EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN
ENTOMOLOGY

PREPARED BY JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.

Professor of Entomology in Rutgers College,
Etc.

PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY

BROOKLYN, N. Y.

1906

PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY

LANCASTER, PA.

{Scanner’s note: This book is about a century
old at the time of scanning. I found it in the discard pile of a
local university library. I find the book to be of exceptional
historical interest in the insights it gives into the development
of early modern entomological science. It also is of practical
value as a source for terms that are obscure to modern users
because they are no longer current. Such works are extremely
difficult to rid of all errors, so treat any really suspicious
looking passages with reserve. I have avoided the use of
non-alphabetic symbols as far as I could, for example Greek
letters and male, female and hermaphroditic symbols, but if you
encounter difficulties, those might be the source. Also, the
colour table at the end is not really much good for anything
beyond general impressions; not only are the paper and ink old,
but between my scanner and your screen or printer, there is room
for too much misinterpretation of precise colour, for anyone to
take it seriously. }

FOREWORD.

When, some time since, in
consequence of continuing demands, the Brooklyn Entomological
Society resolved to publish a new edition of its Explanation of
Terms used in Entomology, and entrusted the writer and two
associates with the task of preparing the same, it was believed
that a little revision of definitions, the dropping of a few
obsolete terms and the addition of a few lately proposed, would
be all that was necessary. It was to be a light task to fill idle
time in summer, report to be made in fall. Two years have passed
since that time; the associates have dropped by the way; the
manuscript contains five times the number of terms in the
original “Explanation.” and if it is published now, it is not
because I believe it to be complete; but because I do not believe
it can be made complete except as the result of criticism and
voluntary addition by specialists throughout the
country.

It is twenty-six years since the original list was published
and nothing can better illustrate the advances made than a
comparison between the old and the new Glossary. No one realizes
better than I the fact that as students have increased in each
order, each has followed an independent line of research,
absolutely without regard to the work done elsewhere. In
consequence, we have several terms for the same thing in many
cases and, in an equal number, several meanings to the same term.
As no one man can now-a-days cover the entire field of
Entomology, it goes without saying that I was compelled to rely
partly upon books and partly upon the good nature of
correspondents to make the work even approximately complete.

The first notable contribution came from Professor Justus W.
Folsom, of Urbana, Illinois, who sent me over 2000 cards of terms
collected by himself and his assistants, and these added
materially at the beginning of the work. A number of
correspondents were good enough to send in lists of terms in
Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Neuroptera,
and to refer me to literature where explanations of other special
terms could be found.

After the cards were so far advanced as to warrant a
preliminary manuscript, Dr. Philip P. Calvert of the University
of Pennsylvania. Mr. Nathan Banks of Washington, D. C., and Mr.
C. W. Johnson of the Boston Society of Natural History went
carefully over the entire work and by their criticisms and
additions contributed materially to such merit as it possesses.
To these gentlemen and to the many others not specifically
mentioned I give thanks for their assistance, and if there have
not been more co-workers it has been only because of the time
element that seems to demand the best that is ready, rather than
a delay to secure perfection.

It would be interesting to go at length into the history of
the correspondence to determine what sort of terms should or
should not be included and to bring out the hopeless divergencies
existing ; but all that is important here is to state briefly
what has been included and what omitted.

Common English terms even if descriptive, when used in their
ordinary dictionary sense, have not been included as a rule; but
this is subject to many exceptions. Latin terms and derivatives,
even if used in their usual sense have been generally included;
but compounds made up of adequately defined descriptive terms are
generally omitted. Adverbial or adjective forms have been omitted
whenever it has been considered safe, and so have terms prefixed
by sub-, supra- and the like, indicating degree or position. In
doubtful cases the terms have been included and defined. All
terms of venation are, so far as possible, reduced to the
Comstock system which is the only one that has been
satisfactorily worked out for all orders, and a series of figures
is added to explain this system so far as seems necessary. It has
not been considered feasible to determine the proper use of terms
applied differently in different orders or families; that is
scarcely within the scope of a work of this kind.

Terms used in embryological and histological study have been
included only so far as seemed necessary to an understanding of
the general works, and no attempt has been made to cover the
terms applied to musculature and other details of microscopic
structure : this has seemed rather to be outside of the scope of
the present essay.

All color terms are reduced so far as possible to terms of the
Windsor and Newton system of water colors which are standard in
the English-speaking world, and the color plate shows solid
blocks of those colors that seem necessary to explain all
modifications except metallics, blacks and whites. {Scanner’s
note: color plate may be excluded, partly because it is in poor
condition.}

The figures illustrating body structures and other details
have been drawn under my supervision by Mr. John A. Grossbeck,
and are meant to be guides merely—else the glossary would
exceed its scope.

In the admission that the work is incomplete, no apology is
intended for its publication; it is merely a statement of fact to
encourage constructive rather than destructive criticism. It is
hoped that those who note errors or omissions will communicate
them to the writer so that when another edition is needed, as it
will be before many years are past, a standard work may be
possible.

JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.

New Brunswick, N.J. April 1906

EXPLANATORY.

Definitions of general
application are as a rule given first, where more than one is
necessary ; next those of limited use, and finally the specific
meaning in each order in which there is any notable
difference.

Where a word has more than one ending, the difference is given
after a hyphen which represents the stem word: e. g., ametabola
-ous; the latter in place of ametabolous, which indicates the
possession of the characters peculiar to the ametabola. Where
there is an English and a Latin ending, the former is usually
given with the word and the other is added: e. g., aequilate -us,
instead of aequilatus, there being no difference in the
application. Usually the singular form of the word is first
given, and the plural ending is added ; e. g.,

but occasionally, when the plural is more commonly used, e.
g., epimera -eron, this is reversed and the singular ending is
added: when the two are different in form, e. g., foot and feet,
the words are given separately, and so when there is a difference
in the application, as in

In the definition of color terms the words in brackets [ ]
refer to the equivalent color as named on the plate, or the
combination needed to produce it.

The names in parentheses ( ) are those of the writers whose
definitions are used, or who have used the term in the sense
defined. In the terms of venation, these parentheses occur most
frequently.

Most of the signs and abbreviations are those in common
use

The abbreviated names are:

A

A: prefix,
is privative; wanting or without.

Ab: off; away from.

Abbreviated: cut short; not of usual length.

Abdomen: the third or posterior division of the insect
body: consists normally of nine or ten apparent segments, but
actual number is a mooted question: bears no functional legs in
the adult stage.

Abdominal: belonging or pertaining to the abdomen.

Abdominal feet: see pro-legs.

Abdominal groove: the concave lobe of the inner margin
of secondaries enveloping the abdomen beneath, in some
butterflies.

Abdominal pouch: in female Parnassiids, a sac-like
ventral cavity, formed by material secreted during
copulation.

Abductor: applied to muscles that open out or extend an
appendage or draw it away from the body: see adductor.

Abductor mandibulae: the muscle that opens the
mandibles.

Aberrant: unusual; out of the ordinary course.

Aberration: a form that departs in some striking way
from the normal type; either single or occurring rarely, at
irregular intervals.

Abiogenesis: spontaneous generation.

Abnormal: outside the usual range or course; not
normal.

Aborted: a structure developed so as to be unfit for
its normal function obsolete or atrophied.

Abraded: scraped or rubbed.

Abrupt: suddenly or without gradation.

Abscissus: cut off squarely, with a straight
margin.

Absconditus: hidden, concealed; retracted into
another.

Acalyptrata: those muscid flies in which alulae are
absent or rudimentary.

Acanthus: a spine, spur or prickle.

Acaudal -ate: without a tail.

Accessory: added, or in addition to.

Accessory carinae: in Orthoptera the lateral carinae of
the face.

Accessory cell: a cell not commonly present in the
group; in some orders of definite location as, e.g. in
Lepidoptera, usually a small cell at the end of the subcosta,
giving rise directly or indirectly to veins 7 to 10:= 1st radius
2 (Comst.); = areole.

Accessory glands: any glands opening into the ducts of
the reproductive system.

Accessory sac: a glandular structure of the female
reproductive system containing a sticky secretion.

Accessory subcostal vein: the vein given off from the
subcosta and branching toward the apex of the wing in
Perlidae.

Aceous or aceus: suffix; similar to, or of the nature
of.

Acephalous: without a head.

Acerata: arthropods without true antennae Arachnids and
Limulus

Acetabular caps: Hemiptera; the coxal cavity.

Acetabuliform: like a shallow saucer with more or less
incurved sides.

Acetabulum: the cavity into which an appendage is
articulated; specifically the coxal cavity, – q.v.; also applied
to a cup-like cavity in the sucking mouth of maggots.

Achreioptera: ordinal term proposed for the
coleopterous family Platypsyllidae.

Achromatic: free from color; tissue that does not stain
readily.

Acicular: needle-shaped; with a long, slender
point.

Aciculate: a surface that appears as if scratched with
a needle.

Acidotheca: the pupal sheath of the ovipositor.

Acini: granulations, like those on a blackberry: the
terminal secreting tubes of glands.

Acinose -ous: a surface set with acini.

Acone: applied to compound eyes in which the individual
ocelli have no crystalline cone or lens; see eucone.
{Scanner’s note: this is no longer a valid usage for the word
“ocelli”. Currently the term is. See “ocellus” and
“ommatidium”.}

Acoustic nerve: connects the auditory pits or other
organs of hearing with special ganglia.

Acridophagus: preying and feeding on grasshoppers.

Acrostichal bristles: Diptera; two rows of bristles on
the middle of the dorsum; specifically, minute peculiar bristles
on the dorso-central region of Dolichopodidae.

Aculeata: Hymenoptera; the stingers, including bees and
wasps.

Aculeate: prickly; armed with short, sharp spines;
specifically, in Hymenoptera furnished with a sting which is a
modified ovipositor and connected with a poison sac.

Aculeus -ei: a prickle; a small sharp point;
specifically, an ovipositor, especially when sting-like, as in
Hymenoptera; in male Tipulidae a slender, horny, often curved and
pointed piece, projected when the forceps is open.

Acuminate: tapering to a long point.

Acupunctate: a surface with fine punctures as if made
with a needle.

Acutangulate: forming, or meeting in an acute
angle.

Acute: pointed: terminating in or forming less than a
right angle.

Acutilingual: with a sharp pointed tongue or mouth
structure, as in some bees.

Acutilingues: bees with a short pointed tongue: see
obtusilingues.

Addorsal: close to but not quite on the middle of the
dorsum.

Addorsal line: in caterpillars, is longitudinal, a
little to one side of the dorsal and between it and the subdorsal
line.

Adductor: applied to muscles that draw an appendage to
the body or bring parts into apposition: see abductor.

Adductor mandibulae: the muscle that draws in or closes
the mandible.

Adeloceratous: with concealed antennae: see
cryptocerata.

Adephagous: belonging to the Adephaga: pentamerous,
predatory, terrestrial beetles with filiform antennae and
predatory habits: see hydradephagous.

Adherent: attached or clinging to.

Adipose: fat or fatty: see fat-body.

Adiscota: insects that develop into adults without
forming imaginal discs; see discota.

Adminicula: supports or props: the spinous processes on
the abdomen of boring and burrowing pupae.

Adnate: adjoining; adhering or growing together:
closely connected.

Adpressed: laid or pressed to; contiguous.

Adsperse -us: with markings of closely crowded small
spots.

Adsternal: situated next or close to the sternum.

Adult: the stage when an insect is sexually mature and
ready to reproduce normally.

Aduncate -cus, -catus: a part gradually bent through
its whole extent.

Adventitious: occurring accidentally, out of the
ordinary course, without apparent reason.

Adventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the
under side between the middle and the base of legs.

Adventral tubercle: on the abdominal segments of
caterpillars on the inner base of the leg, and correspondingly on
the apodal segments; constant: is number VIII of the abdominal
series (Dyar).

Aeneous -eus: shining bronze or brassy.

Aenescent: becoming or appearing bronzed or brassy.

Aequale: equal.

Aequilate-us: of equal breadth throughout.

Aerial: living in the air; applied to flying
insects.

Aeriductus: a spiracle: the tracheal, gill-like
structures of aquatic larvae: more specifically the tail-like
extensions of rat-tailed maggots and some aquatic Hemiptera.

Aeroscepsin: an indefinite sense of perception supposed
to be located in the antenna.

Aeroscepsy: The faculty of observing atmospheric
changes: supposed to be located in the antenna.

Aerostats: a pair of large air sacs at base of abdomen
in Diptera.

Aeruginose -us: the color of verdigris [blue
green].

Aestival: occurring in summer.

Aestivation: applied to summer dormancy.

Afferent: carrying inwardly or toward the centre.

Affinis: related to: similar in structure or
development.

Afternose: a triangular piece below antennae and above
clypeus: see postclypeus.

Agamic -ous: reproducing without union with a male.

Agamogenesis: reproduction without fertilization by a
male: see parthenogenesis; gamogenesis.

Agglomerate: heaped or massed together.

Agglutinate: stuck or glued together; welded into one
mass.

Aggregated: crowded together as closely as
possible.

Agnathous: without jaws; specifically applied to those
Neuropteroid series in which the mouth structures are
obsolescent.

Aileron: the scale covering the base of primaries in
some insects; see tegulae in Diptera = alula and squama, q.v.

Air-sacs or vesicles: pouch-like expansions of tracheal
tubes in heavy insects, capable of inflation and supposed to
lessen specific gravity.

Air-tube: a respiratory siphon.

Ala -ae: a wing or wings.

Alar appendage: see alulet.

Alar frenum: a small ligament crossing the supra-alar
groove toward the root of the wing: Hymenoptera.

Alary: relating to the wings: applied also to the wing
muscles of heart.

Alate -us: winged; with lobes similar to wings in
appearance though not necessarily in function.

Albi, albus: white.

Albicans: formed or made of white.

Albidus: white with dusky tinge.

Albinic: of the character of an albino.

Albinism: that condition in which there is an absence
of color or a whitening in a form usually colored.

Albino: a colorless individual of a species that is
normally colored.

Albumen: the white of egg or the substances in the
tissues which have the same characteristics.

Albumin: the characteristic substance forming the white
of egg.

Albuminoid: like or of the character of albumen.

Alimentary canal: the digestive tract as a whole;
begins at the mouth and extends through the body to the anus.

Alitrunk: that part of the thorax to which the wings
are attached: in many Hymenoptera, includes the 1st abdominal
segment.

Alizarine: a transparent, orange red [alizar
crimson].

Alleghanian faunal area: is that part of the transition
zone comprising the greater part of New England, s. e. Ontario,
New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern
N. Dakota, n. e. S. Dakota, and the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania
to Georgia.

Alligate -us: fastened or suspended by a thread; like
the chrysalis of Papilio, etc.

Alliogenesis: when the development includes an
alternation of generations (q.v.), as in Cynipids.

Alluring glands: glandular structures diffusing an odor
supposed to be attractive to the opposite sex.

Allux: next to the last joint of tarsus; in
Rhynchophora.

Alpine zone: = arctic zone, q.v.

Alternation of generations: where a species that occurs
in both sexes periodically produces only parthenogenetic females;
the latter, in turn, producing the sexed form; occurs in
Cynipidae and some Homoptera: see heterogeny.

Altus: above: applied to a part raised above the usual
level.

Alulae: Diptera; a pair of membranous scales above the
halteres, behind the root of the wing, one above or before the
other; the anterior attached to the wing and moving with it, the
posterior fastened to the thorax and stationary; see calyptra;
squama; squamula; lobulus; axillary lobe; aileron; scale;
tegulae: Coleoptera; a membranous appendage of the elytra which
prevents dislocation.

Alulet: Diptera: the lobe at basal posterior part of
wing; = alar appendage; posterior lobe: and has been used as =
alula.

Alutaceous: rather pale leather brown [burnt sienna]:
covered with minute cracks, like the human skin.

Alveolate: furnished with cells: deeply pitted.

Alveolus: a cell, like that of a honeycomb.

Amber: a transparent, clear, pale yellowish brown; of
the color of amber [a mixture of pale cadmium yellow and a little
burnt umber].

Ambient vein: Diptera; the costal vein when it extends
beyond the apex and practically margins the wing.

Ambrosia: bee-bread: the food cultures of certain
Scolytid beetles.

Ambulatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the
legs are fitted for walking only; Phasmids.

Ambulatorial: fitted for walking or making progress on
the surface.

Ambulatorial setae: specialized hairs or bristles,
situated on the ventral segments of the abdomen of some
Coleoptera. Ambulatory: moves by walking; formed for walking.

Ametabola -ous: insects without obvious metamorphoses,
in which the larvae usually resemble the adult and the pupae are
active.

Ametabolion: an insect that has no distinct
metamorphoses.

Amethystine -us: bright blue with a reddish admixture;
clear like an amethyst [between mauve and lilac].

Amnion: the inner of the two membranes enveloping the
embryo.

Amnion cavity: a tube-like insinking from the ventral
plate of the embryo, extending cephalad.

Amnion fold: the extensions of the amnion which close
the mouth of the amnion cavity in the embryo.

Amnios: the first cast skin of the larva when a moult
occurs almost immediately after emergence from the egg.

Amoebiform: having the appearance or properties of an
amoeba.

Amoeboid: applied to movements similar to those of an
amoeba.

Amphibiotica: those pseudoneuropterous insects whose
larvae are aquatic but whose imagos are aerial; stone-flies;
May-flies; dragon- flies.

Amphimixis: the mingling of the germ plasm of two
individuals.

Amphiodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids
bearing mandibles of medium size, between teleodont and priodont;
=mesodont.

Amphipneustic: applied to larvae which have the
spiracles confined to the anterior and terminal segments.

Ample: broad; large; sufficient in size.

Amplected: when the head is received into a concavity
of the prothorax; e.g. Hister.

Ampliate -us: moderately dilated.

Amplificatus: dilated; enlarged.

Ampulla: Orthoptera; an extensile sac between head and
prothorax used by the young in escaping from oötheca, and
later, in molting: Heteroptera; a blister-like enlargement at the
middle of the anterior margin of the pro-thorax.

Ampulla-like: flask-shaped; applied to a vascular sac
at base of antennae which aids in the blood circulation of head
and its appendages.

Amygdaliform: almond-shaped.

Anabolic: the constructive change from food material to
animal tissue: see katabolic.

Anal: pertaining or attached to the last segment of the
abdomen; the point or angle of any wing or other appendage that
is near to or at any time reaches the tip of the abdomen.

Anal angle: on the secondaries is that angle nearest
the end of the abdomen when the wings are expanded: the angle
between the inner and outer margin of any wing; = hind angle of
primaries.

Anal appendages: generally; applied to the external
genital parts.

Anal area: Orthoptera and Neuroptera; the hinder or
anal portion of a wing within the anal vein = axillary area.

Anal cells: the spaces between the anal veins (Comst.):
in Diptera, anal cell (Will.), the space nearest the body,
inclosed by the 5th and 6th veins sometimes called the third
basal cell (Coq.) = 1st anal (Comst.).

Anal field: Orthoptera; that area on the tegmina
corresponding to the anal area of the secondaries.

Anal filaments: see caudal setae.

Anal fork: applied to the cerci of Coleopterous
larvae.

Anal foot: applied to the tip of the body in larval
Chironomids, which is modified to serve as a hold-fast.

Anal furrow: in wings, lies between the cubitus and 1st
anal vein.

Anal glands: appendages of the alimentary canal,
opening into it near the posterior extremity, secreting either a
lubricant, a silk-gum, or some other specialized material.

Anal horns: in Collembola, are small processes borne on
the last abdominal segment.

Anal lobes: in Lecaniinae, a pair of small, triangular,
hinged processes forming a valve which covers the anal
orifice.

Anal loop: Odonata; the loop formed by the angulations
of 1st anal vein.

Analogous: similar in function; but differing in origin
and structure: e.g. the wings of birds and insects: see
homologous.

Anal operculum: the dorsal arch of the 10th abdominal
segment; in caterpillars = supra-anal plate, q.v.

Anal organs: Collembola; the two modified hairs arising
from a tubercle ventro-cephalad of the anus and usually curving
caudo-dorsad.

Anal orifice: see anus.

Anal papilla: Collembola; see anal tubercle.

Anal plate: in caterpillars, the shield-like covering
of the dorsum of the last segment: in the embryonic larva the
11th tergite.

Anal ring: a chitinous ring encircling the anus in many
Coccidae.

Anal scale: one of the lateral processes of the
ovipositor in Cynipidae, lying outside and below the lateral
scale.

Anal siphon: the anal breathing tube of Culicid
larvae.

Anal style: a slender process on or within the terminal
segment of the abdomen in Homoptera.

Anal tubercle: Collembola; the tubercle bearing the
anal organs: = anal papilla.

Anal tubercles: a pair of prominent, rounded or conical
processes, situate one on each side of the anus in certain
Coccids.

Anal valves: see podical plates.

Anal veins: those longitudinal unbranched veins
extending from base to outer margin below the cubitus; the first
anal, also termed vena dividens, q.v., is the 6th of the series
starting from the base, and it may be followed by several others
which are numbered in order to the inner margin.

Anastomosing: inosculating or running into each
other.

Anastomosis: a running together; usually applied to
wing veins, often to markings; sometimes used like stigma, q.v.;
also in Neuroptera, a series of cross-veinlets nearly in one row;
a connecting series of veinlets.

Anceps: two-edged; similar to ensiform, q.v.

Ancestral: primitive; inherited from an earlier form or
ancestor.

Anchor process: = breastbone, q.v.

Anchylosed: grown together at a joint.

Ancipital: with two opposite edges or angles.

Androconia: specialized, usually small scales of
peculiar form, found localized on some male butterflies.

Androgynous: uniting the characters of both sexes.

Aneurose: a wing without veins except near costa.

Angle: of tegmina, “is the longitudinal ridge formed
along the interno-median by the sudden flexure from the
horizontal to the vertical portion when closed.”

Angular area: Hym.; the posterior of the three areas on
the metanotum between the lateral and pleural carinae; = 3rd
pleural area.

Angulate: forming an angle; when two margins meet in an
angle.

Angulose: having angles.

Angulus: forming an angle: = angulate.

Angustatus: narrowed; narrowly drawn out.

Anisoptera: that division of the Odonata in which the
hind wings are wider, especially at base, than the front
wings.

Annectent: applied to connecting or intermediate
forms.

Annelet or annellus: Hym.; small ring-joints between
scape and funicle.

Annulate: ringed or marked with colored bands.

Annulet: a small or narrow ring or annulus.

Annuliform: in the form of rings or segments.

Annulus: a ring encircling a joint, segment, spot or
mark; sometimes applied to the inner ring encircling the mouth
opening.

Annulus antennalis: the ring sclerite of the head into
which the basal segment of the antennae is inserted; = antennal
sclerite.

Anomalous: unusual; departing widely from the usual
type.

Anoplura: wingless species without metamorphosis,
habits epizoötic, thoracic segments similarly developed: a
composite aggregation which includes both the biting and sucking
lice.

Ante: before; used as a prefix.

Ante-alar sinus: Odonata; a grooved area extending
transversely immediately in front of the base of each front
wing.

Ante-apical: just before the apex.

Ante-clypeus: Odonata; the lower of the two divisions
of the clypeus; the inferior half of the clypeus whenever there
is any apparent line of demarcation: = clypeus-anterior;
infra-clypeus; rhinarium; second clypeus.

Ante-coxal piece: Coleoptera; that portion of the
metasternum lying in front of the posterior coxae, often passing
between them and meeting the abdomen of mandible, is the lateral
sclerite of the clypeus; – one on each side.

Ante-cubital: see ante-nodal, cross veins and
spaces.

Ante-furca: an internal forked process from the
prosternum, to which muscles are attached.

Ante-humeral: relating to the space just before origin
of wings.

Ante-humeral stripe: Odonata; a discolored stripe,
approximately parallel to, but to the inner side of the humeral
suture, q.v.

Antemedial line: = t. a. line, q.v.

Antemedian: Diptera; applied to leg-bristles situated
before the middle.

Antenna -ae: two jointed, sensory organs, borne, one on
each side of the head, commonly termed horns or feelers.

Antenna-cleaner: a fringed excavation on the interior
base of the 1st segment of the anterior tarsi of Hymenoptera
which, when covered by the movable process from the end of the
tibia, forms an opening through which the antennae may be drawn:
similar structures are on the fore tibiae of Carabid beetles:
tarsal claws are also used by various insects to clean
antennae.

Antennal appendage: in Mallophaga, a projecting process
of the 1st or 3rd segment in the male.

Antennal formula: in Coccidae; made by enumerating the
antennal joints in the order of their length, beginning with the
longest and bracketing together those of the same length.

Antennal fossa -w: grooves or cavities in which
antennae are located or concealed: = a. grooves: antennary
fossa.

Antennal fovea: Diptera; a groove or grooves in the
middle of the face as though for the lodgment of the antennae;
bounded on the sides by the facial ridges.

Antennal foveolae: Orthoptera; the pits between frontal
costa and lateral carinae, in which the antennae are
inserted.

Antennal grooves: see antennal fossa.

Antennal lobes: of brain, see deuto-cerebrum.

Antennal organs: in Collembola are sensory structures
on the distal segment.

Antennal process: Diptera; the frontal protuberance
upon which the antennae are inserted.

Antennal sclerite: see annulus antennalis.

Antennal segment: the second or deutocerebral segment
of head.

Antennary fossa: see antennal fossa.

Antennary furrow: in Mallophaga, grooves on the under
side of the head in which the antennae lie.

Antenniferous: bearing antennae.

Antenniform: made up like, or having the appearance of
antennae.

Antennule: a small antennae or feeler-like process.

Antenodal cells: Odonata; in Agrionidae the cells
included between the short sector (M 4 Comst.) and the upper
sector of the triangle (Cu 1, Comst.), and between the
quadrilateral (or quadrangle) and the vein descending from the
nodus.

Antenodal cross veins: Odonata; extend between costa
and subcosta, and between subcosta and media, from the base to
the nodus, forming the ante-nodal or ante-cubital cells: =
ante-cubital.

Antenodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between
costa and subcosta, from the base to the nodus: =
ante-cubitals.

Anteocular: the region just before the eye;
specifically applied in Collembola to a peculiar structure of
undefined function situated in front of the eyes: =
prostemmatic.

Antepectus: the lower surface of the prothorax.

Antepenultimate: the last but two.

Anterior: in front; before; in Dip., that face of the
leg which is visible from the front when the leg is laterally
extended and bristles on that face are anterior.

Anterior branch of third vein, in Diptera (Will.), = radius 4
(Comst.).

Anterior field: Orthoptera; of tegmina, see costal
field.

Anterior intercalary vein: Diptera; = media 2 (Comst.);
of Loew = discoidal vein.

Anterior lamina: Odonata; the anterior sternal border
of abdominal segment 2, modified to form the front margin of the
genital pocket.

Anterior lobe: Orthoptera; see lobes.

Anterior squama: = antisquama; q.v.

Anterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal
segment of caterpillars; varies from substigmatal to stigmatal
anterior; sometimes united to IV: it is V of the abdominal
series, IV of the thorax (Dyar).

Anterior trapezoidal tubercle: on thoracic and
abdominal segment of caterpillars addorsal, anterior, always
present, rarely united with II: it is I of the abdominal series,
la of the thorax (Dyar).

Antero: to the front; anteriorly.

Antero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the
meeting of anterior and dorsal face.

Antero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the
meeting of anterior and ventral face.

Anthobian: feeding on flowers; applied to certain
lamellicorn Coleoptera in which the labium extends beyond the
mentum.

Anthophila: Hymenoptera; species in which the basal
joint of the hind tarsus is dilated and pubescent; the bees.

Anthracine -us: coal black; black with a bluish
tinge.

Anti: over against; opposite; contrary: (prefix).

Anticus: frontal; belonging to or directed toward the
front.

Antigeny: opposition or antagonism of the sexes;
embracing all forms of secondary sexual diversity.

Antipodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between
costa and subcosta, from the base to the modus; =
antecubitals.

Antisquama: Diptera; the upper of the two which moves
with the wings; = antitegula; see also squama.

Antitegula: see antisquama.

Antlia: the spiral tongue or haustellum of
Lepidoptera.

Antliata: insects with a sucking mouth; originally
applied to Lepidoptera and Diptera, later and more specifically
to Diptera.

Antrorse -sum: directed toward the front.

Anus: the end of the digestive tract, through which the
food remnants are passed: the posterior part of the individual:
specifically, in Coccidae, a more or less circular opening on the
dorsal surface of the pygidium, varying in location as regards
the circumgenital gland orifices: = anal orifice.

Aorta: the anterior, narrow part of the heart, opening
into the head.

Apex: that part of any joint or segment opposite the
base by which it is attached; that point of a wing furthest
removed from base or at the end of the costal area.

Aphaniptera: indistinctly winged; see Siphonaptera.

Aphideine: see aphidilutein.

Aphidilutein: a yellowish fluid found in plant lice,
changed to a rich violet by alkaline reagents.

Apical: at, near or pertaining to the apex; usually of
a wing.

Apical area: see petiolar area.

Apical areas: apical cells in some Homoptera.

Apical cell: a cell near or at the apex of a wing; in
Hymenoptera (Norton) = medial (Comst.); outer apical cell = 2d
medial 2 (Comst.); inner apical cell = medial 3 (Comst.).

Apical cells or cellules: Trichoptera; the series of
cells along the outer margin of wing from pterostigma to
arculus.

Apically: toward or directed toward the apex.

Apical sector: one of the longitudinal veins in the
apical part of wing of Neuroptera.

Apical transverse carina: Hymenoptera; crosses the
metanotum behind middle and separates the median from the
posterior cells or areas.

Apiculis: an erect, fleshy short point.

Apiculate: covered with fleshy, short points.

Apivorous: devouring bees.

Apneustic: without an open tracheal system; respiration
is through the skin or through tracheal gills.

Apocrita: = petiolate, q.v.

Apodal: with single, simple tubercles instead of feet,
in larvae; without feet = apodous.

Apode: one that has no feet.

Apodema: a conspicuous transverse band crossing the
thorax in front of the scutellum in male Coccidae.

Apodeme: an inwardly directed process to which a muscle
is attached.

Apodous: without feet; see apodal.

Apolar: without differentiated poles; without apparent
radiating processes applied to cells.

Apophysis: the lower of the two joints of trochanter in
ditrocha trochanterellus; the dorso-lateral metathoracic spines
in Hymenoptera; also used as synonymous with ento-thorax.

Apophystegal plates: Orthoptera; flattened blade or
plate-like sclerites covering the gonapophyses.

Apotypes: = hypotypes; q.v.

Appendage -es: any part, piece or organ attached by a
joint to the body or to any other main structure.

Appendice -es: any attached body or small process; an
appendix.

Appendicial: supplementary: relating to appendices.

Appendicle: a small appendix: in some bees, a small
sclerite at tip of labrum.

Appendiculate: bearing appendages; said of antennae
where the joints have articulated appendages; of tarsal claws
that have membranous processes at base.

Appendiculate cell: Hymenoptera; is on costa just
beyond 2d radius 1 and 2.

Appendigerous: bearing appendages.

Appendix: a supplementary or additional piece or part,
added to or attached to another: in Heteroptera; = cuneus,
q.v.

Appress -ed: to press against; closely applied to.

Approximate: near to; applies to antennae inserted
close together.

Aptera: those that have no wings: an ordinal term
formerly employed for fleas, lice and other wingless forms now
distributed in other orders: later used for the simplest or
lowest insects, including the Thysanura and Collembola.

Apterodicera: wingless, with two antennae.

Apterous: without wings.

Apterygogenea: those insects that are wingless in all
stages and presumed to be descended from ancestors which never
were winged: see pterygogenea.

Apterygota: = apterygogenea; see pterygote.

Aquamarine -us: sea green: pale green with predominant
blue and a little gray [nile green].

Aquatic: living wholly in water.

Aquatilia: cryptocerous Hemiptera of truly aquatic
habit.

Arachnoideous: resembling or similar to a cobweb.

Araneiform: spider-like in appearance.

Arboreal: living in, on, or among trees.

Arborescent: branching like the twigs of a tree.

Archaic: ancient; no longer dominant; of the olden
time.

Archiptera: those Neuroptera with incomplete
metamorphosis = Pseudo-neuroptera.

Arctic Zone: is that part of the boreal region above
the limit of tree growth in the U. S. is restricted to the area
above timber line on the summits of high mountains: = alpine.

Arcuate: curved like a bow: = arcuate.

Arcuato-emarginate: with a bow-like or curved
excision.

Arculus: Odonata; a small cross vein between radius and
cubitus near the base, leaving an elongate triangle between them:
Trichoptera; a point, often hyaline, on the forewing where the
cubitus (or post cubitus) runs into the margin: in Homoptera; a
cross-veinlet nearly reaching posterior margin at same point as
in Trichoptera: in other orders applied to a cross-vein in
similar position, apparently giving rise to the median.

Arcus: a bow; part of a circle; but less than one
half.

Area mediastinal, scapularis and ulnaris: the areas in
front of the mediastinal, the scapular, and the ulnar veins in
Orthoptera.

Areae or Areolae: wing cells or spaces between
veins.

Arenicolous: applied to species frequenting sandy
areas.

Arenose: a surface that is sandy or gritty.

Areola: a small cell on the wings of certain Hemiptera:
see also areae Hymenoptera; the central of three median areas on
the metanotum: = 2d median area; upper median area.

Areolate: with small defined areas, like a network.

Areole: Lepidoptera; see accessory cell, cell and
cellule.

Areolet: one of the small spaces between veins of
net-veined insects.

Argentate: shining, silvery white.

Argenteous: silvery.

Argillaceous: of the texture, appearance or color of
clay.

Arid: Applied to regions in which the normal rainfall
is insufficient to produce ordinary farm crops without
irrigation, and in which desert conditions prevail: see
humid.

Arid transition area: comprises the western part of the
Dakotas, northern Montana east of the Rockies, southern
Assiniboia, small areas in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the
higher parts of the Great Basin and the plateau region generally,
the eastern base of Cascade Sierras and local areas in Oregon and
California.

Arista: a specialized bristle or process on antennae of
certain Diptera.

Aristate: Diptera; that type of antennae that bears an
arista: = athericerous.

Aristiform: of the form or appearance of an arista.

Armature: applied to the spinous or chitinous processes
on the legs, body or wings; or the corneous parts of genitalic
structures.

Armatus: set with spines, claws or other chitinous
processes.

Armillate: with a ring or annulus of raised or
different tissue.

Arolium -ia: cushion-like pads on the tarsi of many
insects: one of the lobes of the pulvillus; in Orthoptera, used
only for the terminal pad between the claws: see empodium;
pulvillus; palmula; plantula; onychium, paronychium,
pseudonychium.

Arquate: see arcuate.

Arrhenotokous: capable of producing male offspring
only, as in worker bees and some saw-flies.

Arrhenotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the
progeny are all males: see thelyotoky and deuterotoky.

Arthrium: Coleoptera; the minute, concealed tarsal
joint in pseudotetramera and trimera.

Arthroderm: the outer skin or covering of
articulates.

Arthrodial: an articulation that permits motion in any
direction.

Arthromere: a body segment or ring: = somite.

Arthropleure: the side piece of an arthromere.

Arthropods: all those articulates having jointed
legs.

Article: a joint or segment.

Articular pan: the cup or dish-like depression forming
the socket into which an articulation is fitted.

Articulate: that branch of the animal kingdom whose
members are made up of rings, segments or articulations.

Articulate: divided into joints or segments.

Articulated apex: see clasp filament.

Articulation: the point or place where two parts or
segments are joined: also applied to an individual joint or
segment.

Articulatory epideme: the partly chitinized membrane by
which the wings are attached to the thorax.

Artus: the organs of locomotion generally.

Asexual: applied where the reproductive organs are
incompletely developed and eggs or young are produced by
cell-budding: = parthenogenetic.

Ash-gray: a mixture of black and white, with a faint
orange tinge: like ashes of anthracite coal.

Aspect: indicates the direction to which a surface
faces or in which it is viewed; it may be dorsal, ventral,
caudal, cephalic or lateral.

Asperities: surface roughenings or dot-like
elevations.

Aspersus: rugged, with distinct elevated dots.

Assembling: gathering together; applied when a virgin
female is exposed to attract such males as may be near, either to
secure a pairing or merely to obtain specimens; also called
sembling.

Assurgent: down-curved at base, then upcurved to an
erect position.

Asymmetrical: not alike on the two sides; not
symmetrical.

Asymmetry: a state of unlikeness in lateral
development; absence of symmetry in form or in the development of
members.

Ater: deep black; not shining.

Aterimus: the deepest black.

Athericerous: see aristate.

Atom -us: a minute dot or point.

Atomarius: with minute dots or points.

Atrachelia: Coleoptera in which there is no visible
constriction between head and prothorax: Rhynchophora and some
Heteromera.

Atrium: a chamber just within the spiracle and before
the occluding structure to the trachea.

Atrocoeruleus: very deep, blackish, sky-blue.

Atrophied: wasted away; unfit for use.

Atropurpureus: dark purplish, nearly black [an
admixture of mauve and black].

Atrous: jet black.

Atrovelutinus: velvety black.

Atrovirens: dark green, approaching blackish [prussian
green].

Attenuated: drawn out; slender; tapering.

Attingent: touching.

Atus: suffix; denotes possession of a quality or
structure.

Atypic -ical: off type; not of the usual form.

Auchenorhynchus: with the beak issuing from the
inferior portion of head, as in Homoptera.

Auditory: relating to the sense of hearing.

Auditory organs: Orthoptera; specialized structures
covered by a tense membrane, on the anterior tibia or base of
abdomen; any structure that functions as an ear.

Aurantiacus: orange colored; a mixture of yellow and
red [chrome orange].

Aurate: with ears or ear-like expansions: also =
auratus.

Auratus: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].

Aurelia: = chrysalis or pupa; specifically of
butterflies.

Aurelian: a lepidopterist.

Aureolate: with a diffused colored ring.

Aureole: a ring of color which is usually diffuse
outwardly.

Aureous -eus: gold-colored.

Aurichalceous: brassy yellow.

Auricle -cula: an appendage resembling a little ear; in
Odonata the tumescent area at the sides of the second abdominal
segment: in Andrenidae, a short membranous process placed
laterally on the ligula.

Auricular: applied to the space or cavity surrounding
the dorsal vessel.

Auriculate: with an ear-like appendage or, in antennae,
with the basal joint distended into a concave, plate-like ear
which envelops the rest of the structures.

Auriculo-ventricular: the outer valves of the heart
between the auricular space and the chamber.

Auriculo-ventricular openings: are the lateral openings
into the heart by means of which the blood is admitted into
it.

Auritus: with two ear-like spots or appendages.

Auroral spot: applied to the bright orange colored spot
at the apical area of Anthocharis.

Auroreous -eus: red, like the aurora borealis [crimson
lake].

Austral: is that faunal region which covers the whole
of the United States and Mexico except the boreal mountains and
tropical lowlands: divided into transition, upper, lower and gulf
strip: see boreal and tropical.

Austroriparian faunal area: that part of lower austral
zone covering the greater part of the South Atlantic and Gulf
States. Begins near mouth of Chesapeake Bay, covers half or more
of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
all of Mississippi and Louisiana, east Texas, nearly all of
Indian Territory, more than half of Arkansas and parts of
Oklahoma, s. e. Kansas, so. Missouri, so. Illinois, s. w. corner
of Indiana and bottom lands of Kentucky and Tennessee.

Autotype: any specimen identified by the describer as
an illustration of his species and compared with the type or
co-type.

Auxiliary: additional, or supplementing.

Auxiliary vein: in Diptera (Will.), = subcosta
(Comst.).

Axillae: two small, subtriangular sclerites at the
lateral basal angles of the meso-scutellum in Proctytripidae.

Axillary: placed in the crotch or angle of origin of
two bodies; arising from the angle of ramification.

Axillary area: see anal area.

Axillary calli: see calli axillary.

Axillary cell: in Diptera (Will.), = 2d anal
(Comst.).

Axillary excision: = a. incision, q.v.

Axillary incision: Diptera; an incision on inner margin
of wing, near base, which separates the alula from the main
part.

Axillary lobe: the sclerite covering the base of the
wing in Diptera; see also alula and posterior lobe.

Axillary vein: one or two longitudinal veins toward the
inner margin from the anal vein (Ephemeridae); a group of several
(10-20) radiate veins that occupy the anal field in
Orthoptera.

Axis: a small process at base of elytron, upon which it
turns.

Azure -eus: clear sky-blue [cobalt blue].

Azygos: unpaired; a structure without a fellow;
sometimes applied to an unpaired oviduct specifically the
enlarged portion of the vagina at the junction of the oviducts
and thus = uterus.

B

Baccate -us:
berry-like: applied to bladder-like ovaries from the surface of
which the short ovarian tubes arise.

Back: the dorsum or upper surface.

Baculiform: rod or staff-like.

Badius: liver-brown; clearer and lighter than castaneus
[dragon’s blood].

Baenomere: a leg-bearing (thoracic) segment.

Baenopoda: the thoracic legs.

Baenosome: the thorax.

Balancers: see halteres.

Bald: without hair or other surface vestiture: see
bare.

Band: a transverse marking broader than a line.

Bar: a short, straight band of equal width.

Barb: a spine armed with teeth pointing backward.

Barbate: furnished with barbs; hair with spines or
spurs directed backward.

Barbated: bearded; in antennae with tufts or fascicles
of hair or short bristles on each side of each joint; =
brush-like: on the abdomen, with flat tufts at the sides or
tip.

Barbule: a small barb, beard or filiform appendage.

Bare: without clothing of any kind: see bald.

Basad: in the direction of or toward the base.

Basal: at or pertaining to the base or point of
attachment to or nearest the main body.

Basal area: in wings: that space nearest the point
where they are attached to the body: on the metanotum of
Hymenoptera, the anterior of the three median cells or areas =
1st median area.

Basal cell: Diptera; st (Will.), = radial 2 (Comst.);
2d (Will.), = media (Comst.); Trichoptera; one, two or three
cells enclosed by the branches that form-the post-costal or anal
vein: Odonata; an elongate cell between radius and cubitus, just
before the arculus.

Basalis: the principal mandibular sclerite, when
sclerites are distinguishable, to which all other parts are
jointed; corresponds to the stipes in the maxilla.

Basal line: in many Lepidoptera; a transverse line
extending half way across the primaries very close to base.

Basal lobe: of culicid genitalia, see claspette.

Basal post-costal vein: in Agrioninae, one of the
cubito-anal cross- veins.

Basal segment of clasp: see side piece.

Basal space: that area on the primaries of certain
Lepidoptera, between the base and t. a. line (q.v.).

Basal streak: in Noctuid moths, extends from base,
through the submedian interspace to the t. a. line.

Basal transverse carina: on the metanotum of
Hymenoptera, crosses before middle and separates the anterior
from the median areas.

Base: that part of any appendage that is nearest the
body: on the thorax that portion nearest the abdomen; on the
abdomen that portion nearest the thorax.

Basement membrane: that thin layer of tissue upon which
the epithelium rests.

Basilar: of or pertaining to the base.

Basilar cross-vein: Odonata; crosses the basilar
space.

Basilar membrane: a thin membrane separating the cones
and rods from the optic tract.

Basilar space: Odonata; that area at base of wings,
between media and cubitus.

Basi-proboscis: basal third of the flexed proboscis of
muscid flies.

Batesian mimicry: see mimicry.

Bathmis: see pterostigma.

Bave: the fluid silk as it is spun by caterpillars.

Beak: any notable prolongation of the front of the
head: the snout in Rhynchophora: specifically, the jointed
structure covering the lancets in the hemipterous mouth.

Bearded: fringed with hair: see barbated.

Belly: venter; under side of abdomen.

Belonoid: needle-like.

Bi: prefix, means two.

Bi-alar: two-winged; applied to Diptera.

Biarcuate: twice curved.

Biareolate: with two cells or areoles: see
bilocular.

Bicaudate: having two tails or anal processes.

Bicolored: with two colors that contrast to some
extent.

Bicornute: with two horns or cephalic processes.

Bicuspidate: ending in two points or cusps.

Bidactylate: with two fingers or finger-like
processes.

Bidentate: two-toothed.

Biemarginate: twice emarginate; with two excisions.

Bifarious: pointing in opposite directions.

Bifasciate: with two bands or fascia.

Bifid: divided into two parts; split; applied in
Coleoptera to tarsal claws which are divided so that the claws
lie side by side: see biparted.

Biflabellate: antennae with fan-like process on two
sides.

Bifurcate: divided, not over half its length, into two
dull points; forked.

Bifurcation: a forking or division into two: the point
at which a forking occurs.

Biguttate: with two drop-like spots.

Bijugum: in two pairs.

Bilamellar: divided into two lamina or plates.

Bilateral -eriter: with two equal or symmetrical
sides.

Biliary vessels: see malpighian tubules.

Bilineate -us: with two lines.

Bilobate -ed: divided into two lobes.

Binocular: having two cells or compartments: see
biareolate.

Bimaculate: with two spots or maculae.

Binate: in pairs: consisting of a single pair.

Binotate: with two rounded spots.

Binus: paired: doubled.

Biogenesis: the production of life from antecedent
life.

Biomorphotica: those neuropterous insects in which the
pupa is active.

Bionomics: the habits, breeding and adaptations of
living forms.

Biophore: an ultimate constituent of germ plasm or
hereditary substance.

Bioplasm: formative living matter.

Biparted: profoundly divided into two parts: see
bifid.

Bipectinate: antennae having comb-like teeth or
processes on Beach side of each joint.

Bipupillate: an ocellate spot with two pupils, of the
same or different in color.

Biradiate: consisting of, or with two rays or
spokes.

Biramose -ous: having two branches or doubled
appendages.

Biseriately: arranged in double rows or series.

Biserrate: doubly saw-toothed; with a saw tooth on each
side of each antennal joint.

Bisetose -ous: with two bristle-like or setaceous
appendages.

Bisinuate: a margin or line with two sinuations or
incisions.

Bituberculate: with two distinct tubercles.

Biuncinnate: with two hooks.

Bivalve -ed: applied to mouth parts consisting of two
parts or valves united to form a tube.

Bivittate: with two longitudinal stripes or vittae.

Blade: of maxilla, see lacinia.

Blastem: a nucleated protoplasmic layer preceding the
blastoderm.

Blastoderm: the germinal membrane from which the organs
of the embryo are formed.

Blastodermic cells: are those forming the
blastoderm.

Blastogenic: relating to or inherent in the germ or
blast.

Blastophore: the primitive mouth of the embryo.

Blind: without eyes: applied also to an ocellate spot
without a pupil.

Bloom: a fine violet dusting similar to that on plums.
{Scanner’s note: See Pruinous.}

Blotch: a large irregular spot or mark: large whitish
membrane between abdomen and thorax in certain saw-flies.

Blunt: not sharp; obtuse at the edge or tip.

Body: the trunk: usually applied to the thorax only;
rarely to the abdomen alone; sometimes to thorax and abdomen
combined.

Bombifrons: front of head with a blister-like
protuberance.

Bombous: blister-like; spherically enlarged or
dilated.

Bombycinous: a very pale yellow like fresh spun
silk.

Boreal: from or belonging to the north: is that faunal
region that extends from the polar sea southward to near the
northern boundary of the United States and farther south occupies
a narrow strip along the Pacific Coast and the higher parts of
the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky and Alleghany Mountain ranges; divided
into Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian: see austral and
tropical.

Borer: applied to an insect or larva that burrows or
makes channels in woody or other vegetable tissue.

Botryoidal: clustered like a bunch of grapes.

Bouclier: the pronotum, q.v.

Bouton: a button; the terminal lappet-like process at
the tip of the ligula in bees: = spoon.

Brachelytra: with abbreviated wing covers or
elytra.

Brachia: the arms: has been applied to raptorial
fore-legs.

Brachial: relating to an arm; arm-like.

Brachial cells: Hymenoptera; 1st (Nort.), = costal and
subcostal (Comst.) 2d (Nort.), = medial (Comst.); 3d (Nort.), =
cubital (Comst.); 4th (Nort.), = 2d anal (Comst.).

Brachial veins: of primaries in Hymenoptera, originate
at base, run parallel to inner edge toward anal angle; often
connected with the cubital cellules by means of recurrent
venules.

Brachium: the fore tibia.

Brachycerous: Diptera; with short, 3-jointed
antennae.

Brachypterous: with short or abbreviated wings.

Brachyostomata: brachycerous Diptera with short
proboscis.

Brain: that ganglion of the nervous system which lies
in the head above the oesophagus; formed of the first three
primitive ganglia: see supra-oesophageal.

Branchiae: air tubes or gill-like processes of aquatic
larva;.

Branchial: relating to the gills or branchiae.

Branchiate: supplied with gills or bronchia.

Brassy: yellow, with the lustre of metallic brass.

Breast: the under surface of thorax or sternum.

Breast-bone: in Cecidomyid larvae; a horny, more or
less elongate process of the under side behind the mouth opening,
supposed to represent the labium = anchor process.

Breathing pores: see spiracle.

Brevis: short.

Brides: Homoptera; two pieces on the face, one each
side of clypeus and lower part of front.

Bridge: Odonata; a secondary longitudinal vein
connecting the radial sector (Comst.) with Mi + 2, apparently
forming a continuous part of the radial sector; it is the
proximal portion of the subnodal sector of de Selys and
Hagen.

Bridge cross veins: Odonata; those cross veins, one or
more in number, extending between M1 + 2 and the bridge (in de
Selys between principal and subnodal sectors) proximal to the
oblique vein.

Brin: the fluid silk thread from each salivary
gland.

Bristle: a stiff hair, usually short and blunt.

Broken: interrupted in continuity; as a line or
band.

Bronze: the color of old brass.

Brood: all the specimens that hatch at about one time,
from eggs laid by one series of parents and which normally mature
at about the same time.

Brunneus: a pure reddish dark brown [indian red].

Brush-like: antennae with the joints laterally produced
and tufted with short hair or bristles: see barbated.

Buccal: relating to the mouth cavity; rarely to the
cheeks.

Buccal appendages: the mouth parts excluding the
labrum: see trophi. Buccal cavity: the mouth: = oral cavity.

Buccal fissure: the mouth slit or opening: the opening
on each side of the mentum.

Buccate: blown up, distended; especially the
cheeks.

Bucculae: little cheeks or distended areas.

Budding: applied to that form of agamic reproduction
found in plant lice.

Bulla: a blister or blister-like structure: the
shield-like sclerite that closes the opening to the trachea in
lamellicorn larvae: in Ephemerida a part of the costal area of
the fore wing toward the tip, which is slightly swollen forward
and furnished with more cross veins than elsewhere; practically
the stigma, q.v.

Bullate: blistered.

Bullule: a small blister.

Bursa: a pouch or sac: a wing pouch in male caddice
flies and in connection with a stalked hair pencil.

Bursa copulatrix: the copulatory pouch of the female in
some orders; a modification of the vagina.

C

Caducous-us:
deciduous; easily detached or shed.

Caecal tubes or pouches: sac, or blind tube-like
structures surrounding the chylific ventricle at its junction
with the crop, and secreting a digestive ferment.

Caecum: a blind sac or tube-like structure serving as
one of the caecal tubes or pouches: see coecum.

Caelate: a surface with plane elevations of varying
forms.

Caeruleus -eous: light sky-blue [between lavender and
cobalt blue] = coeruleus.

Caerulescent: with a tinge of sky-blue.

Caesius -eous: a pale dull blue-gray [blue-gray].

Caespiticolous: frequenting or living in grassy
pastures or lawns.

Calathiform: shaped like a deep bowl.

Calcar -ium; pl. ia: a movable spur or spine-like
process: specifically the spines at the apex of a tibia.

Calcarate -us: with a movable spur or spine-like
process.

Caliciform: shaped like a cup or calyx.

Calipers: the anal forceps in Dermaptera.

Calli axillary: Odonata; thickenings at the bases of
the wings; distinguished as anterior at the base of the costa,
and posterior at the base of radius + medius and cubitus: =
axillary calli.

Callosity: a thick swollen lump, harder than its
surroundings: = callous: also a rather flattened elevation not
necessarily harder than the surrounding tissue.

Callous: see callosity.

Callus: a small callosity.

Caltrops spines: the branched and otherwise specialized
irritating spines in Limacodid larvae.

Calva: a skull-cap: = epicranium, q.v.

Calx: the distal end of the tibia; the curving basal
portion of the first tarsal joint.

Calyculate: applied to antennae, whose cup-shaped
joints are so arranged as to fit one into the other.

Calypter: Diptera; the alula or squama when it covers
the haltere.

Calyptra: a hood or cap; see alula.

Calyptrate: those flies that have aluke or membranous
scales above the halteres.

Calyx: the cap or crown of the mushroom bodies of the
procerebrum: see also egg-calyx.

Campanulate: bell-shaped: more or less ventricose at
the base and a little recurved at the margin.

Campestral: applied to species inhabiting open
fields.

Campodeiform: applied to larval forms which, in their
early stages at least, resemble Campodea: = leptitorm.

Canadian zone: is that part of the boreal region
comprising the southern part of the great transcontinental
coniferous forests of Canada, the northern parts of Maine, New
Hampshire and Michigan, and a strip along the Pacific Coast
reaching south to Cape Mendocino and the greater part of the high
mountains of the United States and Mexico. In the east covers
Green. Adirondack and Catskill Mountains and the higher mountains
of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, western North Carolina
and eastern Tennessee. In the Rockies extends continuously from
British Columbia to western Wyoming and in the Cascades from
British Columbia to southern Oregon with a narrow interruption
along the Columbia River.

Canaliculate: channelled; longitudinally grooved, with
a deeper concave line in the middle.

Cancellate: cross-barred: latticed: with longitudinal
lines decussate by transverse lines.

Canescent: hoary, with more white than gray.

Canine teeth: applied to the sharp and conical teeth of
mandibles in predatory species: = dentes caninae.

Cantharidin: the substance that gives the meloid
beetles their blistering power composition, C10H12O4 (von
Furth).

Canthus: the chitinous process more or less completely
dividing the eyes of some insects into an upper and lower
half.

Canus: see canescent.

Capillaceous: capilla or hair-like.

Capillaris: a very slender, hair-like tube.

Capillary: long and slender like a hair: antennae in
which the joints are long, slender and loosely articulated.

Capillate -us: clothed with long slender hair; =
coryphatus.

Capillii: hairs of the head that form a cap as in
certain Trichoptera and Tineid Lepidoptera.

Capillitium: the hood-like collar in some Noctuid
moths, e.g. Cucullia: see cucullus.

Capitate: with a head: that type of clavate antenna in
which the club is abruptly enlarged at tip and forms a spherical
mass.

Capitulum: a small head: the enlarged tip of an
antenna: the little knob at tip of halteres in Diptera: the
labella or lapping tip of the mouth of certain flies.

Capricorn beetle: a Cerambycid or long horned
beetle.

Caprification: is that method or process through which
the Smyrna figs are fertilized by Blastophaga throughthe medium
of wild, inedible or “caprifigs.”

Capsular: in the form of a capsule or little cup-like
container.

Caput: the head with all its appendages.

Capylus: a hump on the Tupper side of the segments of
many larva.

Carabidoid: applied to the second stage of a meloid
larva, when it resembles that of a Carabid.

Carbonarius: coal black.

Cardia: the gizzard; q.v.: also applied to the
heart.

Cardiac: belonging or relating to the heart.

Cardiac valvule: see oesophageal valve.

Cardinal cell: Odonata; see triangle.

Cardioblasts: a string or row of cells in the embryo
giving rise to the heart or dorsal vessel.

Cardio-coelom: that part of the coelom that forms the
pericardium.

Cardio-coelomic: applied to the venous openings from
the heart to the body cavity.

Cardo, pl. Cardines: the hinge or basal sclerite of the
maxilla by means of which it is jointed to the head.

Carina -ae: an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily
high or acute. Carinate: a surface having carinae.

Carinula -ae: a little carina or keel-like ridge;
specifically, the longitudinal elevation on the middle of snout
in Rhynchophora.

Carinulate: a surface with small and rather numerous
carinae.

Cariose -ous: corroded; appearing as if worm-eaten.

Carminate -ed: mixed or tinged with carmine.

Carneous -eus: flesh-colored [salmon with a little
carmine].

Carnivorous: a feeder upon flesh food.

Cariose -us: of a soft, fleshy substance.

Carolinian faunal area: that area of the upper austral
zone comprising the larger part of the Middle States (except the
mountains), s. e. So. Dakota, east. Nebraska, Kansas and part of
Oklahoma; nearly all of Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio,
Maryland and Delaware; more than half of West Virginia, Kentucky,
Tennessee and New Jersey and large areas in Alabama, Georgia, the
Carolinas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and South
Ontario: extends along Atlantic Coast from near mouth of
Chesapeake Bay to Southern Connecticut and sends narrow arms up
the valleys of the Hudson and Connecticut. A narrow arm follows
the east shore of Lake Michigan to Grand Traverse Bay.

Carpus: the pterostigma of Odonata: the extremity of
the radius and cubitus of the primaries: that point in the wings
at which they are tratsversely folded.

Cartilaginous: of the consistency of cartilage or
gristle.

Caruncle: a soft, naked, fleshy excrescence or
protuberance.

Caryophylleous: nut or clove brown [Indian red].

Castaneous: chestnut brown; bright red-brown [dragon’s
blood with a slight admixture of vermilion].

Castes: the various forms or kinds of matured
individuals among social insects as workers, soldiers, queens,
etc.

Cataphracted: invested with a hard callous skin, or
with scales closely united. Catch: in Collembola, = tenaculum,
q.v.

Catenate: with longitudinal connected elevations like
links in a chain.

Catenulate: like catenate; but the links are
smaller.

Caterpillar: the term applied to the larvae of
Lepidoptera.

Catervatum: by heaps.

Caudal: the tail: any process resembling a tail: the
pointed end of the abdomen in plant lice: any extension of the
anal segment or appendage terminating the abdomen.

Caudad: toward the posterior end of the body, along the
median line.

Caudal: pertaining to the posterior or anal
extremity.

Caudal setae: long, thread-like processes at the end of
the abdomen in many europterous and some other insects; = anal
filaments.

Caudate: with tail-like extensions or processes.

Caudo-cephalic: in a line from the head to the
tail.

Caudo-dorsad: directed upward and toward the tail.

Caudula -ae: a little tail.

Caul: the fatty mass of larvae from which the organs of
the future adult were supposed to develop: = epiploon.

Cauliculus: the larger of the two stalks supporting the
calyx of the mushroom body.

Caulis: the funicle of antenna: the corneous basal part
of jaws.

Cavate: hollowed out; cave-like.

Cavernicolous: cave-inhabiting.

Cavernous: divided into small spaces or little
caverns.

Cavity -as: a hollow space or opening.

Cecidium: a gall.

Cell: any space between or bounded by veins: in the
Comstock system the cells derive their names from the vein
forming the Tupper margin: e.g. all just below the radius are
radial cells; and they are numbered from the base outward, as
radial 1, 2, etc.: the living unit; protoplasm differentiated
into cytoplasm and nucleus, from which units all but the lowest
plants and animals are developed by division and consequent
increase into a multicellular condition: a compartment or
division of a nest or honey-comb.

Cellule: a portion of a wing included between veins;
usually applied to a small area completely inclosed, rarely to
interspaces where no closed area is formed.

Cenchrus -rib: minute, often white marks, or membranous
spaces on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera.

Cenogonous: producing young at one time oviparously, at
another viviparously as in plant-lice.

Centimeter: abb. Cm.: = .01 meter = .394 inch; 2.54 Cm.
= one inch.

Centrad: toward the centre or interior.

Central foveola: see median foveola.

Centrolecithal: applied to eggs in which the food yolk
is central.

Centrosome: a spherical body that appears outside the
nucleus of a cell.

Cephalad: toward the head, along the central line of
the body.

Cephalic: belonging or attached to the head; directed
toward the head.

Cephalic bristles: Diptera; specialized bristles
occurring on the head.

Cephalic foramen: the posterior or occipital foramen of
head through which the dorsal vessel, oesophagus, salivary ducts
and ventral nerve cords pass from head to prothorax.

Cephalization: concentration toward the head.

Cephalomere: one of the head segments of an
arthropod.

Cephalophragm: a v-shaped partition which divides the
head of some Orthoptera, into an anterior and posterior
chamber.

Cephalon: the head.

Cephalosome: the head as one of the three regions.

Cephalotheca: the head covering in the pupal stage.

Cephalotheca: the united head and thorax of arachnids
and crustacea {Scanner’s note: nowadays this term is used
little if at all. It does not seem ever to have been popular.
Instead the terms cephalothorax or prosoma are widely used.}
: that portion of an obtect pupa covering head and thorax: the
anterior segments of larva that have no obviously separated
head.

Cerago: bee-bread.

Ceratheca or Ceratotheca: that portion of the pupal
shell that envelops the antenna.

Cerci: two lateral anal appendages; usually short,
jointed, antenna- like, developed from the eleventh abdominal
segment of the embryo; sometimes unjointed and specialized into
forceps or other processes.

Cercopoda: jointed foot-like appendages of the last
abdominal segment; also applied like cerci.

Cercus: see cerci.

Cerebellum: has been applied to the sub-esophageal
ganglion.

Cerebrum: the supra-oesophageal ganglion.

Cernuous: bent: with the apex bent downward.

Cervical: relating or belonging to the neck.

Cervical foramen: in coleopterous larvae – occipital
foramen.

Cervical sclerites: small ebitinous plates on the
membrane between head and thorax: see jugular sclerites.

Cervical shield: the ebitinous plate on the prothorax
of caterpillars just behind the head: = prothorax shield.

Cerviculate: with a long neck or neck-like portion.

Ceryinus: reddish, deer-gray [pale cadmium yellow and
Indian red].

Cervix: the upper part of the neck; = crag: in Diptera;
that part of the occiput lying over the junction of the head,
i.e. between the vertex and neck.

Cespitose: matted together.

Chaetophorous: applied to bristle-bearing flies.

Chaetotaxy: the science dealing with the arrangement
and nomenclature of the bristles on the body of insects.

Chagrined: see shagreened.

Chalastrogastra: the saw-flies: a group of
Hymenoptera.

Chalceous: brassy in color or appearance.

Chalybeate: steely in appearance.

Chalybeous: metallic steel blue.

Channelled: a surface, with deep grooves or
channels.

Chaperon: =clypeus or clypeus anterior.

Chaplet: a little crown; a circle of hooks or other
small processes terminating a member or appendage.

Character: a quality of form, color or structure.

Cheek: see gena.

Chela: the terminal portion of a limb bearing a lateral
movable claw like that of a crab; specifically applied to the
feet in some Parasitica in which the opposable claw forms a
clasping structure.

Chelate: bearing a cheat or claw; applied when claws
are capable of being drawn down or back upon the last tarsal
joint.

Chiasma: an X-like crossing of nerve fibers.

Chirotype: a specimen upon which a manuscript name is
based.

Chitin: the material forming the hard parts of the
insect body; it is a secretion (or a metamorphosis?) of the
epidermis, differing from horn by its insolubility in boiling
liquor potassae: = elytra, entomolin.

Chitinogenous: applied to that layer of epidermal cells
which secretes the chitin.

Chitinization: the process of depositing or filling
with chitin.

Chitinized: filled in with or hardened by chitin.

Chitinous: composed of chitine {Scanner’s comment:
sic} or like it in texture: as a color term is amber
yellow.

Chlorophane: an oily, greenish yellow pigment found in
insects.

Chlorophyll: the green coloring matter of plants; one
of the substances found in the blood of insects.

Chordotonal: responsive to vibrations; applied to the
ear-like structures in Orthoptera,.

Chorion: the shell or covering membrane of an insect
egg.

Chromatin: the minute granules that make up the
chromoplasm of a cell nucleus.

Chromosome: one of the segments into which the
chromoplasmic filaments of a cell nucleus breaks up just before
indirect division.

Chrysalis or -id: applied specifically to the
intermedial stage between larva and adult in butterflies: see
pupa.

Chrysargyrus: silvery gilt.

Chyle: the food-mass after it has passed through the
guard and is mixed with the secretions of the salivary glands and
caecal structures, ready to be assimilated.

Chylific ventricle: the true stomach in which the chyle
is prepared and digestion begins.

Cibarian: referring to the mouth parts.

Cicatricose: a surface having scars with elevated
margins like those of small-pox.

Cicatrix: a scar: an elevated, rigid spot.

Cilia: fringes; series of moderate or thin hair
arranged in tufts or single lines; thin scattered hair on a
surface or margin.

Ciliate: fringed: set with even, parallel hairs or soft
bristles.

Cilium, pl. Cilia: q.v.

Cimicine: an oily fluid of disagreeable odor secreted
by certain Heteroptera and used as a means of defense.

Cimier: the head crest in Pierid chrysalids.

Cinetus: with a colored band:= cingulatus.

Cinereous: ash-colored; gray tinged with blackish
[ultra ash gray]. Cinerescent: ashen in color or appearance.

Cingula -um: a colored band or bands.

Circulate -us: having a cingulum or collar: see also
cinetus.

Cinnabarine: [vermilion red].

Cinnamomeous: cinnamon brown [burnt sienna].

Cinema: see Thysanura, of which this forms a group
including the bristle-tails, and for which it has been used as an
equivalent.

Circinal: spirally rolled like a watch-spring or a
butterfly tongue.

Circiter: about, or round-about.

Circular: round like a circle.

Circumgenital glands: small circular glands with an
excretory orifice at tip, disposed in groups about the genital
orifice in Diaspinae.

Circumoesophageal commissures: those cords or nerve
fibres connecting the suboesophageal ganglion with the main trunk
of nervous system.

Circumsepted: with a vein all around the wing.

Citrate: antennae with very long, curled lateral
branches which may or may not be ciliated; see plumose.

Cirrose -us: with somewhat dense curled hair.

Cirrus: a curled lock of hair placed on a thin
stalk.

Citrine -us: lemon yellow [chrome yellow].

Cladocerous: with branched horns or antennae.

Clasper: a chitinized process, free or attached to the
inner sides of harpes, valves or other lateral pieces, serving to
hold the female parts during copulation: = the harpers of some
authors.

Claspette: in genitalia of male culicids, the inner
basal lobe of side piece; q.v.

Clasp-filament: in male genitalia of culicids the
articulated appendage or terminal segment of side-piece or clasp;
sometimes bears an articulated point or apex and then =
articulated apex.

Class: a division of the animal kingdom lower than a
sub-kingdom and higher than an order: e.g. the “Class
Insecta.”

Classification: is the systematic arrangement of
insects (or other animals or plants) in series showing their
relation or agreement in structure, life habits or other
characters forming the basis of the “classification.”

Clathrate: latticed or lattice-like in appearance.

Claustrum: the structure uniting the wings in flight,
whether by hooks, by a thickening of the margin, or by a
jugum.

Clava: a club; the enlarged apical joints of a clubbed
antenna: = clavola.

Claval suture: Hemiptera; at the base of hemelytra,
separating the clavus.

Clavate: clubbed: thickening gradually toward the
tip.

Clavate hairs: in Collembola, = tenent hairs.

Clavicornia: that series of beetles having the antennae
more or less distinctly enlarged or clubbed at tip.

Clavicular lobe: Homoptera; that portion of hind wing
behind anal veins.

Claviform: club-like in form; specifically, in Noctuid
moths an elongate spot or mark extending from the t. a. line
through the submedian interspace, toward and sometimes to the
t.p. line.

Clavola: see clava.

Clavus: the club of an antenna lava and clavola: in
Heteroptera, the oblong sclerite at the base of the inferior
margin of the hemelytra: the knob at the end of the stigmal or
radial veins in certain Hymenoptera.

Claws: the claw or hook-like structures at the end of
the foot or tarsus.

Cleavage: see segmentation of egg.

Cleft: split: partly divided, longitudinally: in
Coleopteran applied to claws so divided that the parts lie one
above the other.

Clintheriform: shaped like a plate. Cloaca: see
rectum.

Clubbed: see clavate.

Clypeal suture: marks the division between clypeus and
epicranium.

Clypeate: shield-like in form.

Clypeate constriction: applied when a surface is drawn
in from the sides so as to produce a shield or saddle-like
form.

Clypeo-frontal suture: = clypeal suture.

Clypeus: that portion of the head before or below the
front, to which the labrum is attached anteriorly; in Diptera
often visible below the margin of the mouth in front, as a more
or less visor-shaped piece:= epistoma.

Clypeus-anterior: see ante-clypeus.

Clypeus posterior: see post-clypeus.

Coactus: condensed; of a short stout form.

Coadapted: formed so as to work together to one end; as
the mandible and maxilla in Chrysopids, etc.

Coadunate: joined together at base; two or more joined
together; said of elytra when permanently united at the
suture.

Coagulate: to congeal; to change from a fluid to a
jelly.

Coagulum: a clotted mass, as of blood.

Coalescent: united or grown together.

Coarctate: contracted: compacted: applied to that form
of pupa in which all the members of the future adult are
concealed by a thickened, usually cylindric case or covering,
which is often the hardened skin of the larva: beginning with a
narrow base, then dilated and thickened.

Cocardes: retractile vesicular bodies on each side of
the thorax in certain Malachidae.

Coccineous: cochineal red; dark red [carmine].

Cochleiformis: formed like a snail shell.

Cochleate: spirally twisted like a screw or a univalve
shell.

Cocoon: a covering, composed partly or wholly of silk
or other viscid fibre, spun or constructed by many larvae as a
protection to the pupa.

Cocoon-breaker: structures or processes of the pupa,
often on the head, by means of which it works its way out of the
cocoon.

Coecal: ending blindly, or in a closed tube or
pouch.

Coecum: a blind sac or tube: applied to a series of
appendages opening into the alimentary canal at the junction of
the gizzard and chylific ventricle: see caecum; the two are used
interchangeably.

Coeloblast: the endoderm in the narrower sense.

Coelom: the body cavity.

Coelomic cavity: the space between the viscera and the
body wall.

Coelom-sac: the cavity containing the viscera: in
embryology one of a pair of closed sacs, arising in the mesoderm
of each segment of the embryo and giving rise to more or less of
the coelom of the adult.

Coenogonous: oviparous at one season of the year,
ovoviviparous at another, as in Aphididae.

Coeruleus -eous: sky-blue: see caeruleus.

Coincident: when two wing veins run together or lie,
one in continuation of the other so as to appear like one.

Coleoptera: sheath-winged: an order with the primaries
coriaceous, used as a cover only, meeting in a straight line
dorsally; mouth mandibulate; pro-thorax free; transformation
complete: the beetles: the term has also been applied to the two
elytra together.

Collar: in general any structure between the head and
thorax: specifically, in Hymenoptera, the neck; in Diptera, may
mean the neck, the sclerites attached to the thorax, the thorax
itself, or its processes (ante furca): in Coleoptera, is the
narrowed thorax; in Lepidoptera, applied to the sclerites
attached to the thorax and which shield the neck.

Collembola: an ordinal term applied to species which
are apterous; have no metamorphoses; have variably developed
abdominal saltatorial appendages and a peculiar ventral tube at
base: the spring-tails.

Colleterial gland: see Colleterium.

Colleterium: a glandular structure accessory to the
oviduct, secreting the viscid material used in cementing the eggs
together.

Collophore: the sucker-like organ extended from the
underside of the abdomen in Collembola.

Collum: the neck or collar: the slender connection
between head and thorax in Hymenoptera and Diptera; in
Coleoptera, the posterior, narrow part of the head or even the
thorax: loosely used.

Colon: the large intestine; that usually enlarged
portion of the alimentary canal before the rectum.

Columella: a little rod, pillar or central axis.

Columnar: cylindric, but tapering toward one end.

Comate -us: only the upper part of head, or vertex,
covered with hair. Commensal: one who eats at another’s table:
applied to species that feed on the surplus supply of another,
without destroying the owner of the supply.

Commensalism: applied to this manner of living and
eating together.

Comminute: to grind up fine: to reduce to minute
particles.

Commissure: the nerves connecting two ganglia: the
point of meeting or union of two bodies: a bridge connecting two
bodies or structures; e.g. tracheal tubes.

Common: of frequent occurrence: occurring on two
adjacent parts: a band or fascia is common when it crosses both
primaries and secondaries.

Communal: applied to life or dwelling in colonies like
ants and bees.

Comose: ending in a tuft or brush.

Complanate: compressed: flattened above and below: =
deplanate.

Complemental: applied to sexed forms in the Termitidae,
capable of reproduction, but which do not reach the winged stage;
the females are less fertile than the forms that become winged
and several may be used in one nest to replace a lost queen or
mature female.

Complicant: when one elytron extends over the other and
partially covers it.

Complicate: longitudinally laid in folds: intricate as
opposed to simple.

Component: one part of a combined whole.

Compound: made up of many similar or dissimilar
parts.

Compressed: flattened laterally.

Concatenate: linked together in a chain-like
series.

Concave: hollowed out; the interior of a sphere as
opposed to the outer or convex surface: concave veins are those
that occupy the bottoms of troughs or grooves on the upper
surface of a wing; see convex veins.

Concavo-convex: hollowed out or concave on one surface,
rounded or convex on the other; like a small segment of a hollow
sphere.

Concentrated: gathered together at one point;
intensified or strengthened by evaporation.

Conchate: applied to the shell-like inflation of the
auricle in the cephalic tibia of Orthoptera.

Concinne: neat; fine.

Concolorous: of the same general color.

Concretion: a massing together of parts or
particles.

Concurrent: applied to a vein which arises separately,
runs into another and does-not again separate.

Conduplicate: doubled or folded together.

Condyle: a process which articulates the base of the
mandible to the head: in general any process by means of which an
appendage is articulated into a pan or cavity.

Confertim: closely clustered or crowded.

Conflect: crowded; clustered; opposed to sparse.

Confluent: running together; as of two macula when
united in one outline.

Confused: a marking with indefinite outlines: a running
together as of lines and spots without definite pattern.

Congener: a species belonging to the same genus.

Congeneric: applied to a species agreeing in all
characters of generic value with others compared with it.

Congested: heaped together; crowded: distended.

Conglobate: gathered together in a ball or sphere.

Conglobate gland: a glandular appendage of male sexual
organs in Orthoptera, opening upon one of the external
structures.

Conglomerate: congregated; massed together.

Conic -al: cylindrical, with a flat base, tapering to a
point.

Conico-acuminate: in the form of a long, pointed
cone.

Coniferous: a surface which bears cone-like
processes.

Conjugate: to bring together in pairs: consisting of a
single pair. Conjugation: the union of pairs; usually applied to
the merging of the male and female elements.

Conjunctiva: the membrane uniting the abdominal
sclerites.

Conjunctivus: a mandibular sclerite between the molar
and basalis.

Conjunctura: the articulation of a wing to the
thorax.

Connate: united at base, or along the whole length.

Connexivum: the prominent abdominal margin of Het., at
junction of dorsal and ventral plates: also used like
pulmonarium, q.v.

Connivent: converging: approaching together: wings so
folded in repose that they unite perfectly at their corresponding
margins.

Consperse: irregularly dotted or sprinkled.

Conspicuous: striking: easily seen at a glance.

Conspurcatus: confusedly sprinkled with discolored or
dark spots.

Constituent: a part or element of a whole.

Constricted: drawn in: narrowed medially and dilated
toward the extremities.

Contiguous: so near together as to touch.

Contorted: twisted: obliquely incumbent upon each
other.

Contour: the outline or periphery.

Contract -ed: to draw or drawn together: to reduce, or
reduced in size by contraction.

Contractile: that which may be drawn together or
contracted or which has the power of contracting.

Contrasting: appearing in sharp relief or contrast; as
one color or marking against another.

Converging: approaching each other toward the tip.

Convergence: the approaching or drawing together at
tips.

Convex: the outer curved surface of a segment of a
sphere; opposed to concave: convex veins are those which occupy
the summits of ridges on the upper surface of – wing; see concave
veins.

Convolute: rolled or twisted spirally: also applied to
wings when they are wrapped around the body.

Coprophagus: feeding on excrement or on decaying
vegetable matter of an excrementitious character.

Copula, Copulation: the act of sexual union.

Copulate: to unite in sexual intercourse.

Copulation chamber: a chamber or cell excavated by
certain Scolytid beetles in their burrows, in which copulation
takes place: = rammel-kammer.

Coralline: a pale pinkish red [salmon].

Corbel: an ovate area at the distal end of the tibia in
Coleoptera, surrounded by a fringe of minute bristles; when the
articular cavity is on the side, above the tip, the corbel is
closed; when the cavity is at the extreme tip, the corbel is
open.

Corbicula -um: a concave, smooth space, edged by a
fringe of hairs arising from the margins of the posterior tibiae
in bees, forming the pollen basket its function is to hold the
collected pollen in place.

Corbiculate: having corbicula.

Cordate: heart-shaped; triangular, with the corners of
the base rounded: not necessarily emarginate at the middle of
base.

Cordiform: = cordate.

Coriaceo-reticulate: with impressed reticulations
giving a leather-like appearance.

Coriaceous: leather-like: thick, tough and somewhat
rigid.

Coriarious: leather-like in sculpture or texture.

Corium: the elongate middle section of the hemelytra
which extends from base to membrane below the embolium.

Cornea: the outer surface of the compound eye as a
whole, and of each individual facet.

Corneal lenses: are the individual lens-like structures
of which the cornea of the compound eye is composed.

Corneous: of a horny or chitinous substance; resembling
horn in texture.

Cornicles: the honey tubes in plant-lice: =
corniculus.

Corniculi: the little horny tips or pieces of the
ovipositor in Orthoptera; see valves.

Corniculus -i: = cornicles; honey-tubes; q.v.

Corniform: like the horn of an ox: a long, mucronate or
pointed process.

Cornute -us: having horns or horn-like processes.

Corona: a crown or crown-like processes.

Coronate: with a crown-like tip or termination.

Coronet: a small crown or corona.

Coronula: a circle or semicircle of spines at the apex
of the tibia.

Corpus: the body as a whole.

Corpus adiposum: the mass of fat tissue often found in
larvae.

Corpuscle: a small cell; usually applied to blood
cells.

Correlate: to bring together into relation or
correspondence.

Correlated: derived from the same ancestral form: said
of two or more features or qualities which bear a direct or an
inverse relation to each other, but without implying a relation
of cause and effect.

Correlative: of a correlated nature; see
correlated.

Corrode: to eat away gradually, as by rust or
decay.

Corrodentia: an ordinal term meaning gnawers:
net-veined or wingless: mandibulate, mouth formed for gnawing;
transformation incomplete; thorax incompletely agglutinated: =
Psocoptera: includes Termitidae, Psocidae and Mallophaga.
{Scanner’s comment: These four groups are now placed in
totally separate orders, and not families as these names
imply}

Corrugated: wrinkled; with alternate ridges and
channels.

Corselet: the thorax in Coleoptera.

Cortical: relating to the cortex or outer skin.

Corticinus: bark-like in sculpture, texture or color
[vandyke brown].

Corvinus: crow-black; deep, shining black with a
greenish lustre.

Coryphatus: = capillatus.

Corysterium: an abdominal glandular structure in
certain females, secreting a glutinous covering for the eggs.

Cosmopolitan: species that occur throughout most of the
world.

Cosmotropical: species that occur throughout the
tropics.

Costa: any elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest:
the thickened anterior margin of any wing, but usually the
primaries: in Comstock, the vein extending along the anterior
margin of the wing from base to the point of junction with
subcosta.

Costal area: the area behind costal vein; see also,
costal field.

Costal cell: the area inclosed between the costal and
subcostal veins: in the plural, Comstock, are all the cells
anteriorly margined by the costa; in Hymenoptera (Norton),
includes the 1st, 2d and subcostal; of Packard, the 3d costal =
2d radial 1, and radial 2: in Diptera (Will.), it is the 2d
costal.

Costal field: Orthoptera; that region of the tegmina
adjacent to the anterior margin or costa: = anterior field.

Costal fold: in the males of some Hesperidae, a
membranous flap that may be opened to expose the androconia.

Costal margin: the anterior margin of a wing whether it
is really costate or not.

Costal membrane: Hymenoptera; the surface of wing in
front of costal vein.

Costal vein: Lepidoptera; runs close to and parallel
with the costal margin, extending from base to the margin before
the apex; always simple and often absent in the secondaries; is
vein 12 of the numerical series on primaries; vein 8 on
secondaries: = subcosta (Comst.).

Costate: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened
lines.

Costula: Hymenoptera; a small ridge separating the
externo-median meta-thoracic area into two parts.

Costulatus: less prominently ribbed than costate.

Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball
and socket joint.

Cotypes: are all the specimens before the describer
when a species is named, no single one being selected as the
type: the type in such case equals the sum of the cotypes: see
paratype.

Coxa -ae: the basal segment of the leg, by means of
which it is articulated to the body.

Coxal cavity: the opening or space in which the Coxa
articulates; in Coleoptera the cavity is open when the epimera do
not extend to the sternum; closed or entire when the epimera
reach the sternum or join medially as in Rhynchophora; the
cavities are separated when the prosternum extends between them,
confluent when it does not: see acetabulum.

Coxal glands: eversible glandular structures at base of
legs; well developed in some Thysanurans, modified variously in
higher orders.

Coxal stylets: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on
the underside of the abdominal segments in Thysanura.

Crag: the neck: = cervix.

Cranium: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes
limited to the fixed parts above the clypeo-frontal suture.

Crassus: thick; tumid.

Crateriform: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl.

Creber: closely set.

Cremaster: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the
hind end of pupae in Lepidoptera.

Crenate: scalloped, with rounded teeth.

Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded and
rather deeply curved.

Crepitation: a crackling sound or the production of
such as by discharge of vapor or “bombarding”: a cracking or
creaking.

Crepuscular: active or flying at dusk.

Crescentiform: like a lunule or crescent.

Crescentric: lunulate.

Crest: a prominent, longitudinal carina on the upper
surface of any part of the head or body.

Crested: see cristate.

Cretaceous: chalky white: the third, uppermost and
latest of the three great divisions of the mesozoic or secondary
rocks.

Cribrate: pierced with closely set, small holes.

Cribriform: with perforations like those of a
sieve.

Crineous: dark-brown, with a slight admixture of yellow
and gray.

Crinite -us: with tufts of long thin hair: see
lanuginose.

Crispate -us: with a wrinkled or fluted margin.

Crista: a ridge or crest.

Cristate: with a prominent carina or crest on the upper
surface::= crested.

Cristiform: in the form of a sharp ridge or crest.

Cristula: a small crest.

Cristulate: with little crescent-like ridges or
crests.

Croceous: saffron yellow; yellow with an admixture of
red [pale cadmium yellow].

Crocus: =croceous.

Crook: the hook or recurved tip of the antenna in
Hesperidae.

Crop: the dilated portion of the alimentary canal
behind the gullet which serves to receive and hold the food
previous to its slower passage through the digestive tract: =
ingluvies.

Crotchets: the curved spines or hooks on the prolegs of
caterpillars and on the cremaster of pupae.

Crown: the top of head in Lepidoptera; also used as =
coronet or corona.

Cruciate: shaped like a cross; applied to wings when
the inner margins lie one over the other; or to incumbent wings
that overlie only at the apex: in Diptera, applied to bristles
when they cross in direction.

Cruciato-complicatus: folded crosswise: incumbent wings
when the inner margins overlap; not well distinguished from
cruciate.

Crura: the legs or, more specifically, the thighs.

Crura cerebri: two large cords that connect the supra-
with the sub-oesophageal ganglion.

Crus: a leg or leg-like structure.

Crustaceous: hard, like the shell of a crab.

Crypto: hidden, concealed.

Cryptocerata: a division of Heteroptera with small
antennae concealed in a groove under the bead: = adeloceratous:
see gymnocerata.

Cryptogastra: with the venter or belly covered or
concealed.

Cryptopentamera: feet 5-jointed, the 4th joint small
and concealed.

Cryptotetramera: feet 4-jointed, one of them small and
concealed.

Cryptothorax: a supposed thoracic ring between meso-
and meta-thorax.

Crypts: minute secretory follicles or cavities:
specifically, large gland- like structures between the epithelial
cells in chylific ventricle.

Crystalline: transparent, like crystal.

Crystalline cone: a conical structure below the cornea,
imbedded in pigment cells of the compound eye: also termed
Crystalline lens.

Ctenidium: a comb-like structure occurring on any part
of an insect.

Cubital: referring or belonging to the cubits.

Cubital cell: the wing area between the cubits and anal
vein; in the plural, all the cells bounded anteriorly by the
cubits or its branches (Comst.); in Diptera (Schiner), = radial 3
(Comst.), = 3d posterior cell (Loew); in Hymenoptera (Norton), =
radial 3, 4 and 5 (Comst.).

Cubital forks: the branching or points of separation of
the branches of the cubits.

Cubital nerve or vein: see cubits.

Cubitus: of Comstock, is the 5th in the series of
longitudinal veins extending from base, and usually two branched
before reaching outer margin: in Orthoptera; = the internomedian
and ulnar: in Neuroptera, a main longitudinal vein next behind
the medius and before the anal: the tibia of the anterior
leg.

Cuckoo spit: liquid in the form of bubbles produced by
members of the family Cercopidae and which often conceals the
producer.

Cucullate: hooded; somewhat hood-shaped.

Cucullus: a hood: see capillitium.

Cuilleron: see alula.

Culicifuge: any preparation for driving away gnats or
mosquitoes.

Culmen: the longitudinal carina of a caterpillar.

Cultellus: one of the blade-like lancets in piercing
flies: = the mandibles of some authors.

Cultrate -iform: shaped like a pruning knife.

Cumulate: in groups or heaps.

Cumulus: a group or heap; as of cells in a developing
ovum.

Cuneate, Cuneiform: wedge-shaped; elongate
triangular.

Cuneus: Hymenoptera; the small triangular area at the
end of the embolium of hemelytra: Odonata, the small triangle of
the vertex between the compound eyes.

Cupreous: the metallic red of pure shining copper.

Cupules: the sucker-like processes covering the under
surface of the tarsi in male Dytiscidce.

Cupuliform: cup-shaped: like a little cup: =
cyathiform.

Cursoria: in Orthoptera, that series in which the legs
are formed for running (roaches, etc.).

Cursorial: formed for running.

Curvate: curved.

Curvinervate: wings with the veins distinctly curved,
like some Psocidae.

Cusp -is: a pointed process; sometimes at the margin of
a wing.

Cuspidate: prickly pointed; ending in a sharp point;
with an acuminated point ending in a bristle.

Custodite -us: guarded: a body in an envelope.

Cuticle: the outer skin or skin layer.

Cuticula: = cuticle: specifically applied to the outer
or chitinized layer: see epidermis and hypodermis.

Cyaneous: pure dark blue: indigo blue [French
blue].

Cyanescent: with a deep bluish tinge or shading.

Cyanogenic: applied to repugnatorial glands in
myriapods and sometimes in insects.

Cyathiform: obconical and concave; cup-shaped: =
cupuliform.

Cyatotheca: the cover of the thorax in the pupa.

Cycle: a round or circle, e.g. of development; a life
cycle.

Cyclorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the
adult escapes from the hardened pupal case by pushing off a lid
or covering: see orthorrhapha. Cyclorrhaphous: circular
seamed.

Cydariform: globose, but truncated at two opposite
sides.

Cylindrical: in the form of a cylinder or tube; round,
elongate, of equal diameter throughout.

Cymbiform: boat-shaped: a concave disc with elevated
margin; navicular.

Cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of
nucleus; the cell body.

D

Dactylus: a
finger or toe: = digitus: a tarsal joint after the first one,
when that is enlarged as in bees.

Dagger mark: a marking in the form of a Greek Psi
Y .

Dart: a sting, or its central part.

Dash: a short disconnected streak or mark.

Dasygastres: bees with pollen-carrying structures on
the abdomen.

Deaurate: of the color of gold; golden.

Deciduous: that which may be cast off or shed.

Declinate -us: a part somewhat bent, the apex
downward.

Decumbent -ous: sloping gradually downward.

Decrepitans: crackling.

Decumbent: bending down at tip from an upright
base.

Decurrent: closely attached to and running down another
body.

Decurved: bowed downward.

Decussate: crossing at an angle: X-like: in cross
pairs; or, when bristles alternately cross each other, as in some
Diptera.

Deflected: bent downward: the wings, when the inner
margins lap and the outer edges decline toward the sides.

Deflexed: abruptly bent downward.

Deformed: twisted or set in an unusual form:
specifically, in Coleoptera applied to knotted or twisted
antennae as in male Meloids.

Dehiscence: the splitting of the pupal integument in
the emergence of the adult in Lepidoptera.

Dehiscent: open or standing open: separating toward the
tip.

Dejectamenta: the excrement or excretion.

Delamination: the splitting or division into
layers.

Deltoid: elongate triangular: resembling a Greek
D with apex extended.

Demarcation: the bounding, laying out or limiting.

Dendritic: applied to the branched nerve cells in the
mushroom bodies of the pro-cerebrum.

Dendroid: tree or shrub-like: branching like a tree or
shrub.

Dendrophagus: feeding on woody tissues.

Dendrophilous: species that live in woody tissue, or on
trees.

Dens: a tooth or tooth-like process.

Dense: thickly crowded together.

Dentate: toothed: with acute teeth, the sides of which
are equal and the tip is above the middle of base.

Dentate-serrate: toothed, with the dentations
themselves serrated on their edges.

Dentate-sinuate: toothed and indented.

Dentes: the teeth or pointed processes on the inner
side of the mandible: the second or middle part of the furcula in
Collembola, consisting of two parallel pieces from the distal end
of the manubrium and bearing at their apices the crones.

Dentes caninae: see canine teeth.

Denticle: a small tooth.

Denticulated: set with little teeth or notches.

Dentiform: formed or appearing like a tooth.

Denudate: without covering; destitute of scales or
hair.

Denude: to free from covering; to rub so as to remove
the surface covering of scales, hair or other vestiture.

Deorsum: downward.

Dependent: hanging down.

Deplanate -us: see complanate.

Depressed: flattened down vertically; opposed to
compressed.

Depressor: applied to a muscle that has for its
function the depression of an organ or a part.

Deratoptera: = Orthoptera.

Dermal: relating to the skin or outer covering.

Dermal glands: hypodermal unicellular glands which
secrete wax, setae, spines, etc.

Dermaptera: see Dermatoptera.

Dermatoptera: skin-winged: an ordinal term applied to
insects with elytriform, abbreviated primaries beneath which the
secondaries are folded transversely and fan-like: mouth
mandibulate, prothorax free; abdomen forcipate; metamorphosis
incomplete: the Forficulidae or earwigs.

Desectus: = truncatus.

Desideratum -ata: some thing or things needed or
desired.

Destitutus: wanting; being without.

Determinate: with well-defined outlines or distinct
limits: fixed: marked out.

Detonans: exploding: a sudden noise or a puff like an
explosion.

Detritus: rubbed off; a surface partly denuded.

Deuterotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the
progeny are male and female: see arrhenotoky and thelyotoky.

Deutocerebral segment: =antennal segment; q.v.

Deutocerebrum: the middle portion of the brain, formed
by the ganglion of the 2d primary segment; also termed antennal
or olfactory lobes from the parts it innervates.

Deutoplasm: the yolk or food plasm of an ovum.

Deutotergite: the secondary dorsal segment of the
abdomen.

Dextrad: extending or directed toward the right.

Dextral: to the right of the median line.

Dextro-caudad: extends obliquely between dextrad and
caudad.

Dextro-cephalad: extends obliquely between dextrad and
cephalad.

Di: as a prefix, = two.

Diaphanous: semi-transparent; clear.

Diaphragm: any thin dividing membrane; that thin
membrane separating the cavity containing the heart from the rest
of the body.

Diarthrosis: any articulation that permits of
motion.

Diastole: that regular expansion of the heart that
draws the blood inward: see systole.

Dichaetae: a group of brachycerous Diptera with a
proboscis consisting of two parts: Muscids, etc.

Dichoptic: Diptera; eyes separated by front: not
contiguous: see holoptic.

Dichotomous: forked: dividing by pairs.

Dichromatism: the possession of two color
varieties.

Dictyoptera: an ordinal term applied to the roaches:
also more generally to the Orthoptera. {Scanner’s comment:
Roaches are now classed as Dictyoptera, and Orthoptera are now
distinct from Dictyoptera }

Didactyle -us: two-toed: with two tarsi of equal
length.

Didymus: double: geminate.

Difformis: irregular in form or outline: not
comparable; anomalous. Diffracted: bending in different
directions.

Diffuse: spreading out; without distinct edge or
margin.

Digestive tract: the alimentary canal as a whole: more
specifically that portion behind the crop, in which assimilation
takes place.

Digitate: finger-like, or divided into finger-like
processes.

Digitiform: formed, shaped like or having the function
of a finger.

Digitules: appendages on the feet of Coccidae; in
Lecanium, four knobbed hairs.

Digitus: the terminal joint of the tarsus, bearing the
claws: a small appendage attached to the lacinia of the maxilla;
rarely present and probably tactile.

Digoneutism: the power to produce two broods in one
season.

Dilatatus: Coleoptera a margin, when the sharp marginal
edge extends beyond its usual limit: the base when the transverse
diameter is much longer at one part.

Dilated: widened, expanded.

Dilation: an expansion or widening.

Dilute: thinned out: applied to color means weak or
pale.

Dilution: much thinned out or diluted.

Dimera: forms with two-jointed tarsi: specifically
applied to some groups of Homoptera.

Dimerous: having only two tarsal joints.

Dimidiate -us: halved; extending half way around;
applied to elytra when they cover only half the abdomen.

Dimidius: of half length.

Dimorphic: occurring in two well-marked forms.

Dimorphism: a difference in form, color, etc, between
individuals of the same species, characterizing two distinct
types: may be seasonal, sexual or geographic.

Dioecious: with distinct sexes.

Dioptrate: an ocellate spot with the pupil divided by a
transverse line.

Dioptric: with a transversely divided ocellus.

Diploglossata: an ordinal term proposed for
Hemimeridae, because of the supposed presence of a second labial
segment.

Diplogangliata: applied to the Arthropods.

Diploptera: = diplopteryga; q.v.

Diplopteryga: Hymenoptera; wasps in which the wings are
longitudinally folded when at rest.

Dipneumones: having two lungs (certain spiders).

Diptera: an ordinal term applied to insects having only
one pair of wings (anterior): thorax agglutinate; mouth
haustellate; transformations complete.

Dipterocecidium: a gall formed by a dipterous
insect.

Dipterous: belonging to or having the characters of
Diptera.

Direct: applied to metamorphosis = incomplete.

Directive coloration: directive marks or colors which
tend to divert the attention of an enemy from more vital
parts.

Disc: see disk.

Discal: on or relating to the disc of any surface or
structure.

Discal area: of a wing applies especially to the more
central portion, or that area covered by the discal cell.

Discal bristles: Diptera; are inserted on the middle of
the abdominal segments before the hind margin.

Discal cell: Lepidoptera; the large or median cell
extending from the base of the wing toward the center: = radial
cell (Comst.): in Diptera (Will.) = 1st medial 2 (Comst.):
Odonata; = discoidal areolets, q.v.: Trichoptera, the cell
between the forks of the radial sector, and separated from the 2d
apical cell by a cross-vein.

Discal patch: in some male Hesperidae the oblique
streak of specialized black scales on the disc of the
primaries.

Discal vein: Lepidoptera; the cross-vein closing the
discal or median cell extends from radius 5 to media 1.

Disciform: formed or shaped like a disc.

Discocellular nervure or vein: Lepidoptera; = discal
vein, q.v.

Discoidal: relating to the disc, or middle =
discal.

Discoidal area: the middle area or field: Trichoptera;
that area of the tegmina between the posterior or anal and the
anterior or costal areas = d. field.

Discoidal areolets: Odonata; a varying number of rows
of cells on the outer side of the triangle between the short
sector (M 4 of Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1
of Comst.) = post-triangular cells := discal cells.

Discoidal cell: Hymenoptera (Norton) 1st medial 2,
medial 3 and medial 4 (Comst.).

Discoidal field: see discoidal area.

Discoidal nervule: Lepidoptera; = media 1 (Comst.).

Discoidal triangle: Odonata – see triangle.

Discoidal vein: Diptera (Schiner), = media 2 (Comst.)
anterior intercalary vein (Loew); Hymenopteran (Norton), = media
2 (Comst.), beyond the junction with the medial cross-vein:
Trichoptera; the first and largest branch of the humeral
vein.

Discoideous: =discoidal.

Discolored -orous: a different color from the
surrounding, more or less contrasting; not concolorous.

Discota: insects in which development of the adults is
from imaginal discs: see adiscota.

Discrete: distinctly separated.

Discs: the abdominal motor processes of coleopterous
larve.

Discus: a disc; a somewhat flat circular part or
area.

Disjoined or Disjointed: see disjunctus.

Disjunct: with head, thorax and abdomen separated by
constrictions.

Disjunctus: separated; standing apart.

Disk: the central upper surface of any part; all the
area within a margin; the central area of a wing: in Trichoptera,
the obliquely ridged outer surface of hind femur in
saltatoria.

Dislocated: a stria, band or line interrupted in
continuity, when the tips of the interrupted parts are not in a
right line with each other.

Disperses: with scattered markings, punctures or other
small sculptures.

Disposed: arranged or laid out.

Dissepiment: a partition wall: applied to the forming
septa separating the coelom-sacs in the embryo; also the thin
envelope about the members in obtect pupae.

Dissilient: bursting open elastically.

Distad: toward the distal end.

Distal: that part of a joint farthest from the
body.

Distant: remote from: standing considerably apart.

Distichous: applied to antennae when lateral processes
originate at the apices of the joints and bend forward at acute
angles to them.

Distiproboscis: the outer third of the proboscis in
Muscid flies, bearing the labella.

Distychus: bipartite: separated into two parts.

Ditrocha: Hymenoptera; that series having the
trochanter two-jointed.

Diurnae: day fliers: applied to butterflies.

Diurnal: such insects as are active or habitually fly
by day only.

Divaricable: able to spread apart or divaricate.

Divaricate: straddling or spreading apart: when the
wings are lapped at base and diverge behind: tarsal claws when
arising at opposite sides of the joint and separating widely.

Divergent: spreading out from a common base; in
Coleoptera, tarsal claws are divergent when they spread out only
a little; divaricate when they separate widely.

Diverse: unequal: differing in size or shape: of
various kinds.

Diverticulum -la: an oft-shoot from a vessel or from
the alimentary canal usually blind or sac-like: applied to the
caecal tubes or pouches: any extensions or evaginations of the
hypodermic.

Dividens (vena): Trichoptera; 1st anal (Comst.).

Dog-ear marks: in bees: small, subtriangular marks of
light color, just below the antennae (Cockerell).

Dolabriform: hatchet-shaped: compressed, with a
prominent dilated keel and cylindrical base.

Dolioloides: applied to obtect or coarctate pupae.

Dominant: a character more constant and conspicuous
than any other: a type or series occurring in large numbers both
as to genera, species and individuals and in which
differentiation is yet active.

Dorsad: extending or directed toward the upper
side.

Dorsal: of or belonging to the upper surface: in
Diptera, that face of the laterally extended legs visible from
above.

Dorsal bristles: see dorso-central.

Dorsal diaphragm: the wings of the heart, or the very
thin membrane upon which these muscles rest: = pericardial
diaphragm, q.v.

Dorsal gland orifices: in Diaspinae, oval orifices
arranged in more or less distinct rows on the surface of the
pygidium, through which is discharged the material of which the
dorsal scale is formed.

Dorsal glands: see last preceding title.

Dorsal line: in caterpillars, extends longitudinally on
the middle of the back or dorsal.

Dorsal scale: that part of the covering scale of the
Diaspinae that lies above the insect, as opposed to the ventral
scale, which lies below.

Dorsal space: in slug-caterpillars is the area between
the sub-dorsal ridges.

Dorsal vessel: the heart; q.v.

Dorsi-meson: the middle of the upper surface.

Dorso-alar region: Diptera; between the transverse
suture and the scutellum on one side and the root of the wing and
the dorso-central region on the other.

Dorso-central bristles: Diptera; two or four
longitudinal rows on the inner part of the dorsal.

Dorso-central region: Diptera; bounded by two imaginary
lines drawn from the scutellar bridges forward, and coinciding
with a space free from bristles that exists on the outer side of
the dorsal rows and is often occupied by a dorsal thoracic
stripe.

Dorso-humeral region: Diptera; bounded by the anterior
end of thorax and transverse suture on two sides and by the
dorsopleural suture and dorsocentral region on the two
others.

Dorsolum: the mesoscutum.

Dorsopleural suture: Diptera; the lateral suture
between dorsal and pleurum from the humeri through the base of
the wing: separates the mesonotum from the pleura.

Dorso-ventral: in a line from the upper to the lower
surface.

Dorsulum: the mesonotum before the scutellum, with the
wing sockets: also, specifically, the meso-scutellum.

Dorsum: the upper surface: in Coleoptera; often
confined to meso- and meta-thorax: Odonata; includes mesepisterna
and meso- and meta-thoracic terga: Diptera; upper surface of
thorax, limited by the dorsopleural sutures laterally, the
scutellum posteriorly and the neck anteriorly: Lepidoptera; the
lower or inner margin of the wing.

Draw-thread: the silk-producing gland.

Drone: in Hymenoptera; the male bee.

Duct: a channel, tube or canal for carrying a secretion
from a gland to the point of discharge.

Ductus ejaculatorius: the single duct or tube formed by
the union of the vasa deferentia from each side, through which
the seminal fluid is ejected into the vagina.

Dufour’s gland: that gland, in Hymenoptera, that
secretes the alkaline portion of the poison carried by the
sting.

Duodenum: the chylific ventricle; also applied to the
first section of the digestive tract just behind entrance of
malpighian tubules.

Dupion: a cocoon spun by two silk-worms together; also
the coarse silk from such a cocoon.

Duplicate -us: double.

Duplicate-pectinate: having the branches of a
bipectinated antenna alternately long and short.

Duple: double, or twice.

Durus: hard.

Dusky: somewhat darkened; pale fuscous.

E

E: as
prefix, is privative and means without.

Ears: organs of hearing, as on the first tibiae or on
the first abdominal segment of some Trichoptera.

Ebenine: black like ebony.

Eburneous: ivory white.

Ecalcaratus: without a spur.

Ecaudate: without tails or tail-like processes: usually
applied to wings : = excaudate.

Ecdysis: the process of casting the skin; moulting.

Echinate: set with prickles.

Ecology: the science of the relation of organisms to
each other and to their surroundings: = ethology. {Scanner’s
comment: Ethology nowadays refers to studies in animal behaviour,
not directly to ecology.}

Ectad: extending outwardly from within.

Ectal: belonging or relating to the outer surface.

Ectoblast: the outer wall of a cell; the ectoderm or
epiblast.

Ectoderm: the outer layer of skin: the outer layer of
the blastoderm, giving rise to the nervous system and to
epithelial structures of the body surface.

Ectognathus: see ectotrophous.

Ectoskeletal: referring to the outside or
exoskeleton.

Ectotrachea: the outer surface or layer of the
trachea.

Ectotrophous: with mouth parts free; not buried in the
head: see entrotrophus.

Edematus: dull translucent white.

Edentate -ulous: without teeth.

Edentula: those having no teeth.

Efferent: carrying outward or away from the centre.

Effluvium: a foul or unpleasant smell or emanation.

Effected: somewhat angularly bent outward.

Egg: a simple cell, capable of fertilization,
containing the germ, the food-yolk necessary for its nutriment,
and a covering membrane: a single ovum or cell from an ovary: the
first stage of the insect.

Egg-burster: a projecting point on the head or other
part of an embryo, used in breaking the shell when hatching.

Egg-calyx: the enlarged portion of the oviduct at the
opening of the ovarian tubes, into which the egg is received
before its entrance into the vagina.

Egg-case: the case or covering prepared or secreted by
an insect to contain or hold together the egg-mass as a whole:
see oötheca.

Egg-guide: Orthoptera; two small pointed prolongations
of the ventral portion of the 8th abdominal segment, between
upper and lower valves, used in oviposition.

Egg-pouch: see oötheca.

Egg-pod: applied to the egg-mass of grasshoppers.

Egg-tube: see ovarian tube.

Ejaculatory duct: see ductus ejaculatorius.

Elastic: a part which has a degree of flexibility
throughout.

Elate -us: see elevatus.

Elater: the spring or forked tail of Podurids.

Eleutherata: all forms with free, separated maxillae;
later, and more specifically, the Coleoptera.

Elevate -us: a part higher than its surroundings.

Elinguata: without a tongue: forms in which the
maxillae are connate with the labium: see synista.

Ellipsoidal: see elliptical.

Elliptical: oblong-oval, the ends equally rounded,
together forming an even ellipsoid.

Elongata -ate: drawn out; lengthened; much longer than
wide.

Elutus: with scarcely distinct markings.

Elytra: the anterior leathery or chitinous wings of
beetles, serving as coverings to the secondaries, commonly
meeting in a straight line down the middle of dorsum in repose:
also applied to the tegmina in Orthoptera.

Elytral ligula: a tongue-like process on the inner face
of the side margin of elytra, to perfect the union with the
ventral segments: e.g. in Dytiscidae.

Elytriform: shaped or appearing like an elytron.

Elytrin: = chitin, q.v.

Elytron: singular of elytra; q.v.

Elytroptera: see Coleoptera.

Emandibulata: that series of insects in which there are
no functional mandibles in any stage.

Emandibulate: lacking functional mandibles; e.g.
butterflies and moths, and applied in any stage.

Emarginate: notched: with an obtuse, rounded or
quadrate section cut from a margin.

Embolium: Heteroptera; the narrow sclerite extending
along the anterior margin of the hemelytra, from base to cuneus
or membrane: the lobes on each side of the prothorax: the special
enlargement at the base of the primaries which fits into a cavity
in which the wing is moved.

Embossed: ornamented with raised figures.

Embryo: the young animal before leaving the body of the
parent or before emerging from the egg.

Embryonic: found in, or relating to the embryo; in an
undeveloped state or condition.

Emmet: an ant.

Empodium: Diptera; the small process between the
pulvilli: in Coleoptera; the bifid pseudotarsi between the claws:
used also as = pulvillus; and see arolium, onychium, palmula,
paronychium, plantula, pseudonychium and pulvillus.

Enarthrosis: an articulation like a ball and socket
joint.

Encephalon -um: the brain, or that part of the head
containing it.

Encircled: ringed; margined round about.

Endemic: occurring normally where found: native, not
introduced.

Endocardium: the inner lining membrane of the
heart.

Endochorium: the layer of the allantois that lines the
chorium; the inner layer of the chorium.

Endocranium: the inner surface of the cranium.

Endoderm: the inner layer of the blastoderm in the
embryo, giving origin to the mid-intestine and other visceral
organs: see entoderm.

Endolabium: the inner or mouth surface of the labium:
the hypopharynx when that is well developed.

Endomesoderm: the inner layer formed by an invagination
of the middle portion of the primitive band of the embryo, and
from which the endoderm and mesoderm are subsequently
differentiated.

Endophytic: living within plant or tree tissue, as
borers or miners.

Endoskeletal: relating or referring to the
endoskeleton.

Endoskeleton: applied to those chitinous processes
extending inward into the body cavity from the body wall and
serving as attachments for muscles.

Endosternite: that part of the apodeme arising from the
intersternal membrane.

Endothorax: the internal framework or processes of the
thorax.

Endotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where
the eggs are developed within the body of the mother; see
exotoky.

Endotrachea: the inner surface or lining of the
trachea: see intima.

Enervis: applied to wings without veins of any
kind.

Engraved: see exsculptus.

Ensiform: sword-shaped: two-edged, large at base and
tapering to the point: see anceps.

Entad: extending inwardly from without.

Ental: referring to the centre of the body cavity.

Enteric: relating to the digestive canal or
enteron.

Enteron: the digestive canal as a whole; a general
term.

Entire: with an even unbroken margin: said of wings
when they are not divided or cut into.

Entoderm: the innermost germ layer of the embryo, from
which are derived the epithelium of the alimentary canal and
accessory structures: = endoderm and hypoblast.

Entognathous: see entotrophous.

Entoloma: the inner margin of the wings.

Entomogenous: growing in or on an insect: e.g.
fungi.

Entomography: the description of an insect or of its
life history.

Entomolin: = chitin, q.v.

Entomologist: one who collects and studies insects.

Entomology: that branch of Zoology that deals with
insects and, specifically, the Hexapods.

Entomophagous: feeding upon insects: specifically
applied to those wasps that feed their young with larvae,
etc.

Entomophilous: insect-loving: applied to plants
especially adapted for pollination by insects.

Entomophytous: referring to plants produced in or on an
insect: see Entomogenous

Entomosis: a disease caused by a parasitic insect.

Entomotaxy: the preservation and preparation of insects
for study.

Entomotomy: that science which deals with internal
structure of insects.

Entomotomist: a student of insect structure.

Entosternum: the internal processes from the
sternum.

Entothorax: applied to the apodemes or processes
extending inwardly from the sternal sclerites: see apophysis.

Entotrophous: with the mouth parts buried in the head:=
entognathous: see ectotrophous.

Entozoa: those animals that live within the body of
others.

Environment: the sum of the influences surrounding or
acting upon an organism.

Enzyme: a ferment secreted by a cell or a gland.

Epalpate: having no palpi.

Ephebic: referring to the winged, adult stage.

Ephemerida: May-flies: an ordinal term used for insects
with net- veined wings, held vertically when at rest, not folded;
mouth mandibulate, not functionally developed: thorax loosely
agglutinated; abdomen with anal filaments: metamorphosis
incomplete.

Ephemeroptera: briefly winged: = ephemerida; q.v.

Epiblast: the outer germ layer of the embryo.

Epicranial: relating or pertaining to the
epicranium.

Epicranial lobe: in caterpillars, the lateral, superior
convex lobe of the head.

Epicranial plate: in some larvae a plate-like structure
forming the epicranium.

Epicranial suture: the line of junction of the two
procephalic lobes.

Epicranium: the upper part of the head from the front
to the neck: often used to include front, vertex and genae:=
calva.

Epideme: see articulatory epideme.

Epiderma -is: the cellular layer of the skin,
underlying and secreting the cuticula: incorrectly applied to the
outer skin or cuticle.

Epidermata: abnormal excrescences or outgrowths from
the skin.

Epididymis: the convoluted efferent ducts, massed at
the posterior part of the testes.

Epigastrium: the first entire ventral sclerite of the
abdomen.

Epigenesis: the doctrine of growth from an
undifferentiated germ, as opposed to preformation, which implies
development from already existing rudiments.

Epigenetic: the period after the union of the male and
female elements, during which organs are forming.

Epiglossa: = epipharynx; q.v.

Epiglottis: = epipharynx; q.v.

Epilabrum: a sclerite at each side of the labrum:
specifically applied in myriapods.

Epilobe: of mentum in Carabidae, really corresponds to
a partially divided ligula: a lateral appendage of a bilobed
mentum.

Epimera -eron: the posterior lateral thoracic
sclerites; usually small, narrow or triangular.

Epiopticon: the second ganglionic swelling of the optic
tract: see opticon.

Epipharyngeal: belonging or relating to the
epipharynx.

Epipharyngeal sclerites: in bees; a pair of strap-like
pieces extending backward from the two sides of the base of
epipharynx: see hypopharyngeal sclerites.

Epipharynx: an organ, probably of taste, attached to
the inner surface of the labium and supposed to correspond to the
palate of higher animals Epiglossa or epiglottis.

Epiphysis: a lappet-like process covering an excavation
on the fore tibia of many Lepidoptera.

Epipleural: the deflexed or inflexed portions of the
elytra, immediately beneath the edge: the inflexed portions of
the pronotum are sometimes called prothoracic epipleura: as
generally used, the term is incorrectly applied to the entire
bent under margin of the elytra.

Epipleural fold: the raised lower edge of the
epipleura: see hypomera.

Epiploön: see caul.

Epipygium: the dorsal arch of the last abdominal
segment.

Episternites: the upper pair of corneous appendages
forming the ovipositor in grasshoppers.

Episternum: the anterior and larger lateral thoracic
sclerite between the sternum and notum.

Epistoma -is: the lower face between the mouth and
eyes: that sclerite immediately behind or above the labrum,
whether it be clypeus or an intermediate piece: in Diptera, that
part of the face between the front and the labrum; the oral
margin and an indefinite space immediately contiguous thereto and
so = peristoma: in Odonata; = clypeus: = hypostoma.

Epithelium: the layer of cells which covers a surface
or lines a cavity.

Epizoa: insects that infest the body surface of
animals.

Epizoötic: living or parasitic on animals from the
outside or on the surface.

Epomiae: the elevated margin of an oblique furrow in
the propleurae for the reception of the front femora;
Hymenoptera.

Epupillate: an ocellate spot included by a colored
ring, but destitute of a pupil or central spot.

Equal: of the same length, size or shape: the
superfices when they are without inequalities.

Equitant: laminated: folding one upon the other.

Erect: standing upright; not necessarily
perpendicular.

Erectile: capable of being erected; applied to an
appendage, a hair or other process, or to any tissue which may be
distended and made rigid.

Erecto-patent: the wings of Hesperids when at rest;
primaries erect, secondaries horizontal.

Eremochaetus: Diptera in which there is a general
absence of bristles.

Ergatandrous: applied to ants with worker-like
males.

Ergatogynous: applied to ants with worker-like
females.

Ergatoid: sexually capable, wingless ants, resembling
workers.

Ericeticolous: living in poor, sandy or gravelly
places.

Eroded -sus: gnawed; a margin with irregular teeth and
emarginations.

Eruca: broadly a larva: more specifically a
caterpillar.

Eruciform: like a caterpillar in form or
appearance.

Erucina: the caterpillar-like larvae of sawflies and
the like.

Erucivorous: a feeder on caterpillars; said of
parasites.

Erythrinus: red; nearly arterial blood-red: carmine, a
little diluted.

Erythrinus: deep brick-red, tending to blood-red
[vermilion with a little Indian red].

Escutcheon: the scutellum in Coleoptera.

Essential character: see specific character.

Ethology: see ecology.

Eucephalous: with a well-developed head, bearing the
normal appendages: applied to certain dipterous larvae.

Eucone: a compound eye in which the individual ocelli
have crystalline cones see acone.

Euorthoptera: the Orthoptera excluding the
Dermaptera.

Euplexoptera: with beautifully folded wings: an ordinal
term applied to the ear-wigs.

Eous or -eus: as a suffix, indicates the possession of
the quality of the stem word: e.g. membraneous, like a membrane
in texture.

Eutracheata: applied to articulates which, like the
insects, have a well-developed tracheal system.

Evaginate: extruded by eversion; turned inside out when
extruded.

Evagination: an extrusion formed by eversion or turning
inside out.

Evanescent: disappearing; becoming gradually less.

Eversible: capable of being turned inside out.

Evident: easily seen or recognized.

Ex: prefix = A and E as privatives: also means from or
out of.

Exarate -us: sulcated: sculptured.

Exarticulate: without distinct joints.

Exasperate -us: rough with irregular elevations.

Excalcarate: without spurs.

Excaudate: see ecaudate.

Excavate: with a depression that is not the segment of
a circle.

Excentric: not in the centre; revolving or arranged
about a point that is not central.

Excision: with a deep cut: a notch or other cut-out
part.

Excrementaceous -titious: made up of or resembling
excrement.

Excrescence: an outgrowth or elevation; usually
abnormal.

Excretion: the act of getting rid of waste products:
any material or substance produced by any secretory glands or
structures and which is voided or otherwise sent out from
them.

Excretory: those structures concerned in ridding the
body of waste products.

Excurrent: attenuate, narrowly prolonged.

Excurved: curved outwards.

Ex larva: from or out of the larva: usually applied to
specimens that have been bred from collected larvae.

Exochorion: that part of the chorion derived from the
ectoderm: the outer layer of the chorion.

Exochorium: Heteroptera; a narrow marginal part of the
hemelytra.

Exoderm: the outer skin or crust.

Exoloma: the apical margin of the wings.

Exophytic: relating to the outside of plant tissue.

Exoskeleton: the entire body wall, to the inner side of
which muscles are attached.

Exotic: not a natives of the place where found: an
introduced species: also any species occurring in any country
outside of the limits of the country whose fauna is under
consideration.

Exotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where
the eggs are developed outside of the body of the insect and
without care by the mother see endotoky.

Ex ova: from or out of the egg: applied to specimens
that have been bred from the egg stage.

Expanded: spread or flattened out: applied to
Lepidoptera when set for the cabinet.

Expanse: the distance between the apices or other
widest point of the wings when fully spread.

Expansio alarum: the wing stretch; see expanse.

Expiratory: relating to the act of expiration, when the
abdomen is contracted and the air contained in the abdominal
tracheae is presumably forced out of them.

Explanate: spread out and flattened; applied to a
margin.

Explicate: unfolded; open; without folds or plica.

Exsculptate -tus: a surface with irregular, more or
less longitudinal depressions, as if carved.

Exscutellate: having no scutel.

Exserted: protruded; projecting beyond the body or over
a given point.

Exsertion: a protrusion: an extension of a line or
other ornamentation beyond its ordinary course.

Extended: spread out: not lying one upon the other.

Extense: extended: expanded.

Extension plate: a structure at the base of the
pulvillus whose function it is to extend it.

Extension sole: the pad-like pulvillus which may be
extended by the extension plate through the pressure plate.

Extensor: that which extends or straightens out;
applied to muscles.

Extenuate: to make or to become weak, thin or
slender.

Exterior: the outside.

Exterior margin: the outer margin; sometimes used for
costal margin.

External: belonging to or on the outside.

External area: Hymenoptera; the upper of the three
cells or areas of the metanotum, between the median and lateral
longitudinal carina, first lateral basal area.

External median area: Hymenoptera; the median of the
three cells or areas between the median and lateral longitudinal
carinae: = second lateral area.

Externomedial vein: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius
(Comst.); in Orthoptera, = media (Comst.).

Externo-median nerve: the humeral and discoidal veins
together.

Extra-ocular: remote from or beyond the eyes.

Extremity: the point most remote from base.

Extrorse -um: toward the outside.

Extrude: to turn or force out.

Exude: to ooze or flow slowly through minute
openings.

Exuvia -iae -ium: the cast skin of a larval insect: in
Diaspinae the larval skin when cast and incorporated in the
scale.

Exuviate: to cast the skin: to moult.

Exuviation: the act of molting: the cast-off skin or
exuvium.

Eyes: the organs of sight, composed of numerous facets,
situated, one on each side of the head: the term is properly
applied to compound eyes only but is sometimes used to designate
also the simple eyes or ocelli.

F

Face or
Facies: the upper or outer surface of any part or
appendage: the front of the head between the compound eyes above
the mouth to the vertex; usually applied to insects in which the
head is -vertical: in bees extends between the eyes to the base
of the antennae; in the Hymenoptera generally the area between
antenne and clypeus: in flies the area between base of antennae,
the oral margin, eyes and cheeks.

Facet: a small face or surface: one of the parts, areas
or lens-like divisions of the compound eye.

Facial angle: the angle formed by the junction of the
face and vertex.

Facial bristles: Diptera; a series on either side of
the middle portion of the face, above the vibrissae, along the
facialia.

Facial carinae: applied to both the carinae of the
frontal costa and the accessory (lateral) carinae of the face;
but usually restricted to the accessory carinae in
Orthoptera.

Facial depression: = antennal fovea, q.v.

Facialium -ia: Diptera; that portion of the face
between the lower part of the frontal fissure and the antennal
fovea.

Facial quadrangle: in bees; the quadrangle bounded
laterally by the eyes, above by a line between their summits and
below by a similar line between their lowest points.

Facial ridges: Diptera; the elevated lateral borders of
antennal grooves.

Facial tubercle: Diptera; a median convexity below
middle of face.

Facies: the face: the general appearance or
impression.

Falcate: sickle-shaped; convexly curved: a wing when
deeply excavated below the apex so as to leave the latter acute
and a little curved.

Falciform: curved like a sickle.

False legs: = spurious legs; = prolegs; q.v.

Family: a division of classification including a number
of genera agreeing in one or a set of characters and so closely
related that they are apparently descended from one stem:
opinionative and indicated by the termination idae.

Farctus: fully filled.

Farinaceous: mealy: applied to powdery looking wings
and surfaces.

Farinose: dotted with many single, flour-like spots:
mealy.

Fascia: a transverse band or broad line; it is common
when it crosses both wings or wing covers.

Fasciate: banded transversely.

Fascicle -ulus: a bundle of hair, threads or
fibres.

Fasciculate: bundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted:
a surface when covered with bundles of long hair.

Fastigiate: flat-topped and of equal height: also
applied to elytra that extend a little beyond the abdomen.

Fastigium: Orthoptera; the extreme point or front of
vertex.

Fat-body: is the mass of oil or fat cells found,
especially in larvae, surrounding the alimentary canal and some
other internal organs.

Fatiscent: with cracks, crevices or openings.

Fauna: the assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or
country.

Favose: with large deep holes, like the cells of a
honeycomb.

Favus: a cell like that of a honeycomb.

Fecula: the excrement of insects.

Fecundation: the making fertile; as an egg by a
spermatozoön.

Feeler: commonly applied to antennae; q.v.

Feelers: tactile organs: the term is usually applied to
the antennae but sometimes to the palpi, as mouth-feelers.

Feet: the legs or organs of locomotion; one pair
attached to each thoracic segment; composed of coxa, trochanter,
femur, tibia and tarsus only; plural of foot; q.v.

Female: designated by “O+” the astronomical sign for
Venus: that sex in which the ova are developed. {Scanner’s
comment: The sign for Venus being an orthogonal cross or plus
sign hanging vertically below a circle.}

Femina: the female, or belonging to that sex.

Femorate -us: with abnormal or unusually developed
femora or thighs.

Femoro-tibial: pertaining to both femur and tibia or to
the articulation between them.

Femur -ora: the thigh: usually the stoutest segment of
the leg, articulated to the body through trochanter and coxa and
bearing the tibia at its distal end: in Coccidae and quite
commonly, the femur and trochanter are considered as one, for
measuring purposes.

Fenestra: a window; a transparent glassy spot or mark;
a pellucid mark in a vein: a small, pale, membranous area at the
base of the antenna in roaches.

Fenestrate: with transparent or window-like naked spots
as in the wings of some Lepidoptera.

Fenestrate membrane: of the compound eye is at the base
of the ommatidia, at their junction with the optic nerve; see
retina.

Ferreous -eus: the metallic gray of polished iron.

Ferrugineous -ous, -eus, -osus: rusty red-brown
[Dragon’s blood, but brighter].

Ferrugino-testaeeous: a rusty yellow brown: a mixture
of rusty red with dull yellow brown.

Fertilization: takes place when a spermatozoön
enters through the micropyle of an ovum and unites with the cell
nucleus: loosely applied like copulation or to its
completion.

Festivus: variegated with bright colors.

Festooned: arranged in loops as if hung from nails.

Fibre: a thread-like structure of any tissue.

Fibrilla: rod or sliver-like nerve elements, often
grouped like a bundle of short threads.

Fibrin: a proteid compound making up a large part of
the muscular tissue: also found in blood and other body
liquids.

Fibrinogen: a proteid substance of the blood and other
body fluids, concerned in the production of fibrin.

Fibroin: a chemical compound found in silk, cobwebs and
the like.

Fifth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.); = media 3
(Comst.).

Filament: a thread: a long slender process of equal
diameter throughout: an elongated appendage.

Filariasis: a disease caused by the presence of minute
worms or Filaria, transmitted by mosquitoes. {Scanner’s
comment: Nowadays it is known that many kinds of filariasis are
transmitted by other species of flies, in particular Simuliidae
and Tabanidae}

Filate: Diptera; antennae that are simple, without
lateral hair or dilation: thread-like.

Filator: the silk spinning structure of
caterpillars.

File: the diagonal ridged vein near the base of the
tegmina in crickets, used in stridulating: in general any
structure wherever situated that serves the same purpose.

Filicornia: insects with thread-like antennae; e.g. in
Coleopteran, the Carabidae.

Filiform: thread-like: slender and of equal
diameter.

Filippi’s glands: a pair of secondary glands, opening
into the silk glands of caterpillars near their anterior end.

Fillet: a transverse, raised structure between the
antennae in Lepidoptera.

Filose: ending in a thread-like process.

Fimbria: thick, ciliated hair at the termination of any
part: fringes.

Fimbriate: a margin or process when set with a fringe
of hair closely placed.

Finger: of maxilla, is the digitus, q.v.

First clypeus: see post clypeus.

First inner apical nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); is
cubitus 1, from media 4, to first anal (Comst.).

First lateral suture: Odonata; starts from beneath base
of front wing behind humeral suture and meets it behind second
coxa.

First longitudinal vein: in Diptera; – radius 1
(Comst.).

First submarginal cross-nervure: Hymenoptera; part of
the media and the radio-medial cross vein (Comst.).

Fissate: divided or split: with fissures or cracks.

Fissile -is: cleft or divided; as the wings in
plume-moths: also used for lamellate.

Fissiparous: applied to that form of asexual generation
in which the parent divides; each part becoming a new
individual.

Fissure: a crevice: a narrow longitudinal opening: a
slit.

Fissus: cleft: longitudinally divided nearly to
base.

Fistula: a slender tube: specifically applied to the
channel formed by the union of the two parts of proboscis in
Lepidoptera.

Fistular: like a slender, cylindrical tube.

Flabellate: with long flat processes folding like a
fan.

Flabelliform: fan-shaped.

Flabellum: a fan: a leafed structure: the transparent
lobe at the end of the glossa in bees: also used as = flagellum;
q.v.

Flabs: the lobes at the tip of the dipterous mouth:=
labella; q.v.

Flaccid: feeble: limber: lax.

Flagelliform: whip-like; applied to a process.

Flagellum: that part of the antenna beyond the pedicel:
a whip or whip-like process: the tail-like process of a
spermatozoön.

Flammate -eus: flaming or fiery red [vermilion
intensified].

Flange: a projecting rim or edge.

Flank: the sides of the thorax: the pleura.

Flaring: widening out like the mouth of a trumpet.

Flavescent: somewhat yellow.

Flavid: yellowed: sulphur yellow.

Flavo-testaceous: light yellow-brown: almost
luteous.

Flavous -us: sulphur yellow [gamboge].

Flavo-vixens: green verging upon yellow [apple green +
chrome yellow].

Flex: to bend: to curve back.

Flexible: pliable; with elastic properties.

Flexile -is: capable of being bent at an angle without
breaking: flexible.

Flexuous -ose: almost zig-zag, without acute angles but
more acute at angles than undulating: differs from sinuate in
being alternately bent and nearly straight.

Flexor: that which bends; applied to muscles.

Flocculus -i: a hairy or bristly appendage on the
posterior coxa of some Hymenoptera.

Floccus: a tuft of wool or wool-like hair.

Flosculiferous: species that bear a flosculus.

Flosculus: a small, tubular lunulate anal organ with a
central style, in certain Fulgorids.

Fluviatile: inhabiting the margins of running
streams.

Fly-blows: eggs or young maggots of flesh flies: meat
is fly-blown when such eggs or larvae have been deposited on
it.

Flying-hairs: very long slender surface hairs set in
punctures.

Foetid glands: glandular structures from which a foul
smelling liquid may be ejected.

Foliaceous: leaf-like, or resembling a leaf.

Folioles: leaf-like processes from a margin or
protuberance.

Follicle: = cocoon, q.v.: a cellular sac or tube, as of
a gland or ovary.

Folliculate: enclosed in a case, cocoon or
follicle.

Food reservoir: Lepidoptera, a blind sac or
diverticulum from the bind part of oesophagus lying in abdomen
dorsal to the stomach.

Foot: the tarsus, q.v.; improperly used to = leg; but
in the plural form refers to legs rather than tarsi: see
feet.

Foot-shield: in caterpillars, the chitinous plate on
outer side of abdominal feet.

Foot-stalk: of the maxilla, is the stipes.

Foramen: an opening in the body wall for the passage of
a vessel or nerve: any opening at an apex: the opening of a
cocoon.

Foramen magnum; the opening on the posterior surface of the
head to give passage to those structures that extend from head to
thorax occipital foramen.

Foramina: small openings in the body wall: in
Orthoptera,; the auditory organs on the anterior tibiae.

Forceps: hook or pincer-like processes terminating the
abdomen, like specialized appendages of ear-wigs: similar
processes in the male, used as clasping organs in copulation.

Forcipate: bearing forceps or similar structures.

Forcipiform: having the form of forceps or pincers.

Fore: anterior.

Foregut: extends from the mouth to the end of gizzard;
its epithelium being formed from the ectodermal invagination
known as the stomodaeum.

Forehead: in Mallophaga, the head in front of the
mandibles and antennae.

Fore-intestine: =foregut, q.v.

Forficate: = forcipate, q.v.

Forks: Trichoptera; forks of veins in apical part of
wing, numbered 1, 2, 3, etc.

Form: applied to representatives of a species which
differ from the normal or type, in some uniform character; it is
seasonal if it occurs at a period different from the type;
dimorphic if there is an alternation of generations or two color
patterns occur; or sexual if the members of one sex differ
uniformly from those of the other.

Formic: of, pertaining to or derived from ants.

Formicary: an ant’s nest or ant-hill.

Fornicate: arched or vaulted: concave within, convex
without.

Fossa -ae: = fossula; q.v.

Fossoria: burrowers: in Orthoptera, the mole crickets
and allies; in Hymenoptera, the digging wasps.

Fossorial: formed for or with the habit of digging or
burrowing.

Fossula -ae: a deep groove or sinus with sharp edges:
specifically applied to grooves on the head or sides of prothorax
in which the antennae are concealed.

Fossulate: a surface with oblong impressions.

Fossulet: an elongated, shallow groove.

Fourth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.), = media 2
(Comst.).

Fovea, Foveola -ae: a shallow depression with
well-marked sides: a pit.

Foveate: with foveae or pit-like depressions.

Foveolate: with shallow cavities like a honey-comb.

Fractus: broken: also applied to a geniculate
antenna.

Fragile: easily breakable: thin and brittle.

Frass: the excrement; usually the excreted pellets of
caterpillars.

Free: unrestricted in movement: not firmly joined with
or united to any other part: said of pupae when all the parts and
appendages are separately encased as in Coleopteran.

Frenatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which a more or
less well- marked frenulum occurs.

Frenate: having a frenulum.

Frenulum: the spine, simple in males, compound in
females, arising from the base of secondaries in many
Lepidoptera, whose function it is to unite the wings in flight:
in Cicada the triangular lateral piece on the mesonotum which
connects with the trochlea: the anal area of secondaries and thus
= tendo, q.v.

Frenulum hook: in the males of frenate Lepidoptera, a
hook or fold into which the frenulum is fitted.

Frenum: that which holds things together: a lunate or
triangular portion at the inner and hinder base of the wing in
Odonata and Trichoptera; see tendo.

Fringe -es: an edging of hair, scales or other
processes extending well beyond the margin and usually of even
length: in Lepidoptera, fringes occur on the outer margins of all
wings and consist of scales or hair projecting beyond the wing
membrane.

Frog: the articular pan, – q.v.

Frons: = front; q.v.

Front: the anterior portion of head between base of
antennae and below ocelli: in Homoptera, the vertical median area
of face.

Frontal: referring to the front of head or anterior
aspect of any part.

Frontal costa: Orthoptera, a prominent vertical ridge
of bead which may be median or lateral: see median carina and
lateral carina.

Frontal fastigium: in Orthoptera, that process of the
face extending dorsad between the antennae and meeting or nearly
meeting the fastigium of the vertex in Tettigidae.

Frontal fissure: Diptera; the impressed line extending
from the frontal lunule to the border of the mouth.

Frontal lobes: in Psyllidae, two lobes or swellings
more or less completely divided by a suture in which an ocellus
is situated.

Frontal lunule: Diptera; an oval or crescentic space
above the base of antennae in Cyclorrhapha, bounded by the
frontal suture.

Frontal processes: Diptera; = antennal process,
q.v.

Frontal ridge: in Coleopteran; a sharp ridge on the
dorsal margin of the eye, extending forward.

Frontal stripe: Diptera; the middle of the front when
membranous or discolored: = vitta frontalis.

Frontal suture: Diptera; separates the frontal lunule
from that part of the head above it: in Coleopteran; = clypeal
suture.

Frontal tubercles: in certain Aphids, are raised
structures upon which the antennae are placed.

Frontal triangle: Diptera; the triangular space in
males, between the eyes below, limited by a line drawn through
base of antennae.

Frontal vesicle: in Odonata; that elevated area on the
vertex upon which the ocelli are situated.

Fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera; are placed on each
side of the front, just below the vertical bristles.

Fugitive: soon disappearing; not permanent.

Fulcrant: the trochanter when continued along the
femur, as in Carabids.

Fulcrum: the chitinous envelope at the base of mouth in
Diptera and Hymenoptera, covering the beginning of the
oesophagus: any structure that serves as a support to
another..

Fulgidus: shining.

Fuliginous -osus: sooty or smoky brown [Van Dyke brown
+ a little black].

Fulvo-aeneous: brazen, with a touch of brownish yellow
[brown pink].

Fulvous -us: tawny; light brown with much yellow;
nearly orange [pale cadmium yellow + Indian red].

Fumate -us: smoky gray [gray].

Fumose: smoky.

Function: the work or duty which a given part or organ
normally performs.

Fungicolous: living in or on fungi.

Funicle: the joints between the scape and club in
Funiculate antennae: a small cord: a slender stalk.

Funiculate: whip-like: long, slender, composed of many
flexible joints.

Funicule: a small, cord-like structure; especially when
sheathed.

Funiculus: the main tendon of abdomen: in Hymenoptera a
slender ligament connecting the propodeum to petiole on its
dorsal aspect.

Furca: a fork: the anal appendage used for leaping in
Thysanura; see furcula: the forked ental processes of the
sternum.

Furcal orifice: see sternal into orifice.

Furcate: forked; divided nto two approximately equal
divisions.

Furcula: a forked process: an osmaterium {Scanner’s
comment: sic. See comment under “osmaterium”.}: in Collembola
the spring or saltatory appendage borne by the fourth abdominal
segment: in Orthoptera, a pair of backwardly directed appendages
which overlie in a more or less forked position the base of the
supra-anal plate.

Furred: covered with dense hair resembling fur.

Fuscescent: becoming brown; with a brown shading.

Fusco-ferruginous: brownish rust red.

Fuseo-piceous: pitch black with a brown tinge or
admixture.

Fuseo-rufous: red-brown, approaching liver brown.

Fuseo-testaceous: dull reddish brown [brown ocher].

Fuscous -us: dark brown, approaching black; a plain
mixture of black and red [crimson lake + black].

Fused: run together: applied when two normally
separated markings become confluent and have a common
outline.

Fusiform: spindle-shaped: tapering gradually to each
end.

Fusulus: = spinneret, q.v.

G

Gales: the
outer lobe of the maxilla, usually two-jointed, often hood-like,
subject to great modifications in Hymenoptera and Diptera, and
forms the coiled tongue in Lepidoptera.

Galeotheca: that part of the pupal case that covers the
gales. Gall: an abnormal swelling or excrescence on a plant,
produced by an insect: = cecidium.

Gallicolous: dwellers in galls, whether as producers or
inquilines.

Gallivorous: feeding upon galls or gall tissue.

Gamogenesis: reproduction through fertilization: see
agamogenesis.

Ganglion -ia: a nerve centre composed of a cell mass
and fibres: the white disc-like bodies connected by a double
cord, lying above the ventral surface within the body and forming
the centre of the nervous system.

Gasterotheca: that part of the pupa case that covers
the abdomen.

Gastric: of or belonging to the belly or to the
stomach.

Gastric caeca: = caecum; q.v.

Gastro-coeli: a pair of usually transverse lateral pits
near the base of the second abdominal tergite in some
Hymenoptera.

Gastro-ileal folds: occur in some insects at the
junction of the chylific ventricle with the ileum and serve as a
valve.

Gastrula: that embryonic stage resembling a sac, with
an outer layer of epiblastic cells and an inner layer of
hypoblastic cells.

Gastrulation: the process of forming a gastrula.

Gathering hairs: the soft, flattened, often hooked
hairs on the tongue of bees and other Hymenoptera; = hooked
hairs.

Gelatinous: of a jelly-like texture or consistency:
viscid.

Geminate: arranged in pairs composed of two similar
parts: doubled.

Gemmate -us: marked with metallic or bright colored
spots.

Gemmiparous: applied to that form of asexual
reproduction where new individuals arise as buds from the germ
body of the parent.

Gena -ae: the cheeks; includes that portion of the head
on each side below the eyes, and extends to the gular suture: in
Odonata the area between the eyes and clypeus and mouth parts: in
Diptera the space between the lower border of the eye and oral
margin, merging into face at front and limited by the occipital
margin behind.

Genal bristles: Diptera; are on the cheeks near lower
corner of eye.

Generalized: primitive: containing in combination
characters that are separated and specialized in other forms.

Generation: used as the equivalent of brood; q.v.

Genicular arc: Orthoptera; a curved dark marking on the
posterior knee-joint.

Geniculate: knee jointed: abruptly bent in an obtuse
angle.

Geniculum: a little knee or bend.

Genital armature: all the processes concerned in
copulation.

Genital hamule: a little hook or plate covering the
anal cavity of the male: the supra-anal or genital hook: in
Lepidoptera, the uncut: in Odonata, in the plural, one or two
pairs of lateral processes of the male genitalia on the ventral
surface of the second abdominal segment.

Genital hook: = genital hamule.

Genitalia: the external organs of generation with all
appendages.

Genital lobes: in Odonata, a pair of-backward and
downwardly directed processes from the 2d abdominal segment,
between which the vesicle of the penis lies.

Genital papilla: in some Smynthurids, a tubercular
elevation upon which the genital aperture opens.

Genital spike: the sheath of penis which, in male
Diaspinae takes the form of a long mucronate spike.

Genital tuft: in Lepidoptera; an expansible tuft of
fine hair believed to be scent-producing.

Genital valve: Odonata; a chitinous piece on each side
of the ovipositor, derived from the sternum of abdominal segment
9: probably = outer pair of gonapophyses.

Genoholotype: the species on which a genus is founded,
whether unique or one of a series, specifically named as generic
type by the author.

Genolectotype: the one species of a series selected as
the type of the genus in which the describer of the genus placed
it, subsequent to the description.

Genosyntype: one of a series of species upon which a
genus is founded, no one species being mentioned as type.

Genus: knee; the joint between femur and tibia.

Genus: an assemblage of species agreeing in some one
character or series of characters; usually considered as
arbitrary and opinionative, though some consider it a natural
assemblage.

Geometrid: larva which, when walking, alternately
elevate and straighten the middle of their body: opposed to
rectigrade; q.v.

Geodephagous: = adephagous; q.v.

Geodromica: terrestrial Heteroptera in which the
antennae are not concealed.

Geophilous: living on the ground: species that live on
the surface or come freely into contact with it.

Germanium: an ovary: that portion of an ovarian tube
containing the cell elements.

Germ-ball: reproductive cells in larvae from which,
exceptionally, young may develop as buds.

Germ-band or Germinal band: that portion of a young
embryo which is to become the future insect, when it is in the
form of a band or strap and may or may not show the division into
the future segments.

Gerontogeic: belonging to the old world: see
neogeic.

Gibba: a rounded protuberance or prominence.

Gibbous: hump-backed; protuberant: said of a macula
when it resembles a moon more than half full.

Gibbus: when the whole surface forms a hump or obtuse
cone.

Gills: respiratory structures which function in water;
distinguished as true or blood gills where contained blood
conveys the absorbed oxygen from the gill to the tissues, and as
tracheal gills when this conveyance is by contained tracheae.

Gilvus: = flavus; q.v.

Ginglymus: a hinge joint that permits flexion in one
plane.

Gizzard: a pouch-like structure between the crop and
chylific ventricle furnished with chitinous teeth or plates, in
which the food is prepared for the digestive juices by grinding
or merely sifting = cardia.

Glaber-rous: smooth; free from all vestiture.

Gland: a cellular sac which separates or secretes from
the blood specific portions to produce characteristic products –
e.g. wax, saliva, silk, etc.

Gland-bearing prominence: in Diaspinae a prominence on
the margin, bear-ing a gland opening on the dorsal surface.

Gland orifice: in Coccidae, the external opening
through which a gland pours its secretions.

Gland spines: in Coccidae; spiny appendages, each of
which is supplied with a single gland whose opening is at the
tip.

Glandular: having the character or function of a gland:
used as descriptive of specialized hairs, spines or other
processes.

Glassy: transparent; glass-like in appearance.

Glaucus: shining sea-green: whitish blue inclining to
gray lavender.

Globose: formed like a globe or sphere.

Globulin; an albumenoid proteid compound formed in the blood
of insects.

Glochis: a barbed point.

Glomerate: congregated or massed together.

Glossa: the inner lobe of second maxilla, corresponding
to the lacing of first maxilla: loosely used as a synonym for
tongue: especially applied to the coiled structure of the
Lepidoptera; see also ligula.

Glossarium: Diptera; the labrum-epipharynx; q.v.

Glossata: a Fabrician term for Lepidoptera.

Glossate: furnished with a spiral tongue.

Glossotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the
tongue.

Glutinose -ous: slimy; viscid.

Gnathal: relating or pertaining to the jaws.

Gnathite: a jaw or jaw-like appendage; in the plural,
the mouth parts.

Gnathochilarium: a plate formed by the labial
structures.

Gnathopoda: the arthropods: the first pair of legs;
especially applied in crustaceans: mouth feet.

Goffered: a surface with regular impressions, closely
set, and separated by narrow ridges: reticulated.

Gonapophyses: three pairs of processes in the
Orthoptera, one arising from the eighth and two from the ninth
abdominal segment op the ventral surface. They appear to = the
rhabdites composing the ovipositor of other insects.

Gonyodon: a tooth-like articulated process at the apex
of the femur in some Noctuidae.

Gonytheca: articulating surface of femur to which the
tibia is joined.

Gorgeret: the barbed sting of the honey bee.

Gracile: slender; graceful.

Gradate -vim: one grade or step at a time: to arrange
in a series: to blend so as to merge one into the other – e.g.
colors.

Gradate veins: a transverse series of veins, each
before or beyond the next.

Grammineus: grass-green [apple green].

Granose: like a string of beads; moniliform.

Granulated: covered with small grains.

Granule: a little grain or grain-like elevation.

Granulose: roughened with granules or made up of
distinct grains.

Gregarious: living in societies or communities; but not
social.

Grège: raw silk, including the gummy outer
layer, as spun by a caterpillar.

Grès: the gummy layer surrounding the silk
thread spun by a caterpillar.

Gressorious -vial: with legs fitted for walking: in
Lepidoptera; the anterior legs aborted, the others fitted for
walking.

Griscent: ashen gray.

Griseus: light gray; a mixture of white and black
[gray].

Group: a division of classification used indefinitely
for a series of allied species, genera or larger assemblages.

Grouped glands: see circumgenital glands.

Grub: an insect larva: a term loosely applied, but more
specifically to larvae of Coleopteran and Hymenoptera.

Guanin: a white amorphous compound which occurs in the
transparent areas of some wings, giving a milky tinge, and is
also found in the photogenic organs of Lampyridae: an excretory
substance, composition C5H5N5O (von Furth).

Guest: applied to those insects that live in nests or
dwelling places of other species, not necessarily at the expense
of the host.

Gula: the throat: that sclerite forming the central
portion of the head beneath, extending from the submental to the
posterior margin, and laterally bounded by the genae.

Gular peduncle: in Coleopteran = submental
peduncle.

Gular suture: the line of division between the gulag or
throat and the gene or cheeks.

Gulf strip: see semitropical or gulf strip.

Gullet: = oesophagus; q.v.

Gulo-mental: includes the region covered by the gulag
and mentum.

Gustatory: elating to the sense of taste.

Gutta: a light spot on a dark ground.

Guttate: with light spots or drops on a dark
ground.

Gymnocerata: insects with freely movable, conspicuous
antennae: see cryptocerata.

Gymnogastra: Hymenoptera; species in which the venter
is visible: see cryptogastra.

Gymnoptera: species with membranous wings not covered
with scales.

Gynandromorphic: when an individual of one sex exhibits
on one lateral half the organic characters of the other, more or
less completely.

Gyri-cerebrales: lobes of the oesophageal ganglion of
the embryo, connected with the primary lobe: = stalked
bodies.

H

Habena: a
fascia on the thorax.

Habit -us: the port or aspect: used to express a
resemblance in general appearance.

Habitat; abbreviated Hab.: the region or place which an
insect inhabits or where it was taken.

Haemoglobin: the coloring matter of blood which serves
to carry oxygen.

Haemolymph: the watery blood or lymph-like nutritive
fluid of the lower invertebrates.

Haemoxanthine: a dissolved albuminoid in the insect
blood, which has both a respiratory and nutritive function.

Hair: a slender, flexible filament of equal
diameter.

Hairy: covered or clothed with hair.

Halophilous: species living in salt marshes, or near
the sea.

Halterata: the Diptera.

Halteres: the poisers or balancers: capitate movable
filaments in Diptera, situated one on each side of the thorax and
representing rudimentary hind wings.

Halteriptera: the Diptera.

Hamule -us: furnished with hooks, or bent like a
hook.

Hammock: the hammock-like covering of the caterpillars
of certain moths. Hamule: a little hook.

Hamuli: Odonata; one or two pairs of hooked processes
projecting from the ventral surface of the 2d abdominal segment
of the male; usually termed genital hamules: in Hymenoptera;
minute hooks on the anterior margin of secondaries used to unite
them in flight with the inner margin of primaries: in tree
crickets, hook-like processes of the male genitalia.

Hamus: Lepidoptera; a hook or loop attached to the
under side of costal margin of primaries near base, to receive
the frenulum of male moths.

Harpago -ones: the inner basal lobes of the clasping
organs of d culicids also, more generally = harpes.

Harpes: the lateral pieces of the male genitalia in
Lepidoptera, used as clasping organs: also applied to the
corneous hooks often borne by these lateral pieces, which are
then termed valves; see clasper: in culicids an articulated
process, sometimes jointed, at the base of inner side of
side-piece, below and exterior to the harpagones.

Hastate: halbert-shaped: excavated at base and sides
but with spreading lobes or angles.

Hastiform: = hastate.

Hatched: closely marked with numerous short, transverse
lines.

Hatching spines: = egg burster; q.v.

Haustellate: formed for sucking: applied chiefly to
mouth structures.

Haustellum: a sucker: applied to that portion of the
mouth of a sucking insect through which liquid food is drawn into
the gullet.

Head: the first or anterior region of the insect body,
articulated at its base to the thorax, bearing the mouth
structures and antennae. It is now believed to be made up of
seven primitive segments, named in order: 1, the ocular or
protocerebral; 2, the antenna or deutocerebral; 3, second antenna
or tritocerebral; 4, mandibular; 5, superlingual; 6, maxillary;
7, labial or 2d maxillary.

Head vesicle: in Diptera, = ptilinum, q.v.

Heart: the dorsal vessel or tubular structure divided
into chambers, lying just beneath the dorsal, which serves to
propel the blood and controls the circulation.

Heautotype: = autotype; q.v.

Helcodermatus: a surface with ulcer-like depressions:
applied also to the boring or tearing spines of pupae.

Heliciform: in the form of a spiral snail shell:
applied to the cases of some Trichoptera.

Helocerous: with clavate antennae.

Helvolus: tawny or dully reddish yellow.

Helvus: honey yellow [brown pink + chrome lemon].

Hemelytra: a modification of the anterior wings of
Heteroptera, coriaceous at base, membranous at tip, not meeting
in a straight line at the middle: more specifically applied to
the corium; q.v.: also used for the tegmina of Orthoptera.

Hemi: as a prefix, means half.

Hemimeroptera: an obsolete term for Hemiptera.

Hemimetabolous: manifesting an incomplete
metamorphosis, but with a marked difference between the stages:
specifically the Ephemerida, Odonata and Perlidae. {Scanner’s
comment: nowadays applied to far more orders, generally to those
that undergo a marked metamorphosis, but without a pupal
stage.}

Hemiptera: half-winged: an ordinal term applied to
insects in which the mouth parts consist of four lancets inclosed
in a jointed beak or rostrum; metamorphosis incomplete: the
primaries may be of uniform texture throughout (Homoptera) or may
be thickened at base, membranous at tip (Heteroptera).

Hemispheric: like the half of a globe or sphere.

Hepaticolor: liver-brown [dragon’s blood].

Hepatic pouches: applied to caeca pouches; q.v.

Herbivorous: feeding upon plant tissue: a leaf
feeder.

Heremetabola: with slight or incomplete metamorphosis,
but with a resting stage at the end of the nymph life;
specifically the Cicadidae.

Hermaphrodite: an individual in which the characters of
both sexes are combined.

Hetero: as a prefix, unequal; different from.

Heterocera: Lepidoptera in which the antenna are of any
form other than clubbed at tip: opposed to Rhopalocera.

Heterochrome: of different color: applied to species in
which there are two color forms of one sex, one of which is like
(homoeochrome), the opposite sex, as in certain Odonata and
Lepidoptera.

Heterochrony: an irregular development in point of
time, a later stage becoming evident before one that is earlier
in ordinary course.

Heterogamy: applied to those cases in which two sexual
or a sexual and parthenogenetic generation alternate.

Heterogeneous: a mixture of different forms;
abnormal.

Heterogeny: the alternation of sexual and
parthenogenetic generations.

Heterogyna: the ants: referring to the different kinds
of females, – queens and workers, – as distinguished from
males.

Heteromera: Coleopteran in which the anterior and
middle tarsi are 5- jointed and the posterior are 4-jointed.

Heteromerous: having an unequal number of tarsal joints
on the feet.

Heterometabola: differing among themselves in
metamorphosis; but not manifesting abrupt stages.

Heteromorphous: the metamorphosis complete, in abrupt
stages, the larva unlike the adult.

Heteronomous: if two parts, compared with each other,
are of different quality: differing in development or
function.

Heteropalpi: palpi with a different number of joints in
male and female, as in some Trichoptera.

Heteroptera: an ordinal term applied to that series of
Hemiptera in which the anterior wings differ in texture from the
posterior, and the different regions of primaries differ in
texture.

Heteropterous: with wings of different texture in
different parts.

Heterotypical: a genus, described from more than one
species, these differing in structure,

Hexachaetous: Diptera in which the mouth structures
have six piercing setae.

Hexanephric: with six kidneys, or structures serving as
such.

Hexapoda: tracheate arthropods with head, thorax and
abdomen distinct, and only six legs in the adult stage: the true
insects.

Hexapodal -ous: provided with six feet.

Hians: gaping.

Hibernaculum: a tent or sheath made out of a leaf or
other material in which a larva hides or hibernates.

Hibernate: to pass the winter in a dormant
condition.

Hicks’ bottles: {Scanner’s comment: sic}
flask-shaped pits or depressions in the antennae of bees and
ants: supposed to be the organs of hearing.

Hind angle: in primaries of Lepidoptera, is that point
where inner and outer margin meet: = anal angle of
secondaries.

Hind-body: the abdomen.

Hind-gut: the intestinal canal from the end of chylific
ventricle to the Anus, including the malpighian tubules and anal
glands.

Hind-head: Mallophaga; that part of head behind
mandibles and antennae.

Hind-intestine: = hind-gut.

Hinge: of maxilla = cardo; q.v.: the point of
articulation of a movable joint.

Hips: the coxa; q.v.

Hirsute: clothed with long, strong hair; shaggy.

Hispid: bristly: sparsely set with short, stiff
hair.

Histoblast: the morphological unit or cell
characteristic of a particular tissue.

Histogenesis: the formation and development of
tissue.

Histolysis: the degeneration and dissolution of organic
tissue.

Hoary: covered with a fine, white, silvery pubescence:
pruinose q.v.

Holometabolous: having a complete transformation; with
egg, larval, pupal and adult stages distinctly separated.

Holopneustic: having many pairs of open stigmata.

Holoptic: Diptera in which the eyes of male are
contiguous between vertex and antennae: see dichoptic.

Holosericeus: with short, dense, silky hair, giving a
satiny lustre.

Holotype: the unique type: = type; q.v.

Homelytra: elytra of similar or equal substance.

Homo: prefix = the same; similar.

Homochronic heredity: inheritance at corresponding
periods of life.

Homochronous: changes in an organism which appear in
the offspring at the same age at which they did in the
parent.

Homodynamous: serially homologous: homology of the
metameres.

Homoeochromatism: applied when over a given region many
butterflies tend to vary similarly as regards color.

Homoeochrome: of the same color: see heterochrome.

Homoeomerous: all feet with an equal number of tarsal
joints: = isomerous.

Homoeonomous: of the same substance or texture.

Homoetype: = homotype; q.v.

Homogeneous: of the same kind or nature: similar in
texture or parts.

Homogenous: similar in structure due to a community of
descent.

Homologous: implies that organs are identical in
general structure and origin, though they may have developed in
different ways for special purposes: see analogous.

Homomorpha: insects in which the larvae resemble the
adults.

Homonymous: pertaining to homology of parts arranged on
a transverse axis similarly developed and of equal function.

Homonym: a name similar to or like another already used
for a species in the same genus, or for a genus in the same
kingdom: such names are paid to be preoccupied.

Homonymous: where the same name is applied to different
conceptions.

Homophonous: words differently written but
indistinguishable in sound, applied to different conceptions.

Homoplastic: implies that organs, similar in situation
and purpose, are not structurally the same, or have not the same
origin.

Homoptera: an ordinal term applied to those Hemiptera
in which the primaries are of the same consistence
throughout.

Homotenous: retaining the primitive form: applied to
insects without or with an incomplete metamorphosis.

Homotype: is a specimen named by another than the
author after comparison with the type.

Honey dew: a sweetish excretion produced by certain
insects, notably Aphids and Coccids, and exuding from the surface
of some galls.

Honey tubes: small tubes or tubercles on the abdomen of
plant lice and other insects through which a sweetish liquid or
honey dew is excreted siphonets; siphuncles; cornicles.

Hood: of the maxilla is the galena; q.v.: in Tingitidae
the elevated portion of the prothorax, often covering the
head.

Hooked hairs: = gathering hairs; q.v.

Horismology: see orismology.

Horizontal: said of wings when held parallel to the
horizon.

Horn: a pointed chitinous process of the head: in the
plural form applied to the antennae; q.v.

Host: the individual infested by or upon which a
parasite grows: also applied to the maker of a cell or other
structure in which guest flies or other insects take up their
abode.

Hudsonian zone: is that part of the boreal region
comprising the northern part of the great transcontinental
coniferous forests. In the eastern United States restricted to
the cold summits of the highest mountains, from northern New
England to western North Carolina: in the west it covers the
higher slopes of the Rocky and Sierra-Cascade systems.

Humeral: relating to the shoulder or humerus.

Humeral angle: in Lepidoptera, that angle of the wings
at the base of costa, near the point of attachment to the body:
in Coleopteran, the outer anterior angle of elytra: in
Orthoptera, the obtusely rounded angle formed by the deflection
of the sides of the pronotum from the dorsal.

Humeral bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the
humeral callus.

Humeral callus: in Diptera, is a rounded callus forming
the anterior superior angle of the mesothorax.

Humeral carina: in Coleoptera, an elevated ridge or
keel on the outer anterior angle of elytra.

Humeral cross-vein: (Comst.); extends between the costa
and subcosta close to base.

Humeralis: Coleopteran; when the elytral has an
angulated projecting margin at base.

Humeral stripe: in Odonata, covers the humeral
suture.

Humeral suture: in Odonata, runs from just in front the
base of the fore-wing to the edge of the median coxa, separating
the mesepisternum from the mesepimeron.

Humeral veins: in Lepidoptera, secondary veins on
posterior wings of Lasiocampids, developed to strengthen the
humeral angle.

Humerus: the shoulder: in Coleopteran; the basal
exterior angle of elytra: in Diptera, the anterior superior
angles of the mesothorax: in Orthoptera, the femur of the
fore-leg: in Hymenoptera, applied to the subcostal vein in some
groups.

Humid: applied to regions in which the normal rainfall
is sufficient to produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation:
see arid.

Hyacinthine: the purple blue of the hyacinth [between
mauve and lilac].

Hyaline: vitreous: transparent or partially so.

Hyaloplasm: the clear, semi-fluid material between the
meshes of the cell reticulum.

Hybrid: the progeny from the mating of two species.

Hydradephaga; -ous: applied to aquatic, predatory
pentamerous beetles with filiform antennae: see adephagous.

Hydro: relating to water: a combining form used as a
prefix.

Hydrolysis: the chemical decomposition of a compound by
water, causing formation of a new compound.

Hydrophilous: applied to species living in low, damp
places.

Hymen: a thin plane membrane serving as a
partition.

Hymenoptera: membrane-winged: an ordinal term applied
to insects with four membranous wings with few veins, the
anterior usually larger than the posterior; mouth mandibulate;
head free; thorax agglutinate, transformations complete.

Hyoid: having the form of the Greek upsilon, Y

Hypermetamorphosis: when an insect passes through more
than the normal number of stages; the interpolated stages coming
usually between the full-grown larva and adult.

Hyperparasite: is a form that is parasitic upon another
parasite.

Hypertely: beyond the bounds of the useful: those forms
whose resemblance to other objects is closer than needful, or
without apparent object.

Hypertrigonal space: = supra-triangular space; q.v.

Hypertrophied: abnormally large or excessively
developed.

Hypnody: lethargy; a condition similar to or identical
with hibernation.

Hypertrophy: any abnormal enlargement or excessive
development.

Hypoblast: = entoderm.

Hypocrateriform: salver-shaped.

Hypodactyle: the so-called labium of Hemiptera.

Hypoderm -is: the cellular layer which secretes the
chitinous cuticula and in this sense = epidermis: specifically
applied to the lining membrane of elytral and hemelytra.

Hypodermatic: of or concerning the hypodermic.

Hypodermic: under the skin.

Hypoglottis: the under surface of the tongue =
hypoglottis.

Hypoglottis: a sclerite inserted between rectum and
labium in many Coleopteran.

Hypognathous: having the mouth parts directed more or
less vertically ventrad.

Hypographous: shaded; applied to a fascia that becomes
gradually darker.

Hypomeron -a: in Coleopteran; the inflexed edge of the
pronotum (pronotal hypomera); and the raised lower margin of the
epipleural (elytral hypomera) (see epipleural) fold.

Hypopharyngeal: relating to the hypopharynx.

Hypopharyngeal sclerites: in bees, a pair of strap-like
pieces along the hypopharynx to the mentum: see also
epipharyngeal sclerites.

Hypopharynx: a sensitive and sensory structure on the
upper surface of labium that serves as an organ of taste, or true
tongue.

Hypopleura: in Diptera, the space over the middle and
hind coxa, between the metapleura and pteropleura: the side of
the metasternum: the mesepimeron of the mesothorax.

Hypoptere: = tegula; q.v..

Hypopygium: the anus: more specifically the lower plate
of the anal opening: in Diptera, the male sexual organs and
terminal segments of abdomen = propygium.

Hypostoma: in Diptera; that portion of the head
included between antennae, eyes and mouth: in Hemiptera: the
lower part of face.

Hypotenuses: in Odonata; the simple or broken
cross-vein between media 4, and cubitus 1, forming outer boundary
of triangle.

Hypotypes: includes specimens upon which supplementary
descriptions are based: = apotypes.

I

Iceous or
Icius: suffix; expresses a likeness or the possession of a
character see aceus.

Icotypes: typical specimens which serve for purposes of
identification, but have not been used in literature.

Idiotype: a specimen named by the author after
comparison with the type, but not also a topotype.

Ignitus: fire-red [vermilion].

Ileo-colon: the anterior portion of the hind-gut,
extending from the mid-gut to the rectum, when not distinctly
differentiated into ileum and colon.

Ileum: the small intestine; begins at end of chylific
ventricle at the point where malpighian tubules join, and extends
to colon.

Imaginal: pertaining to the adult or imago.

Imaginal buds, cells, or discs: in forms with a
complete metamorphosis are those embryonic cells around and from
which the organs and appendages of the future imago develop.

Imago: the adult or sexually developed insect.

Imbricate: arranged or appearing like the scales on a
fish or the shingles on a roof.

Immaculate: destitute of spots or marks.

Immarginate: without an elevated rim or margin.

Immersed -us: inserted, imbedded or hidden in.

Imponderable: that which cannot be weighed.

Impregnate-ed: to make or made fertile or pregnant:
fertilized.

Impressed -us: a surface with shallow depressed areas
or markings.

Impubis: without hair.

Inaequalis: unequal.

Inarticulate: not jointed or segmented.

Inaurate -us: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].

Ineanus: hoary.

Inch: the English and American standard of length in
insect measurement: it is = 12 lines and = 25.4 mm.: usually
expressed in units and hundredths, as 1.01.

Incised: notched or deeply cut into.

Incision: any cut into a margin or through a surface:
the marginal slits or notches in Coccidae.

Incisure: an impressed line marking the junction of two
segments: an incision.

Inclinate -us: leaning or inclining.

Inclusus: when one part is wholly or partially hidden
in another.

Inconspicuous: not attracting attention or quickly
noticeable.

Incrassated: thickened: rather suddenly swollen at some
one point, especially near tip.

Incubate: to brood: to cause to develop; as an egg.

Incumbent: lying one over another: wings when they
cover the dorsal horizontally.

Incunabulum: = folliculus and cocoon; q.v.

Incurved -ate: bowed or curved inwards.

Independent: in Lepidoptera; that vein of the wings
that arises from the cross-vein closing the cell, and does not
branch directly from any vein reaching the base: it is v. 5 of
the numerical series in both wings and the media of Comstock.

Indeterminate: not defined nor well marked; obscure: of
no constant form or shape.

Indigote: a very deep indigo blue.

Indirect: applied to metamorphosis = complete.

Indumentum: a covering of hairs, scales or tufts.

Indurated: hardened.

Indusium: the case made by an insect larva: a
membranous layer of the embryo of Locustidae below the
serosa.

Inequal: a surface with irregular elevations and
depressions.

Inermis: unarmed: without spines or spurs.

Infericornia: Hemiptera; in which the antenna appear to
be inserted well down on the sides of head; e.g. Lygaeidae.

Inferior: beneath, below or behind: a term of
position.

Inferior appendage -es: in male Odonata the lower one
or two of the terminal abdominal parts used to clasp the female
in copulation.

Inferior wings: = hind wings or secondaries: q.v.

Infero-posterior: below and behind: refers to
location.

Inflated: blown up; distended bladder-like.

Inflected: bent inward at an angle.

Inflexus: = inflected.

Infra: below or beneath: opposed to supra.

Infra-anal lobe: a thick, conical fleshy lobe, often
ending in a chitinous point, situated beneath the vent in
caterpillars.

Infra-cereal plates: in Orthoptera – generally
inconspicuous paired plates which underlie in part the cerci and
in part the lateral portion of the supra-anal plate.

Infra-clypeus: = ante-clypeus and rhinarium: q.v..

Infracted: abruptly bent inward, as if broken.

Infra-genital: below the genital opening or
process.

Infra-marginal: situated below or behind the marginal
cell.

Infra-median vein; in Orthoptera: = ulnar vein:
q.v.

Infra-ocular: applied to the region below and between
the eyes.

Infra-oesophageal: situated below oesophagus; see
sub-oesophageal.

Infra-stigmatal: situated below the stigmata or
spiracles.

Infringing: encroaching upon.

Infumated: clouded.

Infundibuliform: funnel-shaped.

Infuseated: smoky gray-brown, with a blackish tinge
[Roman sepia].

Ingens: unusually large or disproportionate in
size.

Ingluvies: the crop; q.v.

Inner lobe: of maxilla = lacinia: q.v.

Inner margin: the line extending along the lower or
interior edge of the wing from the base to the hind or anal
angle.

Innervate: to supply with nerves.

Innotatus: without markings.

Inocular: inserted in the inner margin of and partially
or wholly surrounded by the eye.

Inquiline: a species living in a gall or other
structure prepared by a different species, not as a parasite but
as, a guest.

Inquiline: living as guests in the homes of others; as
in galls.

Insect: a member of the class Insecta strictly
limited.

Insecta: broadly defined, contains all articulates that
are also tracheates and have the head free from the thorax; more
strictly limited to those forms that have only three pairs of
thoracic legs in the adult stage and a limited number of
segments.

Insectary: a place or building where insects are bred
and studied.

Insectivorous: feeding upon or devouring insects.

Insectologist: a student of insects: =
entomologist.

Insectology: the science of insect study: =
entomology.

Insertion: the point or place where a part is inserted:
a part that is inserted: the act of inserting.

Insertus: a part that has its base set into
another.

In situ: in its natural place or normal position.

Instar: the period or stage between molts in the larva,
numbered to designate the various periods; e.g. the first instar
is the stage between the egg and first molt, etc.: see
stadium.

Institia: stria or furrows of equal width
throughout.

Instrumenta cibaria: mouth parts of a mandibulate
insect as a whole.

Instrumenta suctoria: mouth parts of a haustellate
insect as a whole.

Integer: entire: applied to a margin without
incisions.

Integument: the outer covering to the insect body.

Inter: between; among.

Inter-alar space: in Odonata; the terga of meson- and
meta-thorax.

Interantennal: between the basal segments of
antennae.

Inter-articular: the membranous tissue between joints
or segments.

Intercalary -ies: additional or inserted between
others; as a vein: plural; added or supplementary longitudinal
wing reins: see under specific headings; i.e. anterior, etc.: in
Ephemerides, certain longitudinal veins between the 8th (anal)
and 9th (1st maxillary) and not branches of either: in Diptera,
the anterior intercalary (Loew) = the discoidal, and the
posterior intercalary = the cubitus 1 of Comstock: applied to an
evanescent sclerite in the embryo between antenna and mandible;
also termed premandibular.

Intercostal: between veins or costae; usually in the
narrow grooves between veins in the costal region of a wing.

Intercostula: those small, vein-like structures between
the normal veins, visible on a wing margin but lost toward the
disc.

Intercoxal process: in Coleopteran; a median protrusion
of the basal segment of abdomen between the hind coxae.

Intermediate: lying between others in position or
possessing characters between two other forms.

Intermediate field: of termini is = discoidal field
q.v.

Internal area: in Hymenoptera; the posterior of the
three areas between median and lateral longitudinal carina on the
metanotum third lateral area.

Internal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.) 2d anal
(Comst.).

Internal triangle: in Odonata see triangle.

Internal veins: in Lepidoptera, from one to three in
number, run free from base to outer margin near hind angle; never
branched;1a to is in the numerical series: = anal veins
(Comst.).

Interneural: between the nerves (or veins) of
wings.

Interno-mandibular: applied to one of the pairs of
salivary glands in bees, situated at the inner side of base of
mandible.

Internomedian: in Orthoptera; = cubitus (Comst.);
q.v.

Interocular: between the eyes.

Interplical: lying between folds; specifically applied
to the alternate ridges and grooves in anal area of secondaries
of Orthoptera.

Interposed sectors: in Odonata; the shorter
longitudinal veins occurring in the wings of some species between
the chief veins; = supplementary sectors. Interrupted: broken in
continuity, but with the tips of the broken parts in a right line
with each other.

Intersegmental: = interarticular; q.v.

Interspace: Coleopteran; the plane surface between
elytral striae: Lepidoptera spaces between wing veins not
included in closed cells.

Interspaceal: occurring in the interspaces between two
wing veins or two elytral striae.

Interstice -tium: space between two lines, whether
striate or punctate.

Interstitial line: the elevated ridge between two
striae or series of punctures.

Interval: the space or time between two structures,
sculptures or periods of development.

Interventricular: the inner valve between the chambers
of the heart.

Interventricular valvule: of heart, lies in front of
seluilunar valve.

Intervenular: in thespace between two veins.

Intestinal caecum: that point of the large intestine in
front of the junction with the small intestine.

Intestine: that part of the alimentary canal through
which the food passes from the stomach, in which absorption is
completed and the excretions are formed for expulsion.

Intima: the lining membrane of the trachea: see
endotrachea.

Intorted: turned or twisted inwardly.

Intra-: within: between.

Intra-alar bristles: in Diptera; a row of two or three
between the supra-alar and dorso-central groups.

Intracellular: occurring within the cell or in a
cell.

Infra-humeral bristles: in Diptera calyptrata; occur
immediately in front of the thoracic suture, between the humeral
callus and the presutural depression.

Infra-ocular: situated within the eye, actually or
apparently.

Intra-pulmonary: that method of respiration which does
not involve movements of the outer body wall and is confined to
the respiratory organs.

Intrauterine: applied to development, when the young
hatch within the vagina of the mother.

Intricate: irregular: confused; applied to markings and
sculpture.

Intromittent: used for throwing within.

Intromittent organ: the penis; q.v.

Introse -um: directed inward, toward the body.

Intrusus: seemingly impressed with a sharp point.

Intumescent: enlarged; swollen: expanded.

Invaginate: when a tubular or vesicular part is turned
inward or retracted within the body wall.

Invagination: a pouch or sac formed by an infolding or
indrawing of the outer surface.

Investitus: unclothed: a surface without scales or
hair.

Involucrate: = involute.

Involucrum alarum in Dermaptera a flap of the metanotum.

Involute: spirally rolled inwardly.

Involuti: butterflies whose larvae live in a folded
leaf; Hesperidae.

Iridescent: a surface which reflects the prismatic
hues.

Iridicolor: any color so broken up as to reflect the
prismatic hues.

Iris: the circle which, in an ocellate spot surrounds
the pupil.

Irised: with rainbow colors.

Iris-pigment: = iris tapetum.

Iris tapetum: the pigment layer of the compound eye
just below the crystalline cone.

Irregular: unequal, curved, bent or otherwise twisted
or modified without order or symmetry, e.g. certain antennae.

Irrorate: marked with minute points; freckled.

Isabelline -us: pale yellow with some red and brown
[chronic lemon with a little carmine and roman sepia].

Ischia: = pleura; q.v.

Iso-: equal.

Isolate: to separate out from others; occurring
alone.

Isomers: that series of Coleoptera in which the tarsi
have an equal number of joints on all feet.

Isomerous: with equal number of tarsal joints on all
feet := homoeomerous.

Isomorphous: having the same form, appearance or
construction.

Isopalpi: that series of Trichoptera in which the palpi
of both sexes have the same number of joints.

Isoptera: equal winged: an ordinal term for insects
with four, similar, net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate; thoracic
rings similar, loosely jointed metamorphosis incomplete: the
Termitidae. {Scanner’s note: In modern nomenclature the
Isoptera constitute the order of all termites; the Termitidae are
just one family within the Isoptera.}

Isotypical: a genus described from more than one
species, all of which are congeneric.

-itus: = -atus; q.v.

-ius: suffix; having the power or ability to.

J

Jabot: the
crop; q.v.

Janthine: violet colored.

Jaw-capsule: contains the mouth structures in those
dipterous larvae in which the head is differentiated.

Johnston’s organ: a complex nervous structure in the
basal joint of dipterous antennae.

Joint: a segment or part between two incisures: an
articulation.

Jubate -us: fringed with long pendent hairs.

Juga: the lateral anterior lobes of the head of a
Heteropteron; each side of the tylo.

Jugatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which there is a
jugum instead of a frenulum to unite the wings in flight.

Jugular: of or pertaining to the throat.

Jugular sclerite: small sclerite in the membrane
connecting the head with the thorax: see cervical sclerite.

Jugulum: that sclerite just behind the sub-mentum;
=gula: that cavity of the posterior part of the head to which the
neck is annexed: the lateral and under parts of the
prothorax.

Jugum: in certain Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, a lobe
or process at the base of primaries, overlapping secondaries and
holding the two together in flight.

K

Katabolic:
the destructive change from animal tissue to waste product: see
anabolic.

Keel: an elevated ridge or carina.

Kermesinus: dark red, with much blue [purple lake].

Key: a tabular or other arrangement of species, genera
or other classification according to characters that serve to
identify them.

Kidney-shaped: like a kidney in outline; convex on one
long side, concave on the other, the ends evenly and somewhat
obtusely rounded: bean-shaped.

Knee: the point of junction of femur and tibia.

L

Labellum -a:
the sensitive ridged tip of the mouth structures of certain
Diptera: a prolongation of the labium covering the base of
rostrum in Coleoptera and Hemiptera.

Labial: referring, pertaining or belonging to the
labium.

Labial segment: the 7th segment of head = second
maxillary segment.

Labial suture: is between labium and mentum.

Labiate: lip-like or having lip-like sutures.

Labipalp: a labial palpus.

Labis: the slender abdominal forceps in some
Lepidoptera.

Labium: the lower lip: a compound structure which forms
the floor of the mouth in mandibulate insects, behind the first
maxilla and opposed to the labium; formed by a fusion in
embryonic life of separate right and left maxilla-like halves: in
some of its developments referred to as the tongue.

Labral suture: is between labrum and clypeus.

Labro-frontal lobes: of brain, = trito-cerebrum;
q.v.

Labrum: the upper lip; covers the base of the mandible
and forms the roof of the mouth.

Labrum-epipharynx: in the mouth of piercing Diptera is
the central unpaired lancet.

Lac: a mixture of resin, wax and other substances
produced by certain scale insects as a protective covering.

Lacer: a lappet; applied to a margin with irregular,
broad and deep emarginations, leaving lappet-like intervals.

Lacerated: ragged; torn in appearance; see lacer.

Lacinia: the inner lobe of first maxilla, articulated
to the stipes, bearing brushes of hair or spines: a blade: in
Diptera, forms a flat lancet-like piercing structure and is never
jointed.

Lacinia exteriores and interiores: in Apidae, the
palpiger and paraglossa often used for the gales and lacinia of
maxilla.

Laciniated: jagged; cut into irregular fragments.

Lacte: milk-white.

Lacteal: relating to milk; milky in appearance.

Lactescent: secreting or yielding a milky fluid.

Lacteous -eus: white, with a slight bluish tinge, like
skim-milk.

Lacunae: irregular impressions or cavities:
specifically the non-walled cavities of the body.

Lacunose: pitted; the surface covered with small
cavities.

Laemodipodiform: like a laemodipod; similar to the
larva of a walking stick.

Laete: bright.

Laevis -igatus: smooth, shining and without elevations:
said of a surface.

Lamella: a thin plate or leaf-like process.

Lamellate: antennae with the club formed of closely
opposed leaf-like surfaces, the concealed surfaces set with
sensory pits.

Lamellicornia: those beetles in which the antennae
terminate in a lamellate or leaf-like club.

Lamelliform: made up of or resembling leaves, blades or
lamellae.

Lamina -ae: a chitinous plate or plates.

Lamina externa: the paraglossa.

Lamina interna: the ligula.

Lamina subgenitalis: the sub-genital plate; q.v.: in
roaches the 7th ventral plate of females and 9th ventral plate of
males.

Lamina supra-analis: = supra-anal plate.

Laminate: formed of thin, flat layers or leaves.

Laminato-carinate: with an elevated ridge or keel,
formed of thin plates.

Laminiform: layer-like: having the appearance or made
up of lamina.

Lana: wool: the long hair on the abdomen of some
Lepidoptera.

Lanate -atus: woolly: covered with dense, fine, long
hairs, so distinct that they may be separated.

Lanceolate: lance- or spear-shaped: oblong and tapering
to the end.

Lanceolate cell: in Hymenoptera (ort.); – 2d anal
(Comst.).

Lancet: indiscriminately applied to any piercing mouth
structure.

Lanuginose -us: with long, curled hair dispersed over
the surface: see crinitus.

Lanugo: slender single hairs.

Laparostict: that series of lamellicorn beetles in
which the abdominal spiracles are situated on the connecting
membrane between the dorsal and ventral rings.

Lapidicolous: living under deeply imbedded stones.

Larva: the second stage of insect development; comes
from the egg or ovum, grows, and according to its kind, changes
to a pupa or chrysalis or to an imago; bears various names in the
different orders: see nymph; caterpillar slug; maggot; grub.

Larvarium: a tube or case made by a larva as a shelter
or retreat.

Larvatae: asked; applied to coarctate and obtect
pupae.

Larvina: a maggot: a dipterous larva without distinct
head or legs.

Larvule: applied to early stages of Ephemerid larvae
when they appear to have no developed respiratory, circulatory or
nervous systems.

Lashed: eyes that have a more or less complete fringe
of stiff hairs or bristles at the orbits.

Lasureus: a very dark blue [French blue with some
black].

Laterad: toward the side and away from the median
line.

Lateral: relating, pertaining or attached to the
side.

Lateral areas: in Hymenoptera; on the metanotum, the
three spaces between the median and lateral long carinae; the
upper is the external or first lateral basal area; the second is
the external or central lateral area; the third is the middle,
internal, apical or third lateral area.

Lateral bristles: in Diptera; situated at or near the
lateral margins of the abdominal segments.

Lateral carinae: in Orthoptera; on the head, extend
downward from the front margin of the eyes: on prothorax extend
along each lateral margin of the dorsum.

Lateral foveolae: in Orthoptera: foveate depressions on
the margins of the vertex near the front border of the eye.

Lateral line: in caterpillars is at the margin of the
dorsum between sub-dorsal and supra-stigmatal line.

Lateral lobe: of the labium in Odonata, corresponds to
the paraglossa with palpiger and palpus (Gerstaecker) or, more
probably, to the palpus alone (Butler).

Lateral lobes: the deflexed portions of pronotum that
cover the sides of pro-thorax in many Orthoptera: in certain
Hymenoptera, lie on each side of the parapsidal furrows of
mesoscutum and = scapulae.

Lateral longitudinal area: of Hymenoptera, extends
between the median and pleural carinae of metanotum.

Lateral ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends
longitudinally along the lateral series of abdominal
tubercles.

Lateral scale: one of the lateral processes of the
ovipositor in Cynipidae, lying within and below the anal
scale.

Lateral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each
side of the body between the subdorsal and lateral ridges.

Lateral sutures: of the thorax in Odonata, are situated
on the sides of thorax, the first separating the metepisternum
from the mesepimeron; the second separating the metepisternum
from the metepimeron; the first more or less obsolete in the
Anisoptera.

Lateral tubercle: lateral on thoracic and abdominal
segments of caterpillars: it is 3 of the abdomen, 2a of thorax:
constant (Dyar).

Latericeous: = lateritius: q.v.

Lateritius: yellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale
clay yellow with a little red].

Laterodorsal: the point of junction of dorsum and
pleurum.

Lateropharyngeal: applied to the 4th pair of salivary
glands in bees; situated on each side of the pharynx.

Laterostigmatal: situated on the side, immediately
above the spiracle.

Lateroventral: the point of junction of sternum and
pleurum.

Latero-ventral metathoracic carina: in Odonata; forms
the dividing line between the metepimera and the metasternum.

Latescent: becoming obscure or hidden.

Latreille’s segment: the first abdominal segment of
those Hymenoptera in which it is fused with the thorax:= median
segment, propodeon, propodeum.

Latticed: = cancellate; q.v.

Latus: the side: broad.

Latuscula: the facets of the compound eye.

Leathery: having the appearance or texture of
leather.

Lectotype: a co-type chosen, subsequently to the
original description, to take the place which in other cases a
holotype occupies.

Leg -s: the jointed appendages attached to the thoracic
segments, used in walking: the organs of locomotion other than
wings: unjointed organs of locomotion are pro-legs or false legs;
q.v.

Legion: a group of genera, subequal to a tribe.

Legnum: the margin of a squama.

Lemniscate: ribbon-like: in the form of an 8.

Lenticular: round, doubly convex; like a lens or
lentil.

Lepidoptera: scale-winged: an order of insects with
spirally coiled haustellate mouth structures; head free; thorax
agglutinate; transformations complete four scale-covered
wings.

Lepidopteric acid: a green pigment obtained from the
wing scales of Lepidoptera; a derivative of uric acid: see
Lepidotic acid.

Lepidopteron: a butterfly or moth: one of the
Lepidoptera.

Lepidotic: set with minute scales.

Lepidotic acid: a yellow pigment obtained from certain
butterfly scales a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidopteric
acid.

Lepis: a scale.

Leprous: with loose, irregular scales.

Leptiform: = compodeiform; q.v.

Leptos: small, fine.

Lethargic: torpid or inactive.

Leucine: a white crystalline compound, the product of
animal decomposition, found in the malpighian tubes: as a color,
cheesy white.

Leucocytes: pale, unicellular bodies, numerous in the
insect blood.

Levator: a muscle that raises an organ or a part.

Levigate -us: with a smooth, somewhat shiny
surface.

Liber: free.

Ligament: a band or sheet of tough, fibrous tissue
between two parts or segments.

Ligneous -eus: wood brown [Vandyke brown].

Lignivorous: feeding upon wood or woody tissues.

Ligula: the central sclerite of the labium, borne upon
the mentum, usually single, sometimes paired: often used as
synonymous with “glossa” and “tongue”: corresponds to the united
laciniae of right and left maxillae: see also elytral ligula.

Ligulate: strap-shaped; linear, much longer than
broad.

Lilacinous: lilac-colored [lilac].

Limaciform: having the form of a Limax or slug; said of
larvae.

Limb: the circumference: the area surrounding the
disc.

Limbate: when a disc is surrounded by a margin of
different color.

Limbus: the area along the outer and posterior margin
of wing beyond the closed cells; Homoptera, Cicada.

Limpid: clear and transparent: applied to wings and
ornamentation.

Line: a narrow streak or stripe: as a term of
measurement, one- twelfth of an inch; commonly used by English
and early American authors.

Linea: a line or narrow stripe.

Linear: straight; in the form of a right line.

Lineate: marked with lines or streaks: lined.

Lineolet: a delicate fine line.

Lingua: the tongue; applied in Hymenoptera, to the
ligula: in Lepidoptera and Diptera, to maxillary structures: has
also been used for the hypopharynx, and that use might be
adopted: a median organ of the hypopharynx in Apterygota.

Lingua spiralis: the spiral tongue of Lepidoptera: see
glossa.

Linguiform: tongue-shaped: linear, with the extremities
obtusely rounded.

Lingula: in Aleurodidae, a more or less slender tongue
or strap-shaped organ, attached cephalad within the vasiform
orifice: a term proposed by Leuckart for the ligula of the
bees.

Lipochromus: without color.

Lipoptera: = Mallophaga; q.v.

Literate: ornamented with characters like letters.

Littoral: living along the sea-coast or in the shore
debris: strictly, between tide marks.

Littoralia: Heteroptera that live in marshes.

Litura: an indistinct spot, paler at its margin.

Livid: yellowish gray with a violet tinge: greenish
gray.

Lobate -us: divided by deep, undulating and successive
incisions.

Lobe: any prominent rounded process or excrescence on a
margin: specifically, the rounded, tooth-like processes on the
margin of the pygidium of the Diaspinae: also applied to lateral
expansions of the abdominal segments.

Lobes: of the maxilla; see galea (outer) and lacinia
(inner): of the mentum in Coleoptera, are the lateral expansions
shielding the base of the central organs.

Lobes of pronotum: in Orthoptera; the spaces or areas
formed by three transverse impressions on the pronotum: that
which borders the head is the anterior lobe, the hindmost is the
posterior lobe, those intervening are the middle lobes.

Lobiform: shaped like a lobe or rounded process.

Lobulate: divided into, or with many small lobes or
lobules.

Lobule: in Coccidae, one of the two distinct parts of
which a lobe is sometimes composed.

Lobulus: the partly separated portion of the wings of
some flies and of secondaries in some Hymenoptera: also used as =
alula; q.v.

Lobus: of maxilla = galea; q.v.

Locomotion: organs of, are legs and wings.

Longicorn -ia: having the antennae as long or longer
than the body; specifically the Cerambycid beetles.

Longitudinal: in the direction of the long axis.

Longitudinal veins: are those that extend lengthwise
through the wing either directly from base or as branches of one
that does start there: they are named or numbered, and
differently in the different orders.

Loop: applied to that structure at base of innerside of
primaries into which the frenulum of male moths is fitted: see
retinaculum.

Looper: applied to geometrid and other caterpillars in
which some or all the middle abdominal legs are wanting and which
move by bringing tail to thorax and forming a loop of the
intervening segments.

Lora: the chitinous bands connecting the submentum with
the cardo of maxilla (Comst.): the submentum: small cords upon
which the base of the proboscis is seated (Say): the anterior
part of the genae at the edge of the mouth: the corneous
processes to which the muscles flexing the mouth in certain
Diptera are attached, and in that sense the palpifer of the
maxilla: in Homoptera, the small sclerite at side of clypeus and
front, extending laterally to the genae.

Lorum: in bees: the angular piece upon which the
sub-mentum rests.

Lower austral zone: occupies southern part of United
States from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of
California. Is interrupted by the continental divide in eastern
Arizona and west New Mexico and divided according to conditions
of humidity into an eastern or Austroriparian and western or
lower Sonoran area.

Lower field: in termini; see costal field.

Lower fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera: are on the
lower part of front, above the antennae, along the orbit.

Lower margin: of tegmina (Thomas), is the costal or
anterior margin of other authors.

Lower radial vein: in Lepidoptera (Holland) media 2
(Comst.).

Lower sector of triangle: in Odonata – = cubitus 2
(Comst.).

Lower Sonoran faunal area: comprises the most arid
deserts of North America, beginning west of lat. 98 degrees in
Texas: sends narrow arms into southern New Mexico, is interrupted
by the Continental Divide; covers a large part of w. and s.
Ariz., s. w. Nev., s. w. Calif., a portion of central Calif., and
most of Lower Calif. These areas are irregular and incapable of
brief definition.

Lubricate -ous: covered with a slippery mucus.

Lucid: shining; applied to luminous insects.

Luciferase: a substance in the nature of an enzyme,
existing in the luminous organs of light-giving beetles.

Luciferine: a substance in the blood of luminous
beetles which, when brought into contact with luciferase,
produces light.

Luciferous: light giving.

Lucifugous: fleeing the light: applied to nocturnal
forms or those that live in concealment.

Lumen: the cavity of an organ: the inner surface of a
tube: the hollow portion of a gland or vesicular structure.

Luminescence: applied to the light of fire-flies, as a
substitute for phosphorescence.

Lumper: one who, in describing species or genera
recognizes only prominent or obvious characters to the exclusion
of minor color or variable characters of maculation or structure:
see splitter.

Lunaris or Lunate: crescent-shaped: formed like a new
moon.

Lunula: a small lunule or crescent.

Lunulae: in Hymenoptera, crescent-shaped marks near the
orbits.

Lunulate: a line, when made up of a series of small
lunules.

Lunule: a lunate mark or crescent.

Lurid -us: dirty brown with a bluish tinge [pale brown
+ a little French blue]: also used to indicate an obscuring of
bright colors.

Luteo -testaceous: dark clay yellow.

Luteous -eus: clay yellow [pale clay yellow].

Lutescent: becoming or appearing to be clay yellow.

Lutose -us: apparently or really covered with dirt.

Lymphatic: producing, carrying or relating to the
lymph.

Lyrate: lyre-shaped: cut into several transverse
segments, and gradually enlarging towards the extremity.

Lyre: the upper wall or border of the spinning tube of
caterpillars.

M

Macrochaetae: the long bristles occurring singly on
the body of Diptera.

Macropterous: long or large winged.

Macrosomites: the primitive regions of primitive hand
of the insect embryo.

Macula: a colored mark larger than a spot; of
indeterminate figure.

Maculate -ed: spotted or marked with figures of any
shape, of a color different from the ground.

Maculation: the ornamentation or pattern of
marking.

Maculose: spotted; with many marks or spots.

Maerianum: “that segment of the post-pectus situate one
on each side behind the acetabulum and parapleurum; it supports
the posterior feet”: see meriaeum.

Magenta: pinkish red; an aniline product.

Magis: more.

Maggot: applied to the footless larvae of Diptera.

Mala: a lobe: a ridged or grinding surface.

Mala mandibularis: the grinding surface or area of a
mandible.

Mala maxillae: the globes of maxilla; outer or galea,
inner or lacinia; where only one is present, the term refers to
that one.

Malaxation: a kneading or softening; applied to the
chewing and squeezing by fossorial wasps of insects captured as
food for their larva.

Male: that sex having organs for the production of
spermatozoa: designated by “?”, the astronomical sign for Mars.
{Scanner’s comment: The sign for Mars being an diagonal arrow
rising from a circle, and pointing upwards towards the
right.}

Mallophaga: wool-eaters: an ordinal term applied to
biting lice: wingless: mandibulate; thoracic segments similar; no
metamorphosis: =Lipoptera.

Malpighian tubules: long, slender tubules, varying in
number, serving as excretory organs, entering the alimentary
canal at the point of junction of chylific ventricle and ileum:
said to be analogous with kidneys: = biliary vessels.

Mammilate: with nipple-like protuberances or
processes.

Mandible: the lateral upper jaws of a biting
insect.

Mandibular strobe: a broad deep groove on outer side of
mandible in some Coleoptera.

Mandibular segment: the fourth or mandible bearing
segment of head.

Mandibulata: that series of insects in which the adults
have functional mandibles used for biting.

Mandibulate: with jaws or mandibles.

Manicate -us: fur-like: surface clothed with irregular
depressed hair.

Manitrunk: that part of trunk that bears the anterior
legs: =prothorax.

Manometabola: with a slight or gradual metamorphosis
and without a resting stage; e.g. the Orthoptera.

Manubrium: in Coleoptera: that part of the mesosternum
in Elateridae which forms the process for fitting into the cavity
of the prothorax: in Collembola the basal part of the
furculum.

Manus: the hand: formerly applied to the anterior
tarsus.

Marbled: irregularly mottled, gray and white, like
marble; = marmoratus.

Marcescent: shrivelling.

Margaritaceous: shining, like mother of pearl =
nacreous; q.v.

Margin: that portion of a surface within the edge,
bounded on the inner side by the sub-margin and consisting of a
more or less dilated imaginary line.

Marginal: of, belonging to, or near the margin.

Marginal area: in Orthoptera; see mediastinal area.

Marginal bristles: in Diptera; are inserted on the
posterior margin of the abdominal segment.

Marginal cell: in Diptera (Williston):= subcostal
(Shiner):= radial (Comst.): in Hymenoptera:= radial and 2
(Comst.): in general that cell beyond the stigma.

Marginal field: in tegmina = costal field: q.v.

Marginal nervure or vein: in Orthoptera, = costa
(Comst.): in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius 3 (Comst.): in
general, the vein forming the marginal cell.

Margined -ated: bounded by an elevated or attenuated
margin: when the margin is edged by a flat border.

Marmorate -us: spots and lines irregularly disposed, as
in marble: marbled. Mask: in the nymphs of Odonata, the modified
labium which, when at rest, conceals the other mouth parts.

Masticate: to chew.

Masticatory: formed for chewing or grinding; applied to
the mouth parts and to the grinding structures in the
gizzard.

Mastigium -ia: telescopic anal organs in certain
caterpillars, serving to repel attacks of parasites.

Matrix: the formative substance from which cells and
other structures are derived.

Maxilla: without any qualifying adjective, the second
pair of jaws in a mandibulate insect; the most persistent when
the mouth is modified, and represented by some functional part in
all insects in which the mouth structures are useful: second
maxillae, = the labium, or third pair of jaws in a mandibulate
insect.

Maxillary: attached or belonging to the maxilla; e.g.
palpi.

Maxillary palpi: the first pair of palpi, borne on the
maxilla.

Maxillary pleurites: the lateral pieces, epimera and
episterna of the maxillary segment.

Maxillary segment: the sixth segment of the head,
bearing the maxillae.

Maxillary tendons: two slender rods in basal third of
the muscid proboscis the remnant of the palpifer, to which
muscles for flexing the proboscis are attached: see lora.

Maxillary tentacle: in female Pronuba: a specialized
process of palpifer.

Maxillulae: a pair of appendages in Thysanurids,
between mandibles and first maxillae.

Maxime: very much or very large.

Mealy: with a flour-like dusting: = farinose.

Mecaptera: = Mecoptera, q.v.

Meconium: the substance excreted by certain metabolic
insects soon after their emergence from the chrysalis or
pupa.

Mecoptera: long-winged: neuropterous insects with
similar, large, unfolded wings; mouth mandibulate, prolonged into
a beak: head free; thorax agglutinated; transformations complete:
the scorpion flies or Panorpidae. Medi-: prefix, = middle.

Media: the fourth of the longitudinal veins extending
from base through approximately the middle of the wing, not more
than four branched, the branches numbered on margin from nearest
apex, to 4 nearest anal angle: in Orthoptera; it is the median or
externomedian: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), is cubitus (Comst.).

Mediad: toward the median plane or middle.

Mediafurca: a process extending internally from the
meso-sternum, to which the muscles are attached.

Medial: referring to, or at the middle.

Medial cells: (Comst.), are anteriorly bounded by the
media or its branches: in Hymenoptera (Mort.), includes median
and cubital (Comst.)

Medial cross-vein: (Comst.), is between media 2 and
3.

Median 1: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 2
(Comst.).

Median 2: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 3
(Comst.).

Median 4: in Lepidoptera ( Pack.), = cubitus 2
(Comst.).

Median area: of wings in Orthoptera, lies between the
radial and ulnar veins, radius and media (Comst.): of meta-thorax
of Hymenoptera, is the middle of the dorsum, divided into three
spaces or cells; 1st or basal area, 2d or Lipper median or
areola; 3d or apical or petiolar area.

Median carina: Orthoptera; of head, is usually applied
to a median dorsal carina, but has been also used for that which
extends down the middle of front from the fastigium, and then =
frontal costa: of prothorax, extends along the middle of
pronotum.

Median cell: in Lepidoptera, is the closed area formed
by a line extending from the end of subcostal to the end of the
median veins, = radial (Comst.): in Hymenoptera, 1st median
(Pack.), = medial (Comst.); 2d median (Pack.), – medial 4
(Comst.); 3d median (Pack.), = medial 2 (Comst.); 4th median
(Pack.), = medial 1 (Comst.).

Median cross-veins: in Odonata; are those which cross
median space.

Median foveola: in Orthoptera; the foveate depression
of the vertex between the eyes: = central foveola.

Median forks: in Orthoptera, refers to the forks of the
median vein.

Median furrow: lies between radius and media: in some
Heteroptera, separates the embolium from the remainder of the
corium.

Median lines: on the primaries of many moths: the first
or t.a. crosses about one-third from base; the second or t.p.
crosses beyond the outer third and is usually sinuate.

Median lobe: of labium in Odonata, is the partly
divided glossa or ligula; probably corresponds to united glossa
and paraglossae (Butler).

Median longitudinal carinae: on the metanotum of
Hymenoptera, extend one on each side of the middle.

Median nervules: in Lepidoptera (Holland)1st = cubitus
2 (Comst.): 2d cubitus 1 (Comst.); 3d = media 3 (Comst.).

Median notch: in Coccidae, a notch in the edge of the
pygidium, at the posterior extremity of the body.

Median plate: in Hymenoptera := sessiliventres, is the
dorsal plate connecting the thorax and abdomen.

Median sector: in Odonata, = media 3 (Comst.).

Median segment: applied to the basal segment of the
abdomen when it forms part of the metathorax: see propodeum.

Median shade or line: in Lepidoptera, crosses at or
about middle of wings.

Median space: in Lepidoptera, is the area between the
median lines: in Odonata, the cubital cell (Comst.); the space at
base between submedian (radius) and postcosta (st anal); by Selys
in 1896 and later used in the sense of medial cell of Comst.

Median vein: in Odonata and Lepidoptera, = radius
(Comst.): in Lepidoptera, it runs from base to about middle,
nearly through centre, and is four or five branched: in
Hymenoptera, it is the 3d from costal margin.

Mediastinal: relating to the longitudinal median line
or area.

Mediastinal area: in Orthoptera, the area between
median or mediastinal vein and the costal or front margin: =
marginal area.

Mediastinal vein: in Orthoptera and Diptera, = suhcosta
(Comst.): also, in Diptera, = auxiliary vein (Meigen).

Medio-eubital cross-vein: between media 4 and cubitus,
connecting the two series (Comst.).

Medio-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along
middle of under side.

Medipectus: the under side of meta-thorax: the
mesosternum.

Mediproboscis: the middle third of the flexed proboscis
of muscid flies.

Medi-thorax: =mesothorax; q.v.

Medius: middle.

Mega- Megalo-: large.

Melanic: with a blackish suffusion.

Melanism: an abnormal or unusual darkening: a suffusion
with blackish.

Mellifera: honey-makers: applied to bees as a
whole.

Melliferous: honey-producing, or producers of
honey.

Mellisugous: honey-sucking: a feeder on honey.

Member: any one of the external appendages.

Membranaceous: thin, skin-like, semi-transparent, like
parchment: of a thin, pliable texture.

Membrana retinens: the stretched part of the membrane
around the rectum of butterfly larvae, used in the change to the
chrysalis.

Membrane -ana: any thin, transparent, flexible body
tissue: specifically the wing tissue between the veins: in
Heteroptera, the thin membranous tip of the hemelytra.

Membranous or eous: composed of membrane or skin-like
tissue.

Membranule: the small opaque expansion at base of wings
in Odonata.

Meniscoidal: with one side concave the other convex,
like a round segment from a hollow sphere.

Menognatha: insects in which both young and adults feed
by mandibles; e.g. the Orthoptera: see menorhyncha and
metagnatha.

Menorhyncha: forms in which both young and adult take
food by suction e.g. Hemiptera: see metognatha and
metagnatha.

Mental suture: in Coleoptera, the line between mentum
and gula.

Mentigerous: bearing or having a mentum.

Mentum: a labial sclerite bearing the movable parts;
attached to and sometimes fused with the sub-mentum; corresponds
to the (united) stipes of maxillae: in Coleoptera, what is
usually called mentum is really submentum: in Diptera, the term
is applied to the posterior oral margin: in Hymenoptera, is part
of “tongue,” the second joint bearing the labial palpi,
paraglossae and ligula.

Merdivorous: feeding upon dung or excrement: see
scatophagous.

Meriaeum: the posterior inflected part of the
metasternum in Coleoptera.

Meroistic: ovaries that secrete yolk or vitellaginous
cells as well as ova.

Mesad: extending or directed toward the median
plane.

Mesal: pertaining to, situated on or in the median
plane of the body.

Mesenchym: that portion of the mesoderm that produces
the connective tissues of the body.

Mesenteron: the mid-gut, stomach or chylific ventricle:
the middle portion of the primitive intestinal canal, lined with
entoderm.

Mesepimeron: in Odonata: the sclerite between humeral
and first lateral suture.

Mesepisterna: in Odonata,- the oblique lateral pieces
of mesothorax, meeting dorsally in a ridge.

Mesially: at or to the middle.

Mesinfraepisternum: a sclerite formed between
propleuron, mesepisternum, mesepimeron and second coxa.

Meso: middle: as prefix, drops the o when stem begins
with a vowel.

Mesoblast: the middles germ layer of the embryos: =
mesoderm.

Mesoderm:= mesoblast: gives rise to muscular and
circulatory systems.

Mesodont::= amphiodont: q.v.

Mesomeros: the 2d to 5th abdominal segments in
Lepidoptera.

Meson: the middle plane of the body.

Mesonotum: the primitively upper surface of the 2d or
middle thoracic ring.

Mesophragma: an internal prolongation of the
metapraescutum, affording attachment to some of the wing
muscles.

Mesopleura: in Diptera, the space before the root of
the wing between the dorso- and sternopleural sutures: in
Hymenoptera, the piece below the insertion of the wings.

Mesopleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the
angle formed by the dorso-pleural and meso-pleural sutures.

Mesopleural suture: in Diptera, runs from the root of
the wings downward and separates the meso-pleura from the
pteropleura.

Mesopleuron: the lateral surface of the
meta-thorax.

Mesosternal cavity: in Elateridae, the opening into
which the prosternal spine or mucro is fitted.

Mesosternal epimera: in Coleoptera; the narrow pieces
separating the meta-sternal from the meta-sternal episterna.

Mesosternal episterna: Coleoptera; on each side of
mesosternum between anterior border and epimera; generally
separated by a distinct suture.

Mesosternal lobes: in Orthoptera; = mesosternellum,
q.v.

Mesosternellum: in Orthoptera, two median lobes of the
mesosternum, one on each side of the deep median notch: in
general, the sternellum of the mesothorax.

Mesosternum: the underside or breast of the
meta-thorax.

Mesostethidium: = meso-thorax: q.v.

Mesostethium: the middle piece of the underside of
meta-thorax, between the middle and hind legs.

Mesostigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of second
thoracic segment.

Mesosulcus: a central longitudinal furrow of
mesosternum in Hymenoptera.

Mesotarsus: the tarsus of the middle leg.

Mesothoracotheca: the pupal covering of the
meso-thorax.

Mesothorax: the second or middle thoracic ring; bears
the middle legs and the anterior wings.

Mesotergum: = mesonotum; q.v.

Meta-: posterior: used as a prefix to designate the
third thoracic ring and its parts.

Metablastic: relating to the ecto- or meta-blast or
ectoderm.

Metabola: insects with a complete metamorphosis in
which the larva does not resemble the adult, and the pupa is
quiescent.

Metabolism: is transformation: the whole process or
series of changes of food into tissue and cell-substance and of
these latter into waste products the first of these changes being
anabolic, the second katabolic.

Metabolous: undergoing metamorphosis or
transformation.

Metacoxal plate: in Coccinellidae, that portion of the
first ventral segment included above the ventral lines visible on
that segment.

Metagnatha: insects which feed with jaws when young and
by suction, with tubular mouths when mature; e.g. the
Lepidoptera: see menognatha and menorhyncha.

Metagonia: the hind or anal angle of a wing.

Metallic: having the appearance of metal: applied to a
surface or color.

Metaloma: the sutural or inner margin of primaries.

Metamere: a segment, somite or athromere.

Metameric: made up of segments or metameres.

Metamerism: the arrangement in metameres.

Metameros: in Lepidoptera. the 6th to 8th abdominal
segments.

Metamorphosis: is that series of changes through which
an insect passes in its growth from egg through larva and pupa to
adult: it is complete when the pupa is inactive and does not
feed; incomplete when there is no pupa or when the pupa is active
and feeds.

Metamorphosis dimidio: an incomplete
transformation.

Metamorphosis perfecta: a complete transformation.

Metanotum: the primitively upper surface of the third
or posterior thoracic ring: in Diptera, the oval arched portion
behind, beneath the scutellum best developed in flies with long,
slender abdomen: e.g. Tipulidae.

Metaphragma: the hindmost internal thoracic septum.

Metapleura: in Diptera, a swollen space at the outside
of the metanotum, between it, the pteropleura and the hypopleura;
in Hymenoptera, the piece behind and below the insertion of the
hind wings.

Metapleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the
metapleura.

Metapneustic: larva, chiefly dipterous, in which the
spiracles are confined to the posterior segment.

Metapnystega: that circular area of metanotum behind
the postscutellum.

Metapodeon: the abdomen behind the podeon or petiole in
Hymenoptera.

Metasternal: relating or attached to the
metasternum.

Metasternal epimera: small sclerite separating the
metasternal episterna from the ventral segments.

Metasternal episterna: sclerite situated on each side
of the metasternum, immediately behind the mesosternum
epimera.

Metasternellum: the sternellum of the metathorax.

Metasternum: the underside or breast of the
metathorax.

Meta-stethidium: = meta-thorax; q.v.

Metastigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of third thoracic
segment.

Metastoma: in Orthoptera:= hypopharynx: q.v.

Metatarsus: applied to basal joint of tarsus, where
that differs greatly in length or otherwise from the other
joints: see sarothrum.

Metatergum: = metanotum; q.v.

Metathoracotheca: the pupal covering of the
meta-thorax.

Metathorax: the third thoracic ring or segment; bears
the hind legs and second pair of wings; variably distinct;
sometimes closely united with the mesothorax and sometimes
appearing as a portion of the abdomen.

Metatype: is a specimen named by the author after
comparison with the type; according to some, it should be also a
topotype.

Metazona: in Orthoptera, the dorsal surface of the
prothorax behind the principal sulcus.

Metepimeron: in Odonata, lies behind the second lateral
suture and extends ventrally to the sternum.

Metepisternum: in Odonata, is the sclerite between the
first and second lateral thoracic sutures.

Meter: the standard of length in the metric system =
39.37 inches: see centimeter and millimeter.

Meticulose -us: is a maculation in the form of a series
of colored flames.

Metinfraepisternum: in Odonata; the sclerite just above
base of 3d coxa; below metepisternum and before metepimeron.

Metochy: the relation borne to ants by the tolerated
guests in ant- hills; demanding nothing from and giving nothing
to the ants; see symphily and synecthry.

Metopidium: the anterior declivous surface of prothorax
in Membracidae.

Micans: shining: also a surface of which only parts are
shining.

Microchaetae: small bristles, as opposed to
macrochaetae, in Diptera.

Microergates: the dwarf workers among ants.

Micron: the unit of microscopic measurement = 001 mm.:
represented by the symbol µ: the symbol µµ
represents .001 of a micron. {Scanner’s note: the
µµ notation would no longer be valid.}

Micropterous: small winged.

Micropterism: the tendency to produce small wings;
applied to a line of variation.

Micropyles: minute openings in the egg, through which
spermatozoa enter.

Microsomites: small secondary rings or somites of the
macrosomites in the embryo, which afterward become the body
segments.

Microthorax: a supposed thoracic ring between the head
and prothorax.

Middle apical area: = internal area; q.v.

Middle field: = discoidal field; q.v.

Middle lobes: of pronotum in Orthoptera; see lobes.

Middle pleural area: in Hymenoptera; the median of the
three areas between lateral and pleural carinae: = 2d pleural
area.

Mid-dorsal thoracic Carina: a ridge or elevated line at
the meeting of the mesepisterna in Odonata.

Mid-gut: the chylific ventricle with the caecal glands,
tubes or pouches.

Mid-intestine: = mid-gut.

Migrants: applied to that brood of plant lice which
flies from one to an alternate food plant: any forms that fly
from the place where they were born for food or other
purposes.

MM.: = Millimeter: .001 meter = .039 of an inch:
roughly 25 mm. are counted to an inch in measuring insects.
{Scanner’s comment: modern usage is lower case. So:
mm.}

Mimetic: when a species mimics or resembles another or
some other object in appearance; but not in structure and other
characters.

Mimicry: strictly, the resemblance of one animal to
another not closely related animal, living in the same locality;
often loosely used to denote also resemblance to plants and
inanimate objects: Batesian mimicry is where one of two similar
species is distasteful (so-called model), the other not
distasteful (so-called mimic);

Müllerian mimicry is where both species are
distasteful.

Mines: applied to galleries or burrows between upper
and under surface of leaf tissue, when made by larvae: they are
linear, when they are narrow and only a little winding;
serpentine, when they are curved or coiled, becoming gradually
larger to a head-like end: trumpet- mines, when they start small
and enlarge rapidly at tip; blotch mines, when they are irregular
blotches tentiform, when the blotch mines throw the leaf into a
fold on one side.

Miniate -us: of the color of red lead [vermilion with a
slight admixture of dragon’s blood].

Mirror: in Cicada; see specular membrane.

Mitosoma: the middle piece of a developing
spermatozoon.

Mobile: movable: having the power of motion.

Model: see mimicry.

Modioliform: globular, truncated at both ends; like the
hub of a wheel.

Mola or Molar: the ridged or roughened grinding surface
of the mandible: when the mandible is compound, the molar
corresponds to the subgalea of maxilla.

Monarsenous: that kind of union where one male suffices
for many females.

Moniliform: beaded like a necklace.

Monochromatic: of one color throughout.

Monodactyle: with a single movable claw which closes on
the tip of the other leg structures as in some parasitica.

Monodomous: ants in which each colony has one nest
only.

Monoecious: when both sexual elements or glands exist
in one individual.

Monogamous: a union where a female is fertilized by one
male only.

Monomeri: insects with one-jointed tarsi.

Monomorphic: species of which only one sex (female) is
known to exist.

Monophagous: insects feeding upon only one species or
genus of plants.

Monothelious: a union where one female is fecundated by
many males.

Monotrocha -ous: Hymenoptera in which the trochanters
are single: having legs in which the trochanter is
one-jointed.

Monotypical: a genus described from a single species,
no other being known; or described from a single specified
species with which are associated others believed to be identical
in structure: see isotypical and heterotypical.

Moult: a period in the transformation when the larva
changes from one instar to another: the cast skin of a larva that
has moulted.

Mouth: the anterior opening into the alimentary canal,
where the feeding structures are situated and in which the food
is prepared for ingestion.

Mouth-parts: a collective name including labrum,
mandibles, maxillae, labium and appendages = trophi.

Mucoreus: mouldy: a surface covered with small,
fringe-like processes.

Mucro: a long, straight or curved process terminating
in a point: the pro-sternal process in Elateridae: the terminal
spine or process of an obtect pupa: “the median posterior point
of the epigastrium when differentiated by elevation.”

Mucronate: terminated in a sharp point.

Mucrones: in Collembola the two small end pieces of the
furcula, proceeding from the dentes.

Mullerian association: a group of species belonging to
different genera, often different families or even orders, having
similar colors, possessing more or less distasteful qualities and
living in the same locality.

Muller’s thread: the common terminal thread of all the
ovarian tubes.

Multangulate: with many angles.