceable possession of
those “divine hymns” ascribed to his pen; but this is not to be. A former
correspondent, J. G. F., doubted whether they were not composed by Andrew
Marvell? This inquiry was, I hope, satisfactorily answered, by myself in
the first instance, and afterwards by Mr.
Crossley, Vol. v., pp. 513, 548.

In No. 234. a later correspondent, S. M., asks whether the hymn “When
rising from the bed of death,” which he says is “taken from the chapter
on ‘Death and Judgment,’ in Addison’s Evidences of the Christian
Religion,” was written by Addison or Dr. Isaac Watts? In what edition
of the Evidences does S. M. find either the chapter he speaks of,
or this hymn? The place which it occupies is in No. 513. of the
Spectator. As I have elsewhere stated, Addison was accustomed to
throw a little mystery over these poems; and “the excellent man in holy
orders,” to whom this hymn is attributed, is unquestionably the ideal
clergyman, the occasional visitor of the club, spoken of in the second
number of the Spectator.

In the letter that accompanies this hymn, the supposed writer
says,—

“The indisposition which has long hung upon me, is at last grown to
such a head, that it must quickly make an end of me or of itself…. Were
I able to dress up several thoughts of a serious nature, which have made
great impressions on my mind during a long fit of sickness, they might
not be an improper entertainment for one of your Saturday’s papers.”

What a natural remark from a writer who, Addison tells us, treats
divine topics “as one who has no interests in this world, as one who is
hastening to the object of all his wishes, and conceives hope from his
decays and infirmities!” This sublime paper, or “series of thoughts,”
stamped with the peculiar beauties and polish of Addison’s style, closes
with the hymn in question, composed, as the writer says, “during this my
sickness.”

Watts survived the date of this paper above thirty-five years. Had it
been his own composition, would he not have claimed the authorship, and
incorporated the hymn amongst his sacred songs?

Let us not, in the pages of “N. & Q.” at least, witness farther
attempts to misappropriate the writings of one, whose undying fame will
be cotemporaneous with the literature of England. Still, in the beautiful
language of Addison’s friend Tickell, may he in his hymns—

J. H. Markland.

LONGFELLOW.

(Vol. ix., pp. 174. 255.)

A communication from a gentleman, who married into a family of this
name, informs me that the Longfellows of Brecon were a branch of a
Yorkshire family; and that a portion of more than one family, probably
from the same county, are now settled in Kent. My friend has not before
had his attention turned to this subject, but he promises farther
inquiry.

T. S. N.

Bermondsey.

Why should W. P. Storer suppose that the name
of Longfellow originated otherwise than in the lengthy proportions of an
ancestor? Surely the well-known surnames, Rufus, Longshanks, Strongbow,
are sufficient to warrant us in saying that Longfellow need have nothing
to do with Longueville. From what shall we derive the names of Longman,
Greathead, Littlejohn, and Tallboy?

John P. Stilwell.

Dorking.

By the kindness of the Registrar-General, I am enabled to point, with
some precision, to a few of the localities in which the name of
Longfellow exists in this country. Upon reference to the well-arranged
indexes in his office, it appears that the deaths of sixty-one persons
bearing this name were recorded in the years 1838 to 1852; and of these,
fifty occurred in the West Riding of Yorkshire, namely, in Leeds
thirty-five; Otley, and its neighbourhood, ten; Selby four, and in
Keighley one. The other instances were, in the metropolis seven, and one
each in Swansea, Newport (Monmouth), Tewkesbury, and Hastings. More than
one third of the males bore the Christian name of William.

It is not probable that the Longfellows are numerous in any part of
England: indeed, as we {425}know that of the general population the
average annual mortality is 2.2 per cent, the sixty-one deaths in fifteen
years, or four deaths yearly, might be supposed to result from about two
hundred persons of the name; but inferences of this nature, except when
large masses are dealt with, are often very fallacious.

May not the derivation of the name be from long fallow, of the
same family as Fallows, Fellowes, Fallowfield, and Langmead, which are
not uncommon?

James T. Hammack.

19. St. Mark’s Crescent, Regent’s Park.

C. H. quotes some lines said to have been written on a window-shutter
of the “Golden Lion,” Brecon, when a Mr. Longfellow was proprietor, fifty
or sixty years ago:

These lines remind me of the following passage of the poet
Longfellow’s in his Hyperion, which, not to speak of a possible
plagiarism, has at least a strange family resemblance:

“If you go to Zurich, beware how you stop at ‘The Raven.’ I wrote in
the travellers’ book—

‘Beware of the Raven of Zurich;

‘Tis a bird of omen ill,

With a noisy and an unclean breast,

And a very, very long bill.’

“If you go to ‘The Golden Falken’ you will find it there. I am the
author of those lines—Longfellow.”

G. Dymond.

BOOKS BURNT BY THE HANGMAN.

(Vol. ix., pp. 78. 226.)

As the subject is interesting, you will probably permit me to cite a
few more examples:—In Geo. Chalmers’ Catalogue, “Burnt by
the hangman” is appended to a copy of Wm. Thomas’ Historie of
Italie, 1549; but I do not find this stated elsewhere. The opinions
emitted in this work are of a free nature certainly, in respect to the
governed and governing powers; but whatever was the fate of his book, I
rather think Thomas (who was executed in Mary’s reign) suffered for some
alleged act of overt treason, and not for publishing seditious books.
An Information from the States of the Kingdome of Scotland to the
Kingdome of England, showing how they have bin dealt with by His
Majesty’s Commissioners, 1640: in a proclamation (March 30, 1640)
against seditious pamphlets sent from Scotland, this tract was prohibited
on account of its containing many most notorious falsehoods, scandals,
&c.; it was ordered to be burnt by the common hangman. (Rymer’s
Fœd., as quoted by Chalmers.)

There is now before me a modern impression of an old cut in two
compartments: the upper representing the demolition of the “Crosse in
Cheapeside on the 2nd May, 1643;” and the lower a goodly gathering of the
public around a bonfire, viewing, with apparent satisfaction, the
committal of a book to the flames by the common executioner, with this
inscription:

“10th May, the Boocke of Spartes vpon the Lord’s Day, was burnt by the
hangman in the place where the Crosse stoode, and at (the) Exchange.”

That great lover of sights, Master Pepys, notices one of these
exhibitions:

“1661, 28th May, with Mr. Shipley,” says our gossip, “to the Exchange
about business; and there, by Mr. Rawlinson’s favour, got into a balcone
over against the Exchange, and there saw the hangman burn, by vote of
Parliament, two old acts: the one for constituting us a Commonwealth, and
the other I have forgot; which still do make me think of the greatness of
this late turne, and what people will do to-morrow against what they all,
thro’ profit or fear, did promise and practise this day.”

A note to this passage in the Diary (vol. i. p. 236., 3rd
edit.) supplies the defective memory of Pepys, by informing us that the
last was an “Act for subscribing the Engagement;” and adds, on the same
day there had been burnt by the hangman, at Westminster Hall, the “Act
for erecting a High Court of Justice for trying and judging Charles
Stuart.” They seem to have been just then cleansing out the Augean stable
of the Commonwealth: for it is added, “two more acts” were similarly
burnt next day.

In A Letter to a Clergyman, relating to his Sermon on the 30th
Jan., by a Lover of Truth, 1746, the lay author (one Coade, I
believe), inveighing against high churchmen, reminds the preacher that
he—

“Was pleased to dress up the principles of the Presbyterians in a
frightful shape; but let me tell you, Sir, in my turn, that the
principles of your party have been burnt, not by a rude and lawless
rabble, but by the common hangman, in broad day-light, before the Royal
Exchange in London, and by authority of Parliament. Perhaps,” he
continues, “you never heard of this contemptuous treatment of the Oxford
principles, and therefore I will give it you from the Parliamentary
Records:—’Anno Domini 1710. The House of Lords, taking into
consideration the judgment and decree of the University of Oxford, passed
in their Convocation July 21, 1683,—it was resolved by the Lords
Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled, that the said judgment
and decree contains in it several positions contrary to the Constitution
of this kingdom, and destructive to the Protestant Succession as by law
established. And it was thereupon ordered, by the Lords Spiritual and
Temporal in Parliament assembled, that the said judgment and decree shall
be burnt by the hands of the common hangman before the Royal {426}Exchange,
between hours of twelve and one, on Monday the 17th March, in the
presence of the Lord Mayor of the City of London,’ &c.”

Doleman’s Conference about the next Succession to the Crown of
England, reprinted at N. with licence, in 1681, was, in 1683,
condemned by the University of Oxford, and burnt by the common
hangman.

In the above examples I have confined myself to those books, &c.
only which were expressly consigned to the flames by the hangman. The
instances of book-burning where this indignity was either not imposed, or
its infliction not recorded, are numerous. Among the curiosities of
literature of Elizabeth’s reign, were certain books ascribed to a
Dutchman, by name Henry Nicholas, translated into English, and probably
imported from the Low Countries. This person, imbibing the “damnable
heresies” of David George, of Leyden, became the apostle of a sect who
styled themselves “The Family of Love,” and their fanatical books
becoming obnoxious to the dominant party, they were, by proclamation,
ordered to be burnt; and, as such manifestations of the royal will
usually ran, all persons were held punishable for having them in their
possession. (See Herbert’s Ames.) As an example of the spiritual
power thus dealing with a book, apparently upon its own authority, the
following may be offered:—Servetus de Trinitate, &c.
(London, 1723.) This edition, which is without name of place or printer,
and without date, was printed by Palmer for Osborne the bookseller; but,
as soon as completed was seized at the instance of Dr. Gibson, Bishop of
London, and burnt, with the exception of a very few copies. (Davis’
Journey round the Library, &c.) The last unfortunate book I
shall mention is the Metrical Psalms of Dod; which was also, most
likely, an episcopal seizure. Mr. Holland, in his Psalmists of
Britain, quoting from George Withers’ Scholler’s Purgatory,
says, “Dod the silkman’s late ridiculous translation of the Psalms was,
by authority, worthily condemned to the fire,” and, judging from its
extreme scarcity, I should say very few escaped.

J. O.

I have not seen in your list of martyred books the following, in the
year A.D. 1684: A Plea for the
Nonconformists, by Thomas De Laune, Gentleman. He died in Newgate,
during his imprisonment for the book, in pursuance of the following
sentence:

“Ad General. Quartercal. Session. Pacis Dom. Regis tent. pro Civitat.
London per adjornament, apud Justice-hall in le Old Bayly, die Mercurii
Scil. Decimo Sexto die January, Anno Regis Caroli Secundi cundi nunc Ang.
&c.

“Thomas De Laune Convict. pro illicite Scribend. Imprimend. et
Publicand. Libel. Seditios. dert. concernen. librum Communis præcationis.
Fin. 100 Marc. Et committit, etc.! Et ulterius quousq; Inven. bon. de se
bene gerend. per spacium Unius Anni Integri ex tunc prox. sequen. Et quad
libel. sedit. cum igne Combust. sint apud Excambium Regal. in London, et
si Del. Sol. 5 shil. Wagstaffe.”

In a letter containing a narrative of his trial and imprisonment,
written by him from prison, occur many touches of humour. In his remarks
on the sentence he says,—

“The six shillings to be paid on my discharge is to the hangman, for
the faggots, I suppose.”

“The Court told us that, in respect to our education as scholars, we
should not be pillory’d, though (’twas said) we deserved it…. We were
sent back to our confinement, and the next execution-day our books
were burnt WITH FIRE (not with water, you must
note), and we continue here; but, since I writ this, Mr. Ralphson had a
supersedeas by death to a better place!”

In his account he affirms that, on his own confession of being the
author of The Plea, and because he could find no bail, he was
committed to Newgate—

“Lodged among the felons, whose horrid company made a perfect
representation of that horrible place which you describe when you mention
hell. A hard bench was my bed, and two bricks my pillow. But after two
days and nights, without any refreshment, the unusualness of that
society and place having impaired my health, which at the very best is
tender, and crazy, I was removed, and am now in the press-yard, a
place of some sobriety, though still a prison ubi nihil amabile
est!”

Twenty years after, 1704, his Plea was republished, with his
narrative, by one of his fellow-prisoners, who had been released, and who
calls it “an elaborate piece”! He adds, that De Laune, being unable to
pay

“the seventy-five pound, his children, his wife, and himself were
imprison’d, and all dy’d in New-gate; of which myself was an
eye-witness, and a companion with him for the same cause in the same
prison, where I continued above a year after his death.”

E. F. Woodman.

P. S.—Query, What is the meaning, in the foregoing, of the
expression “at the next execution-day”? Have we any instance on record of
the execution of a malefactor in front of the Royal Exchange? and, if
not, did the hangman come from Newgate, after “doing duty” there, and
burn the book at the Exchange?

In 1611 the books of Conrad Vorstius were publicly burnt in St. Paul’s
Churchyard and both the universities by the king’s order. (Wilson’s
Life and Reign of James I., p. 120.)

On Sunday, November 21, 1613, the books of Francis Suarez, the Spanish
Jesuit, were publicly burnt at St. Paul’s Cross. (Court and Times of
James I., vol. i. pp. 279, 280.)

C. H. Cooper.

Cambridge.

{427}

SACK.

(Vol. ix., p. 272.)

With respect to the wines called Sacks, much diversity of opinion has
prevailed, and although the question has been frequently discussed, it
still remains, in a great measure, undetermined. It seems admitted, on
all hands, that the term sack was originally applied to certain
growths of Spain. In a MS. account of the disbursements by the
chamberlain of the city of Worcester for 1592, Dr. Percy found the
ancient mode of spelling to be seck, and thence concluded that
sack is a corruption of sec, signifying a dry wine. Moreover, in
the French version of a proclamation for regulating the prices of wines,
issued by the privy Council in 1633, the expression vins secs
corresponds with the word sacks in the original. The term
sec is still used as a substantive by the French to denote a
Spanish wine; and the dry wine of Xerez is known at the place of its
growth by the name of vino seco. The foregoing account is abridged
from The History of Ancient and Modern Wines, by Alex. Henderson,
Lond. 1824. The following is taken from Cyrus Redding’s History of
Modern Wines, Lond. 1833:

“In the early voyages to these islands (the Canaries), quoted in
Ashley’s collection, there is a passage relative to sack, which will
puzzle wise heads about that wine. It is under the head of ‘Nicols’
Voyage.’ Nicols lived eight years in the islands. The island of Teneriffe
produces three sorts of wine, Canary, Malvasia, and Verdona, ‘which may
all go under the denomination of sack.’ The term then was applied neither
to sweet nor dry wines exclusively, but to Canary, Xeres (i. e.
sherry), or Malaga generally. In Anglo-Spanish dictionaries of a century
and a quarter old, sack is given as Vino de Canarias. Hence it was
Canary sack, Xeres sack, or Malaga sack.”

Ἁλιεύς.

Dublin.

In reply to your correspondent, I believe sack to be nothing but
vino secco, dry wine, probably identical with sherry or madeira. I
once, when an undergraduate at Oxford, ordered a dozen from a travelling
agent to a London wine merchant, probably from Shakspearian associations,
and my belief is that what he sold me under that name was an Italian wine
of some sort, bearing a good deal of resemblance to the vino
panto, of which Perugia is the head-quarters.

B. D.

This is the same wine which is now named sherry. Falstaff calls it
sherris sack, and also sherris only, using in fact both
names indiscriminately (2 Henry IV., Act IV. Sc. 3.). For various
commentaries regarding it, see Blount’s Glossographia; Dr.
Venner’s Via recta ad Vitam longam, published in 1637; Nares’
Glossary, &c. Cotgrave, in his Dictionary, makes sack
to be derived from vin sec, French; and it is called seck
in an article by Bishop Percy, from an old account-book at Worcester,
anno Elizbethæ 34.

N. L. J.

IRISH LAW IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

(vol. ix., p. 270.)

What has been mistaken by your correspondent for a piece of Irish
barbarity, was, until the Act 12 Geo. III. c. 20., the usual punishment
awarded by the law to culprits standing mute upon an arraignment of
felony (that is, without speaking at all, or without putting himself upon
God and the country). The judgment in such case was:

“That the man or woman should be remanded to the prison, and laid
there in some low and dark room, where they should lie naked on the bare
earth, without any litter, rushes, or other clothing, and without any
garment about them, but something to cover their privy parts, and that
they should lie upon their backs, their heads uncovered and their feet,
and one arm to be drawn to one quarter of the room with a cord, and the
other arm to another quarter, and in the same manner to be done with
their legs; and there should be laid upon their bodies iron and stone, so
much as they might bear, and more; and the next day following, to leave
three morsels of barley bread without any drink, and the second day to
drink thrice of the water next to the house of the prison (except running
water), without any bread; and this to be their diet until they were
dead. So as, upon the matter, they should die three manner of ways, by
weight, by famine, and by cold. And the reason of this terrible judgment
was because they refused to stand to the common law of the land.”—2
Inst. 178, 179.

In the Year-Book of 8 Henry IV. the form of the judgment is
first given. The Marshal of the King’s Bench is ordered to put the
criminals into “diverses measons bases et estoppes, que ils gisent par la
terre touts nuds forsque leurs braces, que ils mettroit sur chascun d’eux
tants de fer et poids quils puissent porter et plus,” &c., (as
above).

It appears also, from Barrington’s Observations on the
Statutes, that, until the above-mentioned act, it was usual to
torture a prisoner by tying his thumbs tightly together with whipcord in
order to extort a plea; and he mentions the following instances where one
or more of these barbarous cruelties have been inflicted:

“In 1714 a prisoner’s thumbs were thus tied at the same place” (Old
Bailey), “who then pleaded; and in January, 1720, William Spigget
submitted in the same manner after the thumbs being tied as usual,
and his accomplice, Phillips, was absolutely pressed for a considerable
time, till he begged to stand on his trial. In April, 1720, Mary Andrews
continued so obstinate, that three whipcords were broken before she would
plead. In December, 1721, Nathanael Haws suffered in the same manner by
squeezing the thumbs; after {428}which he continued under the press for
seven minutes with 250 lbs., and then submitted.”

Barrington also says in the text:

“As it is very unusual for criminals to stand mute on their trials in
more modern days, and it was not unfrequent, if we go some centuries back
in English History, it may not be improper to observe, that the occasion
of its being then more common, was to prevent forfeitures, and involving
perhaps innocent children in their parents’ guilt. These forfeitures only
accrued upon judgment of life and limb, and, to the disgrace of
the crown, were too frequently levied with the utmost rigour. The
sentence, however, hath continued to be put into execution till the late
Act of Parliament (12 Geo. III. c. 20.) properly abolished it.”

He mentions two other cases, one of which happened at the Sussex
assizes, under Baron Thompson, and the other at Cambridge, in 1741, when
Baron Carter was the judge. I do not think there are any more modern
instances than these, for they are the only ones cited by counsel in
General Picton’s case, in justification of inflicting torture on a
prisoner. (State Trials, vol. xxx.) The Marquis Beccaria, in an
exquisite piece of raillery, has proposed this problem with a gravity and
precision truly mathematical:

“The force of the muscles and the sensibility of the nerves of an
innocent person being given, it is required to find the degree of pain
necessary to make himself guilty of a given crime.”—1 Bl. Com.
327. n.

A prisoner standing mute at the present day would be sentenced to
undergo the punishment that would be awarded to him, if found guilty of
the crime laid to his charge.

Investigator.

Manchester, April 4, 1854.

Blackstone (book iv. chap. 25.) speaks of the cases in which
punishment of “peine forte et dure” was inflicted according to the
ancient law. It would occupy too great space to quote what he says on
this point, and, therefore I must refer your correspondent to his work
itself, where he will also find an inquiry into its origin. The
punishment is described almost in the words of your correspondent’s
quotation; thus:

“That the prisoner be remanded to the prison from whence he came, and
be put into a low, dark chamber; and there be laid on his back, on the
bare floor, naked, unless where decency forbids, that there be placed
upon his body as great a weight of iron as he could bear, and more; that
he have no sustenance, save only, on the first day, three morsels of the
worst bread, and, on the second day, three draughts of standing water,
that should be nearest to the prison door; and in this situation this
should be alternately his daily diet, till he died, or (as
anciently the judgment ran) till he answered.”

Blackstone farther intimates that this punishment was abolished by
statute 12 Geo. III. c. 20., which shows, of course, that it continued to
be according to law for more than thirty years after the date mentioned
by Abhba.

R. O.

The punishment, or more properly torture, alluded to by Abhba, was the “peine forte et dure,” commonly applied
in the early part of the last century to such criminals as refused to
plead. Many died under it in order to save their estates, &c. from
forfeiture to the crowns. In my forthcoming anecdotes of “The Eighteenth
Century,” several cases are cited from the newspapers of the time; but,
as the MS. is now in the printer’s hands, I cannot refer to them. Writing
from memory, I think that the last case in which this torture was applied
at the Old Bailey in London was in 1735, and reported in the London
Magazine of that year. The “Press-yard” at Newgate derives its name
from being the scene of these tortures.

Alexander Andrews.

JOB XIX. 26.

(Vol. ix., p. 303.)

Perhaps the best mode in which I can comply with Mr.
C. Mansfield Ingleby’s request, is to send for insertion in the
“N. & Q.” my MS. note on the text in question:

The difficulties which the reader experiences, on reading the
authorised version of this passage, are by no means trifling. Every one
knows that the words printed in Italics are not to be found in the
original; the strictly literal rendering, according to the construction
put upon the verse by our translators, would therefore run thus:

To say the least of it, “it is hard to be understood.” The three words
in Italics, arbitrarily introduced, make the passage by no means more
intelligible.

The erudite author of the marginal readings (see “N. & Q.,” Vol.
ix., p. 108.) felt the difficulty, and therefore proposed another
translation, which is,—

By an effort of violent criticism, עורי
might be translated my awaking; but it will require an
extraordinary critical mind to turn נקפו
זאת into though this body be
destroyed.

The difficulties seem to have originated with the misapprehension of
the proper meaning of the verb נקף here. Instead of
translating it according to its primitive signification, viz. to
surround {429}a foreign sense has been palmed upon it,
viz. to destroy. Job, no doubt, meant to say thus:

Thus the literal meaning demonstrates a connecting link between verses
25 and 26. The authorised version and the marginal reading seem to lack
that link:

But would you know when this at length is to take place? It
will come to pass when a shaking of the dry bones shall take place, when
bone to bone shall be joined, when sinews and flesh shall come upon them,
and skin cover them above; that is, when the skeleton of my mutilated
body shall be raised a glorified body. In other words,—

The most ancient translators have evidently put this construction upon
the verse under consideration. The Chaldee paraphrase runs thus:

אתפח does not mean here
inflated, as some suppose. The Syriac version translates the word
נקפו by the word אתכרך, which means
surround, wind round. The Vulgate has the following version
of the patriarch’s prophetic exclamation:

Jerome evidently knew not what to do with the word זאת, and therefore omitted it.
He might have turned it to good account by translating it erit
hoc.

The above note has been penned upwards of five years ago, and I
transcribe it now, without a single alteration, for the benefit of Mr. C. Mansfield Ingleby and his friends.

Moses Margoliouth.

Wybunbury, Nantwich.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Photographic Experiences.—We have received from our
valued correspondent Dr. Mansell, of Guernsey, a
suggestion to which we are happy to give publicity, and to the promotion
of which we shall be very glad to lend the columns of “N. & Q.” Our
photographic readers are probably aware that the Talbotype process is
increasing in favour; we have recorded Dr.
Diamond’s strong testimony to its advantages. Mr.
Llewellyn has just described his process (which is strikingly
similar) in the Photographic Journal; and in a recent number of
La Lumière the Vicomte Vigier confirms the
views of our countrymen. Dr. Mansell, who has
given our readers the benefit of his experience, well remarks that in all
his acquaintance with physical science, he knows nothing more remarkable
than that Mr. Fox Talbot should not only have
discovered this beautiful process, but likewise have given it to the
world (in 1841) in so perfect a form, that the innumerable experiments of
a dozen years have done nothing essential to improve it, and the best
manipulators of the day can add nothing to it. It is, however, with a
view to testing some of the points in which photographers differ, so as
to establish which are best, that Dr. Mansell
suggests, that a table giving,

would, if carefully and honestly stated by some twenty or thirty
photographers, be extremely valuable. Of this there can be little doubt,
and we hope that our scientific photographic friends, will respond to
this suggestion. We for our parts are ready to receive any such
communications, and will, at the end of the month, collate and arrange
them in such form as may best exhibit the results. It is obvious that, in
a matter of such a nature, we at least should be furnished with
the names of our correspondents.

The Céroléine Process.—The unfavourable state of the
weather has prevented me from making many experiments as to the value of
the process given in your 234th Number, but I have seen enough to
convince me that it will effect a great saving of trouble, and be more
sensitive than any modification of Le Gray’s process that has yet been
published. It will, however, be rather more expensive, and, in the hands
of persons unaccustomed to chemical manipulations, rather difficult; but
the solutions once made, the waxing process is delightfully easy.

William Pumphrey.

On preserving the Sensitiveness of Collodion
Plates.—The Philosophical Magazine of the present month
contains a very important article by Messrs. Spiller and Crookes upon
this great desideratum in photographic practice. We have heard from a
gentleman of considerable scientific attainments, that, from the few
experiments which he had then made, he is convinced that the plan is
quite feasible. We of course refer our readers to the paper itself for
fuller particulars as to the reasoning which led the writers to their
successful experiment, and for all enumeration of the many advantages
which may result from their discovery. Their process is as follows:

“The plate, coated with collodion (that which we employ contains
iodide, bromide, and chloride of ammonium, in about equal proportions),
is made sensitive by immersion in the ordinary solution of nitrate of
{430}silver (30 grains to the ounce), and after
remaining there for the usual time, is transferred for a second solution
of the following composition:

Nitrate of zinc (fused)	2 ounces.
Nitrate of silver	35 grains.
Water	6 ounces.

The plate must be left in this bath until the zinc solution has
thoroughly penetrated the film (we have found five minutes amply
sufficient for this purpose, although a much longer time is of no
consequence); it should then be taken out, allowed to drain upright on
blotting-paper until all the surface moisture has been absorbed (about
half an hour), and then put by until required. The nitrate of zinc, which
is still retained on the plate, is sufficient to keep it moist for any
length of time, and we see no theoretical or practical reason why its
sensitiveness should not be retained as long: experiments on this point
are in progress; at present, however, we have only subjected them to the
trial of about a week, although at the end of that period they were
hardly deteriorated in any appreciable degree. It is not necessary that
the exposure in the camera should be immediately followed by the
development, as this latter process can be deferred to any convenient
opportunity, provided it be within the week. Previous to development, the
plate should be allowed to remain for a few seconds in the original
thirty-grain silver-bath, then removed and developed with either
pyrogallic acid or a protosalt of iron, and afterwards fixed, &c. in
the usual manner.”

Replies to Minor Queries.

Tippet (Vol. ix., p. 370.).—P. C. S. S. cannot help
thinking that tippet is nothing more than a corruption, per
metathesia, of epitogium. Such, at least, seems to have been
the opinion of old Minsheu, who, in his Guide to the Tongues,
1627, describes it thus:

“A habit which universitie men and clergiemen weare over their gownes.
L. Epitogium, ab ἐπὶ and toga.”

P. C. S. S.

Heraldic Anomaly (Vol. ix., p. 298.).—As your
correspondent John o’ the Ford wishes to be
furnished with examples of arms now extant, augmented with a cross in
chief, I beg to inform him that on the north side of St. John’s Gate,
Clerkenwell, immediately above the arch, are three shields: the centre
one bearing a plain cross (the arms of the order); on the right, as you
face the gateway, the shield bears a chevron ingrailed between three
roundles, impaling a cross flory, over all on a chief a cross; that on
the left is merely a single shield, bearing a chevron ingrailed between
three roundles apparently (being somewhat damaged), in chief a plain
cross. If the colours were marked, they are
indistinguishable,—shield and charges are alike sable now. On the
south side are two shields: that on the right has been so much damaged
that all I can make out of it is that two coats have been impaled
thereon, but I cannot discover whether it had the cross in chief or not;
that on the left bears a chevron between three roundles, in chief a plain
cross. This shield also is damaged; but, nevertheless, enough remains to
enable one to make out the charges with tolerable certainty.

Tee Bee.

George Wood of Chester (Vol. viii., p 34.).—I think it
very probable that this gentleman, who was Justice of Chester in the last
year of the reign of Mary and the first of Elizabeth, will turn out to be
George Wood, Esq., of Balterley, in the county of Stafford, who married
Margaret, relict of Ralph Birkenhead, of Croughton, in Cheshire, and
sixth daughter of Sir Thomas Grosvenor, of Eaton, Knight, ancestor of the
present noble house of Westminster. If Cestriensis can obtain access to Shaw’s History of
Staffordshire, the hint I have thrown out may speed him in his
investigations.

T. Hughes.

Chester.

Moon Superstitions (Vol. viii., pp. 79. 145. 321.)—The
result of my own observations, as far as they go, is, that remarkable
changes of weather sometimes accompany or follow so closely the changes
of the moon, that it is difficult for the least superstitious persons to
refrain from imagining some connexion between them—and one or two
well-marked instances would make many converts for life to the
opinion;—but that in comparatively few cases are the changes of
weather so marked and decided as to give them the air of cause and
effect.

J. S. Warden.

“Myself” (Vol. ix., p. 270.).—The inscription from a
gravestone, inserted by G. A. C., brought to my mind a poem by Bernard
Barton, which I had met with in a magazine (The Youth’s Instructor
for December, 1826), into which it had been copied from the
Amulet. The piece is entitled “A Colloquy with Myself.” The first
two stanzas, which I had always considered original, are subjoined for
the sake of comparison:

T. Q. C.

Polperro, Cornwall.

I cannot inform G. A. C. by whom or in what year the lines were
written, from which the epitaph he mentions was copied; but he will find
them amongst {431}the Epigrams, &c., &c., in
Elegant Extracts, in the edition bearing date 1805, under the
title of a Rhapsody.

West Sussex.

Roman Roads in England (Vol. ix., p. 325.).—I think that
in addition to the reference to Richard of Cirencester, Prestoniensis should be apprised of the late General
Roy’s Military Antiquities of Great Britain (published by the
Society of Antiquaries), a most learned and valuable account of and
commentary on Richard de Cirencester, and on all the other works
on the subject; Stukeley, Horsley, &c. I have my own doubts as to the
genuineness of Richard’s work; that is, though I admit that the facts are
true, and compiled with accuracy and learning, I cannot quite persuade
myself that the work is that of the Monk of Westminster in the fourteenth
century, never heard of till the discovery of an unique MS. in the Royal
Library at Copenhagen about 1757. I suspect it to have been a much more
modern compilation.

C.

Anecdote of George IV. (Vol. ix., pp. 244. 338.)—If Julia R. Bockett has accurately copied (as we must
presume) the note that she has sent you, I am sorry to inform her that it
is a forgery: the Prince never, from his earliest youth, signed “George”
tout court; he always added P. If the story be at all true, your
second correspondent, W. H., is assuredly right, that the “old woman”
could not mean the Queen, who was but eighteen when the Prince was born,
and could not, therefore, at any time within which this note could have
been written, be called, even by the giddiest boy, “an old woman.” When
the Prince was twelve years old, she was but thirty.

C.

General Fraser (Vol. ix., p. 161.).—The communication of
J. C. B. contains the following sentence:

“During his interment, the incessant cannonade of the enemy covered
with dust the chaplain and the officers who assisted in performing the
last duties to his remains, they being within view of the greatest part
of both armies.”

As some might suppose from this that the American army was guilty of
the infamous action of knowingly firing upon a funeral, the following
extract from Lossing’s Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution,
lately published, is submitted to the readers of “N. & Q.” It tells
the whole truth upon the subject. It is from vol. i. p. 66.:

“It was just sunset in that calm October evening, that the corpse of
General Fraser was carried up the hill to the place of burial within the
‘great redoubt.’ It was attended only by the members of his military
family, and Mr. Brudenel, the chaplain; yet the eyes of hundreds of both
armies followed the solemn procession, while the Americans, ignorant of
its true character, kept up a constant cannonade upon the redoubt. The
chaplain, unmoved by the danger to which he was exposed, as the
cannon-balls that struck the hill threw the loose soil over him,
pronounced the impressive funeral service of the Church of England with
an unfaltering voice.^[2] The growing darkness added solemnity
to the scene. Suddenly the irregular firing ceased, and the solemn voice
of a single cannon, at measured intervals, boomed along the valley and
awakened the responses of the hills. It was a minute gun, fired by the
Americans in honour of the gallant dead. The moment information was given
that the gathering at the redoubt was a funeral company fulfilling, amid
imminent perils, the last breathed wishes of the noble Fraser, orders
were issued to withhold the cannonade with balls, and to render military
homage to the fallen brave.”

I may add, for the information of English readers, that Lossing’s
Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution is a work of great general
accuracy, written by a gentleman who travelled thousands of miles to
collect the materials. The drawings for the work were drawn, and the
numerous woodcuts engraved, by him. They are the finest woodcuts ever
produced in this country.

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

The Fusion (Vol. ix., p. 323.).—The Orleans branch,
though it derives its eventually hereditary claim to the throne of France
from Louis XIII., as stated by E. H. A., have later connexions in blood
with Louis XIV. The Regent Duke married Mdlle de Blois, the legitimated
daughter of Louis XIV. Louis-Philippe’s mother was great-granddaughter of
Louis XIV. by another line.

C.

“Corporations have no souls” (Vol. ix., p. 284.).—This
saying is to be found in Coke’s Reports, vol. x. p. 32.:

“A corporation aggregate of many is invisible, immortal, and rests
only in intendment and consideration of the law. They cannot commit
treason, nor be outlawed, nor excommunicate, for they have no
souls, neither can they appear in person, but by attorney.”

Erica.

Apparition of the White Lady (Vol. viii., p. 317.).—Some
account of the origin of this apparition story is given at considerable
length by Mrs. Crowe in the Night Side of Nature, chapter on
Haunted Houses, pp. 315. 318.

John James.

Avington Rectory, Hungerford.

Female Parish Clerk (Vol. viii., p. 338.).—The sexton of
my parish, John Poffley, a man worthy of a place in Wordsworth’s
Excursion, was telling me but a few days ago, that his mother was
the parish clerk for twenty-six years, and that he well remembers his
astonishment as a boy, whenever {432}he happened to attend a neighbouring
church service, to see a man acting in that capacity, and saying the
responses for the people.

John James.

Avington Rectory, Hungerford.

I have just seen an extract from “N. & Q.” in one of our local
papers, mentioning Elizabeth King as being clerk of the parish of
Totteridge in 1802, and a question by Y. S. M. if there were any similar
instance on record of a woman being a parish clerk? In answer to this
Query, I beg to inform Y. S. M. that in the village of Misterton,
Somerset, in which place I was born, a woman acted as clerk at my
mother’s wedding, my own baptism, and many years subsequently: I was born
in 1822.

Wm. Higgins.

Bothy (Vol. ix., p. 305.).—For a familiar mention of this
word (commonly spelt Bothie), your correspondent may be referred
to the poem of The Bothie of Toper-na-fuosich, a Long-Vacation
Pastoral, by Arthur Hugh Clough, Oxford: Macpherson, 1848. The action of
the poem is chiefly carried on at the Bothie, the situation of which is
thus described (in hexameter verse):

This sort of verse, by the way, is thus humorously spoken of by
Professor Wilson in his dedication, “to the King,” of the twelfth volume
of Blackwood (1822):

Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

King’s Prerogative and Hunting Bishops (Vol. ix., p.
247.).—The passage of Blackstone, referred to by the Edinburgh
Reviewer, will be found in his Commentaries, vol. ii, p. 413.,
where reference is made to 4 [Cokes’] Inst. 309. See also the same
volume of Blackstone, p. 427. It is evident that Bishop Jewel possessed
his “muta canum.” See a curious account of a visit to him by Hermann
Falkerzhümer, in the Zurich Letters, second series, pp. 84
&c.

H. Gough.

Lincoln’s Inn.

Green Eyes (Vol. viii., p. 407.; Vol. ix., p.
112.).—Antoine Heroet, an early French poet, in the third book of
his Opuscules d’Amour, has the following lines:

(Love is not so strange an enchanter that he can make black eyes
become green, that he can turn a dark brown into clear whiteness, or that
he can change a coarse feature of the face.)

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Brydone the Tourist (Vol. ix., pp. 138. 255. 305.).—

“On lui a reproché d’avoir sacrifié la vérité au plaisir de raconter
des choses piquantes.”

In a work (I think) entitled A Tour in Sicily, the production
of Captain Monson, uncle to the late Lord Monson, published about thirty
years ago, I remember to have read a denial and, as far as I can
remember, a refutation of a statement of Brydone, that he had seen a
pyramid in the gardens or grounds of some dignitary in Sicily, composed
of—chamber-pots! I was, when I read Mr. Monson’s book (a work of
some pretensions as it appeared to me), a youngster newly returned from
foreign travel, and in daily intercourse with gentlemen of riper age than
myself, and of attainments as travellers and otherwise which I could not
pretend to; many of them were Italians, and I perfectly remember that by
all, but especially by the latter, Brydone’s book was treated as a book
of apocrypha.

Traveller.

Descendants of John of Gaunt, Noses of (Vol. vii., p.
96.).—Allow me to repeat my Query as to E. D.’s remark: he says, to
be dark-complexioned and black-haired “is the family badge of the
Herberts quite as much as the unmistakeable nose in the descendants of
John of Gaunt.” I hope E. D. will not continue silent, for I am very
curious to know his meaning.

Y. S. M.

“Put” (Vol. vii., p. 271.).—I am surprised at the silence
of your Irish readers in reference to the pronunciation of this word. I
certainly never yet heard it pronounced like “but” amongst educated men
in Ireland, and I am both a native of this country and resident here the
greater part of my life. The Prince Consort’s name I have {433}occasionally
heard, both in England and Ireland, pronounced as if the first letter was
an O—”Olbert”—and that by people who ought to know
better.

Y. S. M.

“Caricature; a Canterbury Tale” (Vol. ix., p. 351.).—The
inquiry of H. as to the meaning of a “Caricature,” which he describes
(though I doubt if he be correct as to all the personages), appears to me
to point to a transaction in the history of the celebrated “Coalition
Ministry” of Lord North and Fox; in which—

“Burke being Paymaster of the Forces, committed one or two imprudent
acts: among them, the restoration of Powel and Bembridge, two defaulting
subordinates in his office, to their situations. His friends of the
ministry were hardly tasked to bring him through these scrapes; and, to
use the language of Wraxall’s Memoirs, ‘Fox warned the Paymaster
of the Forces, as he valued his office, not to involve his friends in any
similar dilemma during the remainder of the Session.'”

A. B. R.

Belmont.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Dr. Waagen, the accomplished Director of the Royal Gallery of
Pictures, Berlin, has just presented us with three volumes, to which, as
Englishmen, we may refer with pride, because they bear testimony not only
to the liberality of our expenditure in works of art, but also to the
good taste and judgment which have generally regulated our purchases.
The Treasures of Art in Great Britain, being an Account of the Chief
Collections of Paintings, Drawings, Sculptures, Illuminated MSS.,
&c., as the work is designated, must become a handbook to every
lover of Art in this country. It is an amplification of Dr. Waagen’s
first work, Art and Artists in England, giving, not only the
results of the author’s more ripened judgment and extended experience,
but also an account of twenty-eight collections in and round London, of
nineteen in England generally, and of seven in Scotland, not contained in
his former work. And as the Doctor has bestowed much pains in obtaining
precise information regarding the art of painting in England since the
time of Hogarth, and of sculpture since the time of Flaxman; and also
devoted much time to the study of English miniatures contained in MSS.
from the earliest time down to the sixteenth century; of miniatures of
other nations preserved in England; of drawings by the old masters,
engravings and woodcuts; he is fully justified in saying that, both as
regards the larger class of the public who are interested in knowing the
actual extent of the treasures of Art in England, and also the more
learned connoisseurs of the history of Art, this edition offers
incomparably richer and more maturely digested materials than the former
one. Let us add, that the value of this important and most useful and
instructive book is greatly enhanced by a very careful Index.

We have received from Messrs. Johnston, the geographers and engravers
to the Queen, two maps especially useful at the present moment, viz., one
of the Baltic Sea, with enlarged plans of Cronstadt, Revel, Sveaborg,
Kiel Bay, and Winga Sound; and the other of the seat of war in the
Danubian Principalities and Turkey, with map of Central Europe.

At the Annual General Meeting of the Camden Society on Tuesday last,
M. Van de Weyer, Mr. Blencowe, and the Rev. John Webb were elected of the
New Council in the place of Mr. Cunningham, Mr. Foss, and Sir Charles
Young, who retire.

The Inaugural General Meeting of the Surrey Archæological Society is
announced for Wednesday next, at the Bridge House Hotel, London Bridge,
Henry Drummond, Esq., in the chair. Objects of antiquarian and general
interest intended for exhibition may be sent, not later than Monday the
8th, to Mr. Bridger, the curator.

Books Received.—The present State of
Morocco, a Chapter of Mussulman Civilisation, by Xavier Durriew, the
new Part of Longman’s Traveller’s Library, is an interesting
picture of the institutions, manners, and religious faith of a nation too
little known in Europe.—Deeds of Naval Daring, &c., by
Edward Giffard, Second Series. This new volume of Murray’s
Railway Reading is well timed.—The Diary and Letters of
Madame D’Arblay, Vol. III., carries on her record of the gossip of
the Court during the years 1786-7.—Critical and Historical
Essays, &c., by T. B. Macaulay, contains, among other admirable
essays, those on Walpole’s Letters to Mann, William Pitt, Earl of
Chatham, Mackintosh’s History of the Revolution, and Lord Bacon.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following books to be sent direct
to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses
are given for that purpose:

Essays and Sketches of Life and Character, by
a Gentleman who recently left his Lodgings. London, 1820.

Memoir of Sheridan, by the late Professor
Smyth. Leeds, 1841. 12mo.

The Artifices and Impositions of False
Teachers, discovered in a Visitation Sermon. 8vo. London,
1712.

The Church of England not
superstitious—showing what Religions may justly be charged
with Superstition, pp. 46, 8vo. London, 1714.

Physica Aristotelica moderna accomodata in usum
juventutis academicæ, Auctore Gulielmo Taswell. 8vo. London,
1718.

Antichrist Revealed among the Sect of Quakers,
London, 1723.

Miscellanea Sacra; containing the Story of
Deborah and Barak; David’s Lamentations over Saul and Jonathan; a
Pindaric Poem; and the Prayer of Solomon at the Dedication of the Temple,
4to., by E. Taswell. London. 1760.

The Usefulness of Sacred Music, 1 Chron. 16.
39. 40. 42., by Wm. Taswell, A.M., Rector of Wootton-under-Edge,
Gloucestershire. 8vo. London, 1742.

Commerce of the United States and West Indies,
by the Hon. Littleton W. Tazewell. London, 1829.

{434}

Liber Precum. 1569.

Liber Precum. 1571.

Liber Precum. 1660. Ch. Ch. Oxford.

Liturgia. 1670.

Eton Prayers. 1705.

Enchiridion Precum. 1707.

Enchiridion Precum. 1715.

Liber Precum. 1819. Worcester College,
Oxford.

Any of the occasional Sermons of the Rev. Charles Kingsley, of
Eversley, more particularly The Mission of the Church to
the Labouring Classes, and Clothes Cheap and
Nasty, by Parson Lot.

The Numbers of the British and Colonial Quarterly
Review, published in 1846, by Smith and Elder, Cornhill,
containing a review of a work on graduated, sliding-scale, Taxation. Also
any work of the French School on the same subject, published from 1790
down to the end of the Revolution.

Brevint’s Christian Sacrament and Sacrifice.
4th Edition, 1757. Rivingtons.

J. G. Agardh, Species, Genera, et Ordines
Algarum. Royal 8vo. London, 1848-1853.

Lacroix, Diff. et Integ. Calculus. Last
edition.

Platonis Opera Omnia (Stallbaum). Gothæ et
Erfordiæ. Sumptibus Guil. Hennings, 1832; published in Jacobs and Rost’s
Bibliotheca Græca. Vol. iv. Sect. 2., containing Menexenus, Lysis,
Hippias uterque, Io.

Admiral Napier’s Revolution in Portugal.
Moxon, Dover Street.

Notices to Correspondents.

F. R. F. The Third Part of Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress is an
imposture. See “N. & Q.,” Vol viii., p. 222. For
bibliographical notices of that work, see the Introduction to The
Pilgrim’s Progress, published by the Hanserd Knollys Society in
1847.

I. R. R. For notices of John a Cumber, see our Fourth Volume
passim.—Knight of L. is Leopold of Austria; K. C., Knight
of the Crescent of Turkey.—Pricket is a young male deer of
two years old.—Impresse is from Ital. imprendere,
says Blount: see also his Dict. s. v. devise.—The
Wends, or Vends, is an appellation given to the Slavonian
population, which had settled in the northern part of Germany from the
banks of the Elbe to the shores of the Baltic.

W. W. (Malta). Received with thanks. Letters and more sheets will
be despatched on the 17th.

A Subscriber (Atherstone) is referred to
our Reply to B. P. in “N. & Q.” of March 25th, p.
290. We propose giving a short paper on the subject.

R. P. (Bishop Stortford) shall receive a private communication as
to his photographic difficulties.

B. (Manchester). The new facts arising every day necessarily compel
the postponement of the proposed work.

Replies to many other Correspondents next week.

Errata.—Vol. viii., p. 328., for
Sir William Upton read Sir William Ussher. Vol. viii., p. 367,
for Vernon read Verdon, and for Harrington
read Harington. Vol. ix., p. 373., for Lord Boteloust
read Botetourt.

Our Eighth Volume is now bound and ready
for delivery, price 10s. 6d., cloth, boards. A few sets of the
whole Eight Volumes are being made up, price 4l. 4s.—For these
early application is desirable.

“Notes and Queries” is published at noon on
Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that
night’s parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the
Saturday.

OPENING of the CRYSTAL PALACE, 1854.—It is intended to OPEN the
CRYSTAL PALACE and PARK at the end of May; after which they will be open
daily—Sundays excepted.

The following are the arrangements for the admission of the
public:—

Five Shilling Days.—On Saturdays the public will be admitted by
payment at the doors, by tickets of 5s. each, and by tickets to
include conveyance by railway.

Half-Crown Days.—On Fridays the public will be admitted by
payment at the doors, by tickets of 2s. 6d. each, or by
tickets to include conveyance by railway.

Shilling Days.—Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays will
be shilling days. At the gates a payment of 1s. each will admit
the public, or tickets entitling the holder to admission to the Palace
and Park, and also to conveyance along the Crystal Palace Railway, from
London-bridge Station to the Palace and back, will be issued at the
following prices:—

Children.—children under 12 years of age will be admitted at
half the above rates.

Hours of Opening.—The Palace and Park will be opened on Mondays
at 9 o’clock; on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays at 10 o’clock a.m.;
and on Fridays and Saturdays at 12 o’clock; and close every day an hour
before sunset.

Opening Day.—The opening will take place about the end of May;
the precise day will be announced as early as possible. On that occasion
season tickets only will be admitted.

Season Tickets.—Season tickets will be issued at two guineas
each, to admit the proprietor to the Palace and Park on the day of
opening, and on all other days when the building is open to the
public.

Season tickets to include conveyance along the Crystal Palace Railway
from London Bridge to the Palace and back, without further charge, will
be issued at four guineas each, subject to the regulations of the London,
Brighton, and South Coast Railway Company; but these Tickets will be
available only for trains from and to London and the Palace, on such days
as it is open to the public, and will not be available for any
intermediate stations.

No season ticket will be transferable or available except to the
person whose signature it bears.

Family Season Tickets.—Members of the same family who reside
together will have the privilege of taking season tickets for their own
use with or without railway conveyance on the following reduced
terms:—

Families taking two tickets will be entitled to 10 per cent. discount
on the gross amount paid for such tickets; taking three tickets, to a a
discount of 15 per cent.; taking four tickets, to a discount of 20 per
cent.; and five tickets and upwards, to a discount of 25 per cent.
Families claiming the above privilege, and desiring to avail themselves
of it, must apply in the accompanying form, and these tickets will be
available only to the persons named in such application. Printed forms of
application may be had at the Office, 3. Adelaide Place.

Season tickets will entitle to admission from the opening day till the
30th April, 1855.

The tickets to include conveyance by railway will be delivered at the
office of the Secretary to the Brighton Railway, London Bridge.

Special Regulations and Bye-Laws.—All the general provisions and
regulations mentioned above are to be understood as being subservient to
such special provisions, regulations, and bye-laws on the part of the
Railway Company and the Palace Company as may be found necessary to
regulate the traffic, and to meet special occasions and circumstances
which may from time to time arise.

Form of application for Family Season Tickets.

To G. Grove, Esq., Secretary, 3. Adelaide Place, London Bridge.

Sir,—Be good enough to supply me with family season tickets for
myself and the following members of my family, who are all residing with
me. Yours obediently,

Schedule of Prices of Family Season Tickets.

Note.—The above application must be addressed to the Secretary,
as above, and accompanied by a remittance for the full amount of the
tickets asked for, according to the above schedule, in favour of George
Fasson, 3. Adelaide Place. Cheques must be on a London banker, and be
crossed with the words “Union Bank of London;” and no application, unless
so accompanied, will be attended to.

{435}

In one Vol. 8vo., price 10s. 6d.

THE LIFE OF MRS. SHERWOOD (chiefly Autobiographical), with Extracts
from Mr. Sherwood’s Journal during his Imprisonment in France and
Residence in India. Edited by her Daughter, SOPHIA KELLY, Authoress of
the “De Cliffords,” “Robert and Frederic,” &c. &c.

London: DARTON & CO., Holborn Hill.

Just published, price 3s. 6d., 12mo., cloth,

AN INDEX TO FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS, selected principally from British
Authors, with parallel passages from various writers, ancient and modern.
By J. C. GROCOTT, Attorney-at-Law.

Liverpool: WALMSLEY, Lord Street. London: GEORGE BELL. 186. Fleet
Street.

POPISH NUNNERIES!

This Day (price 3s. 6d.), a work of Fiction, entitled
QUICKSANDS ON FOREIGN SHORES, which ought to be in the hands of every
Protestant parent in the kingdom. Its perusal cannot fail to make a deep
impression, and lead every right-minded man, who takes as his rule the
motto of the great Selden, “Liberty above all things,” to use his best
endeavours to aid Mr. Chambers’ motion for governmental inspection of
these institutions.

BLACKADER & CO., 13. Paternoster Row.

Now ready, Part XX., price 2s. 6d., super-royal 8vo.
Part XXI. on 1st June, completing the Work, forming one large volume,
strongly bound in cloth, Price 2l. 12s. 6d.

CYCLOPÆDIA BIBLIOGRAPHICA; a Library Manual of Theological and General
Literature, and Guide for Authors, Preachers, Students, and Literary Men,
Analytical, Bibliographical and Biographical. A Prospectus, with Opinions
of the Press, sent Free on receipt of a Postage Stamp.

London: JAMES DARLING, 81. Great Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn
Fields.

Just published, with ten coloured Engravings, price 5s.,

NOTES ON AQUATIC MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, selected
from the “Microscopic Cabinet,” By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.

Also, in 8vo., pp. 720, plates 24, price 21s., or coloured,
36s.,

A HISTORY OF INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, Living and Fossil, containing
Descriptions of every species, British and Foreign, the methods of
procuring and viewing them, &c., illustrated by numerous Engravings.
By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.

“There is no work extant in which so much valuable information
concerning Infusoria (Animalcules) can be found, and every Microscopist
should add it to his library.”—Silliman’s Journal.

London: WHITTAKER & CO., Ave Maria Lane.

EVANS’S SELF-ACTING KITCHEN RANGES continue to maintain their
superiority over all others, for roasting, boiling, steaming, and baking,
in the best and most economical manner, and yield a constant supply of
hot water, with the addition of a HOT PLATE over the whole extent of the
Range, from 4 feet to 6 feet long.

Every article for the Kitchen in COPPER, IRON, and BLOCK TIN, always
on Sale at JEREMIAH EVANS, SON, & COMPANY’S STOVE GRATE Manufactory
and Show Rooms, 33. KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE.

COLLODION PORTRAITS AND VIEWS obtained with the greatest ease and
certainty by using BLAND & LONG’S preparation of Soluble Cotton;
certainty and uniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined
with the most faithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a
most valuable agent in the hands of the photographer.

Albumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving
a minuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5s. per
Quire.

Waxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality.

Instruction in the Processes.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and
Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.

*** Catalogues sent on application.

THE SIGHT preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to suit every
variety of Vision by means of SMEE’S OPTOMETER, which effectually
prevents Injury to the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and
is extensively employed by

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.

PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE & CO.’S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds,
according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the
choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their
Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used
in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.

OTTEWILL AND MORGAN’S Manufactory, 24. & 25. Charlotte Terrace,
Caledonian Road, Islington.

OTTEWILL’S Registered Double Body Folding Camera, adapted for
Landscapes or Portraits, may be had of A. ROSS, Featherstone Buildings,
Holborn; the Photographic Institution, Bond Street; and at the
Manufactory as above, where every description of Cameras, Slides, and
Tripods may be had. The Trade supplied.

TO PHOTOGRAPHERS, DAGUERREOTYPISTS, &c.—Instantaneous
Collodion (or Collodio-Iodide Silver). Solution for Iodizing Collodion.
Pyrogallic, Gallic, and Glacial Acetic Acids, and every Pure Chemical
required in the Practice of Photography, prepared by WILLIAM BOLTON,
Operative and Photographic Chemist, 146. Holborn Bars. Wholesale Dealer
in every kind of Photographic Papers, Lenses, Cameras, and Apparatus, and
Importer of French and German Lenses, &c. Catalogues by Post on
receipt of Two Postage Stamps. Sets of Apparatus from Three Guineas.

W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the
possession of Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his
Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen
engaged in Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to
undertake searches among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum,
Ancient Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch
of Literature, History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which
he has had considerable experience.

1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.

ARUNDEL SOCIETY.—The Publication of the Fourth Year (1852-3),
consisting of Eight Wood Engravings by MESSRS. DALZIEL, from Mr. W.
Oliver Williams’ Drawings after GIOTTO’S Frescos at PADUA, is now ready:
and Members who have not paid their Subscriptions are requested to
forward them to the Treasurer by Post-Office Order, payable at the
Charing Cross Office.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.

THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and
Continental Artists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free
Admission.

Miniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings,
Photographed and Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country
Mansions, Churches, &c., taken at a short notice.

Cameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and
Chemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.

Gratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of
Apparatus.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. New Bond Street.

IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.—J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289.
Strand, have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a
Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of
Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the
keeping properties and appreciation of half-tint for which their
manufacture has been esteemed.

Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice
of Photography. Instruction in the Art.

THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price
1s., per Post, 1s. 2d.

PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.—D’ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho
Square (established A.D. 1785), sole
manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25 Guineas each. Every
instrument warranted. The peculiar advantage of these pianofortes are
best described in the following professional testimonial, signed by the
majority of the leading musicians of the age:—”We, the under-signed
members of the musical profession, having carefully examined the Royal
Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D’ALMAINE & CO., have great
pleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It
appears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size
possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal
temperament, while the elegance of their construction renders them a
handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed)
J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T. P.
Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E. F. Fitzwilllam, W. Forde, Stephen
Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F. Hassé, J. L. Hatton, Catherine
Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza,
Alexander Lee, A. Leffler, E. J. Loder, W. H. Montgomery, S. Nelson,
G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, F. Praegar, E. F.
Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. Rockel, Sims Reeves, J.
Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright,” &c.

D’ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square, Lists and Designs Gratis.

{436}

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE
AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

Trustees.—W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.
Physician.—William Rich. Basham, M.D.
Bankers.—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application
to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed
in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share
in three-fourths of the Profits:—

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material
additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON
BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land
Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building
Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and
Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life
Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

BANK OF DEPOSIT.

No. 3. Pall Mall East, and 7. St. Martin’s Place, Trafalgar Square,
London.

Established A.D. 1844.

INVESTMENT ACCOUNTS may be opened daily, with capital of any
amount.

Interest payable in January and July.

Prospectuses and Forms sent free on application.

BENNETT’S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class
X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all
Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12,
10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Sliver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior
Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett’s
Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 Guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers,
2l., 3l., and 4l. Thermometers from 1s.
each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory,
the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE.

CHUBB’S FIRE-PROOF SAFES AND LOCKS.—These safes are the most
secure from force, fraud, and fire. Chubb’s locks, with all the recent
improvements, cash and deed boxes of all sizes. Complete lists, with
prices, will be sent on application.

CHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul’s Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street,
Liverpool; 16 Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields,
Wolverhampton.

Patronised by the Royal Family.

TWO THOUSAND POUNDS for any person producing Articles superior to the
following:

THE HAIR RESTORED AND GREYNESS PREVENTED.

BEETHAM’S CAPILLARY FLUID is acknowledged to be the most effectual
article for Restoring the Hair in Baldness, strengthening when weak and
fine, effectually preventing falling or turning grey, and for restoring
its natural colour without the use of dye. The rich glossy appearance it
imparts is the admiration of every person. Thousands have experienced its
astonishing efficacy. Bottles, 2s. 6d.; double size,
4s. 6d.; 7s. 6d. equal to 4 small;
11s. to 6 small; 21s. to 13 small. The most perfect
beautifier ever invented.

SUPERFLUOUS HAIR REMOVED.

BEETHAM’S VEGETABLE EXTRACT does not cause pain or injury to the skin.
Its effect is unerring, and it is now patronised by royalty and hundreds
of the first families. Bottles, 5s.

BEETHAM’S PLASTER is the only effective remover of Corns and Bunions.
It also reduces enlarged Great Toe Joints in an astonishing manner. If
space allowed, the testimony of upwards of twelve thousand individuals,
during the last five years, might be inserted. Packets, 1s.;
Boxes, 2s. 6d. Sent Free by BEETHAM, Chemist, Cheltenham,
for 14 or 36 Post Stamps.

Sold by PRING, 30. Westmorland Street; JACKSON, 9. Westland Row;
BEWLEY & EVANS, Dublin; GOULDING, 108. Patrick Street, Cork; BARRY,
9. Main Street, Kinsale; GRATTAN, Belfast; MURDOCK, BROTHERS, Glasgow;
DUNCAN & FLOCKHART, Edinburgh. SANGER, 150. Oxford Street; PROUT,
229. Strand; KEATING, St. Paul’s Churchyard; SAVORY & MOORE, Bond
Street; HANNAY, 63. Oxford Street; London. All Chemists and Perfumers
will procure them.

ALLSOPP’S PALE or BITTER ALE. MESSRS. S. ALLSOPP & SONS beg to
inform the TRADE that they are now registering Orders for the March
Brewings of their PALE ALE in Casks of 18 Gallons and upwards, at the
BREWERY, Burton-on-Trent; and at the under-mentioned Branch
Establishments:

MESSRS. ALLSOPP & SONS take the opportunity of announcing to
PRIVATE FAMILIES that their ALES, so strongly recommended by the medical
Profession, may be procured in DRAUGHT and BOTTLES GENUINE from all the
most RESPECTABLE LICENSED VICTUALLERS, on “ALLSOPP’S PALE ALE” being
specially asked for.

When in bottle, the genuineness of the label can be ascertained by its
having “ALLSOPP & SONS” written across it.

Valuable Library of Books at Bigadon House, Devonshire, Six Miles from
the Railway Station, Totness.

TO BE SOLD BY AUCTION, by MR. JOHN HEATH, on Tuesday, May 16th, and
Two following Days, the valuable Library of Richard John King, Esq.
(author of “Anschar”), comprising some of the best standard works in
Theology, History, Classics, and the general branches of Literature. Also
some curious Works on Witchcraft and Dæmonology, early printed books,
&c.

Catalogues to be had of MR. SAMPSON LOW, Ludgate Hill, and of the
Auctioneer, Totness.

LIBRARY OF VALUABLE BOOKS.

MR. BENTLEY will SELL by AUCTION, in the Lecture Room of the Natural
History Society, at Worcester, on Tuesday, the 23rd day of May, 1854, at
Eleven o’clock, A VALUABLE LIBRARY of RARE and CHOICE BOOKS, including
one Copy of the First Folio Edition of Shakspeare, London, 1623, and two
varying Copies of the Second Folio, London, 1632, with many valuable
Black-letter Books in Divinity and History.

Catalogues may be had at the Office of the Auctioneer, 9. Foregate
Street, Worcester, one week previous to the Sale.

Sale of Photographic Pictures, Landscape Camera by Horne & Co.;
also Prints and Drawings.

PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, early in MAY, an important
Collection of Photographic Pictures by the most celebrated Artists and
Amateurs; comprising some chefs d’œuvre of the Art, amongst
which are large and interesting Views taken in Paris, Rouen, Brussels,
Switzerland, Rome, Venice, various parts of England and Scotland, Rustic
Scenes, Architectural Subjects, Antiquities, &c. Also, some
interesting Prints and Drawings.

Catalogues will be sent on Application (if at a distance, on Receipt
of Two Stamps).

SALE of the REV. G. S. FABER’S LIBRARY.—MR. WHITE has received
instruction to sell by Auction in the House No. 1. North Bailey (next
door to the Exhibition Room), Durham, on Tuesday, May 9th, and three
following days, the extensive and valuable Library of the late REV. G. S.
FABER, Prebendary of Salisbury, and Master of Sherburn Hospital, Durham,
consisting of editions of the Fathers, Works on Divinity, General
Literature, &c.

Catalogues are now ready, and may be had of MESSRS. F. & J.
RIVINGTON, No. 3. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, and of MR. S. LOW, 169.
Fleet Street, London; MESSRS. BLACKWOOD & SONS, Edinburgh; of MR.
ANDREWS, Bookseller, Durham, and of the Auctioneer.

Catalogues will be forwarded by Post by Mr. ANDREWS, Bookseller,
Durham, on receipt of Two Postage Stamps.

ALLEN’S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description
of upwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS,
Ladies’ Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and
other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post
on receipt of Two Stamps.

MESSRS. ALLEN’S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their
Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new
Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best
articles of the kind ever produced.

J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.

Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10
Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New
Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and
published by George Bell, of No. 186. Fleet
Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London,
Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, May 6.
1854.