{469}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

“When found, make a note of.”—CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

CONTENTS.

Notes.

ENGLISH BOOKS OF EMBLEMS.

It is a remarkable circumstance that whilst the emblems of Alciatus
Vent through almost innumerable editions, and were translated into most
of the continental languages, no version of these Emblems should ever
have been printed in this country, although we believe that MS.
translations of them are in existence. It is remarkable also that more
than half century should have elapsed after their appearance, before any
English publication on this subject should have been committed to the
press. Our English authors of Books of Emblems were not only late in
their appearance, but are few in number, and in their embellishments not
very original, the plates being for the most part mere copies of those
already published abroad by Herman Hugo, Rollenhagius, and others. The
notices of the English writers on this entertaining subject are also but
meagre and imperfect, and restricted to a very few works; both Dibdin, in
his slight and rapid sketch on Books of Emblems in the Bibliogr.
Decam., vol. i. p. 254., and the writer in the Retrosp. Rev.,
vol. ix. p. 123., having confined their remarks to some one or two of the
leading writers only, Arwaker, Peacham, Quarles, Whitney, and Wither.
With the exception of an occasional article in the Bibl. Ang.
Poet., Cens. Liter. Restituta, and similar bibliographical
volumes, we are not aware that any other notice has been taken of this
particular branch of our literature^[1], nor does there exist, {470} that we know
of, any complete, separate, and distinct catalogue of such works.

Being anxious, therefore, to obtain a correct account of what may be
termed the English Series of Books of Emblems, I inclose a list of all
those in my own possession, and of the titles of such others as I have
been able to collect; and I shall be glad if any of your readers can make
any additions to the series, confining them at the same time strictly to
Books of Emblems, and not admitting fables, heraldic works, or older
publications not coming within the same category. A good comprehensive
work on this subject of Books of Emblems, not confined merely to the
English series, but embracing the whole foreign range, giving an account
both of the writers of the verses, and also of the engravers, and the
different styles of art in each, is still a great desideratum in our
literary history; and if ably and artistically done, with suitable
illustrations of the various engravings and other ornaments, would form a
very interesting, instructive, and entertaining volume; and I sincerely
hope that the time will not be far distant when such a volume will be
found in our libraries.

I conclude with a Query of inquiry, whether anything is known of the
present resting-place of a Treatise on Emblems, which the late Mr.
Beloe informs us, at the close of his Literary Anecdotes, vol. vi.
p. 406., he had written at “considerable length,” from communications
furnished him by the Marquis of Blandford, whose collection of Emblems
was at that time one of the richest and most extensive in the kingdom,
and whose treatise, if published, might perhaps prove a valuable addition
to our information on this portion of our literature.

I would also inquire who was Thomas Combe, and what did he write, who
is thus mentioned by Meres in his Palladis Tamia: Wits Treasury,
Lond. 1598, 8vo., as one of our English writers of Emblems: “As the
Latines have those emblematists, Andreas Alciatus, Reusnerus, and
Sambucus, so we have these, Geffrey Whitney, Andrew Willet, and Thomas
Combe.” Is anything known of the latter, or of his writings?

Thomas Corser.

Stand Rectory.

List of English Writers of Books of Emblems.

A. (H.) Parthenia Sacra, of the Mysterious and Delicious Garden of the
Sacred Parthenis: Symbolically set forth and enriched with Pious Devises
and Emblems for the entertainment of devout Soules, &c. By H. A.
Plates. 8vo. Printed by John Cousturier, 1633.

Abricht (John A. M.). Divine Emblems. Embellished with Etchings of
Copper after the fashion of Master Francis Quarles. 12mo. Lond. 1838.

Arwaker (Edmund). Pia Desideria, or Divine Addresses in Three Books.
With 47 Copper Plates by Sturt. 8vo. Lond. 1686.

Ashrea: or the Grove of Beatitudes. Represented in Emblemes: and by
the Art of Memory to be read on our Blessed Saviour Crucified, &c.
12mo. Lond. 1665.

Astry (Sir James). The Royal Politician represented in One Hundred
Emblems. Written in Spanish by Don Diego Saavedra Faxardo, &c. Done
into English from the Original. By Sir James Astry. In Two Vols. With
Portrait of William Duke of Gloucester, and other Plates. 8vo. Lond.
1700. Printed for Matthew Gylliflower.

Ayres (Philip). Emblemata Amatoria. Emblems of Love in Four Languages.
Dedicated to the Ladys. By Ph. Ayres, Esq. With 44 Plates on Copper. 8vo.
Lond. 1683.

Barclay (Alexander).^[2] The Ship of Fooles, wherein is
shewed the folly of all States, &c. Translated out of Latin into
Englishe. With numerous Woodcuts. Imprinted by John Cawood. Folio, bl.
letter, Lond. 1570.

Blount (Thomas). The Art of making Devises: treating of
Hieroglyphicks, Symboles, Emblemes, Ænigmas, &c. Translated from the
French of Henry Estienne. 4to. Lond. 1646.

Bunyan (John). Emblems by J. Bunyan. [I have not seen this work, but
suspect it is only a common chap-book. A copy was in one of Lilly’s
Catalogues.]

Burton (R.). Choice Emblems, Divine and Moral, Ancient and Modern; or
Delights for the Ingenious in above Fifty Select Emblems, Curiously
Ingraven upon Copper Plates. With engraved Frontispiece, &c. 12mo.
Lond. 1721. Printed for Edmund Parker.

Castanoza (John). The Spiritual Conflict, or The Arraignment of the
Spirit of Selfe-Love and Sensuality at the Barre of Truth and Reason.
First published in Spanish by the Reverend Father John Castanoza,
afterwards put into the Latin, Italian, German, French, and English
Languages. With numerous Engravings. 12mo. at Paris, 1652.

Choice Emblems, Natural, Historical, Fabulous, Moral, and Divine.
12mo. Lond. 1772.

Colman (W.). La Dance Machabre, or Death’s Duell, by W. C. With
engraved Frontispiece by Cecil, and Plate. 8vo. Lond. 163—.

Compendious Emblematist; or Writing and Drawing made easy. With many
Plates. 4to. Lond.

Emblems Divine, Moral, Natural, and Historical, Expressed in
Sculpture, and applied to the several Ages, Occasions, and Conditions of
the Life of Man. By a Person of Quality. With Woodcut Engravings and
Metrical Illustrations. 8vo. Lond. 1673. Printed by J. C. for Will.
Miller.

Emblems for the Entertainment and Improvement of Youth, with
Explanations, on 62 Copper Plates. White Knights. 8vo. n. d., Part I.

Emblems of Mortality. With Holbein’s Cuts of the Dance of Death,
modernized and engraved by Bewick. Three Editions. 8vo. Lond. 1789.

Farlie (Robert). Lychnocausia, sive Moralia Facum Emblemata. Lights
Morall Emblems. Kalendarium {471} Humanæ Vitæ. The Kalendar of Man’s Life.
With Frontispiece and numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. Lond. 1638.

Fransi (Abrahami). Insignium Armorum Emblematum Hieroglyphicorum et
Symbolorum Explicatio. No Plates. 4to. Lond. 1588.

G. (H.). The Mirrour of Majestie: or the Badges of Honour conceitedly
emblazoned. With Emblems annexed. 4to. 1618. [This is the rarest of the
English series; only two copies known, one perfect penes me, and
another imperfect.]

Gent (Thomas). Divine Entertainments; of Penitential Desires, Sighs,
and Groans of the Wounded Soul. In Two Books, adorned with suitable Cuts.
In Verse. With numerous Woodcuts. 12mo. Lond. 1724.

Hall (John). Emblems, with elegant Figures newly published. Sparkles
of Divine Love. Engraved Frontispiece and Plates. 12mo. Lond. 1648.

Heywood (Thomas). Pleasant Dialogues and Dramas, selected out of
Lucian, &c. With sundry Emblems, extracted from the most elegant
Iacobus Catsius, &c. 8vo. Lond. 1637. No Plates.

Jenner (Thomas). The Soules Solace; or Thirtie and one Spirituall
Emblems. With Plates on Copper, and Verses. 4to. Lond. 1631.

—— The Ages of Sin, of Sinnes Birth and Growth. With the
Steppes and Degrees of Sin, from Thought to finall Impenitence. Nine
leaves containing nine emblematical engravings, each with six metrical
lines beneath. 4to. No printer’s name, place, or date.

—— A Work for none but Angels and Men, that is, to be able
to look into, and to know themselves, &c. It contains eight
Engravings emblematic of the Senses, and is in fact Sir John Davis’s poem
on the Immortality of the Soul turned into prose. 4to. Lond. 1650.
Printed by M. S. for Thomas Jenner.

—— Wonderful and Strange Punishments inflicted on the
Breakers of the Ten Commandments. With curious Plates. 4to. Lond.
1650.

Montenay (Georgette de). A Booke of Armes, or Remembrance: wherein are
a hundred Godly Emblemata; first invented and elaborated in the French
Tongue, but now in severall Languages. With Plates. 8vo. Franckfort.
1619.

Murray (Rev. T. B.). An Alphabet of Emblems. With neatly executed
Woodcuts. 12mo. Lond. 1844.

Peacham (Henry). Minerva Britannia, or, A Garden of Heroickall
Devises, furnished and adorned with Emblemes and Impressas, &c.
Numerous Woodcuts. 4to. Lond. n. d. (1612.)

Protestant’s (The) Vade Mecum, or Popery Displayed in its proper
Colours, in Thirty Emblems, lively representing all the Jesuitical Plots
against this Nation. With thirty engraved Emblems on copper. 8vo. Lond.
1680. Printed for Daniel Brown.

Quarles (Francis). Emblemes by Fra. Quarles. The First Edition. With
Plates by W. Marshall and others. Rare. 8vo. Lond. 1635. Printed by G. M.
at John Marriott’s.

—— Hieroglyphickes of the Life of Man, by Fra. Quarles. In
a Series of engraved Emblems on Copper by Will. Marshall. With Verses.
8vo. Lond. 1638. Printed by M. Flesher.

Richardson (George). Iconology; or a Collection of Emblematical
Figures, Moral and Instructive. In Two Volumes. With Plates. 4to. Lond.
1777-79.

Riley (George). Emblems for Youth. Reprinted in 1775, and again in
1779. 12mo. Lond. 1772.

Ripa (Cæsar). Iconologia; or Morall Emblems. Wherein are express’d
various Images of Virtues, Vices, &c. Illustrated with 326 Human
Figures engraved on Copper. By the care and charge of P. Tempest. 4to.
Lond. 1709.

S. (P.) The Heroical Devises of M. Claudius Paradin, Canon of
Beauvieu. Whereunto are added the Lord Gabriel Symons and others.
Translated out of Latin into English by P. S. With Woodcuts. 16mo. Lond.
1591. Imprinted by William Kearney.

Stirry (Thomas). A Rot among the Bishops, or a terrible Tempest in the
Sea of Canterbury, a Poem with lively Emblems. A Satire against
Archbishop Laud. With Four Wood Engravings. Rare. 8vo. Lond. 1641.

Thurston (J.). Religious Emblems; being a Series of Engravings on
Wood, from the Designs of J. Thurston, with Descriptions by the Rev. J.
Thomas. 4to. Lond. 1810.

Vicars (John). A Sight of y^e Transactions of these latter
Yeares Emblemized with engraven Plates, which men may read without
Spectacles. Collected by John Vicars. With Engravings of Copper. 4to.
Lond. n. d., are to be sould by Thomas Jenner at his shop.

—— Prodigies and Apparitions, or England’s Warning Pieces.
Being a seasonable Description by lively figures and apt illustrations of
many remarkable and prodigious forerunners and apparent Predictions of
God’s Wrath against England, if not timely prevented by true Repentance.
Written by J. V. With curious Frontispiece and six other Plates. 8vo.
Lond. n. d., are to bee sould by Tho. Bates.

Whitney (Geoffrey). A Choice of Emblems and other Devises. Englished
and Moralized by Geoffrey Whitney. With numerous Woodcuts. 4to. Leyden,
1586. Imprinted at Leyden in the house of Christopher, by Grancis
Raphalengius.

Willet (Andrew). Sacrorum Emblematum Centuria Una quæ tam ad exemplum
aptè expressa sunt, &c. No Plates. 4to. Cantabr. n. d. (1598.)

Wither (George). A Collection of Emblems, Ancient and Moderne:
Quickened with Metricall Illustrations both Morall and Divine. The
Plates, 200 in number, were engraved by Crispin Pass. Folio, Lond. 1635.
Printed by A. M. for Henry Taunton.

Wynne (John Huddlestone). Choice Emblems for the Improvement of Youth.
Plates. 12mo. Lond. 1772.

AUTHOR OF TRACT ON “ADVANTAGES OF THE EAST
INDIA TRADE, 1720, 8vo.”

Of this pamphlet, originally published in 1701, 8vo., under the title
of Considerations upon the East India Trade, and afterwards in
1720, 8vo., with a new title-page, The Advantages of the East India
Trade to England considered, containing {472} 128 pages, inclusive
of Preface, the author never yet been ascertained.

Mr. M^cCulloch accords to it, and very deservedly, the
highest praise. He styles it (Literature of Political Economy, p.
100.) “a profound, able, and most ingenious tract;” and observes that he
has “set the powerful influence of the division of labour in the most
striking point of view, and has illustrated it with a skill and felicity
which even Smith has not surpassed, but by which he most probably
profited.” Addison’s admirable paper in The Spectator (No. 69.) on
the advantages of commerce, is only an expansion of some of the
paragraphs in this pamphlet. In some parts I think he has scarcely
equalled the force of his original. Take, for instance, the following
sentences, which admit of fair comparison:

“We taste the spices of Arabia, yet never feel the scorching sun which
brings them forth; we shine in silks which our hands have never wrought;
we drink of vineyards which we never planted; the treasures of those
mines are ours which we have never digged; we only plough the deep, and
reap the harvest of every country in the world.”—Advantages of
East India Trade, p. 59.

“Whilst we enjoy the remotest products of the north and south, we are
free from those extremities of weather which give them birth; our eyes
are refreshed with the green fields of Britain, at the same time that our
palates are feasted with fruits that rise between the
tropics.”—Spectator, No. 69.

Mr. M^cCulloch makes no conjecture as to the probable author
of this very able tract; but it appears to me that it may on good grounds
be ascribed to Henry Martyn, who afterwards—not certainly in
accordance with the enlightened principles he lays down in this
pamphlet—took an active part in opposing the treaty of commerce
with France, and was rewarded by the appointment of Inspector-General of
the exports and imports of the customs. (See an account of him in Ward’s
Lives of Gresham Professors, p. 332.) He was a contributor to
The Spectator, and Nos. 180. 200. and 232. have been attributed to
him; and the matter of Sir Andrew Freeport’s speculations appears to have
been furnished by him as Addison and Steele’s oracle on trade and
commerce. It will be seen that in No. 232. he makes exactly the same use
of Sir William Petty’s example of the watch as is done in the tract
(p.69.), and the coincidence seems to point out one common author of both
compositions. But, without placing too much stress on this similarity, I
find, that Collins’s Catalogue, which was compiled with great
care, and where it mentions the authors of anonymous works may always be
relied upon, attributes this tract to Martyn (Collins’s Cat.
1730-1, 8vo., Part I., No. 3130.). I have a copy of the edition of 1701,
in the original binding and lettering—lettered “Martyn on the East
India Trade “—and copies of the edition of 1720 in two separate
collections of tracts; one of which belonged to A. Chamier, and the other
to George Chalmers; in both of which the name of Martyn is written as its
author on the title-page, and in the latter in Chalmers’s handwriting. I
think therefore we may conclude that this tract, which well deserves
being more generally known than it is at present, was written by Henry
Martyn.

Jas. Crossley.

“AKE” AND ACHE.

John Kemble, it is well known, maintained that the latter was the mode
of pronouncing this word in Shakspeare’s days. He was right, and he was
wrong; for, as I shall show, both modes prevailed, at least in poetry,
till the end of the seventeenth century. So it was with some other words,
show and shew, for instance. It is, perhaps, hardly
necessary to observe that the sounds k, ch, sh, kh (guttural) are
commutable. Thus the letter h is named in Italian, acca; in
French, ache, in English, aitch, perhaps originally
atch: our church is the Scottish kirk, &c.
Accordingly, we meet in Shakspeare reckless and rechless,
reeky and reechy; “As I could pike (pitch) my
lance.” (Coriol., Act I. Sc. 1.) Hall has (Sat. vi. 1.) “Lucan
streaked (stretched) on his marble bed.” So also there were
like and liche, and the vulgar cham for I am
(Ic eom, A.-S.)

Having now to show that both ake and ache were in use, I
commence with the former:

The following is rather dubious:

The aitch, or rather, as I think, the atch sound, occurs
in the following places:

These, in Butler, are, I believe, the latest instances of this form of
the word.

Thomas Keightley.

LOCALITIES MENTIONED IN ANGLO-SAXON CHARTERS.

When Mr. Kemble published the index to his truly national code of
Anglo-Saxon Charters, he expressly stated that there were many places of
which he was in doubt, and which are indicated by Italics.

It is only by minute local knowledge that many places can be verified,
and with the view of eliciting from others the result of their
investigations, I send you my humble contribution of corrections of
places known to myself.

The following are omitted:

B. Williams.

INEDITED LETTER.

Dear S^r,

I heartily thank you for the favour of your letter, and to shew itt
will not fail to write as often as anything does occurr worth sending, if
you think the accountt I give not troublesome. Dr. Adams, Dr. Rudston,
and Delaune have promis’d to write this post: we remembred you both
before and after your letters came w^th S^r John
Matthews, who staid here 3 nights this weeke. Our militia is gone home
cloath’d in Blew coates but many coxcombs of this city have refused to
pay their quota towards the buying of them, railing against my
L^d Abington, who has smooth’d the mob by giving a brace of
Bucks last Friday in Port Meed. J. M. has bin expected here this
fortnight: the Lady that calls herselfe by his nane has bin a good while
at Astrop, and has discover’d her displeasure there, that her husband as
shee calls him keeps the coach so long from her at Oxford: upon hearing
of w^ch S^r W. H. in a blunt way gave her the old
name, w^ch caus’d some dissatisfaction and left her smal
acquaintance: I heare that the understanding between our Friend and his
uncle is not so good as formerly, but I do not think it will end in
Abdication. Mr. Painter is admitted Rector of Exeter. The Naked
Gospel^[3] was
burnt on y^e 19th in the Scholes Quadrangle. The Regents first
drew up a Petition to have it censured; then some others more busy than
wise tooke upon them to gett it subscribed, and went to coffee houses and
taverns as well as colleges for that purpose: these proceedings being
ag^st statute, and reflecting upon the vice ch., gave great
offence; at last he call’d a meeting of y^e {474} heads of
houses, who deputed 6 to examine it: they pick’d several Proposit.
w^ch were read. The sentence was in this form: Propositions
&^c tanquā falsas et impias in Chris. Relig. et in
Ecc. præcipue Anglicanā contumeliosas damnamus, plerasq; insuper
hæreticas esse decernimus et declaramus, &^c. This was
first subscribed by all y^e heads of Coll. and then condemn’d
unanimously in a full convocation. The Decree is printed, but is too
large to send. The Author of y^e Booke has sent about a soft
vindication of himselfe, that he is unwilling to be accounted a Socinian,
&c. If I can gett a sight of it I will send you the contents. I do
not know how far you are in the right about guessing at a Bursar: Tim.
seems resolv’d to act according to y^e song; but I to shew good
nature even w^thout a tree have promis’d to make him a Dial:
and when that’s done I will doe y^e like at Astrop. I am

Your very humble serv^t,
W. R.

If you see Coll. Byerly, give my service to him.

Directed thus: These to George Clark, Esq., Secretary of War in
Ireland.

By y^e way of London.

Indorsed: W. Rooke, Rec^d at Tipperary, Sept. 7th.

A SHAKSPERIAN BOOK.

“There exists,” says Mr. John Wilson, “as it were a talismanic
influence in regard to the most trivial circumstances connected with
Shakspeare,” and yet this enthusiast has not, in his Shaksperiana,
alluded to the dramatic works of Mary Hornby, written under, and dated
from, the dear old roof at Stratford-upon-Avon!

It was my late good fortune, after filling my pockets from the
twopenny boxes of the suburban bookstalls, to find, on turning out the
heterogeneous contents, that I had accidentally become possessed of
The Broken Vow, a comedy by the aforesaid lady, who waits to be
enrolled in that much wanted book, a new edition of the Biographia
Dramatica. This Broken Bow which looks like a re-cooking of
the Merry Miller of Thomas Sadler, 1766, bears to be “printed at
Stratford-upon-Avon, for the Author, by W. Barnacle, 1820.” Mary Hornby,
following the example of the preoccupier of the butcher’s shop,
tries her hand at both tragedy and comedy; in the first line she stands
charged with the perpetration of The Battle of Waterloo, which, I
doubt not, rivalled its original enactment in its sanguinary
character. I have not been lucky enough to fall in with this, which was a
hit; our fair authoress, in her preface to the comedy under
notice, modestly attributing its great success more to the kindness of
her friends than to its literary merit.

Mrs. Hornby sustains the dignity of the drama by adhering to her five
acts, with prologue and epilogue according to prescription. Looking to
the prologue for the who, the why, and the
wherefore, I am sorry to say I find no materials for the
concoction of a biographical note; upon the second point, the why,
she tells us:

That her literary accouchement should not be a failure, she
further says:

I take the expressive use of the word “some” here to indicate her
predecessor, the ancient occupier of the tenement, who certainly was a
protégé of the said parties.

Mrs. Hornby then goes on to relate how that during her
gestation she invoked Apollo, Thalia, and Erato:

I leave the reader to judge for himself whether the Muses really “came
to laugh” with Mary Hornby, or whether, under the belief of the
immortality of our Bard, they did not rather expect a pleasant
soirée with Gentle Will, and naturally enough went off in a huff
when they found themselves inveigled into a tea-party at Mrs.
Hornby’s.

Mr. Wilson, in the work above quoted, does condescend to notice Mrs.
Hornby,—

“Who rented the butcher’s shop under the chamber in which the poet was
born, and kept the Shaksperian Album, an interesting record of the
visitors to that shrine. Some of the subscribers having given vent to
original stanzas suggested by the scene, those effusions,” continues the
lofty bookseller, “the female in question caused to be inscribed
and printed in a small pamphlet, which she sells to strangers.”

Not a word, you will see, about the poet’s mantle having descended
upon the shoulders of our Mary,—which was unpolite of him, seeing
that both the tragedy and comedy had the precedence of his book by some
years. Not having before me the later history of Shakspeare’s house, I am
unable to say whether our subject deserved more consideration and gallant
treatment at the hands of Mr. Collier, when he
and his colleagues came into possession.

J. O.

{475}

Minor Notes.

Shakspeare’s Monument.—When I was a young man, some
thirty or forty years ago, I visited the monument of Shakspeare, in the
beautiful church of Stratford-upon-Avon, and there copied, from the Album
which is kept for the names of visitors, the following lines:

This has just now been brought to my mind by reading, in page 155. of
the second volume of Moore’s Journal, the following account of a
conversation at Bowood:

“Talked of Malone—a dull man—his whitewashing the statue
of Shakspeare, at Leamington or Stratford (?), and General Fitzpatrick’s
(Lord L.’s uncle) epigram on the subject—very good—

‘And smears his statue as he mars his lays.'”

I cannot but observe that the doubt expressed in the Diary of
Moore—whether Shakspeare’s monument is “at Leamington or Stratford
(?)”—is curious, and I conceive my version of the last line,
besides being more correct, is also more pithy. It is incorrect,
moreover, to call it a statue, as it is a three-quarters bust in a
niche in the wall.

The extract from Moore’s Diary, however, satisfactorily
explains the initials “R. F.,” which have hitherto puzzled me.

Senex.

Archbishop Leighton and Pope: Curious Coincidence of Thought and
Expression.—

“Were the true visage of sin seen at a full light, undressed and
unpainted, it were impossible, while it so appeared, that any one soul
could be in love with it, but would rather flee from it as hideous and
abominable.”—Leighton’s Works, vol. i. p. 121.

James Cornish.

Grant of Slaves.—I send you a copy of a grant of a slave
with his children, by William, the Lion King of Scotland, to the monks of
Dunfermline, taken from the Cart. de Dunfermline, fol. 13.,
printed by the Bannatyne Club from a MS. in the Advocates’ Library here,
which you may, perhaps, think curious enough to insert in “N. &
Q.”

“De Servis.

“Willielmus Dei gracia Rex Scottorum. Omnibus probis hominibus tocius
terre me, clericis et laicis, salutem: Sciant presentis et futuri me
dedisse et concessisse et hac carta mea confirmasse, Deo et ecclesie
Sancte Trinitatis de Dunfermlene et Abbati et Monachis ibidem, Deo
servientibus in liberam et perpetuam elemosinam, Gillandream Macsuthen et
ejus liberos et illos eis quietos clamasse, de me, et heredibus meis, in
perpetuum. Testibus Waltero de Bid, Cancellario; Willielmo filio Alani,
Dapifero; Roberto Aveneli Gillexio Rennerio, Willielmo Thoraldo, apud
Strivelin.”

G. H. S.

Edinburgh.

Sealing-wax.—The most careful persons will occasionally
drop melting sealing-wax on their fingers. The first impulse of every one
is to pull it off, which is followed by a blister. The proper course is
to let the wax cool on the finger; the pain is much less, and there is no
blister.

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Queries.

WALMER CASTLE.

In Hasted’s History of Kent, vol. iv. p. 172., folio edition,
we have as follows:

“Walmer, probably so called quasi vallum maris, i. e. the wall
or fortification made against the sea, was expressed to have been a
member of the port of Sandwich time out of mind,” &c.

Again, p. 165., note m, we find:

“Before these three castles were built, there were, between Deal and
Walmer Castle, two eminences of earth, called ‘The Great and Little
Bulwark;’ and another, between the north end of Deal and Sandwich Castle
(all of which are now remaining): and there was probably one about the
middle of the town, and others on the spots where the castles were
erected. They had embrasures for guns, and together formed a defensive
line of batteries along that part of the coast,” &c.

To the new building of these castles Leland alludes, in his Cygnea
Cantio:

There are clear remains of a Roman entrenchment close to Walmer
Castle. (See Hasted, vol. iv. p. 162., notes.)

Any of your correspondents who could give me any information tending
to show that an old fortification had existed on the site of Walmer
Castle, previous to the erection of the present edifice—or even
almost upon the same site—would do me a very great kindness
if he would communicate it, through the columns of “N. & Q.,” or by a
private letter sent to the Editor.

C. Waymor.

SCOTCHMEN IN POLAND.

Can any of your readers throw any light on this passage in Dr.
Johnson’s Life of Sir John Denham?

“He [Sir John Denham] now resided in France, as one of the followers
of the exiled king; and, to divert {476} the melancholy of
their condition, was sometimes enjoined by his master to write occasional
verses; one of which amusements was probably his ode or song upon the
Embassy to Poland, by which he and Lord Crofts procured a contribution of
ten thousand pounds from the Scotch, that wandered over that kingdom.
Poland was at that time very much frequented by itinerant traders, who,
in a country of very little commerce and of great extent, where every man
resided on his own estate, contributed very much to the accommodation of
life, by bringing to every man’s house those little necessaries which it
was very inconvenient to want, and very troublesome to fetch. I have
formerly read, without much reflection, of the multitude of Scotchmen
that travelled with their wares in Poland; and that their numbers were
not small, the success of this negociation gives sufficient
evidence.”

The title of Denham’s poem is “On my Lord Crofts’ and my journey into
Poland, from whence we brought 10,000l. for his Majesty by the
decimation of his Scottish subjects there.”

Peter Cunningham.

BISHOP JUXON AND WALTON’S POLYGLOTT BIBLE.

In the library at this island, which formerly belonged to the Knights
of Malta, there is an edition of Walton’s Polyglott Bible, which was
published in London in 1657. This work is in a most perfect state of
preservation.

On the title-page of the first of the eleven volumes, there is
written, in a bold and perfectly legible manner, the following words:

“Liber Coll. Di Joannis Bapt^a Oxon Ex dono Reverendiss. in
Xt^o Patris Gvilⁱ Jvxon Archiep. Cantvariensis.
A^o Dⁿⁱ 1663.”

Just below, but on the right of the above, there is written in a clear
hand as follows:

“Ex Libris domus Abbatialis S. Antonij Viennensis, Catalogo Inscript
an. 1740. No. 11.”

That the question which I shall ask at the end of this Note may be the
more easily answered, it will perhaps be necessary for me to state, that
in the year 1777, Rohan, the Grand Master of the Knights of Malta,
succeeded in annexing the property belonging to the Order of St. Antonio
de Vienna to that of Malta. In accepting of these estates, which were
situated in France and Savoy, Rohan bound himself to pay the many
mortgages and debts with which they were encumbered; and so large an
amount had to be thus defrayed, that for a hundred years the convent
would not be reimbursed for its advances, and receive the 120,000 livres,
at which sum their annual rental would then be valued. Of the foundation
of this Order a recent writer (Thornton) thus remarks:

“In 1095 some nobles of Dauphiny united for the relief of sufferers
from a kind of leprosy called St. Anthony’s fire, which society, in 1218,
was erected into a religious body of Hospitallers, having a grand master
for chief. This order, after many changes in its constitution, having
been left the option between extinction and secularisation, or union with
another order, accepted the latter alternative, and selected that of St.
John of Jerusalem.”

Among the moveable effects which came to the Knights of Malta by this
arrangement, was a small and well-selected library, and in it this
edition of Walton’s Bible.

Without, therefore, writing more at length on this subject, which
might take up too much space in “N. & Q.,” I would simply add, that
my attention was called to this work by the Rev. Mr. Howe, chaplain of
H.B.M. ship “Britannia,” and for the purpose of asking, At what time, by
whom, and in what manner, were these volumes removed from St. John’s
College at Oxford, and transferred to the library of the Order of St.
Antonio de Vienna in France?

W. W.

La Valetta, Malta.

Minor Queries.

Was Andrew Marvell poisoned?—I have just been reading the
three ponderous quarto volumes comprising The Works of Andrew
Marvell, as collected and edited by his townsman, Capt. Edward Thompson
of Hull. In the “Life,” near the end of vol. iii., we are told that the
patriot died on Aug. 16, 1678, “and by poison for he was healthful and
vigorous to the moment he was seized with the premeditated ruin.” And
again, in a summary of his merits, we are told that “all these patriot
virtues were insufficient to guard him against the jesuitical
machinations of the state; for what vice and bribery could not
influence, was perpetrated by poison.” This heinous crime, so formally
averred against the enemies of Marvell, may have been committed by “some
person or persons unknown;” but, as not a tittle of evidence is adduced
or indicated by the zealous biographer in support of the
charge—Query, had it any foundation in fact? In the court, and out
of the court, the anti-popish, anti-prelatical Puritan had enemies
numerous and bitter enough; but is there really any other ground for the
abominable imputation of foul play alluded to, beyond his actually sudden
death? Is the hypothesis of poison coeval with the date of Marvell’s
demise? If so, was there any official inquiry—any “crowner’s
quest?” Surely his admiring compatriots on the banks of the Humber did
not at once quietly sit down with the conviction, that thus “fell
one of the first characters of this kingdom or of any other.”

H.

Anonymous Pamphlet by Dr. Wallis (Vol. vii., p.
403.).—Will Mr. Crossley have the kindness
to give the title of the anonymous pamphlet which, he informs us, was
published by Dr. John Wallis {477} in defence of the Oxford decree of 1695,
on the subject of the Trinity?

Tyro.

Dublin.

Mrs. Cobb’s Diary.—Can any of your readers give me any
information as to the following book, Extracts from the Diary and
Letters of Mrs. Mary Cobb: London, printed by C. and R. Baldwin,
1805, 8vo., pp. 324.; said to be privately printed?

John Martin.

Roxfield, Bedfordshire.

Compass Flower.—

Where can I find a description of this flower, and what is its
scientific name?

In Abercrombie’s Intellectual Powers, p. 49. edit. 1846, I find
the following passage:

“The American hunter finds his way in the trackless forests by
attention to minute appearances in the trees, which indicate to him the
points of the compass.”

Can any one tell me what these “minute appearances” are?

A. H. Battier.

East Sheen, Surrey.

Nuns of the Hotel Dieu.—What is the religions habit of
the nuns at the hospital of the Hotel Dieu in Paris at the present
day?

M. L.

Purlieu.—Some of your correspondents seem afraid that an
attempt to repair the deficiencies of our English dictionaries, by
research into disputed etymologies in “N. & Q.,” would tend to
produce too much and too tedious discussion, and fill its space too much.
Could this, at least, not be done without much objection? Could we
not co-operate in finding the earliest known mention of words, and thus
perhaps trace the occasion and manner of their introduction?

At any rate, this word purlieu is certainly in want of some
examination. Johnson has adopted the wretched etymology of pur,
Fr. for pure, and lieu, Fr. for place; and he defines it as a
place on the outskirts of a forest free of wood.

The earliest record in which this word occurs, so far as I have seen,
is in an act of Edward III., quoted by Manwood, and it is there spelt
puraley; and it relates to the disafforested parts which several
preceding kings permitted to be detached from their royal forests.

Might I ask if any of your correspondents find an earlier use of the
word; and can it be gifted with a probable paternity?

The tracing of the earliest known mention of disputed words is a task
capable of being finished, and might perhaps be attended, in many cases,
with happy results. It would rid us probably of many puerilities which
degrade our current dictionaries.

M. C. E.

Jennings Family.—Some time since I requested as a great
favour that your correspondent Percuriosus would
kindly inform me where I could get a sight of the Spoure MSS. I repeat
that I should feel greatly obliged if he would do so: and as this is of
no public interest, I send postage envelope, in the event of Percuriosus obliging me with the desired
information.

J. Jennings-G.

Latimer’s Brothers-in-Law.—In Bishop Latimer’s first
sermon, preached before King Edward VI., we find the quaint martyr-bishop
magnifying the paternal prudence for having suitably “married his sisters
with five pounds, or twenty nobles, apiece;” but neither the editors of
the sermon, nor the writers of several biographical notices of Latimer
consulted by me, and in which the extract appears, give any account of
the fortunate gentlemen whom the generous parent thus doubly blessed with
his twofold treasure.

Can you, or any of your readers, oblige by furnishing the names
of Bishop Latimer’s brothers-in-law, or by giving some references or
brief account of them?

* *

Autobiographical Sketch.—A fragment came into my
possession some time ago, among a quantity of waste paper in which books
were wrapped, which, from the singularity of its contents, I felt
desirous to trace to the book of which it forms a part, but my research
has hitherto proved unsuccessful. It consists of two leaves of a large
octavo sheet, probably published some twenty years back, and is headed
“Autobiographical Sketch of the Editor.” It commences with the words:
“The Commissioners of the Poor Laws will understand me, when I say, that
I was born at Putney, in Surrey.” The pages are of course not
consecutive: so after an allusion to the wanderings of the writer, I have
nothing more up to p. 7., at which is an account of a supposed plot
against the lord mayor and sheriffs, concocted by him with the assistance
of some school-boy coadjutors; the object of which appears to have been,
to overturn the state-coach of the civic functionary, as it ascended
Holborn Hill, by charging it with a hackney coach, in which sat the
writer and certain widows armed with bolsters in pink satin bags. The
word having been given to “Charge!” this new kind of war-chariot was
driven down the hill at full speed, gunpowder ignited on its roof, and
blazing squibs protruded {478} through its back, sides, and front. The
ingenious author declares that the onslaught was crowned with complete
success; but here, most unfortunately, the sheet ends: and unless you,
Mr. Editor, or some of your correspondents, will kindly help me to the
rest of the narrative, I must, I fear return unexperienced to my grave. I
have omitted to mention, that the date of this event is given as the 4th
of July, 1799.

Cheverells.

Schonbornerus.—Can any of your readers give me
information about a book I became possessed of by chance a short time
ago, or tell me anything respecting its author, for whom I have vainly
sought biographical dictionaries? The volume is a duodecimo, and bears
the following title-page:

“Georgii Schonborneri Politicorum, Libri Septem. Editio ad ipsius
Authoris emendatum Exemplar nunc primum vulgata. Amsterodami: apud L.
Elzevirium, anno 1642.”

It is written in Latin, and contains as many quotations as the
Anatomy of Melancholy, or Mr. Digby’s Broad Stone of
Honour.

H. A. B.

Symbol of Globe and Cross.—Can any one oblige me with an
explanation of the mysterious symbols on a seal not older than the last
century? It contains a globe, bearing a cross upon it, and a winged heart
above, with the legend “Pour vous.”

C. T.

Booth Family.—Can any of your Lancashire correspondents
afford information bearing on the families of Booth of Salford, and
Lightbown of Manchester? Is any pedigree extant of either of these
families, and what arms did they bear? Humphrey Booth founded, I believe,
a church in Salford about the year 1634, the patronage of which still
remains, as it might seem, in the family, the Clergy List
describing it as in the gift of Sir R. G. Booth.

There is a Booth Hall in Blackley, a small village lying by the road
side, between Manchester and Middleton; and from the inquisitio post
mortem of Humphrey Booth, 12 Car. I., it appears that he died seised
of lands in Blackley as well as Salford.

Is there any evidence to connect him with this hall, as the place of
his residence?

A Jesuit.

Jesus College, Cambridge.

Ennui.—What is our nearest approach to a correct
rendering of this expression? Some English writer (Lady Morgan, I
believe) has defined it “mental lukewarmness:” but, if it be true, as
La-Motte Houdart says, that—

“L’ennui naquit un jour de l’uniformité.”

the above definition would seem to indicate rather the cause of
ennui than ennui itself.

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

Bankruptcy Records.—Where can I search for evidence of a
bankruptcy, probably about 1654? The Chief Registrar’s indices do not go
back nearly so far.

J. K.

Golden Bees.—Napoleon I. and II. are said to have had
their imperial robes embroidered with golden bees, as claiming official
descent from Carolus Magnus. Query, what is the authority for this
heraldic distinction, said to have been assumed by Charlemagne?

James Graves.

Kilkenny.

The Grindstone Oak.—Can any of your topographical
correspondents state what is the earliest mention made of an oak tree
well known in this part of the country, and the destruction of which by
fire, on the 5th of November, 1849, was the subject of regret to all who
had seen or heard of it? It was called the Grindstone Oak, and had
been a denizen of the forest of Alice Holt, as many suppose, since the
days of the Confessor. It measured thirty-four feet in circumference, at
the height of seven feet from the ground; and is mentioned by Gilbert
White, in his History of Selborne, as “the great oak in the Holt,
which is deemed by Mr. Marsham to be the biggest in this island.”

L. L. L.

Near Selborne, Hants.

Hogarth.—About the year 1746, Mr. Hogarth painted a
portrait of himself and wife: he afterwards cut the canvass through, and
presented the half containing his own portrait to a gentleman in
Yorkshire.

If any of your numerous readers are in possession of any portrait of
Mr. Hogarth, about three feet in length, and one foot eight inches wide,
or are aware of the existence of such a portrait, they will confer a
favour by addressing a line to

J. Phillips,
5. Torrington Place, London.

Adamsons of Perth.—Can any of your Scottish
correspondents inform me what relationship existed between Patrick
Adamson, titular Archbishop of St. Andrew’s, and the two learned
brothers, Henry Adamson, author of the Muses’ Threnodie, and John
Adamson, principal of the college at Edinburgh, and editor of the
Muses’ Welcome; and whether any existing family claims to be
descended from them? They were all born at Perth. Henry and John were the
sons of James Adamson, a merchant and magistrate of the fair city.
Probably the archbishop was a brother of this James Adamson, and son of
Patrick Adamson, who was Dean of the Guild when John Knox preached his
famous sermon at St. John’s. Mariota, a daughter of the archbishop, is
said by Burke to have married Sir Michael {479} Balfour, Bart., of
Nortland Castle Orkney. Another daughter would appear to have become the
wife of Thomas Wilson, or Volusenus, as he calls himself, the editor of
his father-in-law’s poems and other publications.

E. H. A.

Cursitor Barons of the Exchequer.—Will you allow me to
repeat a question which you inserted in Vol. v., p. 346., as to a list of
these officers, and any account of their origin and history? Surely some
of your correspondents, devoted to legal antiquities, can give note a
clue to the labyrinth which Madox has not ventured to enter. The office
still exists—with peculiar duties which are still
performed—and we know that it is an ancient one; all sufficient
grounds for inquiry, which I trust will meet with some response.

Edward Foss.

Syriac Scriptures.—I am very anxious to know what
editions of the Scriptures in Syriac (the Peshito) were published
between Leusden and Schaaf’s New Testament, and the entire Bible in 1816
by the Bible Society.

B. H. C.

Replies.

PSALMANAZAR.

(Vol. vii., pp. 206. 435.)

Having long felt a great respect for this person, and a great interest
in all that concerns his history, I am induced to mention the grounds on
which I have been led to doubt whether the letter in the Gentleman’s
Magazine, to which Mr. Crossley refers, is
worthy of credit. When I first saw it, I considered it as so valuable an
addition to the information which I had collected on the subject, that I
was anxious to know who was the writer. It had no signature; but the
date, “Sherdington, June, 1704,” which was retained, gave me a clue
which, by means not worth detailing, led me to the knowledge that what
thus appeared in the Gentleman’s Magazine for February, 1765, had
issued from “Curll’s chaste press” more than thirty years before, in the
form of a letter from the person now known in literary history as
“Curll’s Corinna,” but by her cotemporaries (see the index of Mr.
Cunningham’s excellent Handbook of London) as Mrs. Elizabeth
Thomas, sometime of Dyot Street, St. Giles’s, and afterwards of a
locality not precisely ascertained, but within the rules of the Fleet,
and possibly (though Mr. Cunningham does not corroborate this) at some
period of her life resident in the more genteel quarters which Curll
assigns to her. To speak more strictly, and make the matter intelligible
to any one who may look at it in the Magazine, I should add that the
first paragraph (seventeen lines, on p. 78., dated from “Sherdington,”
and beginning “I dined,” says the letter writer, “last Saturday with Sir
John Guise, at Gloucester”) is part of a letter purporting to be written
by her lover; while all the remainder (on pp. 79-81.) is from Corinna’s
answer to it.

The worthless and forgotten work of which these letters form a part,
consists of two volumes. The copy which I borrowed when I discovered what
I have stated, consisted of a first volume of the second edition (1736),
and a second volume of the first edition (1732). The title of the second
volume (which I give as belonging to the earlier edition) is:

“The Honourable Lovers: or, the second and last Volume of Pylades and
Corinna. Being the remainder of Love Letters, and other Pieces (in Verse
and Prose), which passed between Richard Gwinnett, Esq.; of Great
Shurdington, in Gloucestershire, and Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas, Jun., of
Great Russel Street, Bloomsbury. To which is added, a Collection of
familiar Letters between Corinna, Mr. Norris, Capt. Hemington, Lady
Chudleigh, Lady Pakington, &c. &c. All faithfully published from
their original Manuscripts. London: printed in the Year M.DCC.XXXII. (Price 5s.)”

The title-page of the first volume (second edition) differs
principally in having the statement that the book was “printed for E.
Curll” (whose name does not appear in the earlier second volume, though
perhaps it may have done so in the first of that earlier edition), and an
announcement that the fidelity of the publication is “attested, by Sir
Edward Northey, Knight.”

The work is a farrago of low rubbish utterly beneath criticism; and I
should perhaps hardly think it worth while to say as much as I have said
of it, had it not been that, in turning it about, I could not help
feeling a suspicion that Daniel Defoe’s hand was in the matter, at least
so far as that papers that had belonged to him might have come into
Curll’s hands, and furnished materials for the work. It would be tedious
to enter into details; but the question seemed to me to be one of some
interest, because, in my own mind, it was immediately followed by
another, namely, whether Daniel had not more to do than has been
suspected with the History of Formosa? Those who are more familiar
with Defoe than I am, will be better able to judge whether he was, as
Psalmanazar says, “the person who Englished it from my Latin;” for the
youth was as much disqualified for writing the book in English, by being
a Frenchman, as he would have been if he had been a Formosan. He
acknowledges that this person assisted him to correct improbabilities;
but I do not know that he anywhere throws further light on the question
respecting the help which he must have had. Daniel would be just the man
to correct some gross improbabilities, and at the same time help him to
some more probable fictions. Under this impression I recently inquired
(see “N. & Q.,” Vol. vii., p. 305.) respecting the authorship of {480}
Pylades and Corinna, and the possibility that it might be the work
of Defoe; but I believe that my question has not been answered.

I have already trespassed unreasonably on your columns; but still I
must beg, in justice to a man whose character, as I have said, I very
highly respect, to add one remark. When his imposture is referred to, it
is not always remembered that when he came to this country he was not his
own master. It seems that he rambled away from his home in the South of
France, when about fifteen years old; that he spent about two years in
wandering about France and Germany, and astonishing people by pretending
to be, at first a converted, and afterwards an unconverted, Formosan;
that when performing this second, pagan, character, he arrived at Sluys,
where a Scotch regiment in the Dutch service, under Brigadier Lauder, was
stationed; that the chaplain, named Innes, detected the fraud, but
instead of reproving the lad for his sin and folly, only considered how
he might turn the cheat to his own advantage, and render it conducive to
his own preferment. The abandoned miscreant actually went through the
blasphemous mockery of baptizing the youth as a convert from heathenism;
named him after the brigadier, who stood godfather: claimed credit from
the Bishop of London for his zeal; and was by the kind prelate invited to
bring his convert to London. The chaplain lost no time in accepting, was
graciously received by the bishop and the archbishop, snapped up the
first piece of preferment that would answer his views (it happened to be
the office of chaplain-general to the forces in Portugal), and made off,
leaving his convert to bear the storm which was sure to burst on him, as
best he might. That a youth thus tutored and thus abandoned, before
Johnson was born, should have lived to attract his society, and win from
him the testimony that he was “the best man” whom he had ever known,
gives him a claim to our respect, which seems to me to be strengthened by
everything which I have been able to learn respecting him.

S. R. Maitland.

Gloucester.

CONSECRATED ROSES, ETC.

(Vol. vii., p. 407.)

Had G.’s Query referred solely to the consecration of The Golden
Rose, I might have given him a satisfactory answer by referring him
to Cartari’s essay on the subject entitled La Rosa d’Ora Pontificia,
&c., 4to. 1681, and to the account (with accompanying engraving)
of the Rose, Sword, and Cap consecrated by Julius III., and sent
by him to Philip and Mary; and to Cardinal Pole’s exposition of these
Papal gifts, which are to be found in the 1st volume of F. Angeli Rocca,
Opera Omnia (fol. Rome, 1719). In the authors to whom I have
referred, much curious information will, however, be found. I take this
opportunity of saying, that as I am about to submit a communication on
the subject of The Golden Rose to the Society of Antiquaries, I
shall feel obliged by any hints which may help me to render it more
complete; and of putting on record in “N. & Q.” the following
particulars of the ceremonial, as it was performed on the 6th of March
last, which I extract from the Dublin Weekly Telegraph of the 9th
of April.

“On Sunday, the 6th [March, 1853], the Benediction of the Golden Rose,
was, according to annual usage, performed by the Pontiff previously to
High Mass, in the Sistine Chapel, celebrated by a cardinal, at which he
assists every Sunday during Lent. To the more ancient practice of
blessing, on the fourth Sunday of ‘Quaresima,’ a pair of gold and silver
keys, touched with filings from the chains of St. Peter (which are still
preserved in Rome), the Holy See has substituted that of the Benediction
of the ‘Rosa d’Oro,’ to be presented, within the year, to some sovereign
or other potentate, who has proved well deserving of the Church. The
first positive record respecting the Golden Rose has been ascribed to the
Pontificate of Leo IX. (1049-53); but a writer in the Civitta
Catolica states that allusion to a census levied for its cost may be
found in the annals of a still earlier period. The Pontiffs used formerly
to present it annually to the Prefect of Rome, after singing Mass, on
this Sunday, at the Lateran, and pronouncing a homily, during which they
lifted the consecrated object in one hand whilst expounding to the people
its mystic significance. Pius II. (1458) is the last Pope recorded to
have thus preached in reference to and thus conferred the Golden Rose;
and the first foreign potentate recorded to have received it from the
Holy See is Fulk, Count of Anjou, to whom it was presented by Urban II.
in 1096. A homily of Innocent III. also contains all explanation of this
beautiful symbol—the precious metal, the balsam and musk used in
consecrating it, being taken in mystic sense as allusion to the triple
substance in the person of the Incarnate Lord—divinity, soul, and
body. It is not merely a single flower, but an entire rose-tree that is
represented—the whole about a foot in height, most delicately
wrought in fine lamina of gold. This being previously deposited between
lighted candelabra, on a table in the sacristy, is taken by the youngest
cleric of the camera, to be consigned to his Holiness, after the latter
has been vested for the solemnity, but before his assuming the mitre.
After a beautiful form of prayer, with incense and holy water, the
Pontiff then, holding the object in his hand, imparts the Benediction,
introducing into the flower which crowns the graceful stem, and is
perforated so as to provide a receptacle, balsam of Peru and powder of
musk. He then passes with the usual procession into the Sistine, still
carrying the rose in his left hand; and during the Mass it remains
beneath the crucifix over the altar. If in the course of the year no
donation of the precious object is thought advisable, the same is
consecrated afresh on the anniversary following. Some have conjectured
that the Empress of France will be selected {481} by Pius IX. to receive
this honour in the present instance; but this is mere conjecture. On a
former occasion, it is true, the Golden Rose was conferred by him on
another crowned head of the fairer sex—one entitled to more than
common regards from the Supreme Pastor in adversity—the Queen of
Naples.”

William J. Thoms.

CAMPBELL’S IMITATIONS.

(Vol. vi., p. 505.)

It is curious that two of the passages pointed out by Mr. Breen, as containing borrowed ideas, are those
quoted by Alison in his recent volume (Hist. Eur., vol. i. pp.
429, 430.) to support his panegyric on Campbell, of whose “felicitous
images” he speaks with some enthusiasm.

The propensity of Campbell to adapt or imitate the thoughts and
expressions of others has often struck me. Let me then suggest the
following (taken at random) as further, and I believe hitherto unnoticed,
illustrations of that propensity:

Shakespeare has the hollow whistling of the southern
wind.

Campbell thinks it necessary to explain this latter epithet in a note:
“The moss of Switzerland, as well as that of the Tyrol, is remarkable for
a bright smoothness approaching to the appearance of enamel.” And yet was
no one, or both, of the following passages floating in his brain when his
pen traced the line?

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

“THE HANOVER RAT.”

(Vol. vii. p. 206.)

An Essay on Irish Bulls is said to have found its way into a
catalogue of works upon natural history; with which precedent in my
favour, and pending the inquiries of naturalists,
ratcatchers, and farmers into the history of the
above-named formidable invader, I hope Mr.
Hibberd will have no objection to my intruding a bibliographical
curiosity under the convenient head he has opened for it in “N. &
Q.”

My book, then, bears the appropriate title, An Attempt towards a
Natural History of the Hanover Rat, dedicated to P***m M******r, M.D.,
and S——y to the Royal Society, 8vo., pp. 24.: London,
1744.

The writer of this curious piece takes his cue from that
remarkable production, An Attempt towards a Natural History of the
Polype, 1743; in which the learned Mr. Henry Baker, in a letter to
Martin Folkes, of 218 pages, 8vo., illustrated by a profusion of
woodcuts, elaborately describes this link between the animal and
vegetable creation, and the experiments he practised upon the same:
commencing with “cutting off a polype’s head,” and so on through a series
of scientific barbarities upon his little creature, which ended
only in “turning a polype inside out!”

Following the plan of Mr. Baker, the anonymous author of The
Hanover Rat tells us, that, after thirty years’ laborious research,
he had {482} satisfied himself that this animal was
not a native of these islands: “I cannot,” he says, “particularly mark
the date of its first appearance, yet I think it is within the memory of
man;” and finding favour in its original mine affamée state with a
few of the most starved and hungry of the English rats from the common
sewer, he proceeds to show that it did extirpate the natives; but
whether this is the best account, or whether the facts of the case as
here set forth will satisfy your correspondent, is another thing.
According to my authority, the aboriginal rat was, at the period
of writing, sorely put to it to maintain his ground against the invading
colonists and their unnatural allies the providers; and the
present work seems to have been an effort on the part of one in the
interest of the former to awaken them to a sense of their danger. In his
laudable attempts to rally their courage, this advocate reminds them of a
similar crisis when their country was infested with a species of frog
called Dutch frogs: “which no sooner,” says he, “began to be
mischievous, than its growth and progress was stopped by the natives.”
“Had we,” he continues, “but the same public spirit with our ancestors,
we need not complain to-day of being eaten up by rats. Our country
is the same, but alas! we feel no more the same affection for it.” In
this way he stimulates the invaded to a combined attack upon the common
enemy, and we need not tell our readers how successfully, nor how
desperate the struggle, the very next year; which ended in the complete
ascendancy of the Hanover rat, or reigning family, over the
unlucky Jacobite native. Under his figure of a rat, this Jacobite is very
scurrilous indeed upon the Hanoverian succession; and, continuing his
polypian imitations, relates a few coarse experiments upon his
subject illustrative of its destructive properties, voracity, and
sagacity, which set at nought “all the contrivances of the farmer to
defend his barns; the trailer his warehouse; the gentleman his land; or
the inferior people their cup-boards and small beer cellars. No bars or
bolts can keep them out, nor can any gin or trap lay hold of them.”

Luckily for us living in these latter days, we can extract amusement
from topics of this nature, which would have subjected our forefathers to
severe pains and penalties; and looking at the character and mischievous
tendency of The Hanover Rat, I am curious to know if Mary Cooper,
the publisher, was put under surveillance for her share in its
production; for to me it appears a more aggravated libel upon the
reigning family than that of the Norfolk Prophecy—for the
publication of which, Boswell says, the great Samuel Johnson had to play
at hide and seek with the officers of justice.

The advent of both Pretenders was preceded by straws like these
cast out by their adherents, to try how the current set. The
present jeu d’esprit, however, is a double-shotted one: for, not
content with tampering with the public allegiance, this aboriginal rat
seems more innocently enjoying a laugh at the Royal Society, and its
ingenious fellow Mr. Baker, in as far as regards the aforesaid
elaborate treatise upon polypes.

J. O.

FONT INSCRIPTIONS.

(Vol. vii., p. 408.)

Mr. Ellacombe desires examples of these. I can
supply the following:—

At Bradley, Lincolnshire, is a very large font, of the Decorated
period, with this inscription round the bowl in black letter:

“Pater Noster, Ave Maria, and Criede, leren ye chyld yt es nede.”

This is an early instance of the use of English for
inscriptions. The sketch was engraved in the work on Baptismal
Fonts.

At Threckingham, Lincolnshire, I believe I succeeded in deciphering an
inscription round the font, which was said to have been previously
studied in vain. It is somewhat defaced; but in all probability the words
are,—

“Ave Maria gracia p… d… t…”

i. e. of course, “plena, dominus tecum.” The bowl of the font
is Early English; but the base, round which the inscription runs, appears
to be of the fifteenth century.

At Burgate, Suffolk, an inscription in black letter is incised on the
upper step of the font:

“[Orate pro an—b’] Will’mi Burgate militis et dne Elionore uxoris eius qui istum fontem fieri
fecerunt.”

Sir William Burgate died in 1409. It is engraved in the Proceedings
of the Bury and West Suffolk Archæological Institute.

At Caistor, by Norwich:

“Orate pro animab … liis … ici de Castre.”

At Walsoken, Norfolk:

“Remember the soul of S. Honyter and Margaret his wife, and John
Beforth, Chaplain.”

with the date 1544.

At Gaywood, Norfolk, is a font of Gothic design, lust probably of
post-Reformation date. On four of the eight sides of the bowl are these
inscriptions:

{483}

At Tilney, All Saints, Norfolk, is an inscribed font so similar to the
one last mentioned that they are probably the works of the same
designer.

On the cover of the font at Southacre, Norfolk, is this
inscription:

“Orate p. aia. Mri. Rici. Gotts et dni Galfridi
baker, Rectoris huj’ [ecclīe qui hoc] opus fieri
fece^t.”

I may take the opportunity of adding two pulpit inscriptions;
one at Utterby, Lincolnshire, on the sounding-board:

The other at Swarby, in the same county:

C. R. M.

IRISH RHYMES—ENGLISH PROVINCIALISMS—LOWLAND SCOTCH.

(Vol. vi., pp. 605, 606.)

Mr. Bede, who first called attention to a
class of rhymes which he denominated “Irish,” seems to take it ill that I
have dealt with his observations as somewhat “hypercritical.” I
acknowledge the justness of his criticism; but I did, and must still,
demur to the propriety of calling certain false rhymes peculiarly
Irish, when I am able to produce similes from poets of celebrity,
who cannot stand excused by Mr. Bede’s
explanation, that the rhymes in question “made music for their Irish
ear.” If, as he tells us, Mr. Bede was not “blind
to similar imperfections in English poets,” I am yet to learn why he
should fix on “Swift’s Irishisms,” and call those errors a national
peculiarity, when he finds them so freely scattered through the standard
poetry of England?

Your correspondent J. H. T. suggests a new direction for inquiry on
this subject when he conjectures that the pronunciation now called
Irish was, “during the first half of the eighteenth century, the
received pronunciation of the most correct speakers of the day;” and
Mr. Bede himself suggests that
provincialisms may sometimes modify the rhymes of even so correct
a versifier as Tennyson. I hope some of your contributors will have
“drunk so deep of the well of English undefiled” as to be competent to
address themselves to this point of inquiry. I cannot pretend to do much,
being but a shallow philologist; yet, since I received your last Number,
I have lighted on a passage in that volume of “omnifarious information”
Croker’s Boswell, which will not be deemed inapplicable.

Boswell, during a sojourn at Lichfield in 1776, expressed a doubt as
to the correctness of Johnson’s eulogy on his townsmen, as “speaking the
purest English,” and instanced several provincial sounds, such as
there pronounced like fear, once like woonse.
On this passage are a succession of notes: Burney observes, that “David
Garrick always said shupreme, shuperior.” Malone’s note brings the
case in point to ours when he says, “This is still the vulgar
pronunciation in Ireland; the pronunciation in Ireland is doubtless that
which generally prevailed in England in the time of Queen Elizabeth.” And
Mr. Croker sums up the case thus:

“No doubt the English settlers carried over, and may have in some
cases preserved, the English idiom and accent of their day. Bishop
Kearny, as well as his friend Mr. Malone, thought that the most
remarkable peculiarity of Irish pronunciation, as in say for
sea, tay for tea, was the English mode, even down
to the reign of Queen Anne; and there are rhymes in Pope, and more
frequently in Dryden, that countenance that opinion. But rhymes cannot be
depended upon for minute identity of sound.”—Croker’s Notes,
A.D. 1776.

If this explanation be adopted, it will account for the examples I
have been furnishing, and others which I find even among the harmonious
rhymes of Spenser (he might, however, have caught the brogue in Ireland);
yet am I free to own that to me popular pronunciation scarcely justifies
the committing to paper such loose rhymes as ought to grate on that
fineness of ear which is an essential faculty in the true poet; “here or
awa’,” in England or Ireland, I continue to set them down to “slip-slop
composition.”

It may not be inappropriate to notice, that among Swift’s
eccentricities, we find a propensity to “out-of-the-way rhymes.” In his
works are numerous examples of couplets made apparently for no other
purpose but to show that no word could baffle him; and the anecdote of
his long research for a rhyme for the name of his old enemy Serjent
Betsworth, and of the curious accident by which he obtained it, is
well known; from which we may conclude that he was on the watch for
occasions of exhibiting such rhymes as rakewell and sequel,
charge ye and clergy, without supposing him ignorant that
he was guilty of “lèse majesté” against the laws of correct
pronunciation.

When I asked Mr. Bede’s decision on a
palpable Cockneyism in verse, I did so merely with a view, by a
“tu quoque pleasantry,” to enliven a discussion, which I hope we
may carry on and conclude in that good humour with which I accept his
parenthetic hint, that I have made “a bull” of my Pegasus. I beg to
submit to him, that, as I read the Classical Dictionary, it is
from the heels of Pegasus the fount of poetic inspiration is
supposed to be derived; and, further, that the brogue is not so
malapropos to the heel as he imagines, for in Ireland the
brogue is in use as well to cover the understanding as to
tip the tongue. Could I enjoy the pleasure of Mr.
Bede’s company in a stroll over my native mountains, he might find
that there are occasions on which he might be glad to put off {484} his
London-made shoe, and “to wear the brogue, though
speak none.”

A. B. R.

P.S.—The postscriptum of J. H. T. respecting the
pronunciation of English being preserved in Scotland, goes direct to an
opinion I long since formed, that the Lowland Scotch, as we read it in
the Waverley Novels, is the only genuine unadulterated remains we have of
the Saxon language, as used before the Norman Conquest. I formed this
opinion from continually tracing what we call “braid Scotch” to its root,
in Bosworth’s, and other Saxon dictionaries; and I lately found this fact
confirmed and accounted for in a passage of Verstegan, as
follows:—He tells us that after the battle of Hastings Prince Edgar
Atheling, with his sisters Margaret and Christian, retired into Scotland,
where King Malcolm married the former of these ladies; and proceeds
thus:

“As now the English court, by reason of the aboundance of Normannes
therein, became moste to speak French, so the Scottish court, because of
the queen, and the many English that came with her, began to speak
English; the which language, it would seem, King Malcolm himself had
before that learned, and now, by reason of his queen, did more affecte
it. But the English toung, in fine, prevailed more in Scotland than the
French did in England; for English became the language of all the
south part of Scotland, the Irish (or Gaelic) having before that been
the general language of the whole country, since remaining only in the
north.”—Verstegan’s Restitution of Antiquities, A.D. 1605.

Many of your accomplished philological readers will doubtless consider
the information of this Note trivial and puerile; but they will, I hope,
bear with a tyro in the science, in recording an original remark of his
own, borne out by an authority so decisive as Verstegan.

A. B. R.

PICTURES BY HOGARTH.

(Vol. vii., pp. 339. 412.)

In reply to Amateur, I can inform him that at
the sale of the Marlborough effects at Marlborough House about thirty
years ago, there were sold four or five small whole-lengths in oil of
members of that family. They were hardly clever enough for what Hogarth’s
after-style would lead us to expect, but there were many reasons for
thinking they were by him. They came into the possession of Mr. Croker,
who presented them, as family curiosities, to the second Earl Spencer,
and they are now, I presume, in the gallery at Althorpe. One of them was
peculiarly curious as connected with a remarkable anecdote of the great
Duchess. Horace Walpole tells us in the Reminiscences, her
granddaughter, Lady Bateman, having persuaded her brother, the young Duke
of Marlborough, to marry a Miss Trevor without the Duchess’s consent:

“The grandam’s rage exceeded all bounds. Having a portrait of Lady
Bateman, she blackened the face, and then wrote on it, ‘Now her
outside’s as black as her inside.‘”

One of the portraits I speak of was of Lady Bateman, and bore on its
face evidence of having incurred some damage, for the coat of arms with
which (like all the others, and as was Hogarth’s fashion) it was
ornamented in one corner, were angrily scratched out, as with a knife.
Whether this defacement gave rise to Walpole’s story, or whether the face
had been also blackened with some stuff that was afterwards removed,
seems doubtful; the picture itself, according to my recollection, showed
no mark but the armorial defacement.

I much wonder this style of small whole-lengths has not been more
prevalent; they give the general air and manner of the personage so much
better than the bust size can do, and they are so much more suited to the
size of our ordinary apartments.

C.

Referring to An Amateur’s inquiry as to where
any pictures painted by Hogarth are to be seen, I beg to say that I have
in my possession, and should be happy to show him, the portrait of
Hogarth’s wife (Sir William Thornhill’s daughter), painted by
himself.

Lyndon Rolls.

Banbury.

The late Bishop Luscombe showed me, at Paris, in 1835, a picture of
“The Oratorio,”—a subject well known from Hogarth’s etching. He
told me that he bought it at a broker’s shop in the Rue St. Denis; that,
on examination, he found the frame to be English; and that, as the price
was small—thirty francs, if I remember rightly—he bought the
piece, without supposing it to be more than a copy. Sir William Knighton,
on seeing it in the bishop’s collection, told him that Hogarth’s original
had belonged to the Dukes of Richmond, and had been in their residence at
Paris until the first Revolution, since which time it had not been heard
of; and Sir William had no doubt that the bishop had been so fortunate as
to recover it. Perhaps some of your readers may have something to say on
this story.

J. C. R.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Washing Collodion Process.—In “N. & Q.,” No. 153., p.
320., your valued correspondent Dr. Diamond
states “that up to the final period of the operation, no washing
of the plate is requisite. It prevents, rather than assists, the
necessary chemical action.”.

Now, in all other instructions I have yet seen, it is directed to wash
off the iron, or other developing solution, prior to immersing in
the hypo., and after {485} such immersion, again to wash well in
water. I shall feel greatly obliged if Dr. D.
will be kind enough to state whether the first-named washing is
requisite, or whether the properties of the hypo., or the beauty of the
picture, will be in any way injured by the previous solutions not
having been washed off, prior to the fixings.

C. W.

Colouring Collodion Pictures (Vol. vii., p. 388.)—A
patent has just been taken out (dated September 23, 1852) for this
purpose, by Mons. J. L. Tardieu, of Paris. He terms his process
tardiochromy. It consists in applying oil or other colours at the
back of the pictures, so as to give the requisite tints to the several
parts of the photograph, without at all interfering with its extreme
delicacy. It may even, in some cases, be used to remedy defects in the
photographic picture. The claim is essentially for the application of
colours at the back, instead of on the surface of photographs, whatever
kind of colours may be used. It is therefore, of course, applicable only
to photographs taken on paper, glass, or some transparent material.

A. C. Wilson.

Wanted, a simple Test for a good Lens.—As all writers on
Photography agree that the first great essential for successful practice
is a good lens—that is to say, a lens of which the visual and
chemical foci coincide—can any of the scientific readers of “N.
& Q.” point out any simple test by which unscientific parties
desirous of practising photography may be enabled to judge of the
goodness of a lens? A country gentleman, like myself, may purchase a lens
from an eminent house, with an assurance that it is everything that can
be desired (and I am not putting an imaginary case), and may
succeed in getting beautiful images upon his focussing-glass, but very
unsatisfactory pictures; and it may not be until he has almost abandoned
photography, in despair at his own want of skill, that he has the
opportunity of showing his apparatus, manipulation, &c. to some more
practised hand, who is enabled to prove that the lens was not
capable of doing what the vendors stated it could do. Surely
scientific men must know of a simple test which would save the
disappointment I have described; and I hope some one will take pity upon
me, and send it to “N. & Q.,” for the benefit of myself and every
other

Country Practitioner.

Photographic Tent—Restoration of Faded
Negatives.—In Vol. vii., p. 462., I find M. F. M. inquiring for
a cheap and portable tent, effective for photographic operations out of
doors. I have for the last two years, and in mid-day (June), prepared
calotype paper, and also the collodion glass plates, for the camera,
under a tent of glazed yellow calico of only a single thickness: the
light admitted is very great, but does not in the least injure the most
sensitive plate or paper. It is made square like a large bag, so that in
a room I can use it double as a blind; and out of doors, in a high wind,
I have crept into it, and prepared my paper opposite the object I
intended to calotype.

I should be glad it any of your readers would inform me how a failed
negative calotype can be restored to its original strength. I last year
took a great number, some of which have nearly faded away; and others are
as strong, and as able to be used to print from, as when first done. The
paper was prepared with the single iodide of silver solution, and
rendered sensitive with aceto-nitrate sil. and gallic acid in the usual
way. I attribute the fading to the hyposulphate not being got rid of; and
the question is, Can the picture he restored?

Are Dr. Diamond’s Notes published
yet?

S. S. B., Jun.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Gibbon’s Library (Vol. vii., p. 407.).—I visited it in
1825, in company with Dr. Scholl, of Lausanne, who took charge of it for
Mr. Beckford. It was sold between 1830 and 1835, partly by auction,
partly by private sale in detail.

James Dennistoun.

Robert Drury (Vol. v., p. 533.).—I am afraid that the
credit attachable to Drury’s Madagascar is not supported or
strengthened by the announcement that the author was “every day to be
spoken with” at Old Tom’s Coffee House in Birchin Lane. The Apparition
of Mrs. Veal, and other productions of a similar description, should
make us very doubtful as regards the literature of the earlier part of
the eighteenth century. Might not a person have been suborned to
represent the fictitious Robert Drury, to the benefit of the coffee-house
keeper as well as the publisher? I am induced to express this suspicion
by a parallel case of the same period. The Ten Years’ Voyages of
Captain George Roberts, London, 1726, is universally, I {486} believe,
considered fictitious, and ascribed to Defoe; yet at the end of the work
we find:

“N. B.—The little boy so often mentioned in the foregoing
sheets, now lives with Mr. Galapin, a tobacconist, in Monument Yard; and
may be referred to for the truth of most of the particulars before
related.”

W. Pinkerton.

Ham.

Grub Street Journal (Vol. vii., p. 383.).—Mr. James Crossley, after quoting Eustace Budgell’s
conjectures as to the writers of this paper, leaves it as doubtful
whether Pope was or was not one of them. The poet has himself
contradicted Budgell’s insinuation when he retorted upon him in those
terrible lines (alluding to his alleged forgery of a will):

Alexander Andrews.

Wives of Ecclesiastics (Vol. i., p. 115.).—In considering
“the statutes made by Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas,
Archbishop of York, and all the other bishops of England,” ann. 1108,
interdicting the marriage of ecclesiastics, might it not be worth
investigating, by such of your correspondents as are curious on the
subject, what had been the antecedents of the several bishops
themselves?

With respect to Thomas II., Archbishop of York, it is historically
certain, that he was the son of an ecclesiastic, and likewise the
grandson of an ecclesiastic (his father being one of the
bishops who concurred in these statutes). Neither does it seem altogether
unlikely that Thomas himself also had spent some part of his early life
in bonds of wedlock, since we learn from the Monasticon (vol. iii.
p. 490. of new edit.), that “Thomas, son of Thomas (the second
of that name), Archbishop of York, confirmed what his
predecessors, Thomas and Girard, had given,” &c. If this be correct,
as stated^[4], the
conclusion is inevitable; but possibly some error may have arisen out of
the circumstance, that Thomas I. and Thomas II., Archbishops of York,
were uncle and nephew.

J. Sansom.

Blanco White.—In Vol. vii., p. 404., is a copy of a
sonnet which is said to be “on the Rev. Joseph Blanco White.” This
sonnet is one which I have been in search of for some years. I saw it in
a newspaper (I believe the Athenæum), but not having secured a
copy of it at the time, now ten or twelve years ago, I have had occasion
to regret it ever since, and am consequently much obliged to Balliolensis for his preservation of it in “N. &
Q.” “It is needless,” as he well observes, “to say anything in its
praise.” I should add, that my strong impression is that this sonnet was
written by Blanco White.

H. C. K.

—— Rectory, Hereford.

Captain Ayloff (Vol. vii., p. 429.).—Your correspondent
will find a short notice of Capt. Ayloff in Jacob’s Poetical
Register (1719-20, 8vo., 2 vols.), and two of his poetical
pieces—”Marvell’s Ghost” and the “Cambridge Commencement”—in
Nichols’s Collection of Poems (vol. iii. pp. 186-188.), 1780,
12mo. There is considerable vigour in his “Marvell’s Ghost;” and had he
cultivated his talent, he might have taken a respectable place as a poet
amongst the writers of his time.

Jas. Crossley.

General Monk and the University of Cambridge (Vol. vii., p.
427.).—I cannot doubt that “W. D.” was Dr. William Dillingham,
Master of Emmanuel College, and Vice-Chancellor of the University, from
November 1659 till November 1660.

The election to which his letter relates took place April 3, 1660. The
votes were:

The Vice-Chancellor, in his accounts, makes this charge:

“Paid to two messengers sent to wait on y^e Lord Generall
about y^e burgesship, 4l. 10s.“—M. S.
Baker, xl. 59.

On the 22nd of May, General Monk, who had been also chosen for
Devonshire, made his election to sit for that county.

C. H. Cooper.

Cambridge.

In reply to Leicestriensis, I beg leave to
inform him that “W. D.” was Wm. Dillingham, D.D., master of Clare Hall,
and at the time Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. The
letter in question, which was the original draft, was, with a variety of
other family papers, stolen from me in 1843.

J. P. Ord.

P.S.—Query, from whom did the present possessor obtain it?

The Ribston Pippin (Vol. vii., p. 436.).—The remarks of
your correspondent H. C. K., respecting the uncertain origin of the
Ribston pippin, reminded me of a communication which I received about
fifty years ago, from one of the sisters of the late Sir Henry Goodricke,
the last of the family who possessed Ribston. Though it leaves the
question concerning the origin of that excellent apple unsettled, yet it
may not be uninteresting to {487} H. C. K. and some others of your numerous
readers. I therefore send a transcript:

“Tradition of the Ribston Pippin Tree.

“About the beginning of the last century, Sir Henry Goodricke, father
of the late Sir John Goodricke, had three pips sent by a friend in a
letter from Rouen in Normandy, which were sown at Ribston. Two of the
pips produced nothing: the third is the present tree, which is in good
health, and still continues to bear fruit.”

“Another Account.

“Sir Henry, the father of the late Sir John Goodricke, being at Rouen
in Normandy, preserved the pips of some fine flavoured apples, and sent
them to Ribston, where they were sown, and the produce in due time
planted in what then was the park. Out of seven trees planted, five
proved decided crabs, and are all dead. The other two proved good apples;
they never were grafted, and one of them is the celebrated original
Ribston pippin tree.”

The latter tradition has, I believe, always been considered as the
most correct.

S. D.

Cross and Pile (Vol. vi., passim.).—The various
disquisitions of your correspondents on the word pile are very
ingenious; but I think it is very satisfactorily explained as “a ship” by
Joseph Scaliger in De Re nummaria Dissertatio, Leyden, 1616:

“Macrobius de nummo ratito loquens, qui erat æreus: ita
fuisse signatum hodieque intelligitur in aleæ lusu, quum pueri denarios
in sublime jactantes, Capita aut Navia, lusu teste vetustatis
exclamant.”—P. 58.

And in Scaligerana (prima):

“Nummus ratitus—ce qu’aujourd’hui nous appellons jouer à croix
ou à pile, car pile est un vieil mot français qui signifiait un
Navire, unde Pilote. Ratitus nummus erat ex ære, sic dictus ab
effigie ratus.”—Tom. ii., Amsterdam, 1740, p. 130.

See also, Auctores Latinæ Linguæ, by Gothofred, 1585, p. 169.
l. 53. Also, Dictionnaire National of M. Bescherelle, tome ii. p
885., Paris, 1846, art. Pile (subst.
fém.)

En passant, allow me to point out a very curious and
interesting account of this game, being the pastime of Edward II., in the
Antiquarian Repertory, by Grose and Astle: Lond. 1808, 4to., vol.
ii. pp 406-8.

Φ.

Richmond, Surrey.

Ellis Walker (Vol. vii., p. 382.).—

“Ellis Walker, D.D.,” according to Ware, “was born in the city of
York; but came young into Ireland, and was educated in the college of
Dublin, where he passed through all his degrees. He fled from thence in
the troublesome reign of King James II., and lived with an uncle at York,
where he translated Epictetus into verse. After the settlement of
Ireland he returned, and for seven years employed himself with great
reputation in teaching a public school at Drogheda, where he died on the
17th April, 1701, in the fortieth year of his age; and was buried there
in St. Peter’s Church, and twenty years after had a monument erected to
his memory by one of his scholars.”

Tyro.

Dublin.

Blackguard (Vol. vii., pp. 77. 273.).—I am not aware that
the following extract from Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy has ever
yet been quoted under this heading. Would it not be worth the while to
add it to the extract from Hobbes’s Microcosmos, quoted by Jarltzberg, Vol. ii., p. 134. and again, by Sir J. Emerson Tennent at Vol. vii., p. 78.:

“The same author, Cardan, in his Hyperchen, out of the doctrine
of the Stoicks, will have some of these genii (for so he calls them) to
be desirous of men’s company, very affable and familiar with them, as
dogs are; others again, to abhor as serpents, and care not for them. The
same, belike, Trithemius calls igneos et sublunares, qui numquam
demergunt ad inferiora, aut vix ullum habent in terris commercium:
generally they far excel men in worth, as a man the meanest worm;
though some there are inferiour to those of their own rank in worth,
as the black guard in a princes court, and to men again, as some
degenerate, base, rational creatures are excelled of brute
beasts.”—Anat. of Mel., Part I. sec. 2. Mem. 1. subs. 2.
[Blake, 1836, p. 118.]

C. Forbes.

Temple.

In looking over the second volume of “N. & Q.,” I find the use of
the word blackguard is referred to, and passages illustrative of
its meaning are given from the works of Beaumont and Fletcher, Hobbes,
Butler, &c. To these may be added the following fanciful use of the
word, which occurs in the poems of Charles Sackville, Earl of Dorset; the
author of the well-known naval song “To all you Ladies now at Land:”

Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

Talleyrand (Vol. vi., p. 575.).—Talleyrand’s maxim is in
Young. I regret that I cannot give the reference.

Z. E. R.

Lord King and Sclater (Vol. v., pp. 456. 518.).—By
Sclater’s answer, “as I am informed, the Lord Chancellor King was
himself fully convinced.”—Zach. Grey’s Review of Neal, p.
67., edit. 1744.

“Beware the Cat” (Vol. v., p. 319.).-The “dignitary of
Cambridge” was probably Dr. Thackeray, provost of King’s, who bequeathed
all his {488} black-letter books to the college.
Perhaps Beware the Cat may be among them.

Z. E. R.

“Bis dat qui cito dat” (Vol. vi., p. 376.).—The following
Greek is either in the Anthologia, or in Joshua Barnes:

“ὠκεῖαι
χάριτος
γλυκερώτεραι,
ἢν δὲ
βραδυνῇ πᾶσα
χάρις
φθινύθει,
μηδὲ
λέγοιτο
χαρις.“

“Gratia ab officio quod mora tardat, abest.”

Z. E. R.

High Spirits a Presage of Evil.—The Note of your
correspondent Cuthbert Bede (Vol. vii., p. 339.)
upon this very interesting point recalls to my recollection a line or two
in Gilfillan’s First Gallery of Literary Portraits, p. 71., which
bears directly upon it. Speaking of the death of Percy Bysshe Shelley,
the author says, “During all the time he spent in Leghorn, he was in
brilliant spirits, to him a sure prognostic of coming evil.” I may
add, that I have been on terms of intimacy with various persons who
entertained a dread of finding themselves in good spirits, from a strong
conviction that some calamity would be sure to befall them. This is a
curious psychological question, worthy of attention.

W. Sawyer.

Brighton.

Colonel Thomas Walcot (Vol. vii., p. 382.) married Jane, the
second daughter of James Purcel of Craugh, co. Limerick, and had by her
six sons and two daughters: John, the eldest, who married Sarah Wright of
Holt, in Denbighshire; Thomas, Ludlow, and Joseph, which last three died
unmarried; Edward (who died an infant); William (of whom I have no
present trace); Catherine and Bridget. The latter married, first, Mr. Cox
of Waterford, and second, Robert Allen of Garranmore, co. Tipperary.
John, the eldest son, administered to his father, and possessed himself
of his estates and effects. I think his son was a John Minchin Walcot,
who represented Askeaton in Parliament in 1751, died in London in 1753,
and was buried in St. Margaret’s churchyard. Two years after his death
his eldest daughter married William Cecil Pery, of the line of Viscount
Pery, and had by him Edmund Henry Pery, member of parliament for Limerick
in 1786. A William Walcot was on the Irish establishment appointed a
major in the 5th Regiment of Foot in 1769, but I cannot just now say
whether, or how, he was related to Colonel Thomas Walcot.

John D’Alton.

Dublin.

Wood of the Cross: Mistletoe (Vol. vii., p. 437.).—Was
S. S. S.’s farmer a native of an eastern county? If he came from any part
where Scandinavian traditions may be supposed to have prevailed, there
may be some connexion between the myth, that the mistletoe furnished the
wood for the cross, and that which represents it as forming the arrow
with which Hödur, at the instigation of Lok, the spirit of evil, killed
Baldyr. I have met with a tradition in German, that the aspen tree
supplied the wood for the cross, and hence shuddered ever after at the
recollection of its guilt.

T. H. L.

The tradition to which I have been always accustomed is, that the
aspen was the tree of which the cross was formed, and that its tremulous
and quivering motion proceeded from its consciousness of the awful use to
which it had once been put.

W. Fraser.

Tor-Mohun.

Irish Office for Prisoners (Vol. vii, p 410.).—The best
reference for English readers is to Bishop Mant’s edition of the
Prayer-Book, in which this office is included.

J. C. R.

Andries de Græff: Portraits at Brickwall House (Vol. vii, p.
406.).—”Andries de Græff. Obiit lxxiii., MDCLXXIV.” Was this gentleman related to, or the
father of, Regulus de Græf, a celebrated physician and anatomist, born in
July, 1641, at Scomharen, a town in Holland, where his father was the
first architect? Regulus de Græf married in 1672, and died in 1673, at
the early age of thirty-two. He published several works, chiefly De
Organis Generationis, &c. (See Hutchinson’s Biographia
Medica; and, for a complete list of his works, Lindonius
Renovatus, p. 933.: Nuremberg, 1686, 4to.)

S. S. S.

Bath.

“Qui facit per alium, facit per se” (Vol. vii., p.
382.).—This is one of the most ordinary maxims or “brocards” of the
common law of Scotland, and implies that the employer is responsible for
the acts of his servant or agent, done on his employment. Beyond doubt it
is borrowed from the civil law, and though I cannot find it in the title
of the digest, De Diversis Regulis Juris Antiqui (lib. 1. tit.
17.), I am sure it will be traced either to the “Corpus Juris,” or to one
of the commentators thereupon.

W. H. M.

Christian Names (Vol. vii., p. 406.).—When Lord Coke says
“a man cannot have two names of baptism, as he may have divers surnames,”
he does not mean that a man may not have two or more Christian names
given to him at the font, but that, while he may have “divers surnames at
divers times,” he may not have divers Christian names at divers
times.

When a man changes his Christian name, he alters his legal identity.
The surname, however, is assumable at pleasure. The use of surnames came
into England, according to Camden, about {489} the time of the
Conquest, but they were not in general use till long after that. Many
branches of families used to substitute the names of their estate or
residence for their patronymic, which often makes the tracing of
genealogies a difficult matter. It was not till the middle of the
fourteenth century that surnames began to descend from father to son, and
a reference to any old document of the time will show how arbitrarily
such names were assumed.

A surname, in short, may be called a matter of convenience; a
Christian name, a matter of necessity. The giving two Christian names at
baptism did not come generally into use till, owing to the multiplication
of the patronymic, a single Christian name became insufficient to
identify the individual. Consequently an instance of a double Christian
name, previous to the commencement of the eighteenth century, is a
rarity. The fifth and sixth earls of Northumberland bore the names of
Henry-Algernon Percy. The latter died in 1537.

As to the period at which Christian names were assumed as surnames,
your correspondent Ericas is referred to Lower’s
English Surnames.

H. C. K.

—— Rectory, Hereford.

Your correspondent Erica will not, I think,
find an instance in this country of a person having more than one
Christian name before the last century. Charles James Fox and William
Wyndham Grenville are the two earliest instances I can find. It is
trivial but curious to observe, that in the lists given at the beginning
of the Oxford Calendar of the heads of colleges and halls from
their several foundations, the first who appears with two Christian names
is the venerable president of Magdalene College. Antony Ashley Cooper is
only a seeming exception; his surname was Ashley-Cooper, as is proved by
his contributing the letter a to the word cabal, the
nickname of the ministry of which he formed a part. We find the custom
common enough in Germany at the time of the Reformation, and still
earlier in Italy. I apprehend that its origin is really in the tria
nomina of Roman freemen. It was introduced into this country through
our royal family, but I am not aware of any prince who had the benefit of
it before Charles James.

I apprehend the passage which Erica quotes
from Lord Coke has not the significance which he attributes to it. A man
can have but one Christian or baptismal name, of however many single
names or words that baptismal name may be composed. I have spoken in this
letter of two Christian names, in order to be more intelligible at the
expense of correctness.

J. J. H.

Temple.

Lamech’s War-song (Vol. vii., p. 432.).—There have been
many speculations about the origin and meaning of these lines. I agree
with Ewald in Die Poetischen Bücher des Alten
Bundes, vol. i., who calls it a “sword-song;” and I imagine it might
have been preserved by tradition among the Canaanitish nations, and so
quoted by Moses as familiar to the Israelites. I should translate
it—

Bishop Hall, in his Explication of Hard Texts, paraphrases it
thus:

“And Lamech said to his wives, ‘Adah and Zillah, what tell you me of
any dangers and fears? Hear my voice, oh ye faint-hearted wives of
Lamech, and hearken unto my speech; I pass not of the strength of my
adversary: for I know my own valour and power to revenge; if any man give
me but a wound or a stroke, though he be never so young and lusty, I can
and will kill him dead.'”

Your correspondent H. Walter says that “every
branch of Cain’s family was destroyed by the Deluge.” Where is the
authority to be found for the tradition, quoted in an Introduction to
the Books of Moses, by James Morison, p. 26., that Naameh, the
daughter of Lamech the Cainite and Zillah, married Ham, the son of Noah,
and thus survived the Flood?

W. Fraser.

Tor-Mohun.

Traitor’s Ford (Vol. vii., p. 382.).—Nothing is known of
any legend in connexion with the stirring events of the battle of
Edgehill, or its times, and the origin of the name is a matter of
speculation. One Trait had lands near this stream, and it is
thought by some that, from this circumstance, it is properly
Trait’s Ford, corrupted into Traitor’s Ford,—a locality well
known to sportsmen as a favourite meet of the Warwickshire hounds.

A. B. R.

Banbury.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

We understand the Committee appointed by the Society of Antiquaries to
consider the best mode of restoring the Society to its former efficient
state, have agreed upon their Report, and also to the revised laws to be
recommended to the Fellows for adoption. Of the nature of alterations
suggested, we know nothing; for while, on the one hand, it is stated that
the Report recommends changes of a most sweeping character, on the other
it is rumoured that the changes to be proposed are neither many nor
important. The truth in this, as in most cases, no doubt lies midway
between {490} the two: and the Report will probably be
found to breathe a spirit of conservative reform. Embracing, as the
proposed changes necessarily must, points on which great difference of
opinion has existed, and may continue to exist, we hope they will receive
the impartial consideration of the Fellows; and that they will bear in
mind, that in coming to the conclusions at which they have arrived, the
Committee have had the advantage of sources of information, necessarily
beyond the reach of the body generally; and that those very
recommendations, which at first sight may seem most open to objection,
may probably be those which their information most completely
justifies.

Books Received.—Young’s Night
Thoughts, or Life, Death, and Immortality, revised and collated with the
early Quarto Editions, with a Life of the Author by Dr. Doran. This
new, handsomely printed, and carefully edited reprint of the great work
of this noble and original writer, is rendered more valuable by the
well-written and critical Memoir of Young, which Dr. Doran has prefixed
to it.—The National Miscellany, May 1853. The first
Number of a New Magazine just issued by Mr. Parker (Oxford), with every
promise of realising the objects for which it has been projected, namely,
“to aid the elevation of the reader’s mind, to raise some glow of
generous desire, some high and noble thoughts, some kindly feeling, and a
warm veneration for all things that are good and
true.”—Cyclopædia Bibliographica, Part VIII. This most
useful work is in the present Part carried from Fawcett (John) to
Göthe. Every fresh issue of it affords additional evidence of the
great utility which the complete work will prove to all authors,
preachers, students, and literary men.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Rev. A. Dyce’s Edition of Dr. Richard Bentley’s
Works. Vol. III. Published by Francis Macpherson, Middle Row,
Holborn. 1836.

Dissertation on Isaiah XVIII., in a Letter to Edward
King, Esq., by Samuel Lord Bishop of Rochester
(Horsley). The Quarto Edition, printed for Robson. 1779.

History of Ancient Wilts, by Sir R. C. Hoare. The last three Parts.

Ben Jonson’s Works. 9 Vols. 8vo. Vols. II.,
III., IV. Bds.

Sir Walter Scott’s Novels. 41 Vols. 8vo. The
last nine Vols. Boards.

Jacob’s English Peerage. Folio Edition, 1766.
Vols. II., III., and IV.

Gammer Gurton’s Needle.

Alison’s Europe. (20 Vols.) Vols. XIII.,
XX.

Abbotsford Edition of the Waverley Novels. Odd
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The Truth Teller. A Periodical.

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Notices to Correspondents.

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J. D. Lucas (Bristol). The inscription is
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Walter J. Watts will find much of the
literary history of the Travels of Baron Munchausen, which were
written in ridicule of Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller, in our 3rd
Vol., pp. 117, 305, 453.

P. P. Longfellow is an American, having been born at
Portland. He is now, we believe, Professor of Modern Languages and Belles
Lettres at Cambridge University, U.S.

A Briton must be aware that if we were so
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such as our pages could not contain, or our readers endure.

C. M. I. The sides of the stage are described in Stage Directions
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General Sir Dennis Pack (Vol. vii., p.
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misprints in my communication relative to this gallant soldier, may I beg
of your readers for ‘French rebels,’ to substitute ‘Irish rebels;’ and
for ‘Ballinakell,’ ‘Ballinakill.’ I am willing to lay the blame of these
errata on my own cacography, rather than on the printer’s back.

James Graves.

Kilkenny.”

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This day is published,

PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS of the Catalogue of Manuscripts in
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TEMPLE BAR: THE CITY GOLGOTHA.—Narrative of the
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